《信号与系统》信号术语中英文对照解析

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《信号与系统》第2章(电子信息工程专业)chapter2.0

一种信号与系统的分析体系。
2.1 信号的描述与时域变换
一.信号的表示：信号可以描述范围极为广泛的物理现象。信号可以分为确知信号与随机信号，也可以分为连续时间信号与离散时间信号。连续时间信号的例子离散时间信号的例子
作为信号分析的基础，本课程只研究确知信号。确知信号可以表示成一个或几个自变量的函数。连续时间信号表示为
f n f n 1 f n 定义为 f n 的一次前向差分
据此定义，可以依次类推，得到各次差分
2 f n f n f n 1
f n f n 1 f n 1 f n 2
x(t ), x(t1,t2 )...
x(n), x(n1 , n2 )...
离散时间信号表示为
连续时间信号的自变量在实数域内取值，自变量连续变化，信号值可以有间断点。
离散时间信号的自变量在整数域内取值，自变量
只能取整数，信号值可以在实数域内连续变化。如果将信号值加以量化，则称其为数字信号。
离散时间信号可以通过提取连续时间信号在离散时间点上的样本而得到。如：x(t ) x nT
T 1
很显然，对同一个连续时间信号以不同的时间间隔采样，会得到不同的离散时间序列。
T 0.5
二. 信号的基本运算: 1. 信号相加（相减）：Sum
x1 (t )
1
将两个信号在各个时刻的对应值相加（相减）。
Chapter 2
信号与系统
Signals and Systems
本章的基本内容:

信号的描述
信号的自变量变换常用的基本信号系统及其数学模型系统的性质

信号与系统专业英语句子

信号与系统专业英语句子Signals and Systems: A Comprehensive Overview.In the realm of engineering and science, signals and systems play a pivotal role in understanding and processing information. A signal represents a physical quantity that varies over time or space, such as an audio waveform, an image, or a time series. A system, on the other hand, is a mathematical model that transforms or processes a signal to produce an output signal. Together, signals and systems form the foundational concepts for a wide range of applications in fields such as signal processing, communications, control systems, and computer science.Signal Characteristics.Signals can be categorized based on various characteristics, including:Continuous-Time Signals: These signals are definedover a continuous time interval, meaning they can take on any value within that interval. Examples include analog audio signals and continuous waveforms.Discrete-Time Signals: These signals are defined only at specific time instances, making them suitable fordigital processing. Examples include sampled audio signals and digital images.Analog Signals: These signals represent continuous values and are typically associated with continuous-time signals. They can take on any value within a given range.Digital Signals: These signals represent discrete values and are typically associated with discrete-time signals. They can only take on specific, quantized values.System Properties.Systems are characterized by their properties, which determine how they process signals. These properties include:Linearity: A system is linear if the output signal is proportional to the input signal. In other words, the system does not introduce any distortion or nonlinearities.Time-Invariance: A system is time-invariant if the output signal is the same regardless of when the input signal is applied. In other words, the system's behavior does not change over time.Stability: A system is stable if its output signal remains bounded for all bounded input signals. In other words, the system does not amplify or oscillate uncontrollably.Signal Processing.Signal processing involves manipulating and transforming signals to extract useful information or achieve specific objectives. Common signal processing techniques include:Filtering: Removing or isolating specific frequency components from a signal.Smoothing: Averaging out variations in a signal to reduce noise or distortion.Compression: Reducing the size of a signal while preserving its essential information.Demodulation: Recovering the original signal from a modulated carrier signal.Applications of Signals and Systems.Signals and systems have innumerable applications across various domains:Communications: Designing and implementing communication systems for transmitting and receiving information, such as wireless networks and optical fiber systems.Control Systems: Designing and analyzing systems that automatically control physical processes, such asindustrial machinery and robotics.Signal Processing: Developing algorithms and techniques for processing signals to improve their quality, extract information, or extract features.Image Processing: Analyzing and manipulating digital images for object recognition, medical imaging, and computer graphics.Speech Processing: Analyzing, synthesizing, and recognizing human speech for applications such as voice recognition and speech synthesis.Mathematical Tools.The mathematical tools used in the analysis and synthesis of signals and systems include:Fourier Transform: Decomposes a signal into itsfrequency components.Laplace Transform: Represents a signal in the complex frequency domain.Z-Transform: Represents a discrete-time signal in the complex frequency domain.Linear Algebra: Models systems as matrices and uses matrix operations to analyze their behavior.Differential Equations: Describes the dynamics of continuous-time systems.Conclusion.Signals and systems are essential concepts that underpin a wide range of technological advancements and scientific discoveries. By understanding the characteristics and properties of signals and systems, engineers and scientists can design and implement sophisticated systems for processing and analyzinginformation, enabling breakthroughs in communication, control, signal processing, and many other fields.。

《信号与系统》课程讲义1-2

ii)抽样特性： (t ) f (t )dt f (0)
证明： (t ) f (t )dt ( ) f ( )d ( ) ( ) f 0 d f 0

iv)延时抽样： v)关系：
t t f t dt f (t )
1 t
-1 0 f(-t-2) 1 -3 -2 0 t 2 t
0 1
1 -1
2 3
f(-3t-2)
0
t
§1.3信号的运算
②已知f(t)定义域为[-1,4]，求f(-2t+5)的定义域解：
i)方法一：f(t)→f(-t) [-4,1]；f(-t)→f(-t+5) [1,6]；
ii)方法二： 1 2t 5 4 6 2t 1
f (t ) f 1 ( t ) f 2 ( t )
§1.3信号的运算
7．信号相乘 ① f (t ) f1 (t ) f 2 (t )
②常用在调制解调中 8．卷积
f (t ) f1 (t ) f 2 (t )

f1 ( ) f 2 (t )d
9．相关
a
Ke at (a 0)
③特性：微积分后仍为指数信号
§1.2 信号描述分类和典型示例
2．正弦信号 ①表达式：
f (t ) K sin(t )
②参数：K振幅，角频率，初相位 f(t) ③特性 i)周期信号， 0 2 1 T f ii)微积分后仍为正弦信号
3 8
t
t
f(t)
t
0 ln 2 2 ln 2 3 ln 2
3
练习

信号与系统

dt
性质：
'(t)dt 0
- t
'( )d (t)
-
f (t) ' (t) f (0) ' (t) - f ' (0) (t)
f (t) '(t)dt - f '(0)
-
'(t) (1)
t 0
冲激偶信号图形表示
•四种奇异信号具有微积分关系
'(t) d (t)
dt
(t) du(t)
(5)
+2
(t
2
+
3t)
(
t
-1)dt
-2
3
(6)(t3 + 2t 2 + 3) (t - 2)
(7)e-4t (2 + 2t)
(8)e-2tu(t) (t +1)
[解]
(1)
+
s
in(t
)
(t
-
)dt
sin(
)
2/2
-
4
4
(2) e +3 -5t (t -1)dt e-51 1/ e5 -2
2
2j
2 指数信号——复指数信号
f (t) Aest
s + jw0
f (t) Aet e jw0t Aet cosw0t + jAet sin w0t
et sinw0t
et sin w0t
<0
t
t
3.抽样函数
Sa(t) sin t / t 抽样函数具有以下性质：
Sa(0) 1
Sa(k ) 0, k 1,2
0
0
0
5) 冲激信号的性质

信号与系统分析《信号与系统分析》吴京,国防科技大学出版社第七章-2

零点
a a×
极点
Re(z)
零点
╳
极点
Re(z)
极点
a
b
× ×
b-1 Re[z]
收敛轴
7.6 z变换的性质
1. 线性性质 2. 时移特性 3. Z域尺度变换 4. 时域反转 5. z域微分 6. 时域卷积定理一双边Z变换的性质二单边Z变换的性质
( n) 1 ( n 1) z 1
n 0

