国际商务谈判(第二讲)

合集下载

《国际商务谈判》第二章

《国际商务谈判》第二章

第二章国际商务谈判的基本理论•第一节结构理论及其在国际商务谈判中的应用•第二节需求理论及其在国际商务谈判中的应用•第三节行为学理论及其在国际商务谈判中的应用•第四节心理学理论及其在国际商务谈判中的应用•第五节博弈论及其在国际商务谈判中的应用•上世纪50年代至今,美日之间的贸易摩擦与贸易谈判绵延不绝,在现代贸易史上极具代表性和典型性。

美日贸易谈判,无论在过程结构和实力结构、行为、心理,以及谈判层次、类型、频率、对象和方式上都有较大的研究价值。

•二战后,日本经济在较短时间内得以恢复并实现了赶超,上世纪60年代末就成为西方世界第二经济大国和强国。

不过,与此相伴随,上世纪50年代中后期开始,日本就与美国在纺织品、皮革贸易上发生了摩擦,此后一路升级,在钢铁、家电、机床、汽车、半导体等领域的贸易摩擦愈演愈烈,日本经济实力的增强也让美国产生了较大的警惕心理,“日本威胁论”喧嚣一时。

•1985年9月,《广场协议》签署后,日元大幅度升值,却并没有改变美日贸易失衡的局面,日本对美贸易顺差仍然居高不下,贸易政策成为美国对外关系的焦点议题。

美国国会通过了《1988年综合贸易与竞争法》之后,美国开始寻求与日本进行贸易谈判,日本也意识到应该把谈判作为一种管控美日经济关系困境的方式。

•1989年7月,美日贸易谈判开启。

两国共同组建了一个联合工作小组,其中包括美国的六个部门,国务院、财政部、贸易代表为三个共同主席,还有商务部、司法部和经济顾问委员会。

日本的外务省、大藏省、通产省(经产省前身)为三个共同主席,经济企划厅和公平贸易委员会是小组成员。

随着谈判的不断深入,联合小组也有所扩大,不断有其他部门加入到谈判当中。

•第一阶段谈判于1989年9月4日至1990年1月30日进行。

由于美日各执一词,双方分歧较为严重,谈判进展缓慢,一度陷入僵局。

美国列出了240项条款清单,涉及事项繁多,使得日本深为不满。

美国国内舆论则要求对日本采取更为强硬的政策,两国政治经济关系陷入紧张状态。

国际商务谈判 Chapter 2

国际商务谈判 Chapter 2
International Business Negotiations
Chapter 2
Preparation for Negotiation
Lubrication
Preparation Every negotiation requires preparation. The preparation work functions, in a sense, as lubrication on either regular or an ad hoc basis.
1. The desirable target
is what negotiators wish to attain but in reality rarely reach. It serves two purposes in negotiations: A. setting a potential goal for negotiators to strive for; B. leaving room for bargaining in negotiations.
1. lack of sensitivity to differences in culture, consumer tastes, and market demands. 2. limited appreciation for the different environment abroad. Due to pressure to satisfy short-term financial goal, they are unwilling to spend money to find out about the differences.
3. The bottom target

国际商务谈判理论课件PPT课件( 46页)

