GATT-关税贸易总协定-中英文版
GATT名词解释
GATT名词解释
1、GATT名词解释：GATT是关税及贸易总协定(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)的简称。
GATT的宗旨是通过削减关税和其它贸易壁垒，消除国际贸易中的差别待遇，促进国际贸易自由化，以充分利用世界资源，扩大商品的生产与流通。
关贸总协定于1947年10月30日在日内瓦签订，并于1948年1月1日开始临时适用。
2、应当注意的是，由于未能达到关贸总协定（GATT）规定的生效条件，作为多边国际协定的GATT从未正式生效，而是一直通过《临时适用议定书》的形式产生临时适用的效力。
GATT是世界贸易组织（WTO）的前身。
国际贸易缩略语 中英文对照
国际贸易缩略语中英文对照国际贸易缩略语中英文对照1. 国际贸易常用简称1.1 FOB：Free on Board（货物已装船船上交付）1.2 CIF：Cost, Insurance and Freight（成本，保险费和运费）1.3 EXW：Ex Works（离岸价）1.4 C&F：Cost and Freight（成本和运费）1.5 DAP：Delivered at Place（交货地点）1.6 L/C：Letter of Credit（信用证）1.7 T/T：Telegraphic Transfer（电汇）1.8 WTO：World Trade Organization（世界贸易组织）1.9 GATT：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税和贸易总协定）1.10 NAFTA：North American Free Trade Agreement（北美自由贸易协定）2. 运输相关简称2.1 ETA：Estimated Time of Arrival（预计到达时间）2.2 ETD：Estimated Time of Departure（预计离港时间）2.3 B/L：Bill of Lading（提单）2.4 D/O：Delivery Order（交货单）2.5 C/O：Certificate of Origin（原产地证明）2.6 HBL：House Bill of Lading（分提单）2.7 MBL：Master Bill of Lading（总提单）2.8 TEU：Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit（20英尺柜）2.9 FEU：Forty-foot Equivalent Unit（40英尺柜）2.10 CY：Contner Yard（货柜场）3. 支付和结算相关简称3.1 T/T：Telegraphic Transfer（电汇）3.2 L/C：Letter of Credit（信用证）3.3 CAD：Cash Agnst Documents（单据付款）3.4 D/P：Documents Agnst Payment（付款交单）3.5 D/A：Documents Agnst Acceptance（承兑交单）3.6 RMB：Renminbi（人民币）3.7 USD：United States Dollar（美元）3.8 EUR：Euro（欧元）3.9 GBP：Great British Pound（英镑）3.10 JPY：Japanese Yen（日元）4. 海关和报关相关简称4.1 HS Code：Harmonized System Code（海关商品编码）4.2 CCIC：China Certification & Inspection Group（中国检验认证集团）4.3 AQSIQ：General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine（国家质检总局）4.4 COO：Certificate of Origin（原产地证明）4.5 CIQ：China Inspection and Quarantine（中国检验检疫局）4.6 PSC：Port State Control（港口国监督检查）5. 质检和贸易术语简称5.1 QC：Quality Control（质量控制）5.2 QA：Quality Assurance（质量保证）5.3 MOQ：Minimum Order Quantity（最低起订量）5.4 OEM：Original Equipment Manufacturer（原始设备制造商）5.5 ODM：Original Design Manufacturer（原始设计制造商）5.6 FOB：Free on Board（离岸价）5.7 R&D：Research and Development（研究与开发）5.8 AQL：Acceptable Quality Level（可接受质量水平）5.9 SKU：Stock Keeping Unit（库存量单位）5.10 CRM：Customer Relationship Management（客户关系管理）附件：请参考附件A，附件B，附件C等。
GATT-1994年关贸总协定
序言：缔约各国政府认为在处理它们的贸易和经济事业的关系方面，应以提高生活水平，保证充分就业、保证实际收入和有效需求的巨大持续增长、扩大世界资源的充分利用以及发展商品的生产与交换为目的，切望达成互惠互利协议，导致大幅度地削减关税和其他贸易障碍，取消国际贸易中的歧视待遇，以对上述目的作出贡献，经各国代表谈判达成如下协议：第一条一般最惠国待遇1．在对输出或输入、有关输出或输入及输出入货物的国际支付转帐所征收的关税和费用方面，在征收上述关税和费用的方法方面，在输出和输入的规章手续方面，以及在本协定第三条第二款及第四款所述事项方面，一缔约国对来自或运往其他国家的产品所给予的利益、优待、特权或豁免，应当立即无条件地给予来自或运往所有其他缔约国的相同产品。
2．任何有关进口关税或费用的优惠待遇，如不超过本条第四款规定的水平，而且在下列范围以内，不必按本条第一款的规定予以取消：（甲）本协定附件一所列两个或两个以上的领土之间专享的现行优惠待遇，但以不违反这个附件所订的条件为限；（乙）本协定附件一、附件二和附件三所列已于1939年7月1日以共同主权、保护关系或宗主权互相结合的两个或两个以上的领土之间专享的现行优惠待遇，但以不违反这些附件所订的条件为限；（丙）美利坚合众国和古巴共和国之间专享的现行优惠待遇；（丁）本协定附件五和附件六所列的毗邻国家之间专享的现行优惠待遇。
3．原属于奥托曼帝国后于1923年7月24日分离出来的国家之间实施的优惠待遇，如能按本协定第二十五条第五款的规定予以批准，应不受本条第一款规定的约束。
对这个问题运用本协定第二十五条第五款，应参考本协定第二十九条第一款。
4．按本条第二款可以享受优惠待遇的任何产品，如在有关减让表中未特别规定所享受的优惠就是优惠最高差额，则应按以下规定办理：（甲）对有关减让表内列明的任何产品的关税和费用，这一产品的优惠差额应不超过表列的最惠国税率与优惠税率的差额；表中对优惠税率若未作规定，应以1947年4月10日有效实施的优惠税率作为本条所称的优惠税率；表中对最惠国税率若未作规定，其差额应不超过1947年4月10日所实施的最惠国税率与优惠税率的差额；（乙）对有关减让表内未列明的任何产品的关税和费用，这一产品的优惠差额应不超过1947年4月10日所实施的最惠国税率与优惠税率的差额。
关贸总协定GATT介绍
注释和补充规定关于第一条第一条对《临时适用议定书》来说，第一条第一款引用的第三条第三款和第四款所规定的义务，以及第二条第二款（乙）项引用的第六条所规定的义务，应视为属于本协定的第二部分。
前段以及第一条第一款同第三条第二款和第四款之间的相互引用，只能在１９４８年９月１４日《关于修改关税和贸易总协定第二部分和第二十六条的议定书（１）》中所列的修正条款生效以后使第三条的规定得到修改的情况下，才能适用。
（１）这一议定书已于１９４８年１２月１４日生效。
第四款所称优惠差额，系指相同产品的最惠国税率和优惠税率的绝对差别，而不是指这些税率的比例关系。
例如，（１）如最惠国税率是从价３６％，优惠税率是从价２４％，则优惠差额是从价１２％，而不是最惠国税率的１／３。
（２）如最惠国税率是从价３６％，优惠税率为最惠国税率的２／３，则优惠差额是从价１２％。
（３）如最惠国税率是每公斤２法郎，优惠税率是每公斤１．５法郎，则优惠差额是每公斤０．５０法郎。
按照既定的统一程序所采取的下述海关措施，将不视为违反优惠差额的一般约束：（１）如果税则分类或税率于１９４７年４月１０日对某种产品暂停实施或暂不生效，对这种进口产品重新实施对它本来适用的税则分类或税率。
（２）如果税则明确规定某项产品可以按几种不同税目进行分类，将这种产品按１９４７年４月１０日所实行的分类项目以外的其他税则项目进行分类。
关于第二条第二款（甲）项第二条第二款（甲）项同第三条第二款的相互引用，只能在１９４８年９月１４日《关于修改关税和贸易总协定第二部分和第二十六条的议定书》中所列的修正条款生效以后使第三条的规定得到修改的情况下，才能适用。
（１）这一议定书已于１９４８年１２月１４日生效。
第二款（乙）项见第一条第一款注释第四款除原谈判减让的缔约各国另有特别协议以外，本款的规定应参照哈瓦那宪章第三十一条的规定予以实施。
关于第三条本条第一款规定的适用于进口产品和相同国产品并在输入时或输入地点对进口产品征收的任何国内税或其它国内费用，或实施的任何法令、条例或规定，仍应视为第一款规定的国内税或其他国的费用、或法令、条例或规定，并因此应受第三条规定的约束。
反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等(中英文对照)
反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等（中英文对照）Anti-dumping, Subsidies, Safeguards,Contingencies, etc反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等英文来源：/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htmBinding tariffs, and applying them equally to all trading partners (most-favoured-nation treatment, or MFN) are key to the smooth flow of trade in goods.约束关税及将其在全体贸易成员国之间平等地适用（即最惠国待遇，简称MFN）是保证商品交易过程畅通的关键。
The WTO agreementsuphold the principles, but they also allow exceptions — in some circumstances. Three of these issues are:世贸协议秉持着这些原则，但有时也有例外。
例如以下三种情况：actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price)1.反倾销（以不公平的低价出售商品的行为）措施；subsidies and special “countervailing” duties to offset the subsidies1.贸易补贴以及为抵消贸易补贴而征收的“反补贴”关税；emergency measures to limit imports temporarily, d esigned to “safeguard”domestic industries.1.为暂时限制进口以“保护”国内产业而采取的紧急应对措施。
Anti-dumping actions反倾销措施If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product.如果某一公司以低于其在国内市场正常出售的价格出口某一产品，我们就称其“倾销”该产品。
GATT 关贸总协定1947
THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ONTARIFFS AND TRADE(GATT 1947)This Appendix contains the complete text of the General Agreement together with all the amendments which became effective since its entry into force. For the convenience of the reader, asterisks mark the portions of the text which should be read in conjunction with notes and supplementary provisions in Annex I of the Agreement.THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADEThe Governments of the Commonwealth of Australia, the Kingdom of Belgium, the United States of Brazil, Burma, Canada, Ceylon, the Republic of Chile, the Republic of China, the Republic of Cuba, the Czechoslovak Republic, the French Republic, India, Lebanon, the Grand-Duchy of Luxemburg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Kingdom of Norway, Pakistan, Southern Rhodesia, Syria, the Union of South Africa, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America:Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, developing the full use of the resources of the world and expanding the production