1. 时移性质
左移
如果 xnun X z m 1 m k xn mun z X z x k z , k 0
xn 1u( n) zX z zx(0),
m 1
xn 2un z 2 X z z 2 x(0) zx(1)
2
na
n 1
u( n)
, | z || a |
1 z n( n 1)a n 2 u( n) , | z || a | 3 2 ( z a)
对于反因果序列有： a n u( n 1)
z , | z || a | za
自己推导类似的公式……
6 时域卷积定理
u( n) 1 1 z 1
1 1 z 1
z , | z | 1 z 1
z , | z | 1 z 1
u( n 1)
n
z a u( n) ,z a 1 za 1 az 1 z a n u( n 1) ,za 1 az 1 z a
z ( z a )2

z 1 (1 az 1 )2
z (z a)
3

z 2 (1 az 1 )3

(完整版)奥本海姆信号与系统第二版英文课件第一章

For Discrete-time period signal: x[n]=x[n+N] for all n N Fundamental Period
1 Signal and System Examples of periodic signal
1 Signal and System
1.2.3 Even and Odd Signals
1.2.1 Examples of Transformations A. Time Shift
Right shift : x(t-t0) x[n-n0]
Left shift : x(t+t0) x[n+n0]
(Delay) (Advance)
1 Signal and System Examples
Even signal: x(-t) = x(t) or x[-n]= x[n] Odd signal : x(-t)= -x(t) or x[-n]= -x[n]
Even-Odd Decomposition:
Ev{x(t )}
xe (t)
1 [x(t) 2
x(t )]
Od {x(t )}
xo (t)
1 Signal and System
B. Time Reversal x(-t) or x[-n] : Reflection of x(t) or x[n]
1 Signal and System
C. Time Scaling
x(at) ( a>0 )
Stretch
if a<0
Compressed if a>0
T x2 (t)dt
T
1 Signal and System

英文版《信号与系统》第678章讲义

Frequency-Domain:
X j
H j
ht
yt Y j
Y j X j H j §6.1 The Magnitude-Phase Representation （幅度-相位） of the Fourier Transform
xt
Sampling
xt
x p t
pt
n
t nT

x0 xT x2T
-3T -2T
-T
0
T
2T
3T
4T
12
t
Chapter 7 Sampling Theorem:
Sampling
Let xt be a band-limited signal with X j 0 , M Then xt is uniquely determined by its samples xnT , n 0,1, 2 if where s s 2 M T
to obtain a signal g t with Fourier transform G j . Determine the maximum value of 0 for which it is guaranteed that

y t cos t / 3 1/ 3 cos t 1 cos
3t 3 y t cos t 1 / 3 cos t 1 cos 3 t 1
4
Chapter 6 2. Nonlinear Phase
§6.2 The Magnitude-Phase Representation of the Frequency Response of LTI Systems

信号与系统复习大纲(奥本海默)

第一章：Singnals and System（信号与系统）1－1：continuous-time and discrete-time signals（连续时间与离散时间信号）信号：信息的载体。

在信号与系统分析中，信号的表达式为函数（functions）P3:Signals are represented mathematically as functions of one or more independent variables（独立自变量）。

例如：关于某导线电流强度对应不同时间的函数I(t)；等比数列的某一个数对应其序号的函数a[n]=b^n。

自变量的定义域为连续的时间段（有限或无限）的信号（函数）称为连续时间信号x(t)自变量的定义域为间断的时间点（一般地，归一为整数点…－1，0，1，2…）的信号称为离散时间信号x[n]，又叫序列（sequences）。

两者有相似处，离散时间函数（又称为离散时间序列）可以看作连续时间函数对整数点时间进行抽样得到，但两者计算上有很大区别。

信号（函数）对应某一自变量值的信号函数值大小称为信号的幅度（phenomenon）。

例如x(t)=2t，在t=3时x(t)=x(3)=6就是此刻的幅度。

Signal energy and power（信号的能量与功率）把信号看作电流，该电流在某一段时间内流过1欧姆的电阻产生的能量和平均功率(average power)便是信号在该段时间的能量与功率。

因此可得在t1~~t2内信号x(t)的能量为：E=∫(t1~t2)(|x(t)|^2)dt，而相应这段时间的功率则为P=E/(t2-t1)信号在整个定义域的能量E∞=（limT→∞）∫(－T～T)(|x(t)|^2)dt信号在整个定义域的平均功率P∞=(limT→∞)(1/2T)∫(－T～T)(|x(t)|^2)dt相应的，对于离散时间信号则有P6-7(1,7)(1,9)(这个东西要输入太困难了，呵呵)显然，对于一个信号在无穷区间的能量与平均功率有三种可能：（1）平均功率无穷大，总能量无穷大（2）平均功率有限，总能量无穷大（3）总能量有限，平均功率无穷小（也是有限）1-2:Transformations of the independent variable（自变量的变换）自变量的变换就是对信号x(t)或x[n]的自变量t或n进行相应变换，由此会影响信号。

