嵌入式GPS导航技术_英文文献翻译
卫星导航系统英语作文
Title: The Importance and Impact of Satellite Navigation SystemsIn today's fast-paced world, satellite navigation systems have become an integral part of our daily lives. These systems, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), have revolutionized the way we travel, navigate, and communicate with each other.The fundamental purpose of satellite navigation systems is to provide accurate position and time information to users anywhere on or near the Earth's surface, regardless of weather conditions. This capability has transformed various industries and aspects of our daily lives.One of the most significant impacts of satellite navigation systems is in the field of transportation. With the integration of GPS devices into most vehicles, drivers can now easily navigate to their destinations with real-time traffic information, alternative routes, and estimated arrival times. This has significantly improved the efficiency of transportation systems, reducing congestion and travel time.Moreover, satellite navigation systems have also revolutionized the maritime industry. Ships and boats can now navigate vast oceans and seas with pinpoint accuracy, avoiding potential hazards and ensuring safe passage. This has increased the safety of maritime travel and reduced the risk of accidents.In addition to transportation, satellite navigation systems have also had a profound impact on other industries. For example, in the field of agriculture, farmers can now use GPS-enabled equipment to precisely map their fields and apply fertilizers and pesticides more efficiently. This has not only improved crop yields but also reduced the use of chemicals, making agriculture more sustainable. Furthermore, satellite navigation systems have also played a crucial role in emergency response and disaster relief. In times of natural disasters or emergencies, these systems can provide critical information to responders, enabling them to locate affected areas and provide timely assistance.Overall, satellite navigation systems have become an indispensable tool in our modern world. They havetransformed the way we travel, navigate, and communicate with each other, making our lives more efficient, safer, and sustainable. As technology continues to advance, we can expect satellite navigation systems to play an even more significant role in the future.。
嵌入式系统中的GPS与导航应用指南
嵌入式系统中的GPS与导航应用指南GPS（全球定位系统）是一种广泛应用于嵌入式系统中的定位和导航技术。
在嵌入式系统中，GPS与导航应用起着关键的作用，可以帮助用户实现准确定位和导航功能。
本文将为您介绍嵌入式系统中GPS与导航应用的指南，帮助您更好地理解和应用这一技术。
首先，我们需要了解GPS的基本原理。
GPS系统主要由卫星、地面控制站和接收器组成。
卫星通过提供精确的时间信号和位置信息，接收器可以利用卫星信号计算出自身的位置。
通过接收多个卫星信号，接收器可以三角定位并确定自身的经纬度坐标。
在嵌入式系统中，GPS模块是实现定位和导航功能的关键组件。
GPS模块通常包括天线、接收器和处理器。
天线用于接收卫星信号，接收器将信号转化为数字信号，处理器则通过计算和解析信号来确定位置和导航信息。
与GPS相关的导航应用有很多种，下面将介绍几种常见的嵌入式系统中的GPS导航应用。
首先是车载导航系统。
车载导航系统利用GPS技术确定车辆的位置，并通过地图软件将车辆当前位置与目的地进行比对，提供最佳路线规划和导航指引。
车载导航系统还可以实时更新交通信息、提供导航语音提示等功能，提高驾驶安全性和驾驶体验。
其次是无人机导航。
无人机导航系统使用GPS技术实现无人机的定位和飞行控制。
通过与地面站通信，无人机可以接收到任务指令和更正的飞行路径。
利用GPS导航系统，无人机可以实现自主飞行、定点悬停、路径规划等功能。
另外，GPS也广泛应用于船舶导航系统中。
船舶导航系统通过GPS技术确定船舶的位置，结合航行图表和导航软件，提供准确的航行导航指引。
船舶导航系统还可以与雷达和自动舵等设备结合，提供全面的船舶导航解决方案。
当然，除了以上所述的应用，GPS还可以用于户外运动导航、物流追踪等领域。
对于嵌入式系统中的GPS导航应用，以下几点是需要注意的。
首先是信号接收质量。
GPS接收器需要接收到至少四颗卫星的信号才能准确确定位置。
在室内或者高楼群集区域，GPS信号可能会受到干扰或遮挡导致定位不准确。
导航英语作文
The Evolution and Impact of Navigation Systems: A Global PerspectiveIn today's interconnected world, navigation systems have become an integral part of our lives. From the ancient days of seafarers relying on the stars and compasses to modern-day GPS and satellite-based systems, navigation has evolved significantly, shaping the way we travel, explore, and connect with the world.Historically, navigation has been a crucial skill for explorers, sailors, and travelers. The ancient mariners used the sun, moon, and stars to determine their direction and location. These primitive methods, however, had their limitations, and often led to disasters due to inaccuracies and the impact of weather conditions.With the advent of technology, navigation systems have undergone a revolutionary transformation. The development of the compass in the 12th century marked a significant milestone, enabling sailors to determine their headings more accurately. Later, with the discovery of magnetism, compasses became more reliable and precise, greatly enhancing nautical navigation.The 20th century brought about further advancements in navigation technology. The introduction of radar in the 1930s allowed aircraft to navigate safely, even in poor weather conditions. Radar systems use radio waves to detect objects and provide accurate information about their position and movement. Similarly, sonar technology, developed during the same period, revolutionized naval navigation by allowing ships to detect obstacles and submarines underwater.The most significant leap in navigation technology occurred in the late 20th century with the advent of satellite-based systems. The Global Positioning System (GPS), developed by the United States, revolutionized navigation by providing