上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试分类模拟笔记题(四)

上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试分类模拟笔记题(四)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Note-taking and Gap-Filling(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、A(总题数：1，分数：50.00)I"ll start my 1 by telling you a story. A young woman from 2 came to New York and got a job at a factory 3 by a Chinese. One day, her Chinese boss handed her a red envelope with 20 dollars. She threw the envelope back at her boss. Why? It is 4 to give money to young 5 people on the Chinese New Year. However, from her viewpoint, giving her money meant that he was asking her for sexual 6 . This story shows an action can have totally 7 meanings in different cultures. I"ll say something more to 8 my point.First, in most Western countries, 9 often 10 some sort of 11 , such as a 12 or a kiss. But most Asian people don"t feel as 13 touching in public. Another different behavior is the use of 14 . Americans are quick to use people"s first names, but people in most cultures prefer to be 15 as "Mr. Brown" or "Ms. Honda", for example. Now I want to discuss eating 16 . In some cultures eating everything on your plate is considered 17 . However, Americans consider a 18 plate a sign of 19 with the food. Finally, I want to say something about gift-giving, which in many cultures has strict rules. For example, never give 20 flowers to people from Iran, which means you hate them! I"ll start my 1 by telling you a story. A young woman from 2 came to New York and got a job at a factory 3 by a Chinese. One day, her Chinese boss handed her a red envelope with 20 dollars. She threw the envelope back at her boss. Why? It is 4 to give money to young 5 people on the Chinese New Year. However, from her viewpoint, giving her money meant that he was asking her for sexual 6 . This story shows an action can have totally 7 meanings in different cultures. I"ll say something more to 8 my point.First, in most Western countries, 9 often 10 some sort of 11 , such as a 12 or a kiss. But most Asian people don"t feel as 13 touching in public. Another different behavior is the use of 14 . Americans are quick to use people"s first names, but people in most cultures prefer to be 15 as "Mr. Brown" or "Ms. Honda", for example. Now I want to discuss eating 16 . In some cultures eating everything on your plate is considered 17 . However, Americans consider a 18 plate a sign of 19 with the food. Finally, I want to say something about gift-giving, which in many cultures has strict rules. For example, never give 20 flowers to people from Iran, which means you hate them! （分数：50.00）解析：lecture解析：Mexico [听力原文]Good afternoon, class. I want to start my lecture by telling you a story. Once there was a young woman from Mexico named Consuela who came to New York to learn English. She got a job at a factory owned by a Chinese. One day, as Consuela came to work, her Chinese boss handed her a red envelope. Consuela looked inside and saw 20 dollars. She became very upset and threw the envelope back at her boss. Her boss was shocked. Well, he had given her the red envelope and the money because it was the Chinese New Year. And on the Chinese New Year, it is traditional to give money to young single people for good luck. However, from Consuela"s point of view, here was an older man giving her money in an envelope which meant that he was asking her for sexual favors. Naturally she refused to take the money.Now, what does this story show us? It shows that an action can have totally opposite meanings in different cultures. Every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate and what is not appropriate behavior. And to illustrate my point today I"m going to give examples from four areas. First, the way people greet each other in different cultures. Second, the way they use names andtitles. Third, the way people eat. And finally, the way they exchange gifts.OK, let"s start with greeting customs. First of all, I"m sure you know that in the United States and in most Western countries, greetings often involve some sort of touching, such as a handshake, a hug, or a kiss if people know each other very well. On the other hand, people from most Asian countries don"t usually feel as comfortable touching in public. Although handshakes between businesspeople are common, many Japanese prefer a bow, while people from Thailand normally hold their hands together in a kind of prayer position. So imagine how embarrassing it would be if an American was invited to someone"s home in Japan or Thailand and she