国际商务谈判理论课件PPT课件( 46页)
但是,合作性结果的出现需要谈判双方拥有充分的交流和 信息,一旦谈判双方不能够进行信息交流,就难以实现一个有 利于每个当事人的合作利益。这种谈判就称为“囚徒困境”。
“囚徒困境”是一种非合作性的博弈状况。假设有两个嫌疑犯被 分别关在隔离的房间里受审,他们彼此之间无法进行交流和通气。 警察分别向两名嫌疑犯表明:如果一个人招供,而同伙不招供,招 供者会关半年,同伙将被关10年,如果都招供,将被各判5年徒刑。 如果都不招供,将各判刑一年。我们知道,对这个博弈来说,两个 嫌疑犯最佳的策略选择就是双方都不认罪。但监禁半年是最吸引人 的,所以,每个嫌疑犯都有可能有承认的动机,这样,双方可能都 会认罪,结果是各监禁五年。
不 坦
囚白 徒
坦 白
囚徒2
不坦白
坦白
-1,-1
-10,-0.5
-0.5,-10
-5,-5
1
根据博弈论的假定,把上例中的结果假定成一个“合作解”和一个 “不合作解”。所谓合作解就是指王二和李五在成交价格上达成了一 致意见,从而使旧车交易顺利完成。不合作解则是指两人在价格上 讨价还价,相持不下,未能达成一致协议。
“为了成功,谈判者应该把杰出剑术家的敏锐与艺术家 的敏感结合于一身。一方面,他应该用优秀击剑手的 敏锐目光来观察谈判桌上的对手,随时寻找对方防线 上的缺口,识破对方策略的变化,要不失时机扩大优 势。另一方面,他又要像艺术家一样敏感,能够察觉 对方情绪和动机中最细微的变化。他应该能够随意地 在调色板上选择出色彩和色调都调配准确的颜料,直 至达到精通的程度。为了谈判的胜利,不仅训练是必 要的,而且特别需要有敏感性和把握机会的才能。最 后,有经验的谈判者能全面理解合作的方法。他尽力 要达成协议,为了获得谈判的成功,保证大家都胜利 地离开谈判桌。”

国际商务谈判试题(02)及参考答案

国际商务谈判试题(02)及参考答案

国际商务谈判试题(02)课程代码:00186一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.国际商务谈判与一般贸易谈判的共性体现在()A.较强的政策性 B.以价格为核心C.谈判内容广泛 D.影响因素复杂2.商务谈判人员的最佳年龄一般在()A.20~45岁 B.25~55岁C.30~55岁 D.40~60岁3.在任何欧洲国家都只用于万圣节和葬礼,而不宜送人的花是()A.荷花 B.菊花C.玫瑰花 D.茉莉花4.套期保值者根据现货交易情况,先在期货市场上建立空头交易地位,然后再以多头进行平仓的做法叫()A.卖期保值 B.买期保值C.掉期交易 D.期权交易5.双方谈判人员适当互赠礼品的做法是()A.求助 B.贿赂C.为了理解 D.润滑策略6.在谈判的交锋过程中,成功的谈判者花在听上的时间占到总谈判时间的()A.30%以下 B.30%~40%C.40%~50% D.50%以上7.无论穿什么,都不会把手放到口袋里,因为这样做会被认为是粗鲁的。

具有这种行为习惯的是()A.德国人 B.美国人C.韩国人 D.日本人8.在国际商务谈判中,认为手帕象征亲人离别,是不祥之物,不能送人的国家是()A.美国 B.英国C.法国 D.意大利9.商务谈判成为必要是由于交易中存在()A.冲突 B.攻击C.合作 D.辩论10.从法律学角度来讲,其结果是终局性的是()A.协商 B.调解C.仲裁 D.诉讼11.在一支谈判队伍中,负责对交易标的物的品质进行谈判的是()A.技术人员 B.法律人员C.商务人员 D.谈判领导人12.若我方在谈判中实力较强,可采取的外汇风险防范方法是()A.硬货币计价法 B.对等易货贸易法C.约定货币保值条款 D.汇率风险分摊条款13.“对这个问题,我虽没有调查过,但曾经听说过。