precise and real-time location information anywhere on Earth. GPS systems use a network of satellites to calculate the exact position of a receiver, enabling users to navigate with unprecedented accuracy.Since then, navigation systems have continued to evolve and improve. Modern-day navigation systems now incorporate advanced features like real-time traffic updates, route planning, and voice-guided directions, making travel easierand safer. These systems are not just limited to road travel; they are also widely used in aviation, marine, and even space exploration.The impact of navigation systems is felt across various industries and sectors. In the transportation industry, for instance, GPS-based systems have made logistics anddelivery more efficient, reducing costs and time. In emergency services, navigation systems help responders reach accident sites or disaster areas quickly, saving lives. In tourism, navigation systems provide visitors with accurate directions to attractions and points of interest, enhancing their experience.Moreover, navigation systems have also had a profound impact on the environment. By enabling more efficient routing, they have helped reduce fuel consumption and emissions, contributing to sustainable transportation. Additionally, they have enabled the discovery and exploration of remote areas, leading to the conservation and protection of natural resources.In conclusion, the evolution of navigation systems has been a remarkable journey that has transformed the way wetravel, explore, and connect with the world. From ancient star-gazing to modern satellite-based systems, navigation has constantly evolved to meet the changing needs of society. As technology continues to advance, we can expect further innovations in navigation systems that will makeour lives even easier and safer.**导航系统的演变与影响：全球视角**在当今互联互通的世界中，导航系统已成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。
卫星导航系统英语作文
卫星导航系统英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Satellite navigation system, also known as GPS, has become an essential tool in our daily lives. It has revolutionized the way we navigate and has made gettinglost a thing of the past. With just a few taps on our smartphones or car navigation systems, we can easily find our way to any destination.Gone are the days of relying on paper maps or asking strangers for directions. The satellite navigation system provides us with real-time information about our location and the best route to take. It takes into account traffic conditions, road closures, and even suggests alternative routes to avoid congestion. This not only saves us time but also reduces the stress of driving in unfamiliar areas.Not only is the satellite navigation system useful for drivers, but it is also a great tool for hikers and outdoor enthusiasts. With GPS technology, we can explore new trails and navigate through dense forests or mountains with ease.It provides us with accurate information about our surroundings, such as the distance to the nearest landmarkor the elevation of a certain point. This not only enhances our safety but also allows us to fully enjoy the beauty of nature.Moreover, the satellite navigation system has revolutionized the way we travel. It has made it easier for us to plan our trips and discover new places. With just a few clicks, we can find the best hotels, restaurants, and attractions in any city. We no longer have to rely ontravel agencies or guidebooks to plan our itineraries. The satellite navigation system gives us the freedom to explore at our own pace and discover hidden gems along the way.In addition to its practical uses, the satellite navigation system has also had a profound impact on various industries. It has transformed logistics and transportation, making it easier for companies to track their vehicles and optimize their routes. It has also revolutionized the aviation industry, enabling pilots to navigate accurately and safely in all weather conditions. The satellitenavigation system has truly changed the way we live and work.In conclusion, the satellite navigation system has become an indispensable tool in our modern lives. It has made navigating easier, safer, and more convenient. From driving to hiking to traveling, it has revolutionized the way we explore and discover the world around us. With its continuous advancements, the satellite navigation system will only become more essential in the future.。
新型导航技术介绍英文作文
新型导航技术介绍英文作文英文：New navigation technology has been making waves in recent years, offering users a more accurate and efficient way to navigate their surroundings. One such technology is LiDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging. LiDAR uses lasers to create a 3D map of the environment, allowing for more precise navigation and obstacle avoidance.Another emerging navigation technology is Augmented Reality (AR) navigation. This technology uses a camera and sensors to overlay virtual information onto the real world, providing users with a more immersive and interactive navigation experience. For example, AR navigation could display arrows and directions directly on the road in front of the driver, making it easier to navigate unfamiliar areas.Both LiDAR and AR navigation have the potential torevolutionize the way we navigate, making it easier, safer, and more efficient. As these technologies continue to develop and become more widely available, we can expect to see more and more innovative applications of navigation technology in our daily lives.中文：新型导航技术近年来备受关注，为用户提供了更准确、更高效的导航方式。