tried to hug the host! Now, another behavior that differs from culture to culture is the use of names. Have you noticed that Americans are quick to use people"s first names, even if they have just met? For instance, visitors to the United States are always surprised to hear employees speak to their bosses using first names. In contrast, people in most other cultures are more formal and prefer to be addressed as "Mr. Brown" or "Ms. Honda", for example. In addition, in some countries, such as Italy or Korea, people like you to include their title or position with their family names, especially if they"re university graduates or owners of a business.Now I want to look at eating customs. I"ll talk about the behaviors connected with eating that vary from culture to culture. One of these is the use of utensils. You probably know that people in many Asian cultures use chopsticks but in some countries, it is customary to eat with your fingers. It"s important to be aware of different dining customs. Here"s another example: In some cultures eating everything on your plate is considered impolite. In Egypt and China, you should leave some food in your dish at the end of the meal. This is to show that your hosts were generous and gave you more than enough to eat. However, Americans generally consider a clean plate a sign of satisfaction with the food.Finally, what I want to mention today is gift-giving, which you may think is a universal custom with not much variation from culture to culture. But the rules of gift-giving can be very complicated. In the United States, if you"re invited to someone"s home for dinner, bring wine or flowers or a small item as a present. On the other hand, the Japanese give gifts quite frequently, often to thank someone such as a teacher or doctor. In the Japanese culture, gift-giving is a very ancient tradition and it has many detailed rules. Another interesting fact about gift-giving is that many cultures have strict rules about gifts you should not give. For example, never give yellow flowers to people from Iran, which means you hate them!解析：owned解析：traditional解析：single解析：favors解析：opposite解析：illustrate解析：greetings解析：involve解析：touching解析：hug解析：comfortable解析：names解析：addressed解析：customs解析：impolite解析：clean解析：satisfaction解析：yellow三、B(总题数：1，分数：50.00)Scientists have found a cheap and easy way of 1 a condition from recordings of people sleeping. Severe snoring is the sound of a sleeper fighting for 2 . Lots of people snore, but the loud and 3 snoring caused by a condition known as 4 sleep apnea, OSA, can leave a sufferer 5 and fuddled during the day.OSA is costly and 6 to diagnose, and it"s difficult to distinguish genuine OSA from 7 snoring. But a team in Brazil has a simpler solution: they have found a way of analyzing snore recordings that is able not only to 8 OSA but can distinguish between mild and 9 cases.Diagnosing OSA from snore sounds is not a new idea. The question is how the clinical condition is revealed by the 10 . In 2008, a team in Turkey showed that the statistical 11 of snores has the 12 to discriminate ordinary sleepers from OSA 13 .Scientists looked for 14 patterns in OSA and the snore 15 can be used as a pretty reliable 16 for the AHI (the apnea-hypopnea index). And "snore 17 " is measured by a Hurst exponent, which reveals 18 patterns in a series of events. An 19 computer analysis of the snore series could "learn" to use the Hurst exponent to distinguish 19 from severe cases of OSA, making the correct diagnosis for 16 of 17 patients.Scientists have found a cheap and easy way of 1 a condition from recordings of people sleeping. Severe snoring is the sound of a sleeper fighting for 2 . Lots of people snore, but the loud and 3 snoring caused by a condition known as 4 sleep apnea, OSA, can leave a sufferer 5 and fuddled during the day.OSA is costly and 6 to diagnose, and it"s difficult to distinguish genuine OSA from 7 snoring. But a team in Brazil has a simpler solution: they have found a way of analyzing snore recordings that is able not only to 8 OSA but can distinguish between mild and 9 cases.Diagnosing OSA from snore sounds is not a new idea. The question is how the clinical condition is revealed by the 10 . In 2008, a team in Turkey showed that the statistical 11 of snores has the 12 to discriminate ordinary sleepers from OSA 13 .Scientists looked for 14 patterns in OSA and the snore 15 can be used as a pretty reliable 16 for the AHI (the apnea-hypopnea index). And "snore 17 " is measured by a Hurst exponent, which reveals 18 patterns in a series of events. An 19 computer analysis of the snore series could "learn" to use the Hurst exponent to distinguish 19 from severe cases of OSA, making the correct diagnosis for 16 of 17 patients.