”这种答复谈判对手的技巧是()A.避正答偏 B.答非所问C.以问代答 D.推卸责任14.在国际商务谈判中,往往会不断地点头,但并非表示“同意”。

国际商务谈判

国际商务谈判

第一讲:商务谈判前的准备1、简单的说商务谈判前的准备工作就是要做到知己知彼。

2、知彼P25(1)对手当前的需求、利益和谈判实力(2)对手的目标(3)对手的声誉和谈判风格(4)对手的对象转换点(即将要离开谈判桌,可能与其他谈判对象达成协议)(5)对方参与者(谈判人员权限、对方对谈判的重视程度、对方决策者)3、知己P32(1)你的心里准备(强硬、马拉松、破裂)(2)确定商务谈判的程序(安排议程是掌握主动的一个机会,确定合理的商务谈判程序,目的是使得本次谈判能够被双方重视,达成一致的意见,而不是出现在谈判中僵持的局面)(3)谈判地点及人员的安排A:安排谈判人员<1>确定谈判适用的人才<2>确定谈判班子的构成原则(实力原则和进度原则)<3>确定谈判班子内部成员的分工与配合B:选择谈判地点:最合理的方式就是选择对双方平等的中立地点C:谈判现场的布置与安排方形谈判桌椭圆形谈判桌圆形谈判桌不设谈判桌(4)确立谈判目标最高目标:最高目标也叫最优期望目标。

它是己方在商务谈判中所要追求的最高目标,也往往是对方所能忍受的最大程度。

实际需求目标:实际需求目标是谈判各方根据主客观因素,考虑到各方面情况,经过科学论证、预测和核算后,纳入谈判计划的谈判目标。

可接受目标:可接受目标指在谈判中可努力争取或作出让步的范围。

它能满足谈判一方的部分需求,实现部分经济利益。

最低目标:最低目标是商务谈判必须实现的目标,是谈判的最低要求,若不能实现,宁愿谈判破裂。

确定商务谈判目标层次的三项原则:实用性合理性合法性(5)你的准备替代方案及可利用资源可利用的谈判信息主要内容包括:市场信息、有关谈判的对手资料、科技信息、有关政策法规、金融方面的信息和有关货单、样品的准备。

市场信息是反映市场经济活动特征及其发展变化的各种消息、资料、数据、情报的统称。

它通过语言表达作为传递工具,市场信息是有语言组成的。

(市场信息的语言组织构成有两种形式:一种是文字形式;另一种是数据形式)对谈判双方实力的判定谈判实力是指影响双方在谈判过程中的相互关系、地位和谈判的最终结果的各种因素的总和,以及这些因素对谈判各方的有利程度。

国际商务谈判第二章 国际商务谈判理论

国际商务谈判第二章 国际商务谈判理论
37
AMT咨询公司服装高级咨询师葛星表示,僵持局面恰好反映了目前 国内体育用品行业渠道商与品牌商在谈判桌上的地位角色有了一定的转 变。耐克、阿迪达斯这两大超级巨头在进入中国市场之初通过对代理商 的操控,促使他们之间相互竞争而快速扩张。而现如今,百丽通过香港 上市募得丰厚现金,在国内市场上又大肆收购整合渠道,坐上了国内鞋 业渠道第一把交椅。宝元凭借背后的台湾宝成集团也在极力扩张。加上 由深圳龙浩、沈阳鹏达、四川劲浪等区域经销商组团,国内渠道一时三 分天下。“前几年是阿迪、耐克强势,现在是百丽等渠道商的议价能力 在谈判中占主导——如果渠道因共同的利益诉求而联合起来的话。”
34
• 2008年阿迪达斯成为了北京奥运会的赞助商。2009年4月前,所 有印有北京2008奥运会标志的商品都已宣布过期。在此之前,很 多经销商都过高的估计了奥运行情,在奥运前大肆拿货。然而, 奥运会并没有为体育用品行业带来经销商预期的爆发行情,导 致经销商的库存严重,很多经销商的库存都消化不掉。 有知情 人士称,百丽等几家大型体育用品经销商,与阿迪达斯坐到了 谈判桌前。经销商希望通过打折销售库存产品等方式尽快摆脱 库存压力。但阿迪达斯从品牌价格稳定的角度着眼,并不认可 经销商的采取上述行为降低库存。就这样,阿迪达斯与渠道经 销商的矛盾升级。
18
第三节 博弈论与商务谈判
19
第三节 博弈论与商务谈判 一、博弈论的基本概念
博弈论是应用经济学的一个分支,也是经济学的重要分析 工具之一。1944年,冯·纽曼和摩根斯坦正式提出将其作为一门 独立的学科。
20
第三节 博弈论与商务谈判 二、囚徒困境对商务谈判的启示
商务谈判中遇到的交易分为四种类型。
第二节 理性谈判
30
第二节 理性谈判