导航系统英语作文
导航系统英语作文Navigation systems have become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we travel and explore the world around us. These sophisticated technologies have transformed the landscape of transportation, providing us with a seamless and efficient means of navigating through the complexities of modern-day travel. From the humble beginnings of paper maps and compasses to the advanced GPS-enabled devices, the evolution of navigation systems has been a remarkable journey, one that has significantly impacted our ability to navigate with ease and precision.At the heart of navigation systems lies the Global Positioning System (GPS), a network of satellites that orbits the Earth, providing users with accurate location, time, and navigation data. This technology has become the backbone of modern navigation, enabling us to pinpoint our exact location, plan the most efficient routes, and receive real-time updates on traffic conditions and road closures. The integration of GPS with other technologies, such as digital maps and wireless communication, has further enhanced the capabilities of navigation systems, making them indispensable tools for bothpersonal and commercial use.One of the most significant advantages of navigation systems is their ability to provide turn-by-turn directions, guiding users through complex road networks and unfamiliar territories. This feature has proven invaluable for individuals who are traveling to new destinations, as it reduces the risk of getting lost and ensures a more efficient and stress-free journey. Moreover, navigation systems can also offer alternative routes, taking into account factors such as traffic congestion, construction zones, and weather conditions, to help users reach their destinations in a timely manner.Beyond personal use, navigation systems have also revolutionized the transportation industry, particularly in the realms of logistics and fleet management. Businesses can now track the location and movement of their vehicles in real-time, optimizing delivery routes, reducing fuel consumption, and improving overall operational efficiency. This has led to significant cost savings and enhanced customer satisfaction, as goods and services can be delivered more promptly and reliably.The integration of navigation systems with other technologies, such as smartphones and in-vehicle infotainment systems, has further expanded their utility and accessibility. Users can now access navigation services directly from their mobile devices, seamlesslyintegrating their travel plans with their daily routines. The ability to receive voice-guided directions, traffic updates, and even points of interest recommendations has made navigation systems an indispensable tool for both personal and professional use.Moreover, the advancements in navigation systems have also had a profound impact on various industries, including emergency services, urban planning, and environmental conservation. Emergency responders can now quickly locate and reach those in need, improving response times and saving lives. Urban planners can utilize navigation data to optimize traffic flow, identify congestion hotspots, and implement effective transportation policies. Furthermore, navigation systems can contribute to environmental sustainability by promoting eco-friendly driving habits, such as reducing fuel consumption and emissions through efficient route planning.However, the reliance on navigation systems is not without its challenges. The potential for system failures, GPS signal disruptions, or inaccurate map data can lead to disorientation and frustration for users. Additionally, the overreliance on navigation systems can diminish our innate navigational skills and spatial awareness, potentially compromising our ability to navigate without technological assistance.To address these challenges, ongoing research and development in the field of navigation systems are focused on improving the reliability, accuracy, and user-friendliness of these technologies. Advancements in sensor fusion, machine learning, and data analytics are enabling navigation systems to become more resilient, adaptive, and responsive to changing environmental conditions and user needs.Furthermore, the integration of navigation systems with emerging technologies, such as autonomous vehicles and smart city infrastructure, is poised to revolutionize the future of transportation and urban mobility. As self-driving cars become a reality, navigation systems will