and exchange of goods,Being desirous of contributing to these objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international commerce,Have through their Representatives agreed as follows:PART IArticle IGeneral Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment1. With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation, and with respect to all matters referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article III,* any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by any contracting party to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties.2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not require the elimination of any preferences in respect of import duties or charges which do not exceed the levels provided for in paragraph 4 of this Article and which fall within the following descriptions:(a) Preferences in force exclusively between two or more of the territories listed inAnnex A, subject to the conditions set forth therein;(b) Preferences in force exclusively between two or more territories which on July 1,1939, were connected by common sovereignty or relations of protection or suzeraintyand which are listed in Annexes B, C and D, subject to the conditions set forththerein;(c) Preferences in force exclusively between the United States of America and theRepublic of Cuba;(d) Preferences in force exclusively between neighbouring countries listed in Annexes Eand F.3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to preferences between the countries formerly a part of the Ottoman Empire and detached from it on July 24, 1923, provided such preferences are approved under paragraph 51, of Article XXV which shall be applied in this respect in the light of paragraph 1 of Article XXIX.4. The margin of preference* on any product in respect of which a preference is permitted under paragraph 2 of this Article but is not specifically set forth as a maximum margin of preference in the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement shall not exceed:(a) in respect of duties or charges on any product described in such Schedule, thedifference between the most-favoured-nation and preferential rates provided fortherein; if no preferential rate is provided for, the preferential rate shall for thepurposes of this paragraph be taken to be that in force on April 10, 1947, and, if nomost-favoured-nation rate is provided for, the margin shall not exceed the differencebetween the most-favoured-nation and preferential rates existing on April 10, 1947;(b) in respect of duties or charges on any product not described in the appropriateSchedule, the difference between the most-favoured-nation and preferential ratesexisting on April 10, 1947.In the case of the contracting parties named in Annex G, the date of April 10, 1947, referred to in subparagraph (a) and (b) of this paragraph shall be replaced by the respective dates set forth in that Annex.Article IISchedules of Concessions1. (a) Each contracting party shall accord to the commerce of the other contracting parties treatment no less favourable than that provided for in the appropriate Part of the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement.(b) The products described in Part I of the Schedule relating to any contracting party, which are the products of territories of other contracting parties, shall, on their importation into the territory to which the Schedule relates, and subject to the terms, conditions or qualifications set forth in that Schedule, be exempt from ordinary customs duties in excess of those set forth and provided therein. Such products shall also be exempt from all other duties or charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with the importation in excess of those imposed on the date of this Agreement or those directly and mandatorily required to be imposed thereafter by legislation in force in the importing territory on that date.(c) The products described in Part II of the Schedule relating to any contracting party which are the products of territories entitled under Article I to receive preferential treatment upon importation into the territory to which the Schedule relates shall, on their importation into such territory, and subject to the terms, conditions or qualifications set forth in that Schedule, be exempt from ordinary customs duties in excess of those set forth and provided for in Part II of that Schedule. Such products shall also be exempt from all other duties or charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation in excess of those imposed on the date of this Agreement or those directly or mandatorily required to be imposed thereafter by legislation in force in the importing territory on that date. Nothing in this Article shall prevent any contracting party from maintaining its1 The authentic text erroneously reads "subparagraph 5 (a)".requirements existing on the date of this Agreement as to the eligibility of goods for entry at preferential rates of duty.2. Nothing in this Article shall prevent any contracting party from imposing at any time on the importation of any product:(a) a charge equivalent to an internal tax imposed consistently with the provisions ofparagraph 2 of Article III* in respect of the like domestic product or in respect of anarticle from which the imported product has been manufactured or produced in wholeor in part;(b) any anti-dumping or countervailing duty applied consistently with the provisions ofArticle VI;*(c) fees or other charges commensurate with the cost of services rendered.3. No contracting party shall alter its method of determining dutiable value or of converting currencies so as to impair the value of any of the concessions provided for in the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement.4. If any contracting party establishes, maintains or authorizes, formally or in effect, a monopoly of the importation of any product described in the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement, such monopoly shall not, except as provided for in that Schedule or as otherwise agreed between the parties which initially negotiated the concession, operate so as to afford protection on the average in excess of the amount of protection provided for in that Schedule. The provisions of this paragraph shall not limit the use by contracting parties of any form of assistance to domestic producers permitted by other provisions of this Agreement.