Linux教程第四版课后习题4答案

Linux教程第四版课后习题4答案
Linux教程第四版课后习题4答案

第四章

4.1 常用的shell 有哪儿种?Linux 系统中默认的shell 是什么?

答:linux 几种常见的Shell :sh、bash、csh、tcsh 、ash

Linux 下默认的Shell 是Bourne Again Shell(bash)

4.2 简述shell 的主要功能。bash 有什么特点?

答:Shell 是系统的用户界面,提供了用户与内核进行交互操作的一种接口。它接收用户输入的命令并把它送入内核去执行。

引用、多命令执行、命令行展开:~ {} 、命令的执行状态结果、多命令执、命令补全:$PATH、路径补全:TAB、命令hash 缓存表、命令别名:alias, unalias 命令历史:history 、文件名通配符:glob 、变量、bash 快捷键。

4.3 执行shell 脚本的方式是哪些?

答:1、输入定向到shell 脚本。该方式用输入重定向方式让shell 从给定

文件中读入命令行,并进行相应处理。其一般形式是:

$bash<脚本名例如:

$ bash

2、以脚本名作为bash 参数。其一般形式是:

$bash 脚本名[ 参数]

3 、将shell 脚本的权限设置为可执行,然后在提示符下直接进行。

4.4 将主提示符改为用户的主目录名,并予以输出。答:

export PS1= $HOME

echo $HOME

4.5 说明三种引号的作用有什么区别。

答:Linux Shell 中有三种引号,分别为双引号(" " )、单引号(' ')以及反引号(` `)。

双引号(" " ):在双引号中,除了$, '', ` 和以外所有的字符都解释成字符本身。

单引号(' ' ):在单引号中所有的字符包括特殊字符($,'',` 和)都将解释成字符本身而成为普通字符。

反引号(` ` ):在反引号中的字符串将解释成shell 命令来执行。

4.6 利用变量赋值方式,将字符串DOS file c:>\$student\* 显示出来。

答:$ i=DOS

$ j=file

$ k =” c:>\$student\* ”

4.7 显示环境变量的设置情况,说明各自的意义。

答:

只对当前的shell 起作用的环境变量

1、控制台中设置,不赞成这种方式,因为他只对当前的shell 起作用,换一个shell 设置就无效了:

直接控制台中输入:$PATH="$PATH":/NEW_PATH (关闭shell Path 会还原为原来的path)

对所有的用户的都起作用的环境变量

2、修改/etc/profile 文件,如果你的计算机仅仅作为开发使用时推存使用这种方法,因为所有用户的shell 都有权使用这个环境变量,可能会给系统带来安全性问题。这里是针对所有的用户的,所有的shell

vi /etc/profile

在/etc/profile 的最下面添加:export PATH="$PATH:/NEW_PATH" 针对当前特定的用户起作用的环境变量

3、修改bashrc 文件,这种方法更为安全,它可以把使用这些环境变量的权限控制到用户级别,这里是针对某一特定的用户,如果你需要给某个用户权限使用这些环境变量,你只需要修改其个人用户主目录下的.bashrc 文件就可以了。

vi ~/.bashrc

在下面添加:Export PATH="$PATH:/NEW_PAT。H"

4.8 分析下列shell 脚本的功能:

count=$#

cmd=echo

while [$count -gt 0]

do

cmd= "$cmd \$$ count ”

count= ‘expr $count-1 '

done

eval $cmd

答:count=$# # 获取脚本参数个数

cmd=echo # 初始化cmd 变量,赋值为“echo”

while [ $count -gt 0] # 如果count 大于0,执行下面的循环

do

cmd="$cmd \$$count" # 给cmd重新赋值,变为“echo ${count 的值} ”

count='expr $count-1' # count 减1

done # 之后回到上面的while 判断

eval $cmd # 执行cmd命令。类似于执行堆栈操作。

4.9 编写一个shell 脚本,它把第二个位置参数及其以后的各个参数指定的文件复制到第一个位置参数指定的目录中。

答:#!/bin/bash // 调用bash 程序对其解释执行,相当与于头文件dir=$1 // 初始化

shift // 参数向左移

while [$1] / 循环

do

file=$1 // 初始化,赋值现在位置的参数1

cp $1 $dir // 将现位置参数1 中的值复制到目录中shift // 参数左移done

ls $dir 显示指定目录中的列表

运行:bash+代码名称+要移动的目录+要移动的文件

4.10 编写一个shell 脚本,显示当天日期,查找给定的某用户是否在系统中工作。如果在系统中,就发一个问候给他。

答:#!/bin/bash

date / 显示日期

if

who |grep "^$1" / 寻找用户then

write $1 << ! /对用户发消息!

echo "hello !"