play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of these vehicles, seamlessly guiding them through complex road networks and adapting to real-time changes in traffic and environmental conditions.In conclusion, navigation systems have profoundly transformed the way we navigate our world, providing us with a level of convenience, efficiency, and safety that was once unimaginable. From personal use to commercial applications, these technologies have become indispensable tools that have reshaped our understanding of transportation and exploration. As we continue to witness the evolution of navigation systems, it is clear that they will continue toplay a pivotal role in shaping the future of mobility and our overall experience of the world around us.。
嵌入式系统中英文翻译
6.1 ConclusionsAutonomous control for small UAVs imposes severe restrictions on the control algorithmdevelopment, stemming from the limitations imposed by the on-board hardwareand the requirement for on-line implementation. In this thesis we have proposed anew hierarchical control scheme for the navigation and guidance of a small UAV forobstacle avoidance. The multi-stage control hierarchy for a complete path control algorithmis comprised of several control steps: Top-level path planning,mid-level pathsmoothing, and bottom-level path following controls. In each stage of the control hierarchy,the limitation of the on-board computational resources has been taken intoaccount to come up with a practically feasible control solution. We have validatedthese developments in realistic non-trivial scenarios.In Chapter 2 we proposed a multiresolution path planning algorithm. The algorithmcomputes at each step a multiresolution representation of the environment usingthe fast lifting wavelet transform. The main idea is to employ high resolution closeto the agent (where is needed most), and a coarse resolution at large distances fromthe current location of the agent. It has been shown that the proposed multiresolutionpath planning algorithm provides an on-line path solution which is most reliableclose to the agent, while ultimately reaching the goal. In addition, the connectivityrelationship of the corresponding multiresolution cell decomposition can be computed directly from the the approximation and detail coefficients of the FLWT. The path planning algorithm is scalable and can be tailored to the available computational resources of the agent.The on-line path smoothing algorithm incorporating the path templates is presentedin Chapter 3. The path templates are comprised of a set of B-spline curves,which have been obtained from solving the off-line optimization problem subject tothe channel constraints. The channel is closely related to the obstacle-free high resolutioncells over the path sequence calculated from the high-level path planner. Theobstacle avoidance is implicitly dealt with since each B-spline curve is constrainedto stay inside the prescribed channel, thus avoiding obstacles outside the channel.By the affine invariance property of B-spline, each component in the B-spine pathtemplates can be adapted to the discrete path sequence obtained from thehigh-levelpath planner. We have shown that the smooth reference path over the entire pathcan be calculated on-line by utilizing the path templates and path stitching scheme. The simulation results with the D_-lite path planning algorithm validates the effectivenessof the on-line path smoothing algorithm. This approach has the advantageof minimal on-line computational cost since most of computations are done off-line.In Chapter 4 a nonlinear path following control law has been developed for asmall fixed-wing UAV. The kinematic control law realizes cooperative path followingso that the motion of a virtual target is controlled by an extra control input to helpthe convergence of the error variables. We applied the backstepping to derive theroll command for a fixed-wing UAV from the heading rate command of the kinematiccontrol law. Furthermore, we applied parameter adaptation to compensatefor theinaccurate time constant of the roll closed-loop dynamics. The proposed path followingcontrol algorithm is validated through a high-fidelity 6-DOF simulation of a fixed-wing UAV using a realistic sensor measurement, which verifies the applicabilityof the proposed algorithm to the actual UAV.Finally, the complete hierarchical path control algorithm proposed in this thesis isvalidated thorough a high-fidelity hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment usingthe actual hardware platform. From the simulation results, it has been demonstratedthat the proposed hierarchical path control law has been successfully applied for pathcontrol of a small UAV equipped with an autopilot that has limited computational resources.6.2 Future ResearchIn this section, several possible extensions of the work presented in this thesis are outlined.6.2.1 Reusable graph structure The proposed path planning algorithm involves calculating the multiresolution cell decomposition and the