国际商务谈判 chapter 2

Chapter 2Choosing your teamBig guns, little gunsHow big should the team be?There are several reasons to keep your negotiation team (NT) as small as possible. The first few deal with the expense and difficulties that arise when your NT must operate overseas. Flights, ground transport, meals, hotels, communication, conference centers, taxes, and cargo can make trip for even a small team extremely expensive. Arranging for passports, visas, inoculations, and potential medical care for a large group can easily become unmanageable. Problems and additional expenses may also arise when attempting to deal with various family and business schedules. Finally, for NT’s operating overseas, keeping track of large groups in a foreign country is nightmarish at best-ask any tour guide.The rest of reasons for keeping the NT compact apply to both domestic and overseas assignments. Primarily, communication is a source of strength within any organization and never more so than within the NT. Premeetings, recaps and midmeeting breaks demand that communication be both precise, as major decisions are made in a matter of seconds. The CN must be able to seek the input of the team quickly, and large group are cumbersome.Secondly, as mentioned earlier, presenting a unified front is key. The CN must be able to redirect tactics as counterparts bring new issues to the table. Agreement on tactics become more difficult in direct proportion to group size, even when there’s agreement on strategy. Keeping the NT small enables the CN to make timely adjustments to the negotiating plan and to disseminate that information quickly. Additionally, small teams are more easily able to withstand the “wedges” that counterparts may attempt to drive between members of large teams.Thirdly, the members of the NT have other job duties unrelated to the negotiations. The fewer you pull away from their regular assignments the better. There’s no sense disrupting the company’s core business. As exciting as the international arena is, keep in mind that someone must oversee the old business while others look for new opportunities.Don’t use the assignment as a rewardA very common mistake that executives or CNs make is assigning membership to the NT as a reward for other success unrelated to the task at hand. This is especially true when the team is headed for exotic locales. Many employees see the trip as a minivacation and a way for them to broaden their personal horizons. Even when the NT will be receiving foreign counterparts at the company offices, being a member if the NT is perceived as adding to internal prestige. Some employees even see it as their right by seniority to be a part of the negotiations. Unfortunately, what (and who) succeeds in the domestic market doesn’t always play well internationally. Wise CNs must keep in mind that the blustering Vice President of sales and marketing isn’t going to impress the reserved Japanese; nor will the brilliant, but reticent, chief engineer be able to withstand the verbal onslaught of the impatient Americans.There can be a great deal of “fallout” when a staff member fails to be selected for the NT. The best way to avoid it is to make it clear that only talents very specific to the success of the NT are being considered. Technical, cultural, linguistic, social, and travel skills should be compiled in checklist form (not dissimilar to that for the CN) and circulated among potential team members. Inclusion on the NT should be based on this profile alone, and CNs will find they have much better grounds for defending their personnel choices when approached by determined, but unsuitable, staffmembers. This is especially true when other executives and managers assume they’re going to be part of the NT. As a way of preserving morale among those left off of the NT roster, some CNs make the deferrees part of the prenegotiation strategy planning process.A balance of skills and strengthsIt’s unlikely that any single team member will embody all of the talents necessary to achieve the company’s strategy. The CN must choose a cross-section of technical skills and personal attributes that will create a compact and efficient team. One team member’s weakness must be offset by another’s strength. Technical prowess must be a accompanied by the ability to communicate and apply that prowess. Putting a team together is similar to assembling a jigsaw puzzle: there’s no success unless all of the pieces fit.A common practice among experienced travelers when packing for trips is to never put anything in the suitcase that has “only one use”; the same applies to choosing NT members. A specialist candidate is eschewed in favor of the generalist unless the technical expertise is absolutely crucial to the effort. If the CN must include these “one trick ponies,” every attempt should be made to make them a part of the wider strategy and tactics discussions. If that’s unsuccessful, these specialist members should be cautioned to advise in private during negotiations and to avoid direct involvement.Painting the “big picture”Although many technical types will disagree, it’s much easier to impart technical knowledge to a good communicator than it is to do the reverse. Members of the NT must be chosen for their ability to effectively execute the company’s strategy and to quickly respond to the tactics of counterparts. This is accomplished only through good communications skills. Scientific and financial technical skills will take a back seat, especially during initial negotiations, as the “big picture” is discussed. Details will be left until much later in the process. Many business cultures prefer to have the details tended to after the contract is signed.Bringing massive technical data to the negotiating table may only slow down the deal-making process.NOTE: Much “expertise can be carried in file or laptop form, in case it should be needed during discussions.Tasks Both Large and smallMajor decisions are made every day during negotiations, but not all of the work is momentous. Some companies and consultant CNs make the mistake of including only “big guns” on the team. This causes problems, as no one relishes doing the necessary but tedious (and decidedly unglamorous ) work that keeps negotiations running smoothly—getting copies, typing policy changes, taking notes, arranging dinners, and so on .Including a