(完整版)铁道信号常用术语中英文对照

附录 A 铁道信号常用术语1．按信号设备分类信号装置类术语矮型信号机dwarf signal 半自动信号机semi-automatic signal 报警信号alarming signal 臂板信号机semaphore signal差速制信号speed signal 车上信号设备cab signal device 车站信号station signal; signaling at stations 出站信号starting signal 出站信号机starting signal 出站信号机复示器repeater of starting signal 从属信号机dependent signal; subsidiary signal 错误关闭信号false stopping of a signal错误开放信号wrong clearing of a signal 单线臂板信号机single wire semaphore signal 单置信号点single signal location 灯列式信号机position light signal 敌对信号conflicting signal 地面信号trackside signal; ground signal 地面信号设备trackside signal facility 点式机车信号intermittent type cab signaling; intermittent type cab signaling 电动臂板信号机electric semaphore signal 调车信号shunting signal 发车进路信号机route signal for departure 发车信号departure signal 发光信号accident waring flash signal 发音信号accident warning audible signal 返还系数release factor 防护信号protecting signal; protection signal 防止重复信号机stick signal 复示信号repeating signal 复示信号机repeating signal 感应式机车信号inductive cab signaling 高速铁路High Speed Railway 通过信号through signal 通过信号机passing signal 通过信号机block signal 透镜式色灯信号机multi-lens colour light signal multi-lenses signal推送信号start humping signal 驼峰机车信号hump cab signaling 驼峰信号hump signal; humping signal 无线机车信号radio cab signaling 下峰信号down hump trimming signal 线别表示灯track marker 线号表示器track number indicator 线路开通表示灯opening route indication; route clear light 线群出站信号机group starting signal 响墩信号detonating signal 信号标志signal indicator 信号表示器signal repeater 信号玻璃signal glass 信号测试台signal test board 信号厂signal shop信号大修signal overhaul repair信号灯signal lamp; signal light 信号灯泡signal light bulb 信号点signal location 信号电缆signal cable 信号电路图circuit diagram 信号复示器signal repeater 信号复原器signal reverser; signal slot 信号供电signal feeding 信号故障signal fault 信号关闭signal at stop 信号关闭表示stop signal indication 信号机signal 信号机附属设备signal appendant高柱信号机high signal固定信号; 固定信号机fixed signal 号讯sign火炬信号fusee signal 机车信号cab signaling 机车信号设备cab signaling equipment; cab signaling eqipment机械臂板信号机mechanically operated semaphore signal加速推送信号humping fast signal 减速防护地段终端信号牌released speed signal; slow-speed release signal减速推送信号humping slow signal 减速信号restriction signal 减速信号牌slow speed signal 减速预告信号slow speed approach 较大限制信号more restrictive signal 较大允许信号more favorable signal 接车进路信号机route signal for receiving 接车信号receiving signal 接发车进路信号机route signal for receiving-departure 接近表示器approach indicator 接近连续式机车信号approach continuous cab signaling尽头信号机signal for stub-end track进路信号机route signal 进路预告表示器preliminary route indicator 进行定位式信号机normal proceed signal 进行信号proceed signal 进站信号（机） home signal 禁止移动标forbidden movement sign 绝对信号absolute signal 绝对信号机absolute signal 连续式机车信号continuous cab signal; continuous type cab signaling 列车接近通知train approach announcement 列车停车标train stop indicator 桥梁遮断信号bridge obstruction signal 区间信号section signaling; wayside signaling 信号机构signal mechanism 信号机后方in rear of a signal 信号机前方in advance（approach）of a signal 信号集中修signal centralized maintenance 信号检修signal inspection 信号开放signal at clear信号开放表示cleared signal indication 信号雷管detonator 信号楼signal box; signal tower信号配线signal wiring 信号桥signal bridge 信号燃管fusee 信号色度signal colour fidelity 信号施工signal construction 信号手（握）柄signal lever 信号透镜signal lens 信号托架signal bracket 信号维修signal maintenance信号握柄signal lever 信号无效标signal out of order sign信号显示signal visibility; signal aspect and indication 信号选别器signal slot 信号整治signal renovation 信号中修signal intermediate repair 信号装置signal apparatus 行车信号running signal; train signal 行车信号机train signal 选路制信号route signaling 咽喉信号机signal in throat section 延续进路successive route; successive route夜间信号night signal 移动信号movable signal 移动信号牌temporary signal 移频机车信号frequency shift cab signal 去禁溜线信号shuntingsignal to prohibitive humping line容许信号（机） permissive signal 色灯信号colour light signal 色灯信号机colour light signal 色灯信号机colour light signal; color-light signal 闪光信号flashing light signal; flash signal; flashing signal事故信号accident signal视觉信号vision signal; visual signal 手动信号机manual signal 手信号hand signal; flag signal 手信号代用器substitute apparatus for hand signal 双线臂板信号机double wire semaphore signal 速差制信号speed signaling 隧道遮断信号tunnel obstruction signal 探照式色灯信号机colour searchlight signal 特殊信号accident warning signal 铁路信号; 铁道信号railway signaling 铁路信号装置railway signaling equipment 听觉信号audible signal 停车定位式信号机normal stop signal 停车信号stop signal音响信号acoustic signal; whistle signal引导信号calling-on signal引导信号机call-on signal; calling-on signal 预告信号approaching signal预告信号机distant signal 允许预推信号permissive prehumping signal遮断信号obstruction signal 遮断信号按钮obstruction signal button 遮断信号机obstruction signal 遮断预告信号机approach obstruction signal 中继信号标志repeating signal marker 中继信号机repeating signal 昼间信号day signal 昼夜通用信号signal for day and night 主体信号机principal signal 注意信号caution signal 自动信号机automatic signal 总出站信号机advance starting signal 最大限制信号most restrictive signal 最大允许信号most favorable signal闭塞类相关术语半自动闭塞半自动闭塞机semi-automatic block; semi-automatic block system semi-automatic block machine闭塞闭塞分区闭塞机闭塞手柄闭塞线路闭塞装置常用闭塞方式blocking; block system block section blockinstrument blocking lever block line blockinstrument regular block system代用闭塞单线闭塞单线继电半自动闭塞substitute block systemsingle line blocksingle track all-relay semi-automatic block system单向自动闭塞电话闭塞电码自动闭塞电气路牌闭塞电气路签闭塞single-directional running automatic block telephone block system automatic block with coded track circuit electric tablet block system electric staff system电子闭塞electronic blocking二显示自动闭塞非自动闭塞区段分割闭塞分区合并闭塞分区极频自动闭塞two-aspect automatic block non-automatic block section division of block section incorporation of block section polar frequency coded automatic block; automatic block with polar frequency impulse track计轴闭塞计轴自动闭塞继电半自动闭塞axle counter permissive block automatic block with axle counter all-relay semiautomatic block; all-relay semi-automatic block system交流计数电码自动闭塞automatic block with ac counting code track circuit 交流计数自动闭塞解除闭塞连动闭塞ac counting code automatic block block cleared controlled manual block脉冲自动闭塞区间闭塞取消闭塞人工闭塞三显示自动闭塞双线继电半自动闭塞双向自动闭塞pulse automatic block; automatic block with impulse rack circuit section block; section blocked to cancel a block manual block three-aspect automatic blockdouble track all-relay semi-automatic block system double-direction running automatic block四显示自动闭塞无线闭塞移动闭塞four-aspect automatic block wireless blocking movable block移频自动闭塞frequency shift modulated automatic block; automatic block withaudio frequency shift modulation预办闭塞准闭塞法自动闭塞自动闭塞区段pre-working a blockblock applied methodautomatic block; automatic block system automatic block section 转辙类相关术语保险铁大功率转辙机单动detector barheavy duty switch machine single导管装置导线调整器道岔定位（反位）道岔转辙机电磁转辙机电动转辙机电动转辙机控制器signal pipe linewire compensatornormal（reverse）position of switch pint lever electro magnetic switch machineelectric point machine; electric switch machine electric switch controller电空转辙机电空转辙机控制器电液转辙机electro pneumatic point machine; electro pneumatic switch machine electro pneumatic switch