corresponding graph structure at each of iteration. Hence, the connectivity graph G(t) changes as the agent proceeds toward the goal. Subsequently, let x 2 W be a state (location) which corresponds to nodes of two distinct graphs as followsBy the respective A_ search on those graphs, the agent might be rendered to visit x at different time steps of t i and t j , i 6= j. As a result, a cyclic loop with respect to x is formed for the agent to repeat this pathological loop, while never reaching the goal. Although it has been presented that maintaining a visited set might be a means of avoiding such pathological situations[142], it turns out to be a trial-and-error scheme is not a systemical approach. Rather, suppose that we could employ a unified graph structure over the entire iteration, which retains the information from the previous search. Similar to the D_-lite path planning algorithm, the incremental search over the graph by reusing the previous information results in not only overcoming the pathological situation but also reducing the computational time. In contrast to D_ orD_-lite algorithms where a uniform graph structure is employed, a challenge lies in building the unified graph structure from a multiresolution cell decomposition. Specifically, it includes a dynamic, multiresolution scheme for constructing the graph connectivity between nodes at different levels. The unified graph structure will evolveitself as the agent moves, while updating nodes and edges associated with the multiresolutioncell decomposition from the FLWT. If this is the case, we might be ableto adapt the proposed path planning algorithm to an incremental search algorithm, hence taking advantages of both the efficient multiresolution connectivity (due tothe FLWT) and the fast computation (due to the incremental search by using the previous information).6.1个结论小型无人机自主控制施加严厉限制控制算法发展，源于所施加的限制板载硬件并要求在线实施。
嵌入式系统的网络服务器外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
Web Server for Embedded SystemsAfter the “everybody-in-the-Internet-wave” now obviously follows the“everything-in-the-Internet-wave”.The most coffee, vending and washingmachines are still not available about the worldwide net. However the embeddedInternet integration for remote maintenance and diagnostic as well as the so-calledM2M communication is growing with a considerable speed rate.Just the remote maintenance and diagnostic of components and systems by Webbrowsers via the Internet, or a local Intranet has a very high weight for manydevelopment projects. In numerous development departments people work oncompletely Web based configurations and services for embedded systems. Theremaining days of the classic user interface made by a small LC-display with frontpanel and a few function keys are over. Through future evolutions in the field ofthe mobile Internet, Bluetooth-based PAN s (Personal Area Network's) andthe rapidly growing M2M communication (M2M=Machine-to-Machine)a further innovating advance is to be expected.The central function unit to get access on an embedded system via Web browser isthe Web server. Such Web servers bring the desired HTML pages (HTML=HyperText Markup Language) and pictures over the worldwide Internetor a local network to the Web browser. This happens HTTP-based (HyperText Transfer Protocol). A TCP/IP protocol stack –that means it is based onsophisticated and established standards–manages the entire communication.Web server (HTTP server) and browser (HTTP client) build TCP/IP-applications. HTTP achieved a phenomenal distribution in the last years.Meanwhile millions of user around the world surf HTTP-based in the WorldWide Web. Today almost every personal computer offers the necessaryassistance for this protocol. This status is valid more and more for embeddedsystems also. The HTTP spreads up with a fast rate too.1. TCP/IP-based HTTP as Communication PlatformHTTP is a simple protocol that is based on a TCP/IP protocol stack (picture 1.A).HTTP uses TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). TCP is a relative complex andhigh-quality protocol to transfer data by the subordinate IP protocol. TCP itselfalways guarantees a safeguarded connection between two communication partnersbased on an extensive three-way-handshake procedure. As aresult the data transfer via HTTP is always protected. Due tothe extensive TCP protocol mechanisms HTTP offers only a low-gradeperformance.Figure 1: TCP/IP stack and HTTP programming modelHTTP is based on a simple client/server-concept. HTTP server and clientcommunicate via a TCP connection. As default TCP port value the port number80 will be used. The server works completely passive. He waits for a request(order) of a client. This request normally refers to the transmition of specificHTML documents. This HTML documents possibly have to be generateddynamically by CGI. As result of the requests, the server will answer with aresponse that usually contains the desired HTML documents among others(picture 1.B).GET /test.htm HTTP/1.1Accept]: image/gif, image/jpeg, */*User