*5. If any contracting party considers that a product is not receiving from another contracting party the treatment which the first contracting party believes to have been contemplated by a concession provided for in the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement, it shall bring the matter directly to the attention of the other contracting party. If the latter agrees that the treatment contemplated was that claimed by the first contracting party, but declares that such treatment cannot be accorded because a court or other proper authority has ruled to the effect that the product involved cannot be classified under the tariff laws of such contracting party so as to permit the treatment contemplated in this Agreement, the two contracting parties, together with any other contracting parties substantially interested, shall enter promptly into further negotiations with a view to a compensatory adjustment of the matter.6. (a) The specific duties and charges included in the Schedules relating to contracting parties members of the International Monetary Fund, and margins of preference in specific duties and charges maintained by such contracting parties, are expressed in the appropriate currency at the par value accepted or provisionally recognized by the Fund at the date of this Agreement. Accordingly, in case this par value is reduced consistently with the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund by more than twenty per centum, such specific duties and charges and margins of preference may be adjusted to take account of such reduction; provided that the CONTRACTING PARTIES (i.e., the contracting parties acting jointly as provided for in Article XXV) concur that such adjustments will not impair the value of the concessions provided for in the appropriate Schedule or elsewhere in this Agreement, due account being taken of all factors which may influence the need for, or urgency of, such adjustments.(b) Similar provisions shall apply to any contracting party not a member of the Fund, as from the date on which such contracting party becomes a member of the Fund or enters into a special exchange agreement in pursuance of Article XV.7. The Schedules annexed to this Agreement are hereby made an integral part of Part I of this Agreement.PART IIArticle III*National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation1. The contracting parties recognize that internal taxes and other internal charges, and laws, regulations and requirements affecting the internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use of products, and internal quantitative regulations requiring the mixture, processing or use of products in specified amounts or proportions, should not be applied to imported or domestic products so as to afford protection to domestic production.*2. The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall not be subject, directly or indirectly, to internal taxes or other internal charges of any kind in excess of those applied, directly or indirectly, to like domestic products. Moreover, no contracting party shall otherwise apply internal taxes or other internal charges to imported or domestic products in a manner contrary to the principles set forth in paragraph 1.*3. With respect to any existing internal tax which is inconsistent with the provisions of paragraph 2, but which is specifically authorized under a trade agreement, in force on April 10, 1947, in which the import duty on the taxed product is bound against increase, the contracting party imposing the tax shall be free to postpone the application of the provisions of paragraph 2 to such tax until such time as it can obtain release from the obligations of such trade agreement in order to permit the increase of such duty to the extent necessary to compensate for the elimination of the protective element of the tax.4. The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like products of national origin in respect of all laws, regulations and requirements affecting their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use. The provisions of this paragraph shall not prevent the application of differential internal transportation charges which are based exclusively on the economic operation of the means of transport and not on the nationality of the product.5. No contracting party shall establish or maintain any internal quantitative regulation relating to the mixture, processing or use of products in specified amounts or proportions which requires, directly or indirectly, that any specified amount or proportion of any product which is the subject of the regulation must be supplied from domestic sources. Moreover, no contracting party shall otherwise apply internal quantitative regulations in a manner contrary to the principles set forth in paragraph 1.*6. The provisions of paragraph 5 shall not apply to any internal quantitative regulation in force in the territory of any contracting party on July 1, 1939, April 10, 1947, or March 24, 1948, at the option of that contracting party; Provided that any such regulation which is contrary to the provisions of paragraph 5 shall not be modified to the detriment of imports and shall be treated as a customs duty for the purpose of negotiation.7. No internal quantitative regulation relating to the mixture, processing or use of products in specified amounts or proportions shall be applied in such a manner as to allocate any such amount or proportion among external sources of supply.8. (a) The provisions of this Article shall not apply to laws, regulations or requirements governing the procurement by governmental agencies of products purchased for governmental purposes and not with a view to commercial resale or with a view to use in the production of goods for commercial sale.