fi

运行:bash+ 文件名称

4.11 打印给定目录的某些文件,由第一个参数指出文件所在的目录,其余参数是要打印的文件名。

答:#!/bin/bash

dir=$1 // $1 表示第一参数

cd $ dir

shift

for f in $@; // $@ 表示全部参数

do

cat $f

done

运行:bash+程序代码名称+目录名称+文件名称

4.12 利用for 循环将当前目录下的(*.c )文件移到指定的目录下,并按文件大小排序,显示移动后指定目录的

内容。答:#!/bin/bash

for file in `ls -l /root/a | grep ".*.c"` (Tab 键上面的`)

{

mv /root/a/$file /root/b

}

ls -lS /root/b

运行:bash+文件名称

4.13 利用数组形式存放10 个城市的名字,然后利用for 循环把他们打印出来。

答:#!/bin/bash

for China in Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen Chongqing Tianjin Wuhan Taiwan Xianggang Aomen

do

echo $China

done

运行:bash+代码名称

4.14 编写一个shell 脚本,求斐波那契数列的前10 项及总和

答:#!/bin/bash

a=1

b=1

echo –n –e "$a\t$b" let "n=a+b"

count=4

综合英语教程4第三版课后翻译答案

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大学英语综合教程4课后翻译

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(完整版)全新版大学英语第二版综合教程4课后答案全

Unit 1 lexf Organization

II. More Synonyms in Context 1) During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the most dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium. 2) Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts / homework paid off. 3)1 spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turned a deaf ear to all my words. 4) Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile body could withstand the harsh weather.

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新编大学英语综合教程4课后翻译

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大学体验英语综合教程4(第三版)课文翻译及课后答案

大学体验英语综合教程4(第三版)课文翻译及课后答案

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新标准大学英语综合教程4课后答案

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Unit1 1, There has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up! you are beginning to be anxious because there has been no progress of the war in such a long quiet period… 2,we must "...meet with Triumph and Disaster. And treat those two impostors just the same." We are sure to experience both Triumph and Disaster and we must treat them as the same thing taking different appearances because they are essentially interchangeable. 3,never give in, except to convictions of honor and good sense Never give in unless we are convinced that it is honorable and sensible for us to do so. 4,Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. Britain, in other nations’ eyes, was completely wiped out/conquered. 5,we have only to persevere to conquer. … we have no choice but to hold on until victory comes. Unit2 1, The phrase "personal space" has a quaint, seventies ring to it The phrase “personal space” sounds old-fashioned and reminds one of the seventies…2, T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). … I have suspected that maybe the cause (of the space invasion) is the season: summer may either make people want to be closer to each other or more likely, to keep a distance between each other. 3, The logistics of it vary according to geography people in different regions are given different size of personal space. 4, individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes. …individuals, as usual, occupy the booths and seats which are desi gned for four people. 5,In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly's wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space. Because the initial invasion of personal space can cause a chain of reactions, which may bring about a catastrophic consequence, as the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan, if it initiates a chain of waves, may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to enlarge the shrinking personal space. Unit3 1,Given the relatively few restrictions governing access and usage, it is the communications modal equivalent of international waters As there are relatively few restrictions for reaching and using the Internet, communications via the Internet are comparable to traveling through the international waterways. 2,But much less widely reported has been the notion that the Internet may be responsible for furthering the fragmentation of society by alienating its individual users A lot of people talk about the “new information age”, but not so many people are acquainted with the idea that the Internet separates people form each other and fragments society further as a result

综合教程4句子翻译答案

Unit 1 1)The village is so close to the border that the villages live in constant fear of attacks from the enemy. 2)In only twenty years the country was transformed into an advanced industrial power. 3)This company has evolved into one of the major chemical manufacturing bases in this region. 4)Given the current financial situation, it is inevitable that the US dollar will be further devalued. 5)The government’s call for suggestions about the control of water pollution produced very little response from the citizens. 6)The weather showed no signs of getting better so the government called upon us to get prepared for flood. 7)At one time scientists thought that there was nothing smaller than an atom but now most people know that an atom consists of even smaller particles. 8)The students were all very much concerned about t he World Cup, spending at least two hours every day watching the live matches on TV. 9)The department store lost out because loans were very hard to come by and it could not start business on time. 10)We can’t go there for a walk because there is a navy base there,