few junior managers or administrators in the ranks of the NT for the sole purpose of controlling logistics is a wise move. This is particularly helpful if these members have experience working or traveling in the target market. Should the finances or domestic needs of the company preclude this option, these administrative duties should be assigned to specific members of the team, and it should be made clear that these duties are as important as any of the ,more “spot light”tasks. As is true in other areas of business, what happens behind the scenes determines success on the stage.Home Team Versus VisitorsThe respective sizes of the NT is usually determined by the group that’s visiting.This is particularly true if the visiting team is in the position of . “buying” from the home team or receiving group. The visiting group should forward a list of its members, stipulating the job title and responsibility of each. The receiving group should assemble their NT to correspond to the visiting team.It’s true that the receiving team has the psychological advantage of operating from their home turf, but they should resist the urge to overwhelm their visitors with an imposingly large NT. Since these resources can be called upon at any time, it’s best to see if they, re needed before arraying them. The ability to successfully exploit the discomfort of counterparts is very much related to one’s culture and requirements for a “success”. Some visitors may be in awe of your facilities and staff while others may consider it a visitors may be in awe of your is generally better when making initial contact.“Observer” TrainingCompanies that regularly pursue international trade and investment like to use negotiation as an ongoing training tool by purposely including less experienced members on the team. This allows them to gain experience that can be put to use in future international negotiations. It’s best to make it clear to these junior team members exactly why they’re being included in the NT so that they’re keen to gain as much experience as possible, get “bloodied” by their own mistakes, and learn from those of other team members .It’s also an ideal way for the company to see how their future CNs handle new and difficult situations. Many executives will attest to the fact that the “rising stars from the home office often become confused and ill-at-ease when put into the crucible of international negotiations and travel. Conversely, the mediocre manager may flourish in the new international environment.Those Who Can’“CUT IT”A common question in business when determining whether someone will be a success is , “Can they cut the muster?” (Sorry, folks, it isn’t mustard.) During the Middle Ages, the muster in question was the final pattern cut from cloth by journeymen to be used by the master tailor. Cut improperly, the pattern will never work, and valuable cloth will be ruined. International negotiations have a similar one-chance-is-all-you-get sense of finality. The NT acts as the journeymen and the CN is the master tailor preparing to stitch together a successful negotiation. Below are some types of people to avoid because they won’t be able “to cut it.”WHINERSEmployees who constantly complain, even under good conditions, are going to find travel and the stress of negotiations intolerable. These types love to bring up problems but never offer solutions. Every company has them, but successful negotiating teams don’t.CONNIVERSUnity is paramount for negotiations and people who like to work their own agenda or jockey for position will only undermine the team’s effort. These types are generally keen strategies and they may be useful in planning. However, under no circumstances should they ever take an active role in negotiations.HOTHOUSE FLOWERSMore competent than whiners, these “high maintenance”types can only excel under ideal circumstances. They never complain but are easily set back by the slightest deviation form the norm. Unfortunately, negotiations and overseas travel are rarely conducive to ideal anything. Sometimes, the NT must operate when materials and equipment are lost, or work in environmentsin which electricity is some trials reserved for special occasions. Technically astute or not, these “flowers” won’t travel well. If they must be used, do so only when negotiations are on home turf. An overseas team needs those that can adapt to any environment.BIGOTSNegotiations are a zero-sun game based on finding common ground amid very real and distinct differences. Adding racial, cultural, or class bigotry will only obscure an already complex state of affairs. Bigots (of any ilk) tend to communicate their prejudices more than they realize, and it’s not the kind of communication that leads to a successful deal.The frailRegardless of where the team originated, the world outside of the domestic market is filled with sights, sounds, smells, and tastes that pummel the visitor. Part of the success of the NT will be in its ability to assimilate as quickly as possible into the environment of their target market. The hygienic and culinary habits of counterparts and their culture may not meet the standards of the NT’s domestic scene. Members who can’t quickly and adequately adjust to new environments will only be a burden to the whole team, thus disrupting strategies and assignments. Like the CN, the team must be robust.Overseas? Domestic? One core team?Optimally, once a team is assembled, it should be used for both overseas and domestic negotiations related to international business. (Specialists may be added for individual negotiations.) This is especially true for smaller companies with limited resources. But large companies should not make the mistake of having two separate teams-one for overseas and one for domestic discussions-simply because they can afford the expense. Teams that have operated overseas will understand the stresses and strains being exerted on foreign teams when they come for business visits. This information, used sympathetically or otherwise, can be a key part of the overall strategy and daily tactics. Lastly, using the team for all negotiations will add to its ability to operate as a unit as team members become expert at all aspects of negotiating. They must be able to visit as well as host a negotiation and understand the responsibilities of being on either side of the table.。