controller electro-hydraulic switch machine垫板sole platepower point machine crank gauge tie concentrated lever frame front rod stroke; throw of switch（美） contact of switch fixing of switch quick-acting switch machine switch adjuster double derail hydraulic switch machine switch machine switch machine installation switch machine part联锁类相关术语表示锁闭indication locking不限时人工解锁manualnon-time release 错误解锁false release 错误锁闭falselocking 大站电气集中联锁relay interlocking for largestation导管装置pipe installation电机集中联锁electronicconcentration interlocking电空集中联锁装置electro-pneumatic interlocking device 电气集中联锁装置electric interlocking device电气联锁机electric mechanical interlocking machine 电气锁闭electric locking 电锁器electric lock电锁器联锁interlocking with electric lock; interlocking by electric locks 反位锁闭reverse locking非集中联锁non-centralized interlocking非联锁区non-interlocking area 机器集中联锁mechanical interlocking 机械集中联锁装置mechanical interlocking device机械联锁机mechanical interlocking联锁interlock; interlocking联锁表interlocking table联锁机interlocking machine联锁区interlocking area 联锁设备interlocking equipment联锁图表interlocking chart and table 联锁装置interlocking device漏解锁missing release漏锁闭missing locking路牌锁闭器tablet lock 片面锁闭facing point lock 区段锁闭section locking 人工解锁manual release人工解锁表示manual release indication 色灯电锁器联锁装置colour interlocking system with electriclock 失去联锁loss of interlocking 锁闭lock；locking 锁闭杆locking rod锁闭力locking force动力转辙机拐肘轨距杆集中握柄尖端杆尖轨动程尖轨接触尖轨密贴快速转辙机密贴调整杆双动脱轨器液压转辙机转辙机转辙机安装装置转辙机部件lightmachine 机械锁闭 mechanical locking 集中联锁 centralized interlocking 继电器式电气集中联锁装置 electric relayinterlocking device 继电器式集中联锁装置relay interlocking device 接近锁闭approach locking 解锁 release 解锁按钮盘 manual release button panel解锁进路 released route 解锁力 releasingforce 进路分段解锁 sectional release of alocked route 进路分段锁闭 sectional routelocking 进路解锁 route release 进路人工解锁 manual route release 进路锁闭route locking 进路锁闭表示 route lockingindication 进路一次解锁 route release atonce 安全型继电器 safety relay锁闭设备 locking device 锁闭系统 locking system 条件锁闭 conditional locking 驼峰电气集中联锁 electric interlocking for hump yard微机联锁 microcomputer interlocking 限时人工解锁 manual time release 小站电气集中联锁 relay interlocking for small station 信号表示 signal indication 延时锁闭 time locking 钥匙锁闭器 key lock照查手柄 check lever 照查锁闭 check locking 转辙锁闭器 interlocking by point detector 转辙锁闭器 switch-and-lock mechanism插入式继电器 plug-in relay; plug-in type relay传输继电器 transmitting relay 单独操纵继电式电气集 individual lever type all-relayinterlocking 弹力继电器 spring-type relay 电磁继电器 electromagnetic relay 电码继电器 code relay 轨道继电器 track relay 缓动继电器 slow-acting relay 缓放继电器 slowrelease relay 缓吸继电器 slow pick-up relay 继电并联传递网路 successively worked parallelrelay network 继电并联网路 parallel relaynetwork 继电串联网路 series relay network 继电器防震架 shock absorber base for relays 继电器接点 relay contact 继电器灵敏度 relay sensitivity继电器室 relay house; relay room 继电器释放relay released 交流继电器 AC relay 交直流继电器 AC-DC relay快动继电器快吸继电器脉冲继电器偏极继电器热力继电器时间继电器无极继电器 neutral relay 信号继电器 indicating relay 信号用继电器 signalrelay 有极继电器 polarized relay 整流继电器rectifier relay 正常动作继电器 normal acting relay 直流继电器 DC relay 重力继电器 gravitation type relay自动限时解锁 automatic time release 继电器类相关术语交流二元二位继电器 AC two element two position relay 进路继电式电气集中联 route type all-relay interlockingquick-acting relay quick pick-up relayimpulse relay polar biased relay thermal relay ; 延时继电器 time relay; time delay relay 微机 -继电式电气集 microcomputer-relay interlocking继电器吸起relay energized 继电器线圈relay coil 继电器箱relay case组合继电器combination relay座式继电器desk type relay; shelf-type relay 道口类相关术语道口安全crossing safety 道口防护crossing protection 道口接近区段approach section of a highway level crossing 道口控制器electronic train detector 道口控制器crossing controller 道口栏木barrier 道口栏木crossing barrier; cross barrier at grade crossing 道口栏木锁闭器barrier lock 道口闪光信号highway level crossing flashing signal 道口事故level crossing accidents 道口室外音响器highway level crossing out door audible device 道口通知设备crossing announcing signal; highway level crossing announcing device 道口信号crossing signal 道口信号机level crossing signal 道口信号机level crossing signal 道口信号控制盘level crossing signal control panel 道口障碍报警装置obstruction warning device for level crossing 道口障碍物检测器crossing obstructing detector 道口遮断信号level crossing obstruction signal 道口自动信号crossing automatic signal; automatic level crossing signal 列车接近道口表示器train approach indicator for level crossing列车进行方向表示器train direction indicator 特殊信号发光机obstruction warning indicator 自动栏木automatic barrier道岔类相关术语岔中绝缘insulated joint within a turnout 带柄道岔表示器switch indicator with lever 带柄道岔表示器switch lever with indicator 带动道岔switchwith follow up movement 弹簧道岔spring point;spring switch（美）道岔point; switch（美）道岔表示switch indication 道岔表示器pointindicator; switch indicator（美）道岔错误表示false indication of a switch 道岔电磁锁闭器magnetic facing point lock 道岔电路控制器switchcircuit controller 道岔定位表示switch normalindication 道岔反位表示switch reverse indication道岔双动机point lever fro cross over 道岔顺序启动sequential starting of switches 道岔顺序转换sequential transiting of switches 道岔锁闭switchlocking; switch point locking 道岔锁闭表示switchlocked indication 道岔握柄switch lever 道岔中途转换switch thrown under moving cars 道岔转换switch setting; switch in transition 防护道岔protective turnout 非集中道岔locally operatedswitch 非联锁道岔non-interlocked switch 分路道岔branching turnout 高速道岔High speed switch道岔封锁switch closed up道岔减摩器roller point道岔密贴switch point closure , Switch close-gap 道岔密贴调整switch adjustment道岔启动switch starting道岔区段section with a switch or switches 道岔人工解锁manual release of a locked switch 道岔失去表示loss of indication of a switch 集中道岔centrally operated switch 挤岔splitting of pointtongue; forcing open of the point挤岔报警alarm for a trailed switch联锁道岔interlocked switch爬越道岔run-over type point脱轨道岔derailing point; switch point derail （美）中岔Middle switch安全电路vital circuit 半自动闭塞联系电路liaison circuit with semi-automatic blocks 报警电路warning circuit 闭路式轨道电路close type track circuit 表示电路indication circuit 并联式轨道电路multiply connected track circuit 不对称脉冲轨道电路asymmetrical impulse track circuit 测试电路testing circuit 长轨道电路long track circuit 场间联系电路liaison circuit between yards 串联式轨道电路serially connected track circuit 单轨条式轨道电路single rail track circuit道岔控制电路switch control circuit 点灯电路lighting circuit 电缆敷设cable laying 电缆敷设机cable laying machine 电缆接续cable connecting 电路分析circuit analysis 电路设计circuit design 电码轨道电路coded track circuit 调频轨道电路frequency modulated track circuit 调整状态normal state 叠加轨道电路overlap track circuit 断轨防护broken rail protection 发车表示器电路departure indicator circuit 阀式轨道电路value-type track circuit; valve type track circuit 方向电路directional circuit后接点back contact 后圈back coil 后退信号backing signal 基本联锁电路fundamental interlocking circuit极频轨道电路polar frequency coded track circuit; polar-frequency pulse track circuit 极性检查电路polarity checking circuit 极性交叉polar reversal; polar transposition 计轴器axle counter 交流轨道电路ac track circuit; ac track circuit 交流计数电码轨道电路ac counting coded track circuit接口电路interface circuit接续线bond 解锁电路release circuit 进路表示器电路route indicator circuit 进路电路route selecting circuit 