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攻势已经持续了三天,但是我们并没有取得多少进展。师长(division commander)命令我们营(battalion)夜晚绕到敌人后方发起突然袭击。然而,要绕到敌人后方,我们必须越过一片沼泽地(marshland)。我们很多人担心会陷入泥潭之中。我们营长决定冒一下险。所幸由于寒冷天气沼泽地都结上了冰,我们于天亮前到达目的地并从敌人后方发起进攻。这一下扭转了战局。敌人没有戒备,不久便投降了。 The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. Our troops engaging the enemy at the front were faced with strong/fierce/stiff resistance. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. We started under cover of darkness and pressed on in spite of great difficulties. By a stroke of luck, the temperature at night suddenly dropped to minus 20 degrees Celsius and the marsh froze over. Thanks to the cold weather, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered. 汽车自从发明以来使交通运输发生了革命性的变化,永远地改变了人们的生活、旅行和办事的方式。但另一方面,也带来了危害,尤其是公路死亡事故。然而,现今由于计算机技术和电子传感器的使用,有可能消除发生的大多数交通事故。例如,装在你汽车上的电子传感器能检测到空气中的酒精雾汽并拒绝启动引擎。同样,传感器还能通过接受在轨道上运行的卫星发出的信号监测路况并大大减少你陷入交通拥堵的可能性。 Automobiles have, since their invention, revolutionized transportation, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. On the other hand, they have brought hazards, especially highway fatalities. However, today the application of computer technology and electronic sensors in designing and manufacturing cars makes it possible to eliminate most of traffic accidents. For example, electronic sensors mounted in your car can detect alcohol vapor in the air and refuse to start up the engine. They can also monitor road conditions by receiving radio signals sent out from orbiting satellites and greatly reduce your chances of getting stuck in traffic jams. 常言道,好的开端是成功的一半。在求职时,求职者事先做好充分的准备是非常重要的。我认为,事先做不做准备显然会影响求职者的成功机会。我的一位朋友在一家大型计算机软件公司供职,年薪十万美元左右。他根据自己的经历告诉我说,那些面试未来雇员的具有录用决定权的人喜欢有充分准备的人。那些没有在了解未来雇主方面尽全力的人很难有成功的希望。 Well begun, half done,as the saying goes. It is extremely important for a job applicant to do his homework while seeking employment.From my standpoint, whether or not one has done his homework clearly makes a difference in his chance of success. I have a friend who is earning somewhere in the neighborhood of 100,000 dollars a years in a large computer software company. He told me that from his own experience the decision makers who interview prospective employees like people who are well prepared. Those who make no endeavor to learn as much about his prospective employer as possible don’t have much of a chance of success.

新标准大学英语综合教程4——翻译答案

Unit 1 If you ask me, taking a second major isn’t good for every undergraduate. In my freshman year as an English major, I took economics as my minor. By all odds, I was the most hard-working student in my class. But try as I might to meet the requirements of the two different subjects, I still couldn’t do well enough to pass all the exams. Given that the study of economics required a good command of mathematics, I had to spend so much time on math that I neglected my English. Failing English Literature and Macroeconomics in the second term sounded the alarm for me. This was the first time I did not pass a course in my life, which had greatly sapped my confidence. Although I was not a man who would easily bow to fate, as the summer bread came to a close, I decided to give up economics for fear that I would fail both subjects. Now that I had only one subject to attend to, everything seemed to be on the right track again. Unit 2 It was not until after he had graduated from university and started to work that Zhang Lei became aware of the pleasure of reading. reflecting on his undergraduate studies, he lamented that he, unlike some of his classmates who had immersed themselves in various interesting books they were able to lay hands on from the library or bookshops, had only read textbooks, none of which was really worthwhile, or could be read in one sitting. He was deprived of the privilege of gaining access to the writers’ fantastic worlds through the windows their books have opened, so to speak. Now he has become an avid and omnivorous reader. It is as if he wants to read all those marvelous books he hadn’t had a chance to read in his university days. By now, in his spare time, he had read several hundreds of books, including novels, biographies and travel notes. He realizes that books can not only reveal to him the vista of a hopeful future and help him withstand stresses and strains, they can also help him clear up some misconceptions and discover the true meaning of life. Unit 3 What you wear seems to dictate your behavior. Take primary school and high school students for example. One of the hard and fast rules they have to observe is that they must wear uniforms at school. There is no doubt that school uniforms would not have achieved their currency without a symbolic correlation between the uniformity of clothes and the students’ conformity to some common code of conduct. However, after years of school life, there is always a backlash secretly nursed in the students’ mind against the ubiquitous uniform which suppresses the expression of individuality. To compensate for this loss, students usually wear more casual and popular clothes on weekends. It is not until they start university, however, that they can really enjoy the freedom of dress, an anarchy associated with the cultivation of creativity and the encouragement of free expression of ideas and talents. But this situation won’t obtain for long. After a relatively short time of liberty, they may experience again the revived pressure of dress code as soon as they become professions. Unit 4 When it comes to the effects of the current economic downturn, the decrease of student activities is a good case in point. To enliven campus life, the university is always willing to carve out some money for activities organized by student clubs and societies, but such sponsorships have been pared down this year because of huge budget cut. Apparently, student organizations need to weather their own financial crisis if they want to recover from their current state of inactiveness. Some suggest enrolling more club members, on the ground that the consequent increase of membership fees may help them get out of the difficulty.

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