selling agent: Mozilla/4.0Host: 192.168.0.1Listing 1.A: HTTP GET-requestHTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Mon, 06 Dec 1999 20:55:12 GMTServer: Apache/1.3.6 (Linux)Content-length: 82Content-type: text/html<html><head><title>Test-Seite</title></head><body>Test-SeiteThe DIL/NetPCs DNP/1110 – Using the Embedded Linux</body></html>Listing 1.B: HTTP response as result of the GET-request from listing 1.AHTTP requests normally consist of several text lines, which are transmitted to theserver by TCP. The listing 1.A shows an example. The first line characterizes therequest type (GET), the requested object (/test1.htm) and the used HTTP version(HTTP/1.1). In the second request line the client tells the server, which kind offiles it is able to evaluate. The third line includes information about theclient- software. The fourth and last line of the request from listing 1.A is used toinform the server about the IP address of the client. In according to the type ofrequest and the used client software there could follow some further lines. Asan end of the request a blank line is expected.The HTTP responses as request answer mostly consist of two parts. At first thereis a header of individual lines of text. Then follows a content object (optional).This content object maybe consists of some text lines –in case of a HTML file– ora binary file when a GIF or JPEG image should be transferred. The first line of theheader is especially important. It works as status or error message. If anerror occurs, only the header or a part of it will be transmitted as answer.2. Functional principle of a Web ServerSimplified a Web server can be imagined like a special kind of a file server.Picture 2.A shows an overview. The Web server receives a HTTP GET-requestfrom the Web browser. By this request, a specific file is required as answer (seestep 1 into picture 2.A). After that, the Web server tries to get access on the filesystem of the requested computer. Then it attempts to find the desired file (step 2).After the successful search the Web server read the entire file(step 3) and transmit it as an answer (HTTP response comprising of headerand content object) to the Web browser (step 4). If the Web server cannot findthe appropriate file in the file system, an error message (HTTP response whichonly contains the header) is simply be send as response to the client.Figure 2: Functional principle from Web server and browserThe web content is build by individual files. The base is build by static files withHTML pages. Within such HTML files there are references to further filesembedded –these files are typically pictures in GIF or JPEG format. However,also references to other objects, for example Java-Applets, are possible. After aWeb browser has received a HTML file of a Web server, this file will beevaluated and then searched for external references. Now the steps 1 to 4 frompicture 2.A will run again for every external reference in order to request therespective file from the corresponding Web server. Please note, that such areference consists of the name or IP address of a Web server (e.g. ""),as well as the name of the desired file (e.g. "picture1.gif"). So virtually everyreference can refer to another Web server. In other words, a HTML file could belocated on the server "ssv-embedded.de" but the required picture -which isexternal referenced by this HTML file- is located on the Web server"". Finally this (worldwide) networking of separate objects is thecause for the name World Wide Web (WWW). All files, which are required by aWeb server, are requested from a browser like the procedure shown on picture2.A. Normally these files are stored in the file system of the server. TheWebmaster has to update these files from time to time.A further elementary functionality of a Web server is the CommonGateway Interface(CGI) -we have mentioned before. Originally this technologyis made only for simple forms, which are embedded into HTML pages. The data,resulting from the padding of a form, will be transmitted to a Web server viaHTTP-GET or POST-request (see step 1 into picture 2.B). In such a GET- orPOST-request the name of the CGI program, which is needed for theevaluation of a form, is fundamentally included. This program has to be on theWeb server. Normally the directory "/cgi-bin" is used as storage location.As result of the GET- or POST-request the Web server starts the CGI programlocated in the subdirectory "/cgi-bin" and delivers the received data in form ofparameters (step 2). The outputs of a CGI program are guided to the Web server(step 3). Then the Web server sends them all as responses to the Web browser(step 4).3. Dynamic generated HTML PagesIn contradiction to a company Web site server, which informs people about theproduct program and services by static pages and pictures, an embeddedWeb server has to supply dynamically generated contents. The embedded Webserver will generate the dynamic pages in the moment of the first access by abrowser. How else could we check