（分数：50.00）解析：detecting [听力原文]Scientists say they have found a cheap and easy way of detecting a condition from recordings of people sleeping. Snoring is no joke for partners, but it"s not much fun for the snorer either. Severe snoring is the sound of a sleeper fighting for breath, as relaxed muscles in the pharynx (the top of the throat) allow the airway to become blocked. Lots of people snore, but the loud and irregular snoring caused by a condition known as obstructive sleep apnea, OSA, can leave a sufferer tired and fuddled during the day, even though he or she is rarely fully awoken by the night-time disruption.OSA is costly and laborious to diagnose, and it"s difficult to distinguish genuine OSA, which afflicts between 4% and 10% of the population, from ordinary snoring. Often a snorer will need to sleep under observation in a laboratory wired up to instruments that monitor brain waves, eye movement and other sleep-related activities. But a team in Brazil that brings together medics and physicists has a simpler solution: they say they have found a way of analyzing snore recordings that is able not only to spot OSA but can distinguish between mild and severe cases. Diagnosing OSA from snore sounds is not a new idea. The question is how, if at all, the clinical condition is revealed by the noises. Does OSA affect the total number of snores, or their loudness, or their acoustic quality, or their regularity—or several or all of these things? In 2008, ateam in Turkey showed that the statistical regularity of snores has the potential to discriminate ordinary sleepers from OSA sufferers. And last year a group in Australia found that a rather complex analysis of the sound characteristics of snores, such as the pitch, might be capable of providing such a diagnosis, at least in cases where the sound is recorded under controlled and otherwise quiet conditions.A person who snores but does not suffer from OSA typically does so in synchrony with breathing, with successive snores less than about ten seconds apart. In these cases the obstruction of the airway that triggers snoring comes and goes, so that snoring might stop for perhaps a couple of minutes or more before resuming. So for "healthy snoring", the spacing between snores tends to be either less than ten seconds or, from time to time, more than about 100 seconds.OSA patients, meanwhile, have snore intervals that fall within this time window. The snores follow one another in train, but with a spacing dictated by the more serious restriction of airflow rather than the steady in-and-out of breathing.Scientists looked for unique patterns in OSA by measuring what they call a snore time interval index, which is a measure of how often the time between snores falls between 10 and 100 seconds. They compared this with a standard clinical measure of OSA severity called the apnea-hypopnea index, AHI, which is obtained from complicated monitoring of a sleeping patient"s airflow in a laboratory. Hypopnea is the milder form of OSA in which the airway becomes only partially blocked. They found that the higher the value of their snore interval index, the higher the patient"s corresponding AHI is. In other words, the snore index can be used as a pretty reliable proxy for the AHI. you can just record the snores at home rather than going through the rigmarole of the whole lab procedure.That"s not all. The researchers could also use a snore recording to figure out how snores are related to each other, whether there is a kind of "snore memory", so that, say, a particular snore is linked to a recent burst of snoring. This memory is measured by a so-called Hurst exponent, which reveals hidden patterns in a series of events that, at first glance, look random and disconnected. An automated computer analysis of the snore series could "learn", based on training with known test cases, to use the Hurst exponent to distinguish moderate from severe cases of OSA, making the correct diagnosis for 16 of 17 patients.Their work hasn"t yet been peer-reviewed. But in the light of the earlier studies of OSA signatures in snore sounds, it adds to the promise of an easy and cheap way of spotting snorers who have a clinical condition that needs treatment.解析：breath解析：irregular解析：obstructive解析：tired解析：laborious解析：ordinary解析：spot解析：severe解析：noises解析：regularity解析：potential解析：sufferers解析：unique解析：index解析：proxy解析：memory解析：hidden解析：automated 解析：moderate。