(b) The provisions of this Article shall not prevent the payment of subsidies exclusively to domestic producers, including payments to domestic producers derived from the proceeds of internal taxes or charges applied consistently with the provisions of this Article and subsidies effected through governmental purchases of domestic products.9. The contracting parties recognize that internal maximum price control measures, even though conforming to the other provisions of this Article, can have effects prejudicial to the interests of contracting parties supplying imported products. Accordingly, contracting parties applying such measures shall take account of the interests of exporting contracting parties with a view to avoiding to the fullest practicable extent such prejudicial effects.10. The provisions of this Article shall not prevent any contracting party from establishing or maintaining internal quantitative regulations relating to exposed cinematograph films and meeting the requirements of Article IV.Article IVSpecial Provisions relating to Cinematograph FilmsIf any contracting party establishes or maintains internal quantitative regulations relating to exposed cinematograph films, such regulations shall take the form of screen quotas which shall conform to the following requirements:(a) Screen quotas may require the exhibition of cinematograph films of national originduring a specified minimum proportion of the total screen time actually utilized, overa specified period of not less than one year, in the commercial exhibition of all filmsof whatever origin, and shall be computed on the basis of screen time per theatre peryear or the equivalent thereof;(b) With the exception of screen time reserved for films of national origin under a screenquota, screen time including that released by administrative action from screen timereserved for films of national origin, shall not be allocated formally or in effectamong sources of supply;(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (b) of this Article, any contractingparty may maintain screen quotas conforming to the requirements of subparagraph (a)of this Article which reserve a minimum proportion of screen time for films of aspecified origin other than that of the contracting party imposing such screen quotas;Provided that no such minimum proportion of screen time shall be increased abovethe level in effect on April 10, 1947;(d) Screen quotas shall be subject to negotiation for their limitation, liberalization orelimination.Article VFreedom of Transit1. Goods (including baggage), and also vessels and other means of transport, shall be deemed to be in transit across the territory of a contracting party when the passage across such territory, with or without trans-shipment, warehousing, breaking bulk, or change in the mode of transport, is only a portion of a complete journey beginning and terminating beyond the frontier of the contracting party across whose territory the traffic passes. Traffic of this nature is termed in this article "traffic in transit".2. There shall be freedom of transit through the territory of each contracting party, via the routes most convenient for international transit, for traffic in transit to or from the territory of other contracting parties. No distinction shall be made which is based on the flag of vessels, the place of origin, departure, entry, exit or destination, or on any circumstances relating to the ownership of goods, of vessels or of other means of transport.3. Any contracting party may require that traffic in transit through its territory be entered at the proper custom house, but, except in cases of failure to comply with applicable customs laws and regulations, such traffic coming from or going to the territory of other contracting parties shall not be subject to any unnecessary delays or restrictions and shall be exempt from customs duties and from all transit duties or other charges imposed in respect of transit, except charges for transportation or those commensurate with administrative expenses entailed by transit or with the cost of services rendered.4. All charges and regulations imposed by contracting parties on traffic in transit to or from the territories of other contracting parties shall be reasonable, having regard to the conditions of the traffic.5. With respect to all charges, regulations and formalities in connection with transit, each contracting party shall accord to traffic in transit to or from the territory of any other contracting party treatment no less favourable than the treatment accorded to traffic in transit to or from any third country.*6. Each contracting party shall accord to products which have been in transit through the territory of any other contracting party treatment no less favourable than that which would have been accorded to such products had they been transported from their place of origin to their destination without going through the territory of such other contracting party. Any contracting party shall, however, be free to maintain its requirements of direct consignment existing on the date of this Agreement, in respect of any goods in regard to which such direct consignment is a requisite condition of eligibility for entry of the goods at preferential rates of duty or has relation to the contracting party's prescribed method of valuation for duty purposes.7. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to the operation of aircraft in transit, but shall apply to air transit of goods (including baggage).Article VIAnti-dumping and Countervailing Duties1. The contracting parties recognize that dumping, by which products of one country are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than the normal value of the products, is to be condemned if it causes or threatens material injury to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party or materially retards the establishment of a domestic industry. For the purposes of this Article, a product is to be considered as being introduced into the commerce of an importing country at less than its normal value, if the price of the product exported from one country to another(a) is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like productwhen destined for consumption in the exporting country, or,(b) in the absence of such domestic price, is less than either(i) the highest comparable price for the like product for export to any thirdcountry in the ordinary course of trade, or(ii) the cost of production of the product in the country of origin plus a reasonable addition for selling cost and profit.Due allowance shall be made in each case for differences in conditions and terms of sale, for differences in taxation, and for other differences affecting price comparability.