开环轨道电路open track circuit 开路式轨道电路open type track circuit 励磁电路energizing circuit 连续式轨道电路continuous track circuit联系电路liaison circuit 脉冲轨道电路pulse track circuit 灭火花电路spark extinguishing circuit 旁通接续线by-pass bond 区间联系电路liaison circuit with block signalling塞钉式钢轨接续线plug bond电路类相关术语焊接式钢轨接续线welded bond 横向接续线cross bond非安全电路non-vital circuit分倍频轨道电路divided-and-doubled 双轨条轨道电路double-rail track circuit 死区段dead sectionfrequency track circuit 分路灵敏度shunting sensitivity 分路效应shunting effect 钢轨导接线; 钢轨接续线rail bond 钢轨绝缘rail insulation 钢轨绝缘不良bad rail insulation 钢轨引接线track lead 钢轨阻抗rail impedance轨道变阻器track rheostat 轨道传感器track sensor 轨道电抗器track reactor 轨道电路track circuit 轨道电路测试track circuit testing 轨道电路电码化coding of continuous track circuit轨道电路调整状态regulated state of a track circuit轨道电路分割cut-section of a track circuit 轨道电路分路状态shunted state of a track circuit轨道电路区段track circuit district 轨道电路蓄电现象track storage effect 轨道电阻器track resistor 轨道接触器track treadle送受分开电路sending and receiving separated circuit 锁闭电路locking circuit跳线jumper bond 通过按钮电路through button circuit 无绝缘轨道电路jointless track circuit无绝缘节轨道电路non-insulated track circuit 下坡道防护电路protection circuit for approaching heavy down grad限流设备track current limiting device相敏轨道电路phase detecting track circuit信号电路signal circuit 信号接续线signal bond 信号控制电路signal control circuit移频轨道电路frequency shift track circuit;frequency-shift modulated track circuit音频轨道电路audio frequency track circuit有绝缘节轨道电路insulated track circuit 站间联系电路liaison circuit between stations直流轨道电路DC track circuit 重叠轨道电路overlay track circuit 自闭电路self-stick circuit自动闭塞联系电路liaison circuit with automatic轨道绝缘; 绝缘节rail insulation; insulationblocks自动通过按钮电路automatically through buttonsection轨道生电现象track galvanic effect 轨道占用track occupied 轨间绝缘crack gauge insulationcircuit相敏轨道电路phase detecting track circuit红光带Red-light strap驼峰类相关术语半自动化驼峰系统semi-automatic hump yardsystem非机械化驼峰设备unmechanical hump yardequipment机械化驼峰设备mechanized hump yardequipment驼峰电气集中electric interlocking for humpyard 驼峰复示信号机humping signal repeater驼峰机车遥控remote control of hump engines驼峰机械修理室hump mechanics repair room驼峰溜放控制系统humping control system驼峰信号机hump signal 自动化驼峰系统automatic hump yard system测速装置speedometer超速防护train over-speed protection超速防护系统Automatic Train Protection system 车次表示train number display; train number indication车次自动表示;车次自动显示automatic train number display车辆抄号设备wagon number checking equipment车辆识别装置vehicle identifier 车门自动控制automatic train door control 车站控制station master control车站列车控制中心Station Train Control Center 点控制intermittent control 点式查询应答器intermittent inquiry balise 点式自动停车intermittent type automatic train stop 调度集中controlled traffic control device (CTC) 调度集中分机field equipment of CTC 调度集中装置centralized traffic control installation 调度集中总机control office equipment of CTC 调度监督dispatchers supervision; dispatchers supervision system 调度监督设备dispatchers supervision equipment 调度控制dispatchers control分散自律Decentralized and Autonomous 分散自律调度集中系统Decentralized and autonomous CTC system 跟踪系统tracing system 计算机辅助调度computer-aided dispatching 计算机联锁Computer interlockingsupervision列车位置表示train location indication; train position indication列车运行监测train running monitoring列车运行控制仿真系统Train operation controlsimulation system列车运行控制系统train operation control system 列车自动保护系统Automatic Train Protection (ATP)列车自动调速automatic train speed regulation 列车自动防护automatic train protection 列车自动防护系统automatic train protection system 列车自动监控系统Automatic Train Supervision(ATS)列车自动减速automatic train deceleration列车自动控制Automatic Train Control (ATC) 列车自动控制系统automatic train control system列车自动控制装置automatic train control device列车自动限速automatic train speed restriction 列车自动运行automatic train operation列车自动运行系统Automatic Train Operation(ATO)列调作业Train shunting work列控系统train control system溜放进路自动控制automatic switching control of humping yard by rou溜放速度自动控制automatic rolling down speed control目标打靶控制target shooting区段遥控remote control for a section枢纽遥控remote control of a junction terminal双接近区double-approach-section监控装置supervisory control device 监视系统monitor system; supervision system监视装置monitor device进路控制route control 进路控制装置routing control equipment 局部控制local control 局部控制盘local control panel控制点controlling point控制对象controlled object控制类相关术语列车速度自动监督automatic train speed控制盘control panel 控制台Console 控制台单元control desk element 控制台室control room 控制中心control center 控制周期control cycle 连续控制continuous control 列车报警系统train alarm system 列车超速防护Automatic Train Protection 列车调度指挥系统Train Dispatching Command System （TDCS）列车监控与追踪Train Monitoring and双重控制dual control铁路应急通信系统Railway emergency communication推峰速度自动控制automatic control for humping speed微机监测microcomputer monitor卫星定位satellite localization卫星监测satellite monitoring 无绝缘移频自动闭塞系统automatic block system with jointless shift frequency无线维修终端Mobile maintenance terminal （MMT）行车指挥自动化running command automation; automation of traffic control 遥控remote control 遥控区段remotely controlled section遥控装置remote control device（RC）遥信区段remotely surveillance section遥信装置remote-signal equipment 远程监督分区relayed surveillance subsection 远程网路relayed surveillance network中心控制centralized control自动停车装置automatic train stop device （ATS）自动限速装置automatic train control device （ATC）自律机Autonomous machineTracking调车类相关术语调车表示器shunting indicator调车表示器电路shunting indicator circuit调车区电气集中联锁interlocking for shunting area 调车线始端减速器tangent retarder 调车信号机shunting signal 非进路调车to hold route for shunting 非进路调车电路circuit to hold a route for shunting 减速器car retarder 溜放调车表示器kick off shunting indicator 双面调车信号机signal for shunting forwardand backward电源类相关术语备用电源stand-by power supply; stand-by 混合供电制ac-battery power supply system power source 变压器箱transformer box 集中电源centrally connected power source 表示灯电源power source for indication lamp 集中供电centrally connected power supply 不间断电源uninterrupted supply 继电器控制电源power source for relay control 充电battery charging 交流电源屏ac power supply panel道岔表示电源power source for switch indication 道岔动作电源power source for switch operation 道岔控制电源power source for switch control 电池battery; cell 电压过低voltage below level 电压自动调整器automatic voltage regulator 电源端子terminals for power supplies电源屏power supply panel 电源识别标志power source marker 电源室power supply room ; power supply room电源转换屏power switching over panel 电源转接屏power switch board 扼流变压器impedance transformer方向电源directional traffic power source防护变压器protective transformer 浮充供电floating charge power supply 干线供电main linely connected power supply 工作电流working current 供电rectifier power supply 轨道变压器箱track transformer box 轨道受电变压器track relay transformer 轨道送电变压器track transformer feed end 轨道信号灯变压器track and signal lamp transformer 混合电源ac-battery power source交流供电制AC power supply system 局部电源locally supplied power source局部控制电路local control circuit 摩擦电流frictional working current 闪光电源flashing power source 太阳能电池solar cell 太阳能电源solar power supply条件电源conditional power source 条件电源屏conditional power supply panel 停电power failure线路变压器line transformer 信号灯变压器signal lamp transformer 信号电源signal power