第二讲 商务谈判心理


动机和需要既相互联系,又有区别。需要是 人的行为的基础和根源,动机是推动人们活动的 直接原因。当人的需要具有某种特定目标时,需 要才能转化为动面。一般来说,当人产生某种需 要而又未得到满足时,会产生一种紧张不安的心 理状态,在遇到能够满足需要的目标时,紧张的 心理状态就会转化为动机,推动人们去从事某种 活动,向目标前进。当人达到目标时,紧张的心 理状态就会消除,需要得到满足。这时,人又会 产生新的需要。
第三讲 商务谈判前的准备
学习目标:通过本章的学习,你应该
能够:掌握收集信息的原则,商务谈 判调查的主要方法和要求,商务谈判 策划的基本步骤,以及构思商务谈判 方案的主要方法;具有商务谈判调查 与策划的初步技能。 重 点: 1.信息与市场调查 2.商务谈判调查技巧 3.商务谈判策划
一、信息与市场调查
1.什么是商务谈判需要?
需要是人缺乏某种东西是产生的一种主观状态, 是人对一定客观事物需求的反映。 所谓的商务谈判需要,就是商务谈判人员的谈 判客观需求在其头脑中的反映。
2.商务谈判需要类型
人的需要是多种多样的,一般有自然性需要、 社会性需要、物质性需要和精神性需要等。 根据美国人本主义心理专家马斯洛的需要层次 论的观点,人有五大层次的需要: (1)生理需要 (2)安全需要
2.商务谈判动机的类型
经济型动机 冲动型动机 疑虑型动机 冒险型动机
三、商务谈判中的个性利用
商务谈判人员是商务谈判的主要参与者,商 务谈判人员的个性对商务谈判的方式、风格、成 效都有着较大的影响。对商务谈判个性心理的研 究和掌握,可以提高对商务谈判的适应性,有利 于开创性地开展谈判和争取上佳的谈判效果。 人的个性是表现在人身上的经常、稳定的心 理特征的总和。个性是由多层次、多侧面的心理 特征结合构成的整体,这些层次特征包括气质特 征、性格特征、能力特征等。