*2. In order to offset or prevent dumping, a contracting party may levy on any dumped product an anti-dumping duty not greater in amount than the margin of dumping in respect of such product. For the purposes of this Article, the margin of dumping is the price difference determined in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1.*3. No countervailing duty shall be levied on any product of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of another contracting party in excess of an amount equal to the estimated bounty or subsidy determined to have been granted, directly or indirectly, on the manufacture, production or export of such product in the country of origin or exportation, including any special subsidy to the transportation of a particular product. The term "countervailing duty" shall be understood to mean a special duty levied for the purpose of offsetting any bounty or subsidy bestowed, directly, or indirectly, upon the manufacture, production or export of any merchandise.*4. No product of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall be subject to anti-dumping or countervailing duty by reason of the exemption of such product from duties or taxes borne by the like product when destined for consumption in the country of origin or exportation, or by reason of the refund of such duties or taxes.5. No product of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall be subject to both anti-dumping and countervailing duties to compensate for the same situation of dumping or export subsidization.6. (a) No contracting party shall levy any anti-dumping or countervailing duty on the importation of any product of the territory of another contracting party unless it determines that the effect of the dumping or subsidization, as the case may be, is such as to cause or threaten material injury to an established domestic industry, or is such as to retard materially the establishment of a domestic industry.(b) The CONTRACTING PARTIES may waive the requirement of subparagraph (a) of this paragraph so as to permit a contracting party to levy an anti-dumping or countervailing duty on the importation of any product for the purpose of offsetting dumping or subsidization which causes or threatens material injury to an industry in the territory of another contracting party exporting the product concerned to the territory of the importing contracting party. The CONTRACTING PARTIES shall waive the requirements of subparagraph (a) of this paragraph, so as to permit the levying of a countervailing duty, in cases in which they find that a subsidy is causing or threatening material injury to an industry in the territory of another contracting party exporting the product concerned to the territory of the importing contracting party.*(c) In exceptional circumstances, however, where delay might cause damage which would be difficult to repair, a contracting party may levy a countervailing duty for the purpose referred to in subparagraph (b) of this paragraph without the prior approval of the CONTRACTING PARTIES; Provided that such action shall be reported immediately to the CONTRACTING PARTIES and that the countervailing duty shall be withdrawn promptly if the CONTRACTING PARTIES disapprove.7. A system for the stabilization of the domestic price or of the return to domestic producers of a primary commodity, independently of the movements of export prices, which results at times in the sale of the commodity for export at a price lower than the comparable price charged for the like commodity to buyers in the domestic market, shall be presumed not to result in material injury within the meaning of paragraph 6 if it is determined by consultation among the contracting parties substantially interested in the commodity concerned that:(a) the system has also resulted in the sale of the commodity for export at a price higherthan the comparable price charged for the like commodity to buyers in the domesticmarket, and(b) the system is so operated, either because of the effective regulation of production, orotherwise, as not to stimulate exports unduly or otherwise seriously prejudice theinterests of other contracting parties.Article VIIValuation for Customs Purposes1. The contracting parties recognize the validity of the general principles of valuation set forth in the following paragraphs of this Article, and they undertake to give effect to such principles, in respect of all products subject to duties or other charges* or restrictions on importation and exportation based upon or regulated in any manner by value. Moreover, they shall, upon a request by another contracting party review the operation of any of their laws or regulations relating to value for customs purposes in the light of these principles. The CONTRACTING PARTIES may request from contracting parties reports on steps taken by them in pursuance of the provisions of this Article.2. (a) The value for customs purposes of imported merchandise should be based on the actual value of the imported merchandise on which duty is assessed, or of like merchandise, and should not be based on the value of merchandise of national origin or on arbitrary or fictitious values.*(b) "Actual value" should be the price at which, at a time and place determined by the legislation of the country of importation, such or like merchandise is sold or offered for sale in the ordinary course of trade under fully competitive conditions. To the extent to which the price of such or like merchandise is governed by the quantity in a particular transaction, the price to be considered should uniformly be related to either (i) comparable quantities, or (ii) quantities not less favourable to importers than those in which the greater volume of the merchandise is sold in the trade between the countries of exportation and importation.*(c) When the actual value is not ascertainable in accordance with subparagraph (b) of this paragraph, the value for customs purposes should be based on the nearest ascertainable equivalent of such value.*3. The value for customs purposes of any imported product should not include the amount of any internal tax, applicable within the country of origin or export, from which the imported product has been exempted or has been or will be relieved by means of refund.。