supply信号高压配电线路high voltage distribution line for signalling信号机点灯电源signal lighting power source 蓄电池供电storage battery power supply 蓄电池室battery room 整流器一次电池供电primary cell power supply 直流电源屏DC power supply panel 直流供电制DC power supply system 主电源main power source 自动调压automatic voltage regulation 综合防雷Synthetic lightning protection安全接点safety contact 按钮push-in button 按钮表示button indication 保护区段overlap protection block section 被控点controlled point 臂板接触器contacts operated by semaphore 臂板转极器pole changer operated by semaphore 编组站marshalling Yard 编组站测长yard distance-to-coupling其它近程网路directly surveillance network 进路表route sheet进路表示器route indicator进路操纵作业semi-automatic operation by route 进路储存器route storaging devices 进路存储器route storage警惕按钮acknowledgment button 警惕手柄acknowledgment lever静态长度car space 编组站测速yard speed measurement 编组站测重yard weight sensing 编组站测阻yard rollability measurement 编组站自动化automation of marshalling station标志indicator; marker 标准分路灵敏度standard shunting sensitivity 表示indication 表示灯indication lamp 表示对象indicated object 表示杆indication rod 表示连接杆connecting rod for indication 表示盘indicating panel 表示器indicator 表示周期indication cycle 并置信号点double signal location 材质不良bad material 操纵台operating console 测长distance-to-coupling measurement 测试test 测试环线test loop 测速speed measurement 测重weight sensing 测阻rollability measurement 插接不良plug-in trouble 车挡表示器car stop marker 车档measurement表示器buffer stop indicator 车辆存在监测器presence monitor 车辆缓行器wagon retarder; wagon retarder 车辆加减速器caraccelerator/retarder 车辆加速器car accelerator 车辆减速器car retarder 车辆停车标car stop indicator 车轮传感器wheel detector 储风罐air reservoir 储酸室acid store room 传动系统driving system 磁路系统magnetic circuit 错溜misroute 错误办理wrong handling错误表示wrong indication 单独操纵作业manual operation 单断single break绝缘不良bad insulation 开通put into operation 可调拐肘adjustable crank 空气压缩机室air compressor room拉钮pull-out button 雷达测速器radar speedometer 雷电干扰lightning interference 离去表示departure indication 离去区段departure section 连接杆pipe link 联锁图表interlocking table 两点检查released by checking two sections 列车时刻表train timetable 邻线干扰interference from neighboring line 零层端子terminals of layer 0 of a relay rack 溜放速度free rolling speed 路牌tablet 路牌携带器tablet pouch 路牌自动授收机automatic tablet exchanger 路签train staff ; staff 路签携带器staff pouch 路签自动授收机automatic staff exchanger 乱显示false indication 轮修alternative maintenance 密贴调整杆adjustable switch operating rod 摩擦联结器frictional clutch 目的制动objective breaking; target braking 内燃牵引干扰diesel traction interference 排列进路route setting 票据传送设备classification list conveyer system 破封break a seal 牵引小车pushing trolley 牵纵拐肘escapement crank 前接点front contact 前圈front coil 强电干扰high voltage interference 桥梁通知设备bridge announciating device 切断音响按钮button for cut-off an audible signal 侵入限界绝缘insulated joint located within the clearance limit 区段占用表示section occupancy indication 区间section 区间封锁section closed up单频感应器single frequency inductor 导管调整器pipe compensator 导线导轮wire carrier导线调整器wire compensator 导线反正扣wire-adjusting screw 导线立轮vertical wheel 导线平轮horizontal wheel 导线平轮组horizontal wheel assembly 导线装置wire installation 导向安全failure to the safe side 道渣电阻ballast resistance 灯光转移to transfer of lighting indication 灯丝断丝filament burn-out 灯丝断丝报alarm for burnout of filaments 灯丝转换filament transfer 地面感应器wayside inductor 地面设备wayside equipment 地中电缆盒underground cable terminal box 第二接近区段second approach section 第二离去区段second departure section 第一接近区段first approach section 第一离去区段first departure section 电动传送设备electric motor operated conveyer 电空传送设备electro-pneumatic conveyer 电气路牌机electric tablet instrument电气路签机electric staff instrument 定点停车stopping a train at a target point 定期维修periodical maintenance 定位接点normal contact 动程stroke 动接点contact heel 动态长度distance-to-go 动作杆throw rod 动作连接杆operating rod for driving a switch 对向重叠进路route with overlapped section in the opposite dire 额定值rated value 二次参数secondary parameter 发车表示器departure indicator 发车线路表示器departure track indicator 反位接点reverse contact区间空闲section cleared区间占用block occupancy; section occupied 区间占用位置检测location detecting of occupied section取消进路to cancel a route 人工分路manual shunt 人为故障human failure 熔断器断丝fuse burn-out 熔断器断丝报警fuse break alarm 冗余结构redundant structure 三点检查released by checking three sections 设备停用equipment out-of use 施工妨碍construction interference 识别标志marker light 事故照明emergency lighting 释放时间drop away time 释放值release value 手柄handle手动调压manual voltage regulation 受电端receiving end枢纽遥控remote control of a junction terminal 双断double break 双频感应器double frequency inductor 水分离器water separator水鹤表示器water crane indicator 顺向重叠进路route with overlapped section in the same direction 瞬时分路instantaneous shunt 瞬时分路不良instantaneous loss of shunting 四点检查released by checking four sections 送电端feed end 隧道通知设备tunnel announciating device 跳线jumper 铁路局Railroad Administration 铁路运营railway operation 铁鞋skate; cast brake shoe 同意按钮盘agreement button panel推送小车辆propelling trolley 脱轨表示器derail indicator 脱线修off line maintenance 驼峰溜放调速humping governing 晚点表示delaying time indication反装left-handed machine 方向手柄traffic lever 方向转接器directional switch 防护区段protected section 防止重复prevention for repetitive clear of a signal 妨害故障hindrance fault 非自复式按钮stick button 分割区段cut section 分路shunt 分线盘distributing terminal board 分线盘端子terminals on distributing board 分向电缆盒cable branching terminal box 风管路调压设备air pipeline pressure governor 风压调整器manometer regulator 封锁close up 峰下减速器master retarder 杆上电缆盒cable terminal box on a post 感应器inductor 工厂化施工industrial construction 工作值working value 共用箱cab signal box 股道空闲track clear 股道占用track occupied 故障-安全fail-safe 故障办理emergency treatment after failure 故障复原restoration after a failure 故障积累failure accumulation 故障升级progression of failure 故障修corrective maintenance 光带light strip 光带式表示striped indication light 光点式表示spotted indication light 缓放时间slow release time 缓吸时间slow pick-up time 汇流条bus-bar 机车车辆rolling stock; car; vehicle 机车感应器locomotive inductor 机车接近通知approaching announcing in cab 机车设备locomotive equipment 机车信号测试区段cab signaling testing维修maintenance维修不良not well maintained无碴轨道non-ballast track无岔区段section without a switch误用故障misuse fault 吸起时间pick-up time 吸起值pick-up value 显示距离range of a signal 线路点field location 线路区段track section线路占用表示track occupancy indication 线路遮断表示器track obstruction indicator线束减速器group retarder 线头脱落wire lead drop out选路route selection循环检查制cyclic scanning system 一次参数primary parameter一送多受single feeding and multiple receiving track circuit 应答器transponder油压动力室hydraulic pressure engine room迂回进路detour route预防维修preventive maintenance预告标warning signs for approaching a station 预排进路presetting of a route 钥匙路签staff with a key 运行图描绘仪train diagram plotter 在线修on line maintenance 占线表示occupancy indication 站场型网路geographical circuitry 站界标station limit sign 正装right-handed machine 直角拐肘right angle crank 直线电机LinearMotor制动试验表示器brake test sign device制动位retarder location中继站repeater station 中间电缆盒intermediate cable terminal boxsection 限界检查器clearance treadle限速接近方式closing-in行车记录设备train movement recording equipment。