国际商务谈判课件第二章


01 礼仪习俗
包括握手交换名片等
02 时间观念
重视准时与灵活性
03 沟通方式
直接坦率与含蓄
国际商务谈判的风险管理
法律风险
协议合法性 权益保障
市场风险
市场变化影响 风险预警
政治风险
政治因素影响 谨慎处理
总结
国际商务谈判是企业开拓国际市场的重要环节,需要谨慎准 备、灵活变通,充分尊重对方文化差异,在风险管理方面也 要有所考虑,以保障双方的利益和合作关系。感谢您的阅读!
国际商务谈判的基本原则
诚信原则
商业谈判基础
自愿原则
依据自愿参与
平等原则
双方权利平等对待
01 谈判目标明确
确定具体目标
02 谈判策略制定
根据文化背景制定策略
03 谈判团队建设
组建专业团队
国际商务谈判的技巧
言语表达
保持礼貌 通
适时调整策略 寻求双赢方案
国际商务谈判课件第二章
制作人:创作者 时间:2024年X月
第1章 国际商务谈判
目录
● 01
第2章 国际商务谈判
国际商务谈判概 述
国际商务谈判是指不同国家之间的商务合作双方为了 达成某项商务协议或合同而进行的谈判过程。这种谈 判涉及跨国因素、文化差异、法律法规、语言障碍等。 其目的在于达成互利共赢的商务合作协议。
谢谢观看!感谢支持

《国际商务谈判》课件第2章 国际商务谈判力

(五)资源控制
资源控制是谈判力的重要来源之一。能够控制资源 者都是很有谈判力的,因为他们可以分配资源给那些对他 们有用的人,而同时限制那些对他们不利的人的资源。
(六)可选择性
当谈判者有许多可供选择的机会时,就会增加 谈判的筹码,具有更强的讨价还价能力。因此,有选 择机会的谈判者拥有更强的谈判力。
(七)投入成本
投入成本是指谈判一方对谈判所投入的人力、 财力和时间的多少。谈判一方投入越多,其妥协的意 愿就越高,掌握谈判进程的实力就越小。
在将组织实力强弱作为谈判力的来源时,需注 意以下两点:
1.影响谈判力的主要因素是企业的相对实力 2.企业或个人对对方的依赖程度
三、人员素质
(一)业务能力
1.专业知识 2.创新能力
二、国际商务谈判力的特点
(一)综合性 (二)相对性 (三)动态性 (四)隐蔽性
三、国际商务谈判力的类型
谈判力存在着两个既相互联系又相互区别的有机组 成部分——个人谈判力和组织谈判力。谈判者在谈判中 所具有的谈判力实质上是个人谈判力和组织谈判力的合 力,即:
谈判力=个人谈判力+组织谈判力
谈判力的两个组成部分之间既存在一定区别,又密 切联系,互为补充。需要注意的是,并不是说谈判力就 是以上两种力的简单相加。谈判者必须善于发现各种力 量来源,充分发挥自身和组织两方面的潜力。
(二)企业决策力
谈判活动过程也是参与各方博弈的过程。各方的 具体行动,依赖于他们在谈判前以及谈判中的分析决策。
(三)信息
信息是指那些与谈判活动有密切联系的条件、情况 及其属性的一种客观描述,它是谈判力的源泉之一。
(四)时间
时间就是压力,谈判者在进行任何一次谈判,都存 在时获得谈判的成功。
技术等要素。 (二)关系和认同
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。