知识产权专业术语中英文对照
知识产权专业术语中英文对照世界贸易组织《WTO》 WORLDTRADEORGANIZATION关税及贸易总协定《GATT》GENERAL AGREEMENTONTARIFFSANDTRADE亚太经济合作组织《APEC》ASIAPACIFICECONOMICCOOPERATION与贸易有关的知识产权协议《TRIPS》AGREEMENTONTRADERELATEDASPECTSOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIG 世界知识产权组织《WIPO》WORLDINTELLECTUALPROPERTYORGANIZATION保护知识产权联合国际局INTERNATIONALBOARDOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHT 保护工业产权巴黎公约PARISCONVENTIONFORTHEPROTECTIONOFINDUSTRIALPROPERTY 商标国际注册马德里协定MADRIDAGREEMENTCONCERNINGTHEINTERNATIONALREGISTRATIONO 商标注册条约《TRT》TRADEMARKREGISTRATIONTREATY商标注册用商品与国际分类尼斯协定NICEAGREEMENTCONCERNINGTHEINTERNATIONALCLASSIFICATIONOF SERVICESFORTHEPURPOSEOFTHEREGISTRATIONOFMARKS建立商标图形要素国际分类维也纳协定VIENNAAGREEMENTFORESTABLISHINGAND INTERNATIONALCLASSFICATIONOFTHEFIGURATIVEELEMENTSOFMARKS 专利合作条约《PCT》PATENTCO－OPERATIONTREATY共同体专利公约COMMUNITY产PATENTCONVENTION斯特拉斯堡协定《SA》STRASBOURGAGREEMENT工业外观设计国际保存海牙协定THEHAGUE AGREEMENTCONCERNINGTHEINTERNATIONALDEPOSITOFINDUSTRIALD 工业外观设计国际分类洛迦诺协定LOCARNOAGREEMENT ONESTABLISHINGANDINTERNATIONALCLASSIFICATIONFORINDUSTRIA 商标，外观设计与地理标记法律常设委员会（SCT）STANDINGCOMMITTEEONTHELAWOFTRADEMARKS，INDUSTRIAL DESIGNANDGERGRAPHICALINDICATION国际专利文献中心《INPADOC》INTERNATIONALPATENTDOCUMENTATIONCENTER欧洲专利局《EPO》EUROPEANPATENTOFFICE欧洲专利公约 EUROPEAN PATENTCONVENTION比荷卢商标局TRADEMARKOFFIICEOFBELGIUM－HOLLAND－LUXEMBURG法语非洲知识产权组织ORGANIZATIONOF AFRICANINTELLECTUALPROPERTY国际商标协会THEINTERNATIONALTRADEMARKASSOCIATION中华人民共和国商标法TTRADEMARKLAW OFTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINA英国商标法TRADEMARKLAWOFUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNI 美国商标法TRADEMARKLAWOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA日本商标法JAPANESETRADEMARKLAW商标TRADEMARK商标局 TRADEMARKOFFICCE商标法TRADEMARKLAW文字商标 WORDMARK图形商标 FIGURATIVEMARK组合商标ASSOCIATEDMARK保证商标 CERTIFICATIONMARK集体商标 COLLECTIVEMARK驰名商标WELL－KNOWNMARK著名商标 FAMOUYSMARK近似商标 SIMILARMARK防御商标DEFENSIVEMARK服务标记 SERVICEMARK注册商标 REGISTEREDMARK商标注册申请人TRADEMARKREGISTRANT注册申请日 APPLICATIONDATEOFTRADEMARK注册申请号APPLICATIONNUMBER商标注册证 TRADEMARKREGISTRATIONCERTIFICATE商标注册号TRADEMARKREGISTRATIONNUMBER商标注册日 TRADEMARKREGISTRATIONDATE商标注册簿TRADEMARKREGISTEREDBOOK注册有效期 THETERMOFVALIDITY商标注册官EXAMINATIONFORTRADEMARKREGISTRATION注册查询 TRADEMARKENQUIRIES注册续展RENEWALOFTRADEMARK分别申请 SEPARATEAPPLICATION重新申请NEWREGISTRATION别行申请 NEWAPPLICATION变更申请APPLICATIONREGARDINGCHANGES注册代理 TRADEMARKAGENCY注册公告TRADEMARKPUBLICATION申请注册 APPLICATIONFORREGISTRATION续展注册RENEWALOFREGISTRATION转让注册REGISTRATIONOFASSIGNMENT变更注册人名义／地址／其它注册事项MODIFICATIONOFNAME／ADDRESSOFREGISTRANT／OTHERMATTERS补发商标证书REISSUANCEOFREGISTRATIONCERTIFICATE注销注册商标 REMOVAL证明 CERTIFICATION异议 OPPOSITION使用许可合同备案RECORDALOFLICENSECONTRACT驳回商标复审 REVIEWOFREFUSEDTRADEMARK驳回续展复审REVIEWOFREFUSEDRENEWAL驳回转让复审 REVIEWOFREFUSEDASSIGNMENT撤销商标复审REVIEWOFADJUDICATIONONOPPOSITION异议复审REVIEWOFADJUDICATIONONOPPOSITION争议裁定ADJUDICATIONONDISPUTEDREGISTEREDTRADEMARK撤销注册不当裁定ADJUDICATIONONCANCELLATIONOFIMPROPERLYREGISTEREDTRADEMA 撤销注册不当复审REVIEWONCANCELLATIONOFIMPROPERLYREGISTEREDTRADEMARK 处理商标纠纷案件DEALINGWITHINFRINGEMENT优先权 PRIORITY注册申请优先日DATEOFPRIORITY注册商标使用人 USEROFREGISTEREDTRADEMARK注册商标专用权EXCLUSIVERIGHTTOUSEREGISTEREDTRADEMARK注册商标的转让ASSIGNMENTOFREGISTEREDTRADEMARK商标的许可使用LICENSINGOFREGISTEREDTRADEMARK使用在先原则PRINCIPLEOFFIRSTTOUSE注册在先原则PRINCIPLEOFFIRSTAPPLICATION商标国际分类INTERNATIONALCLASSFICATIONOFGOODS专利 PATENT专利权 PATENTRIGHT专利权人PATENTEE专利代理PATENTAGENCY产品专利 PRODUCTPATENT专利性 PATENTABLITY专利申请权 RIGHTTOAPPLYFORAPATENT实用新颖UTILITYMODEL专有性 MONOPOLY专利的新颖性 NOVELTYOFPATENT专利的实用性PRACTICALAPPLICABILITY专利的创造性 INVENTIVE专利文件 PATENTDOCUMENT专利申请文件PATENTAPPLICATIONDOCUMENT 专利请求书 PATENTREQUEST专利说明书PATENTSPECIFICATION专利要求书 PATENTCLAIM专利证书 LETTEROFPATENT商标淡化法TRADEMARKDILUTIONACT商标权的权利穷竭 EXHAUSTIONTRADEMARK平行进口PARALLELIMPORT灰色进口 GRAYIMPORT反向假冒 REVERSEPASSING－OFF显行反向假冒EXPRESSREVERSEPASSING－OFF 隐形反向假冒 IMPLIEDREVERSEPASSING－OFF 附带使用COLLATERALUSE知识产权 INTELLECTURLPROPERTY工业产权INDUSTRIALPROPERTY外观设计 DESIGN发明 INVENTION发明人 INVENTOR货源标记INDICATIONOFSOURCE原产地名称 APPELLATIONOFORIGIN（AOS）地理标记GEOPRAPHICALINDICATION（GIS）。
第5章GATT与WTO
第五章关税与贸易总协定和世界贸易组织第一节关税与贸易总协定概述一、什么是关贸总协定1．什么是关贸总协定?关贸总协定的全称为“关税与贸易总协定”，英文名称是General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade，缩写为GA TT。
什么是GATT？1991年，关贸总协定的秘书处出版了一本小册子，题为《关贸总协定：它是什么?它做什么?》。
这本书中有这样一段自我介绍：(1)关贸总协定是一套协调其成员即各缔约方政府对外贸易政策措施的多边协议。
关贸总协定的第三任总干事邓克尔(Arthur Dunkel )说：“这是国际贸易的‘交通规则’，人们不仅要了解它，更要遵守它。
”(2)它是各缔约方举行贸易谈判的“论坛”，即谈判场所。
(3)它是裁决贸易争端的“法院”，原文是“court"，因为它只作出仲裁，而不是判决。
最后，小册子还强调：关贸总协定与国际货币基金组织、世界银行三者共同构成了世界经济赖以运转的轮子。
2．关贸总协定是在什么背景下产生的?第二次世界大战结束时，为了医治战争创伤，恢复国民经济，在美国等国的倡导下，筹建了国际货币基金组织和世界银行。
前者旨在帮助各国平衡国际收支和稳定汇率，后者旨在帮助各国筹措经济建设所需的长期资金。
但是，一些国家感到，在贸易方面也需要恢复正常的秩序，以便通过扩大贸易来促进经济的增长。
于是，1946年，在联合国的支持下，召开了“世界贸易与就业会议”，筹建了“国际贸易组织”(1TO)。
1947年，该组织在古巴首都哈瓦那制定了《国际贸易宪章》，或者也叫“哈瓦那宪章”。
与此同时，有关各国进行了相互减让关税的谈判，并达成了一系列协议。
但是，美国对接受上述宪章表示困难，理由是，美国总统杜鲁门虽然不反对这个宪章，但在国会中占多数席位的、素有保护主义传统的共和党人反对。
由于美国的退出，国际贸易组织未能建立。
但是，已经完成关税减让谈判的各国，却迫切希望宪章和协议能够早日付诸实施，以便从中获益。
关税贸易协定的解释说明
关税与贸易总协定(英文简写GATT，中文简称关贸总协定)，是由美国等23个国家于1947年在日内瓦签订，并从1948年1月1日正式生效的一项多边国际条约。
总协定确定的目标是：实现国际贸易自由化，逐步降低关税并消除各种非关税壁垒，以提高各国的生活水平，保证实现收入和有效需求的巨大持续增长，扩大世界资源的充分利用以及发展商品的生产与交换。
关贸总协定宗旨缔约国“认为在处理它们的贸易和经济事物关系方面，应以提高生活水平、保证充分就业、保证实际收入和有效需求的巨大增长，扩大世界资源的充分利用以及发展商品的生产与交换为目的”。
关贸总协定基本原则1、自由竞争原则。
以市场经济为基础，自由竞争为基本原则，价格取决于市场供求关系，积极主张自由贸易，开放门户。
2、互惠原则或对等原则。
贸易关税减让要有给有取，互惠互利，对发达国家是总体减让对等。
发达国家在作出贸易减让时，不应期待发展中国家给予对等的回报。
3、非歧视原则。
它包括无条件的最惠国待遇和国民待遇。
4、关税为唯一的保护手段。
关贸总协定允许对国内工业进行保护，但只能利用关税进行保护，不可采用非关税壁垒的办法。
5、贸易壁垒递减原则。
主要采取关税减让的办法。
缔约方之间相互约束部分或全部产品的关税税率，三年内不许提升。
三年后如果提升还要同当初进行对等减让谈判的国家协商，用其它产品的相当水平的减税来补偿提升关税所造成的损失。
6、公平贸易原则。
主要是指反对倾销和反对出口补贴。
7、一般禁止数量限制原则。
一般来说实行进出口数量限制都是违反总协定基本原则的。
但是，在某些例外情况下，允许的数量限制必须遵循非歧视原则。
8、透明度原则。
即贸易政策法规的全国统一实施和透明。
关贸总协定例外条款1、国际收支平衡例外。
当一个国家遇到国际收支困难时，可以实行进口限制。
但是，国际收支改善后，应取消限制。
2、幼稚工业保护例外。
为了建立一个新的工业或为了保护刚刚建立、尚不具备竞争能力的工业，可以实行进口限制。
关贸总协定的八轮谈判