《信号与系统》课件讲义

《信号与系统》课件讲义一、内容描述首先我们将从信号的基本概念开始，大家都知道，无论是听音乐、看电视还是打电话，背后都离不开信号的存在。

那么什么是信号呢？信号有哪些种类？我们又如何描述它们呢？这一部分我们会带领大家走进信号的世界，一起探索信号的奥秘。

接下来我们将探讨信号与系统之间的关系，信号在系统中是如何传输、处理和变换的？不同的系统对信号有何影响？我们将通过具体的例子和模型，帮助大家理解这个复杂的过程。

此外我们还会深入学习信号的数学描述方法，虽然这部分内容可能会有些难度，但我们会尽量使用通俗易懂的语言，帮助大家更好地理解。

通过这部分的学习，我们将学会如何对信号进行量化分析，从而更好地理解和应用信号。

我们将探讨信号处理的一些基本方法和技术，如何对信号进行滤波、调制、解调等处理？这些处理技术在实际中有哪些应用？我们将通过实例和实践，帮助大家掌握这些基本方法和技术。

1. 介绍信号与系统的基本概念及其重要性首先什么是信号？简单来说信号就像是我们生活中的各种信息传达方式，想象一下当你用手机给朋友发一条短信，这条信息就是一个信号，它传递了你的意图和情感。

在更广泛的层面上，信号可以是任何形式的波动或变化，比如声音、光线、电流等。

它们都有一个共同特点，那就是携带了某种信息。

这些信息可能是我们想要传达的话语，也可能是自然界中的物理变化。

而系统则是接收和处理这些信号的装置或过程，它像是一个加工厂，将接收到的信号进行加工处理，然后输出我们想要的结果。

比如收音机就是一个系统，它接收无线电信号并转换成声音让我们听到。

这样描述下来，你会发现信号和系统真的是无处不在。

无论是在学习还是在日常生活中都能见到他们的影子，他们对现代通信、计算机技术的发展都有着不可替代的作用。

因此我们也需要对这一概念进行透彻的了解与学习才能更好地服务于相关领域为社会贡献力量！2. 简述本课程的学习目标和主要内容《信号与系统》这门课程无论是对于通信工程、电子工程还是计算机领域的学生来说，都是一门极其重要的基础课程。