案例分析

在向外商递盘时,我方将其他各种茶叶的价格按当时国际市场的行情 逐一报出,唯独将红茶的价格报高了。外商看了报价,当即提出疑问: “其他茶叶的价格与国际市场行情相符,为什么红茶的价格要那么 高?”我方代表坦然地说道:“红茶报价高是因为今年红茶收购量低, 库存量小,加上前来求购的客户很多,所以价格就只得上涨。中国人 有句古话叫‘僧多粥少’,就是这个意思。”外商对我方所讲的话将 信将疑,谈判暂时中止了。随后的几天,又有客户前来询盘。我方照 旧以同样的理由,同样的价格回复他们。 虽然外商对红茶报价高心存疑问,但他们只能靠间接的途径通过其他 渠道去了解。而所谓其他的途径,就只是向其他客户去询查,可询问 的结果与自己方面的信息是一致的。于是外商赶快与我进出口公司关 于购销红茶一事签订了合同,惟恐因来迟而无货可供。这样一来,其 他客户纷纷仿效,积压的红茶不仅在很短的时间内被抢购一空,而且 还被卖了个好价钱。


社会习俗因素
不同国家或地区有着不同的习俗,这些习俗都可能在一 定程度上影响业务谈判活动。如在某国家或地区,称呼 及衣着方面合乎规范的标准是什么;赠送礼品及赠送方 式有什么习俗等等。 此外,在公共场合人们对当面批评是否能够接受、人们 如何对待荣誉及名声等问题、妇女在业务活动中的地位 如何等等,这些社会习俗等都会影响双方意见交流的方 式及所采取的对策,是谈判前必须了解的环境因素。

影响国际商务谈判的因素


财政金融状况因素
(一)外债状况 (二)外汇储备情况 (三)货币的自由兑换 (四)支付信誉 (五)税法方面的情况
案例分析

南方某省的茶叶丰收了,茶农们踊跃地将茶叶交 到了茶叶收购处,这使得本来库存量就不小的茶 叶进出口公司更增加了库存,形成了积压。
如此多的茶叶让进出口公司的业务员很犯愁,如 何设法销出去呢?正在这时,有外商前来询问。 我进出口公司感到这是一个极好的机会,一定要 利用这个机会,既把茶叶卖出去,同时还设法卖 个好价钱。为此,他们做了周密的布置。

影响国际商务谈判的因素


法律制度因素
一个国家或地区与商务谈判有关的法律制度因素主要 有以下几个方面:
(一)该国法律基本概况 (二)法律执行情况 (三)司法部门的影响 (四)法院受理案件时间的长短 (五)执行其他国家法律的裁决时所需要的程序
影响国际商务谈判的因素


商业习惯因素

国际商务谈判(第二讲)
影响国际商务谈判的因素

影响国际商务谈判的因素



政治状况因素 一个国家或地区与谈判有关的政治状况 因素主要有以下几个方面:
国家对企业的管理程度 经济的运行机制 政治背景 政局稳定性 政府间的关系
影响国际商务谈判的因素


宗教信仰因素 该国占主导地位的宗教信仰 宗教信仰的影响与作用——宗教信仰会对下列事务 产生重大影响: 政治事务。 法律制度。 国别政策。 社会交往与个人行为。 节假日与工作时间。
一个国家或地区与商务谈判有关的商业习惯因素主要 有以下几个方面:


(一)企业的决策程序
(二)文本的重要性 (三)律师的作用 (四)谈判成员的谈话次序
影响国际商务谈判的因素

(五)商业间谍问题 (六)是否存在贿赂现象 (七)竞争对手的情况 (八)翻译及语言问题
影响国际商务谈判的因素
相关文档
最新文档