关贸总协定的成立及其八轮谈判1、关贸总协定概况关税与贸易总协定General Agreementon Tariff and Trade,GATT,简称关贸总协定或总协定,是在美国策动下由23个国家于1947年10月30日在日内瓦签订并于1948年正式生效的调整缔约方对外贸易政策和国际贸易关系方面的相互权利、义务的国际多边协定.关贸总协定是关税和贸易准则的国际性多边协定,也是国际多边贸易谈判和解决争端的场所.它与国际货币基金组织和世界银行一起,构成了当代世界经济体系的三大支柱.关贸总协定成立之初,只是一项调整和规范缔约方之间关税水平和贸易关系的临时性多边协议,后来由于越来越多的国家加入总协定,并连续举行了多轮全球性的贸易谈判,关贸总协定于是就成为各缔约方在贸易政策方面制订共同遵守的原则与规则、促进国际贸易的一项唯一的多边贸易协定,并且成为与联合国有着密切关系的国际机构.因此,人们通常所说的关贸总协定便具有双重的涵义：一方面它既是一整套关税和贸易措施的具有约束力的国际法规,另一方面它又是进行多边贸易谈判和调解贸易争端的国际机构.2、关贸总协定产生的背景第1次世界大战之后,由于各主要资本主义国家激烈争夺国际和国内市场,导致了1929年至1933年的一次空前严重的世界经济危机.这次经济危机首先在美国爆发,随即扩展到整个欧洲,最终波及到整个资本主义世界.在这次经济危机中,各主要资本主义国家的工业生产水平普遍下降,各国经济政策中的极端民族主义乘机抬头,保护关税的手段得到了极大的发展,形成了全球范围内的贸易保护主义浪潮.当时,几乎所有的资本主义国家在经济危机期间都进一步提高进口关税,并且开始采用外汇限制、数量限制和商品、外汇倾销等各种奖出限入的措施和手段.美国是掀起这次贸易保护主义浪潮的先锋,它在1930年通过实施“霍利——斯摩特法案”,把关税提高到空前的水平.美国的这一举动,立即在资本主义世界引起了一场关税大战,先后有45个国家相继提高了本国的关税,以便对美国进行报复.针对这一局面,罗斯福在1933年出任美国总统之后,便提出了一系列用以对付严重危机的法案,实行了美国历史上有名的“罗斯福新政”.“新政”的一项重要内容就是力图改变美国与其他资本主义国家日益紧张和严重对立的贸易关系,重新制定对外“睦邻政策”.美国国会于1934年授权总统与拉美各国缔结贸易协定,签订关税互惠条约,将关税减低30％至50％；同年又通过了互惠贸易协定法,与前苏联、欧洲等21个国家签订了一系列贸易协定,把关税降低了50％,这些协定在最惠国待遇基础上又扩展到其他一些国家.罗斯福新政在对外贸易政策上的变化,对于美国重新扩展日益缩小的国外市场,缓和美国国内的经济危机和促进经济的复苏,无疑起到了重要的作用,并且是日后各国进一步协调相互贸易关系和签订多边贸易协定的一种初步实践.关贸总协定正是在这样一种背景下产生的.3、关贸总协定的建立过程自从罗斯福实行“新政”之后,美国吸取了在关税政策上的经验和教训,日益认识到在美国处于世界经济首要地位的情况下,高关税政策不利于国内的经济发展和对外经济扩张.因此,在第2次世界大战尚未结束之前,美国就在盟国中竭力倡议建立国际贸易组织,签订多边协议来相互削减关税,促使世界贸易自由化.而战争对各国带来的深重灾难也深刻地教育了许多原先在国际贸易方面持保守态度的国家,越来越多的国家认识到加强国际经济合作对于维护世界和平的重要性.各国在大战结束之前就开始讨论面临的复杂的国际经济问题,并且酝酿建立一些重要的国际经济合作组织和协调机构,包括成立一个比较广泛的国际贸易组织,以加强各国之间贸易和货币关系的协调,推动国际贸易和货币金融合作,促进战后的经济振兴.正是在这种情况下,美国首先提出了“贸易自由化”的口号,主动倡议建立一个以实现贸易自由化为目标的国际贸易组织,把它作为与国际货币基金、国际复兴与开发银行并重的,专门协调各国对外贸易政策和国际经济贸易关系的第3个国际性的组织机构.1946年2月,联合国经济和社会理事会开始筹建该组织,并于1947年4月在日内瓦举行的第2次筹备会议上通过了“国际贸易组织宪章”草案.在这次会议上,为了尽快进行关税减让谈判,参加会议的代表根据这项草案的有关关税的条文成一个文件,即称为关税与贸易总协定,并经过谈判达成了一项“临时适用议定书”,作为总协定的组成部分,于1947年10月30日在日内瓦由23个国家签署,并于1948年1月1日临时生效.4、关税与贸易总协定的宗旨和作用关贸总协定的宗旨是：各缔约国本着提高生活水平,保证充分就业,保障实际收入有效需求大量而稳定地增长,充分利用世界资源,扩大商品生产和交换,促进经济发展的目的,来处理它们在贸易和经济发展上的相互关系,彼此减让关税,取消其他贸易壁垒和消除国际贸易上的差别待遇. 关贸总协定的作用归纳起来有以下几方面：1为多边的减让关税提供谈判机会；2为反对贸易保护主义和贸易歧视待遇提供申诉的讲台；3为消除不合理的非关税壁垒提供磋商的场所；4为各种“无形贸易”劳务贸易等探讨合理的原则、规则和框架；5为处理国际贸易纠纷提供公平的国际调解和必要的联合行动；6提供国际贸易方面的各种情报和资料,增进了解各国经济、贸易和金融情况,以提高“透明度”,有助于各缔约国政府制订贸易政策时作为决策的依据.5、关贸总协定的地位及机构组成从性质上来看,关贸总协定不是正式的国际组织,甚至也不是联合国的专门机构,但是它却具有与联合国专门机构相似的地位,并且在工作上与联合国有着非常密切的联系,另外同其他国际贸易、关税等方面的政府与非政府组织也有着多种联系.关贸总协定的总部设在瑞士日内瓦,共有4个层次的组织机构：1关贸总协定的最高权力机构是缔约方大会.缔约方大会是由各缔约方政府的代表组成的,一般每年都要举行一次大会,讨论和处理有关重要的问题.在决策方式上,缔约方大会通常不是采用投票的方式,而是采用一种以与会代表一致的原则来作出决策或决定.当然投票的情况也是有的,只是这种方式一般很少采用,而且每个成员只有一票,根据少数服从多数的原则,以所投票数的多数获得通过.在某些特殊的情况下,大会决议须以所投票数的2／3才能获得通过.另外,缔约方大会有立法的权利,它甚至有取消一个国家观察员资格的权力.2关贸总协定由各缔约方常驻日内瓦的代表共同组成代表理事会,该理事会的作用是负责处理大会闭会期间的紧迫问题以及一些例行性的事务.理事会通常每年要开8次.理事会设主席1人,主席是由缔约方大会选举产生的,任职期限为1年.从组织形式来看,关贸总协定的代表理事会仅仅是一个中间组织而已,其工作方式一般是举行由成员国驻该组织的常驻代表会议.从法律上来看,关贸总协定的代表理事会是总协定的最高司法机构.因为代表理事会的成员超过了总协定所规定的一般决定所必须的法定人数,即超过了全体缔约方的2／3,因此理事会所通过的决定通常也就是缔约方大会的决定.3关贸总协定特意设立了专门委员会,如设立了关税减让委员会、国际收支委员会、进口许可手续委员会、技术性贸易壁垒委员会、贴补和反贴补税委员会、海关估价委员会以及政府采购委员会等.这些专门委员会的工作主要是负责审核使用贸易限制保护支付平衡的国家的情况；审核关税；审核关税减让；审核反倾销业务、海关估价、日用品贸易以及预算、财政金融和行政管理等方面的问题.总协定还设立了贸易与发展委员会,负责审议对发展中国家的优惠安排的实施情况.当然由于发展中国家与发达国家之间的经济力量悬殊过大,并且由于受到种种限制,发展中国家所享受的实际特别优惠是极为有限的,根本不能满足当今发展中国家的经济发展需求.4关贸总协定还成立了以总干事为首的秘书处.秘书处由400多位精通贸易政策的经济学家和统计学家以及经验丰富的行政工作人员组成,秘书处的主要职责是筹备和推动缔约方大会、代表理事会以及上述各专门委员会和工作组的工作,并且还负责组织总协定工作范围内的多种贸易磋商.秘书处的总干事担任执行秘书长的职务,其主要的工作职责为：利用其职务影响,竭力使各缔约方政府遵守总协定的原则；在通常情况下担任贸易谈判委员会主席,处理并调解各缔约方之间的争议等.此外,总干事还要负责成立若干工作组来研究并处理一些经常性的工作.6、关贸总协定的创始方关贸总协定是于1948年1月1日开始临时生效的,当时在关贸总协定“临时适用议定书”上签字的国家被认为是关贸总协定的创始成员.共有23个国家,按英文字母的顺序排列它们是：澳大利亚、比利时、巴西、缅甸、加拿大、锡兰斯里兰卡、智利、中国、古巴、捷克斯洛伐克、法国、印度、黎巴嫩、卢森堡、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、巴基斯坦、南罗得西亚、叙利亚、南非、英国及美国.中国是关贸总协定的创始缔约方之一.新中国成立后,由于历史的原因,中国与关贸总协定之间的正式关系长期中断.从70年代中期起,中国开始逐步与关贸总协定恢复联系.1986年7月10日,中国正式提交了恢复其在关贸总协定中原始缔约方地位的照会.因此,创始缔约方在特定的时期内不一定都是正式的缔约国.7、“缔约方全体”及其权力“缔约方全体”是关贸总协定的最高权力机构.关贸总协定第25条第l款规定,当全体缔约方采取联合行动时,在关贸总协定中一律称为“缔约方全体”,在关贸总协定英文文本中“缔约方全体”两个单词全部用大写字母写成“CONTRACTINGPARTIES”.它的特殊含义是：它们是按照关贸总协定有关条款中所规定的方式进行联合行动的组织实际上,在关贸总协定公报和关贸总协定的着作中通常都是用“Contracting Parties”代替“CONTRACTING PARTIES”,而英文小写成contracting parties时,则指各个缔约方.缔约方全体是关贸总协定当初生效时唯一可以见诸其条文的组织机构.它拥有下列权力：1具有立法权.例如,它通过了关贸总协定第4部分以及对关贸总协定的某些条款作出修改；2有权对关贸总协定条款作出权威性解释,所作的某些解释并可构成惯例,而关贸总协定的任何其他附属机构均无这种法律权力；3有权批准关贸总协定各委员会、工作组、专家组提出的建议与报告；4根据关贸总协定第25条第5款,有权经一定方式解除某缔约方所应承担的某项义务；5有权根据缔约方全体大会程序规则第8、9条批准非关贸总协定成员方所提出的要求,取得关贸总协定的观察员地位；6批准关贸总协定的预算.此外,缔约方全体还具有一种准司法权的职能,即应某些缔约方的请求对在它们之间所发生的争议,它们的贸易政策是否与关贸总协定条款规定相一致等问题作出裁决.缔约方全体在一般情况下每年召开一次缔约方全体大会审议并决定一些重大问题.8、关贸总协定的性质关贸总协定最初诞生时,是一个准备在适当的时候将其编入哈瓦那宪章即国际贸易组织宪章的一个临时多边协定,并在哈瓦那宪章被批准后取而代之.由于哈瓦那宪章因美国参议院未予通过而失败,关贸总协定便作为一个独立的法律规范,在协调国际贸易和关税中发挥作用,但是,它的临时协定性质一直未曾改变,因此,从这个意义上说,关贸总协定是一个多边贸易协定.然而,关贸总协定自生效以来40余年间,世界贸易环境发生了巨大变化.为了适应国际经济和贸易关系的发展,关贸总协定本身几经修订、完善,也有了巨大发展,其正式成员已经从最初时的23个国家地区,发展到后来的130多个,再加上临时和实际适用关贸总协定规则的27个国家地区,其涵盖面已几乎涉及国际贸易的所有角落,调整着世界贸易额的90％左右.而关贸总协定本身为了更有效地发挥作用,处理成员方之间错综复杂的问题,也已陆续建立了一整套组织机构及审查、监督制度,包括缔约方全体大会；代代理事会及其所属的18国咨询集团、国际收支限制委员会、关税减让委员会等10余个专门委员会；贸易发展委员会；贸易谈判委员会以及根据需要设立的工作组与专家小组等等.经过40余年的实践,关贸总协定已经发展成一个在国际上以法律形式提供一套国际贸易与贸易关系规则和程序并对其成员之间的权利和义务作具体规定的体系,它既是一个贸易谈判及对其法律框架进行修改的专门场所,同时又是一个调解和解决贸易争端的机构,而且是成员方之间通过谈判以合作态度来解决它们之间的贸易关系中出现的重大问题的一个国际论坛.它是当前世界上调节经济贸易的三大支柱之一.从这个意义来说,关贸总协定已经发展成为一个国际经济贸易组织.9、对关贸总协定作为一种临时性国际经济组织的简要分析1946年2月,美国改变过去那种单纯依靠自己召开国际贸易与就业会议的做法,正式拟定了国际贸易组织宪章草案,并提请联合国经济与社会理事会第一次会议通过决议.联合国将国际贸易组织宪章草案印刷并向各国散发,正式组织召开国际贸易与就业会议,会议于1946年10月在英国伦敦召开.会议邀请了包括当时中国政府在内的19个国家,即美国、英国、前苏联、中国、法国、澳大利亚、比利时、荷兰、加拿大、巴西、卢森堡、古巴、捷克斯洛伐克、印度、挪威、智利、南非、新西兰、黎巴嫩等共同组建了一个筹备委员会.筹委会于1946年10月至11月和1947年1月至2月分别在伦敦和纽约,两次共13周讨论和审议了国际贸易组织宪章草案.纽约会议除了对伦敦会议所草拟的宪章草案作了内容以及文字上的修改之外,还补充了若干条款,并且同时让与会国选派专家起草通过了一项关税与贸易协定协定纲要,该协定纲要便是关税与贸易总协定的雏形.1947年4月至10月,筹委会第2次会议在日内瓦召开,绝大部分时间用于关税贸易谈判,并且于谈判过程中实际创立了关税贸易总协定.会议结束时,23个缔约国签订了关贸总协定,这一文本包含了国际贸易组织宪章中一些重要条款及与会各国贸易谈判、关税减让的结果.鉴于关贸总协定根据条文生效之日尚不可知,因此在日内瓦会议期间,美国提议以临时适用议定书形式,联合英、法、比、荷、卢、澳、加等国于同年11月15日之前签署了议定书,从而使关贸总协定得以提前实施,并担保1948年1月1日将关贸总协定的第l、第3部分暂行实施,第2部分在与各国现行立法无冲突的范围内予以充分地暂行实施.这样,按照议定书第2款,从1948年1月1日开始,关贸总协定的实施范围就扩充到上述8国领土以外的任何领土,总协定自从那时起便作为一项临时性措施开始临时生效.可见,关贸总协定最初只是作为一种“临时规则”的协定,各缔约国准备一候各国政府批准“国际贸易组织宪章”之后就取而代之.但是由于“国际贸易组织宪章”没有被有关国家的国会批准,这个协定便作为一种临时性的调整国际贸易政策和措施成了国际经济关系方面的重要法律准则.本来所谓临时性的协定只有在短暂的时期内起作用,但是由于种种复杂的原因,关贸总协定从1948年1月1日开始临时实施,却出人意料地延续了很长的时间,直到1995年1月1日才被世界贸易组织所取代.所以,关贸总协定从成立之日至1995年,共存在了47年.10、关贸总协定的确立的多边贸易“框架”分析人们将关贸总协定说成是一个“框架”,主要理由如下：1关贸总协定并未建立起真正的、全球性和普遍性的国际贸易体制.1948年拟建立了一个国际贸易组织的哈瓦那宪章,由于未能获得其生效所必须的批准而流产了,而生效的关贸总协定只是该宪章中有限的一部分.哈瓦那宪章内容充实,不仅包括建立国际贸易组织的条款,也包括处理就业与经济活动、经济发展与重建、贸易政策、限制性贸易条款和政府间商品协定的条款.此外,该宪章规定了解决争端的程序,其中包括协商、仲裁和国际法院提起诉讼等内容.1948年1月1日生效的关贸总协定只是该宪章中有关贸易政策的条款内容.2从性质上看,关贸总协定是一个以法律形式规定一整套调整国际贸易和贸易关系的规则与程序,并且体现其成员方之间的法律权利与义务的国际公约；从作用上看,关贸总协定是处理其成员方之间贸易关系的法律体系,是进行贸易谈判与修改其法律体系的场所,以及是调整与解决纠纷的机构；为此,关贸总协定只能是一个灵活的文件,其结构与实施方式经常修改,以便能适应世界贸易发展的需要.3关贸总协定的法律体系有很大的局限性.