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AAbsolutely integrable 绝对可积绝对可积冲激响应Absolutely integrable impulse response绝对可和Absolutely summable绝对可和冲激响应Absolutely summable impulse response累加器Accumulator声学Acoustic加法器Adder可加性Additivity property混叠现象Aliasing全通系统All-pass systems幅度调制AM (Amplitude modulation )放大器Amplifier幅度调制Amplitude modulation (AM)幅度放大因子Amplitude-scaling factor模数转换器Analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter分析公式（方程）Analysis equation复数的角度（相位）Angel (phase) of complex number角判据Angle criterion角度调制Angle modulationAnticausality 反因果AperiodicAperiodic convolution Aperiodic signal AsynchronousAudio systems Autocorrelation functions Automobile suspension system Averaging systemBBand-limitedBand-limited input signals Band-limited interpolation Bandpass filtersBandpass signalBandpass-sampling techniques BandwidthBartlett (triangular) window Bilateral Laplace transform BilinearBilinear transformationBit 非周期非周期卷积非周期信号异步的音频（声音）系统自相关函数汽车减震系统平滑系统带（宽）限的带限输入信号带限内插带通滤波器带通信号带通采样技术带宽巴特利特（三角形）窗双边拉普拉斯变换双线性的双线性变换（二进制）位，比特Block diagramsBode plotsBoundedBreak frequencyButterworth filtersC“ Chirp ” transform algorithm CapacitorCarrierCarrier frequencyCarrier signalCartesian (rectangular) form Cascade (series) interconnection Cascade-formCausal LTI systemChannelChannel equalizationChopper amplifierClosed-loopClosed-loop polesClosed-loop system 方框图波特图有界限的折转频率巴特沃斯滤波器“鸟声”变换算法电容器载波载波频率载波信号直角坐标形式串联，级联串联形式因果的线性时不变系统信道，频道信道均衡斩波器放大器闭环闭环极点闭环系统Closed-loop system function 闭环系统函数系数乘法器Coefficient multiplier系数Coefficients通信系统Communications systems交换性（交换律）Commutative property非理想元件的补偿Compensation for nonideal elements复数共轭Complex conjugate复指数载波Complex exponential carrier复指数信号Complex exponential signals复指数Complex exponential(s)复数Complex numbers条件稳定系统Conditionally stable systems共轭对称Conjugate symmetry共轭性质Conjugation property连续时间延迟Continuous-time delay连续时间滤波器Continuous-time filter连续时间傅立叶级数Continuous-time Fourier series连续时间傅立叶变换Continuous-time Fourier transform连续时间信号Continuous-time signalsContinuous-time systems 连续时间系统Continuous-to-discrete-time conversion 连续时间到离散时间转换Convergence 收敛卷积Convolution卷积积分Convolution integral卷积性质Convolution property卷积和Convolution sum相关函数Correlation function临界阻尼系统Critically damped systems互相关函数Crosss-correlation functions截至频率Cutoff frequenciesD阻尼正弦振荡Damped sinusoids阻尼系数Damping ratio直流偏移Dc offset直流序列Dc sequence临界阻尼反馈系统Deadbeat feedback systems分贝Decibels (dB)抽取Decimation抽取和内插Decimation and interpolation负反馈Degenerative (negative) feedback延迟DelayDelay time 延迟时间DemodulationDifference equations Differencing property Differential equations Differentiating filters Differentiation property DifferentiatorDigital-to-analog (D-to-A) converter Direct Form I realization Direct form II realization Direct-form Dirichlet conditions Dirichlet, P.L. Discontinuities Discrete-time filtersDiscrete-time Fourier series Discrete-time Fourier series pair Discrete-time Fourier transform ( DFT) Discrete-time LTI filters Discrete-time modulationDiscrete-time nonrecursive filters 解调差分方程差分性质微分方程微分滤波器微分性质微分器数模转换器直接I 型实现直接II 型实现直接型狄里赫利条件狄里赫利间断点，不连续离散时间滤波器离散时间傅立叶级数离散时间傅立叶级数对离散时间傅立叶变换离散时间线性时不变滤波器离散时间调制离散时间非递归滤波器Discrete-time signals 离散时间信号Discrete-time systems 离散时间系统Discrete-time to con ti nu ous-time conv ersion离散时间至U连续时间转换Dispersion 弥撒（现象）Distortion 扭曲，失真Distribution theory(property)分配律Dominant time constant 主时间常数Double-sideband modulation (DSB) 双边带调制Downsampling 减采样Duality 对偶性EEcho 回波Eigenfunctions 特征函数Eigenvalue 特征值Elliptic filters 椭圆滤波器Encirclement property 围线性质End points 终点—、八、、Energy of signals 信号的能量Energy-density spectrum 能量密度谱Envelope detector 包络检波器Envelope function 包络函数EqualizationEqualizer circuitsEquation for closed-loop poles Euler, L.Euler ' s relationEven signalsExponential signalsExponentialsFFast Fourier transform (FFT) FeedbackFeedback interconnection Feedback pathFilter(s)Final-value theoremFinite impulse response (FIR) Finite impulse response (FIR) filters Finite sum formulaFinite-duration signalsFirst differenceFirst harmonic components 均衡化均衡器电路闭环极点方程欧拉欧拉关系（公式）偶信号指数信号指数快速傅立叶变换反馈反馈联结反馈路径滤波器终值定理有限长脉冲响应有限长脉冲响应滤波器有限项和公式有限长信号一阶差分基波分量（一次谐波分量）First-order continuous-time systems 一阶连续时间系统一阶离散时间系统First-order discrete-time systems一阶递归离散时间滤波器First-order recursive discrete-time filters一阶系统First-order systems受迫响应Forced response正向通路Forward path傅立叶级数Fourier series傅立叶变换Fourier transform傅立叶变换对Fourier transform pairsFourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph 傅立叶（法国数学家，物理学家）频率响应Frequency response线性时不变系统的频率响应Frequency response of LTI systemsFreque ncy scali ng of contin uous-time连续时间傅立叶变化的频率尺度Fourier transform （变换性质）Frequency shift keying (FSK) 频移键控Frequency shifting property 频移性质Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) 频分多路复用Frequency-domain characterization 频域特征Frequency-selective filter 频率选择滤波器Frequency-shaping filters 频率成型滤波器Fundamental components 基波分量Fundamental periodGGainGain and phase margin General complex exponentials Generalized functions Gibbs phenomenon Group delayHHalf-sample delay Hanning window Harmonic analyzerHarmonic components Harmonically relatedHeat propagation and diffusion Higher order holds Highpass filterHighpass-to-lowpass transformations Hilbert transformHomogeneity (scaling) propertyFundamental frequency 基波频率基波周期增益增益和相位裕度一般复指数信号广义函数吉伯斯现象群延迟半采样间隔时延汉宁窗谐波分析议谐波分量谐波关系热传播和扩散现象高阶保持高通滤波器高通到低通变换希尔波特滤波器齐次性（比例性）IIdeal 理想的理想带阻特征Ideal bandstop characteristic理想频率选择滤波器Ideal frequency-selective filter理想化Idealization恒等系统Identity system虚部Imaginary part冲激响应Impulse response冲激串Impulse train增量线性系统Incrementally linear systems独立变量Independent variable无限长脉冲响应Infinite impulse response (IIR)无限长脉冲响应滤波器Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters无限项和公式Infinite sum formula无限项泰勒级数Infinite taylor series初值定理Initial-value theorem冲激串采样Inpulse-train sampling瞬时的Instantaneous瞬时频率Instantaneous frequency时域积分Integration in time-domainIntegration property 积分性质Integrator 积分器Linear 线性InterconnectionIntermediate-frequency (IF) stage Intersymbol interference (ISI) Inverse Fourier transform Inverse Laplace transform Inverse LTI system Inverse system design Inverse z-transformInverted pendulum Invertibility of LTI systems Invertible systemsLLag network Lagrange, J.L.Laplace transform Laplace, P.S. de lead network互联中频级码间干扰傅立叶反变换拉普拉斯反变换逆线性时不变系统逆系统设计 z 反变换倒立摆线性时不变系统的可逆性逆系统滞后网络拉格朗日（法国数学家，力学家）拉普拉斯变换拉普拉斯（法国天文学家，数学家）超前网络left-half plane 左半平面 left-sided signal左边信号Linear constant-coefficient difference 线性常系数差分方程equationsLinear constant-coefficient differential线性常系数微分方程equations线性反馈系统Linear feedback systems线性插值Linear interpolation线性性Linearity对数幅－相图Log magnitude-phase diagram对数模图Log-magnitude plots无损失码Lossless coding低通滤波器Lowpass filters低通到高通的转换Lowpass-to-highpass transformation线性时不变系统响应LTI system response线性时不变系统分析LTI systems analysisM幅度和相位Magnitude and phase匹配滤波器Matched filter测量仪器Measuring devices记忆Memory无记忆系统Memoryless systemsModulating signal 调制信号Modulation 调制Modulation index 调制指数Modulation property 调制性质Moving-average filters移动平均滤波器Multiplexing 多路技术Multiplication property 相乘性质Multiplicities 多样性NNarrowband 窄带Narrowband frequency modulation 窄带频率调制Natural frequency 自然响应频率Natural response 自然响应Negative (degenerative) feedback 负反馈Nonanticipatibe system 不超前系统Noncausal averaging system非因果平滑系统Nonideal 非理想的Nonideal filters 非理想滤波器Nonmalized functions 归一化函数Nonrecursive 非递归Nonrecursive filters 非递归滤波器Non recursive lin ear con sta nt-coefficie nt 非递归线性常系数差分方程difference equationsNyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率奈奎斯特率Nyquist rate奈奎斯特稳定性判据Nyquist stability criterionO奇次谐波Odd harmonic奇信号Odd signal开环Open-loop开环频率响应Open-loop frequency response开环系统Open-loop system运算放大器Operational amplifier正交函数Orthogonal functions正交信号Orthogonal signals示波器Oscilloscope过阻尼系统Overdamped system过采样Oversampling超量OvershootP并联Parallel interconnection并联型框图Parallel-form block diagramsParity check 奇偶校验检查Parseval ' s renlatioPartial-fraction expansionParticular and homogeneous solution PassbandPassband edgePassband frequencyPassband ripplePendulumPercent modulationPeriodicPeriodic complex exponentials Periodic convolutionPeriodic signalsPeriodic square wavePeriodic square-wave modulating signal Periodic train of impulsesPhase (angle) of complex number Phase lagPhase leadPhase marginPhase shift 帕斯伐尔关系（定理）部分分式展开特解和齐次解通频带通带边缘通带频率通带起伏（或波纹）钟摆调制百分数周期的周期复指数周期卷积周期信号周期方波周期方波调制信号周期冲激串复数相位（角度）相位滞后相位超前相位裕度相移Phase-reversal Phase modulation Plant Polar form PolesPole-zero plot(s) PolynomialsPositive (regenerative) feedback Power of signalsPower-series expansion method Principal-phase function Proportional (P) control Proportional feedback system Proportional-plus-derivative(PID) controlPulse-amplitude modulation Pulse-code modulation Pulse-train carrierProportional-plus-derivative feedback Proportional-plus-integral-plus-differential 相位倒置相位调制工厂极坐标形式极点零极点图多项式正（再生）反馈信号功率幂级数展开的方法主值相位函数比例控制比例反馈系统比例加积分比例加积分反馈比例－积分－微分控制脉冲幅度调制脉冲编码调制冲激串载波QQuadrature distortion Quadrature multiplexing Quality of circuitRRaised consine frequency responseRational frequency responses Rational transform RC highpass filter RC lowpass filter RealReal exponential signals Real partRectangular (Cartesian) form Rectangular pulse Rectangular pulse signal Rectangular windowRecursive (infinite impulse response) filters递归(无时限脉冲响应)滤波器Recursive linear constant-coefficient 递归的线性常系数差分方程 difference equationsRegenerative (positive) feedback正交失真正交多路复用电路品质（因数）升余弦频率响应有理型频率响应有理变换RC 高阶滤波器RC 低阶滤波器实数实指数信号实部直角（卡笛儿）坐标形式矩形脉冲矩形脉冲信号矩形窗口再生（正）反馈Region of comvergence 收敛域right-sided signal 右边信号上升时间Rise time根轨迹分析（方法）Root-locus analysis动求和Running sumSS域S domain采样数据反馈系统Sampled-data feedback systems采样数据系统Sampled-data systems采样Sampling采样频率Sampling frequency采样函数Sampling function采样示波器Sampling oscilloscope采样周期Sampling period采样定理Sampling theorem比例性（齐次性）性质Scaling (homogeneity) propertyScaling in z domain z 域尺度变换扰频器Scrambler二次谐波分量Second harmonic components二阶Second-orderSecond-order continuous-time system 二阶连续时间系统Second-order discrete-time system 二阶离散时间系统Second-order systems 二阶系统序列sequenceSeries (cascade)级联（串联）interconnection筛选性质Sifting propertySinc functions sinc 函数单边带Single-sidebandSingle-sideband sinusoidal amplitude单边带正弦幅度调制modulation奇异函数Singularity functions正弦（信号）SinusoidalSinusoidal amplitude正弦幅度调制modulation正弦载波Sinusoidal carrierSinusoidal frequency正弦频率调制modulation滑动Sliding频谱系数Spectral coefficient频谱Spectrum语音加密器Speech scramblerS-plane S 平面方波Square waveStability 稳定性Step responseStep-invariant transformation StopbandStopband edgeStopband frequency Stopband ripple Stroboscopic effect SummerSuperposition integral Superposition property Superposition sum Suspension system Symmetric periodic SymmetrySynchronousSynthesis equationSystem function(s)T Table of propertiesTaylor series不稳定系统的稳定性（度）阶跃响应阶跃响应不定的变换阻带阻带边缘阻带频率阻带起伏（或波纹）频闪响应加法器叠加积分叠加性质叠加和减震系统周期对称对称性同步的综合方程系统方程性质列表泰勒级数Stabilization of unstable systemsTime advance property of unilateralz-transform单边z 变换的时间超前性质Time constants时间常数Time delay property z-transform ofunilateral单边z 变换的时间延迟性质Time expansion property时间扩展性质Time invariance时间变量Time reversal property时间反转（反褶）性Time scaling property时间尺度变换性Time shifting property时移性质Time window时间窗口Time-division multiplexing(TDM)时分复用Time-domain时域Time-domain properties时域性质Tracking system (s)跟踪系统Transfer function转移函数transform pairs变换对Transformation变换（变形）Transition band 过渡带Time 时间，时域Transmodulation (transmultiplexing) 交叉调制Triangular (Barlett) windowTrigonometric seriesTwo-sided signalType l feedback systemUUint impulse responseUint ramp function Undamped natural frequency Undamped system Underdamped systems UndersamplingUnilateralUnilateral Laplace transform Unilateral z-transformUnit circleUnit delayUnit doubletsUnit impulseUnit step functionsUnit step response Unstable systems 三角型（巴特利特）窗口三角级数双边信号l 型反馈系统单位冲激响应单位斜坡函数无阻尼自然相应无阻尼系统欠阻尼系统欠采样单边的单边拉普拉斯变换单边z 变换单位圆单位延迟单位冲激偶单位冲激单位阶跃函数单位阶跃响应不稳定系统VUnwrapped phaseUpsamplingVariableWWalsh functions Wave Wavelengths Weighted average WidebandWideband frequency modulation WindowingzZ domainZero force equalizer Zero-Input response Zero-Order holdZeros of Laplace transform Zero-state response z-transform z-transform pairs展开的相位特性增采样变量沃尔什函数波形波长加权平均宽带宽带频率调制加窗z 域置零均衡器零输入响应零阶保持拉普拉斯变换的零点零状态响应 z 变换 z 变换对。