首先,总协定的规定上有局限性.它在规定一系列原则的同时又列有义务解除、例外和保障条款,使原则性规定受到限制；其次,贸易组织的协议虽然是经济性的,但在实际中往往受到政治因素的影响.这是因为贸易政策由各国政府处理,而它们常常要在国际法律义务和国家利益的冲突中寻求妥协.4关贸总协定体系自成立以来一直处于变动中.如果关贸总协定的法律是一成不变的,那么它肯定已经丧失了大部分权威.迄今已对协定做出的调整和修正,不是该体系被削弱的证据,而是该体系活力和变革的象征.今后总协定还将随国际贸易的变化发展而被修订和补充,只有框架式结构才能适应发展的需要.11、关贸总协定成立后开展的活动关贸总协定自成立之后所开展的主要活动,是缔约方根据总协定的原则和规章,通过多边贸易谈判达成一系列贸易协定,以此推动全球贸易的发展.从1947年至1995年,关贸总协定共主持了8轮多边贸易谈判.历届多边贸易谈判都是根据一定时期世界经济贸易形势的特点和需要进行的,谈判的内容既具有延续性又在逐步扩展.历届谈判所达成的协议和取得的成果,都在一定程度上缓解了当时国际贸易中所存在的主要矛盾,不同程度地维护并促进了国际经济贸易制度的进步与发展,但也由于受一定时期条件和总协定自身因素的局限,使历届谈判有一些明显的不足.关贸总协定缔约方的贸易占全球贸易的９０％.该协定共主持了８轮全球性多边贸易谈判,使世界工业品贸易的关税平均率由１９４７年的４０％减至５％.１９９５年１２月１２日,关贸总协定完成其历史使命,从１９９６年１月１日起,世界贸易组织正式取代了关贸总协定.八个回合谈判简介：１９４７年４月－１０月,第一回合贸易谈判在瑞士日内瓦举行.２３个创始国决定在世界范围内降低４５０００种贸易关税.同时达成了１２３项双边减税协议,使应征税进口值５４％的商品平均降低关税３５％,影响贸易额１００亿美元.１９４７年１１月,５６个国家的代表在哈瓦那举行会议,开始就拟议中的国际贸易组织的宪章进行谈判.１９４８年３月,来自５６个国家的代表在哈瓦那开会,开始就拟议中的国际贸易组织的宪章进行谈判.１９４８年３月签订了一项协议.但,各国政府并没有最后承诺批准它.这样一来,关贸总协定就成了管理世界贸易的唯一的国际工具.１９４８年１月１日,关贸总协定开始生效.１９４９年４月－１０月,第二回合谈判在法国阿讷西举行,参加谈判的３３个国家建议再削减５０００种商品的关税.达成了１４７项双边减税协议,５．６％的应征税商品平均降低关税３５％.１９５０年９月－１９５１年４月,第三回合在英国的托基举行.３９个参加谈判的国家达成双边减税协议１５０项,涉及关税减让８７００项,使１１．７％的应征税商品平均降低关税２６％.１９５６年１月－５月,第四回合在日内瓦举行.２８个参加国决定,使１６％的应征税商品平均降低关税１５％,涉及贸易额达２５亿美元.１９５８年,关贸总协定发表哈伯勒尔报告.对关贸总协定的工作提出了初步的指导方针,并成立了三个委员会处理关税、农业和发展中国家面临的问题.１９６０年９月－１９６２年３月,第五回合谈判在美国副国务卿狄龙发起下在日内瓦召开,故称“狄龙回合”.４５个国家参加谈判,达成的协议使２０％的应征税工业品平均降低关税２０％,涉及贸易额４９亿美元,但在农产品上未达成协议.１９６４年５月－１９６７年５月,第六回合谈判在美国总统肯尼迪倡议下在日内瓦举行,故称“肯尼迪回合”.５４个国家参加谈判.达成的协议是：从１９６８年１月１日起分５年将大约６万种工业品关税平均降低３５％,涉及贸易额４００亿美元.首次通过反倾销协议.１９７３年９月,第七轮谈判由美国总统尼克松在日本东京发起,故称“尼克松回合”或“东京回合”,１９７９年４月在日内瓦结束.９９个参加国决定把关税平均降低２０—３０％,价值３０００亿美元,在肯尼迪回合谈判的基础上规定可以对发展中国家的某些产品取消关税,扩大了对发展中国家的贸易优惠.并且决定为世界贸易建立一个良好框架.１９８２年,关贸总协定的部长会议在日内瓦召开.会议重申了关贸总协定有关国际贸易行为规则的有效性,并制定了一项关贸总协定计划以便为新一轮贸易会谈奠定基础.１９８６年９月１５日,第八回合谈判在乌拉圭的埃斯特角城举行.故又称“乌拉圭回合”谈判 uruguay round of talks .最初参加这一回合。
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关税及贸易总协定 全文 缔约各国政府认为在处理它们的贸易和经济事业的关系方面，应以提高生活水平，保证充分就业、保证实际收入和有效需求的巨大持续增长、扩大世界资源的充分利用以及发展商品的生产与交 换为目的，切望达成互惠互利协议，导致大幅度地削减关税和其他贸易障碍，取消国际贸易中的歧 视待遇，以对上述目的作出贡献，经各国代表谈判达成如下协议： 第一部分 第一条 一般最惠国待遇 １．在对输出或输入、有关输出或输入及输出入货物的国际支付转帐所征收的关税和费用方面，在征收上述关税和费用的方法方面，在输出和输入的规章手续方面，以及在本协定第三条第二款及第四款所述事项方面，一缔约国对来自或运往其他国家的产品所给予的利益、优待、特权或豁免，应当立即无条件地给予来自或运往所有其他缔约国的相同产品。 ２．任何有关进口关税或费用的优惠待遇，如不超过本条第四款规定的水平，而且在下列范围以内，不必按本条第一款的规定予以取消： （甲）本协定附件一所列两个或两个以上的领土之间专享的现行优惠待遇，但以不违反这个附件所订的条件为限； （乙）本协定附件一、附件二和附件三所列已于１９３９年７月１日以共同主权、保护关系或宗主权互相结合的两个或两个以上的领土之间专享的现行优惠待遇，但以不违反这些附件所订的条件为限； （丙）美利坚合众国和古巴共和国之间专享的现行优惠待遇； （丁）本协定附件五和附件六所列的毗邻国家之间专享的现行优惠待遇。 ３．原属于奥托曼帝国后于１９２３年７月２４日分离出来的国家之间实施的优惠待遇，如能按本协定第二十五条第五款的规定予以批准，应不受本条第一款规定的约束。对这个问题运用本协定第二十五条第五款，应参考本协定第二十九条第一款。 ４．按本条第二款可以享受优惠待遇的任何产品，如在有关减让表中未特别规定所享受的优惠就是优惠最高差额，则应按以下规定办理： （甲）对有关减让表内列明的任何产品的关税和费用，这一产品的优惠差额应不超过表列的最惠国税率与优惠税率的差额；表中对优惠税率若未作规定，应以１９４７年４月１０日有效实施的优惠税率作为本条所称的优惠税率；表中对最惠国税率若未作规定，其差额应不超过１９４７年４月１０日所实施的最惠国税率与优惠税率的差额； （乙）对有关减让表内未列明的任何产品的关税和费用，这一产品的优惠差额应不超过１９４７年４月１０日所实施的最惠国税率与优惠税率的差额。 对于本协定附件七所列的各缔约国，本款（甲）项及（乙）项所称１９４７年４月１０日的日期，应分别以这个附件所列的日期代替。 第二条 减让表 １．（甲）一缔约国对其他缔约国贸易所给的待遇，不得低于本协定所附这一缔约国的有关减让表中有关部分所列的待遇。 （乙）一缔约国领土的产品如在另一缔约国减让表的第一部分内列名，当这种产品输入到这一减让表所适用的领土时，应依照减让表的规定、条件或限制，对它免征减让表所列普通关税的超出部分。对这种产品，也应免征超过于本协定签订之日对输入或有关输入所征收的任何其他税费，或免征超过于本协定签订之日进口领土内现行法律规定以后要直接或授权征收的任何其他税费。 （丙）一缔约国领土的产品如在另一缔约国减让表的第二部分内列名，当这种产品输入到这一减让表所适用的领土，按照本协定第一条可以享受优惠待遇时，应依照减让表的规定、条件或限制，对它免征减让表所列普通关税的超出部分。对这种产品，也应免征超过于本协定签订之日对输入或有关输入所征收的任何其他税费，或免征超过于本协定签订之日进口领土内现行法律规定以后要直接或授权征收的任何其他税费。但本条的规定并不妨碍缔约国维持在本协定签订日关于何种货物可按优惠税率进口的已有规定。 ２．本条不妨碍缔约国对于任何输入产品随时征收下列税费： （甲）与相同国产品或这一输入产品赖以全部或部分制造或生产的物品按本协定第三条第二款所征收的国内税相当的费用； （乙）按本协定第六条征收的反倾销税或反贴补税； （丙）相当于提供服务成本的规费或其他费用。 ３．缔约国不得变更完税价格的审定或货币的折合方法，以损害本协定所附这一缔约国的有关减让表所列的任何减让的价值。 ４．当缔约国在形式上或事实上对本协定有关减让表列名的某种产品的进口建立、维持或授权实施某种垄断时，这种垄断平均提供的保护，除减让表内有规定或原谈判减让的各缔约国另有协议外，不得超过有关减让表所列的保护水平。但本款的规定，并不限制缔约国根据本协定的其他规定，向本国生产者提供任何形式的援助。 ５．如果一缔约国相信某一产品应享受的待遇在本协定所附另一缔约国的减让表所订的减让中已有规定，并认为另一缔约国未给予此种待遇时，这一缔约国可以直接提请另一缔约国注意这一问题。后一缔约国如同意减让表所规定的待遇确系对方所要求的待遇，但声明：由于本国法院或其他有关当局的决定，按照本国税法有关产品不能归入可以享受减让表的应有待遇的一类，因而不能给予这项待遇时，则这两个缔约国，连同其他有实质利害关系的缔约国，应立即进一步进行协商，以便对这一问题达成补偿性的调整办法。 ６．（甲）缔约国若是国际货币基金的成员国，其减让表所列的从量关税和费用以及其维持的从量关税和费用的优惠差额，系以这一国家的货币按照国际货币基金在本协定签订之日所接受或临时认可的平价表示。因此，当这项平价按国际货币基金协定的规定降低达２０％时，上述从量关税和费用以及优惠差额可根据平价的降低作必要的调整；但须经缔约国全体（指按本协定第二十五条采取联合行动的缔约各国）同意这种调整不致损害本协定有关减让表及本协定其他部分所列减让的价值，而对于与调整的必要性和紧迫性有关的一切因素，都应予以适当考虑。 （乙）对于不是国际货币基金成员国的缔约国，自其成为国际货币基金的成员国或按照本协定第十五条签订特别汇兑协定之日起，上述规定也应适用。 ７．本协定所附的各减让表，应视为本协定第一部分的组成部分。 第二部分 第三条 国内税与国内规章的国民待遇 １．各缔约国认为：国内税和其他国内费用，影响产品的国内销售、兜售、购买、运输、分配或使用的法令、条例和规定，以及对产品的混合、加工或使用须符合特定数量或比例要求的国内数量限制条例，在对进口产品或国产品实施时，不应用来对国内生产提供保护。 ２．一缔约国领土的产品输入到另一缔约国领土时，不应对它直接或间接征收高于对相同的国产品所直接或间接征收的国内税或其他国内费用。同时，缔约国不应对进口产品或国产品采用其他与本条第一款规定的原则有抵触的办法来实施国内税或其他国内费用。 ３．与本条第二款有抵触的现行实施的国内税，如果是１９４７年４月１０日有效的贸易协定中所特别规定允许征收的，而且在有关贸易协定中还规定了凡已征收这种国内税的产品，它的进口关税即不能任意增加，则征收这种国内税的缔约国，可以推迟实施本条第二款的规定，直到在贸易协定中所承担的义务得到解除，并能将进口关税增加到抵销国内税保护因素所必须的水平时为止。 ４．一缔约国领土的产品输入到另一缔约国领土时，在关于产品的国内销售、兜售、购买、运输、分配或使用的全部法令、条例和规定方面，所享受的待遇应不低于相同的国产品所享受的待遇。但本款的规定不应妨碍国内差别运输费用的实施，如果实施这种差别运输费用纯系基于运输工具的经济使用而与产品的国别无关。 ５．缔约国不得建立或维持某种对产品的混合、加工或使用须符合特定数量或比例的国内数量限制条例，直接或间接要求某一特定数量或比例的条例对象产品必须由国内来源供应。缔约国还不应采用其他与本条第一款规定的原则有抵触的办法来实施国内数量限制条例。 ６．本条第五款的规定不适用于１９３９年７月１日，或１９４７年４月１０日，或１９４８年３月２４日（各缔约国可以从这三个日期中自行选择一个日期）在一个缔约国领土内有效实施的国内数量限制条例；但这种条例如与本条第五款的规定有抵触，不应采取损害进口货的利益的办法来加以修改，应该把它们当做关税来进行谈判。 ７．任何对产品的混合、加工或使用须符合特定数量或比例要求的国内数量限制条例， 在实施时不得把这种数量或比例在不同的国外供应来源之间进行分配。 ８．（甲）本条的规定不适用于有关政府机构采办供政府公用、非为商业转售或用以生产供商业上销售的物品的管理法令、条例、或规定。 （乙）本条的规定不妨碍对国内生产者给予特殊的贴补，包括从按本条规定征收国内税费所得的收入中以及通过政府购买国产品的办法，向国内生产者给予贴补。 ９．各缔约国认为，规定国内物价最高限额的管理办法，即使符合本条的其他规定，对供应进口产品的缔约国的利益，可能产生有害的影响。因此，实施这种办法的缔约国，应考虑出口缔约国的利益，以求在最大可能限度内，避免对它们造成损害。 １０．本条的规定不妨碍缔约国建立或者维持符合本协定第四条要求的有关电影片的国内数量限制条例。 第四条 有关电影片的特殊规定 缔约国在建立或维持有关电影片的国内数量限制条例时，应采取符合以下要求的放映限额办法： （甲）放映限额可以规定，在不短于一年的指定时间内，国产电影片的放映应在各国的电影片商业性放映所实际使用的总时间内占一定最低比例；放映限额应以每年或其相当期间内每一电影院的放映时间作为计算基础。 （乙）除根据放映限额为国产电影片保留的放映时间以外，其他放映时间，包括原为国产电影片保留后经管理当局开放的时间在内，不得正式或实际上依照电影片的不同来源进行分配。 （丙）虽有本条（乙）项的规定，任一缔约国可以维持符合本条（甲）项要求的放映限额办法，在实施这项办法的国家以外，对某一国家的电影片保留一最低比例的放映时间。 （丁）放映限额的限制、放宽或取消，须通过谈判确定。 第五条 过境自由 １．货物（包括行李在内）、船舶及其他运输工具，经由一缔约国的领土通过，不论有无转船、存仓、起卸或改变运输方式，只要通过的路程是全部运程的一部分，而运输的起点和终点又在运输所经的缔约国的领土以外，应视为经由这一缔约国领土过境，这种性质的运输本条定名为摴吃耸鋽。 ２．来自或前往其他缔约国领土的过境运输，有权按照最便于国际过境的路线通过每一缔约国的领土自由过境。不得以船舶的国籍、来源地、出发地、进入港、驶出港或目的港的不同，或者以有关货物、船舶或其他运输工具的所有权的任何情况，作为实施差别待遇的依据。 ３．缔约国对通过其领土的过境运输，可以要求在适当的海关报关；但是，除了未遵守应适用的海关法令条例的以外，这种来自或前往其他缔约国领土的过境运输，不应受到不必要的耽延或限制，并应对它免征关税、过境税或有关过境的其他费用，但运输费用以及相当于因过境而支出的行政费用或提供服务成本的费用，不在此限。 ４．缔约国对来自或前往其他缔约国领土的过境运输所征收的费用及所实施的条例必须合理，并应考虑运输的各种情况。