the actual temperature of a system viaInternet? Static HTML files are not interesting for an embedded Web server.The most information about the firmware version and service instructions arestored in HTML format. All other tasks are normally made via dynamic generatedHTML.There are two different technologies to generate a specific HTML page in themoment of the request: First the so-called server-side-scripting and secondthe CGI programming. At the server-side-scripting, script code is embeddedinto a HTML page. If required, this code will be carried out on the server (server-sided).For this, there are numerous script languages available. All these languages areusable inside a HTML-page. In the Linux community PHP is used mostly. Thefavourite of Microsoft is VBScript. It is also possible to insert Java directly intoHTML pages. Sun has named this technology JSP(Java Server Pages).The HTML page with the script code is statically stored in the file system of theWeb server. Before this server file is delivered to the client, a special programreplaces the entire script code with dynamic generated standard HTML. The Webbrowser will not see anything from the script language.Figure 3: Single steps of the Server-Side-ScriptingPicture 3 shows the single steps of the server-side-scripting. In step 1 the Webbrowser requests a specific HTML file via HTTP GET-request. The Web serverrecognizes the specific extension of the desired file (for example *.ASP or *.PHPinstead of *.HTM and/or *.HTML) and starts a so-called scripting engine(see step 2). This program gets the desired HTML file including the script codefrom the file system (step 3), carry out the script code and make a newHTML file without script code (step 4). The included script code will be replacedby dynamic generated HTML. This new HTML file will be read by the Webserver (step 5) and send to the Web browser (step 6). If a server-sided scripting issupposed to be used by an embedded Web server, so you haveto consider the necessary additional resources. A simple example: In orderto carry out the embedded PHP code into a HTML page, additional programmodules are necessary for the server. A scripting engine together with theembedded Web server has to be stored in the Flash memory chip of an embeddedsystem. Through that, during run time more main memory is required.4. Web Server running under LinuxOnce spoken about Web servers in connection with Linux most peopleimmediately think of Apache. After investigations of the Netcraft Surveythis program is the mostly used Web server worldwide. Apache is anenhancement of the legendary NCSA server. The name Apache itself hasnothing to do with Red Indians. It is a construct from "A Patchy Server" becausethe first version was put together from different code and patch files.Moreover there are numerous other Web servers - even for Linux. Most of this arestanding under the GPL (like Apache) and can be used license free. Avery extensive overview you can find at "/". EveryWeb server has his advantages and disadvantages. Some are developed forspecific functions and have very special qualities. Other distinguishes at bestthrough their reaction rate at many simultaneous requests, as wellas the variety of theirconfiguration settings. Others are designed to need minimal resources and offer very small setting possibilities, as well as only one connection to a client.The most important thing by an embedded Web server is the actual resource requirements. Sometimes embedded systems offer only minimal resources, which mostly has to be shared with Linux. Meanwhile there are numerous high- performance 32-bit-386/486-microcontroller or (Strong)ARM-based embedded systems that own just 8 Mbytes RAM and 2 Mbytes Flash-ROM (picture 4). Outgoing from this ROM (Read-only-Memory, i.e. Flash memory chips) a complete Linux, based on a 2.2- or 2.4-Kernel with TCP/IP protocol stack and Web server, will be booted. HTML pages and programs are also stored in the ROM to generate the dynamic Web pages. The space requirements of an embedded system are similar to a little bigger stamp. There it is quite understandable that there is no place for a powerful Web server like Apache.Figure 4: Embedded Web Server Module with StrongARM and LinuxBut also the capability of an Apache is not needed to visualize the counter of a photocopier or the status of a percolator by Web servers and browsers. In most cases a single Web server is quite enough. Two of such representatives are boa () and thttpd (). At first, both Web servers are used in connection with embedded systems running under Linux. The configuration settings for boa and thttpd are poor, but quite enough. By the way, the source code is available to the customer. The practicable binary files for these servers are always smaller than 80 Kbytes and can be integrated in the most embedded systems without problems. For the dynamic generation of HTML pages both servers only offer CGI (Common Gateway Interface) as enlargement. Further technologies, like server-side-includes (SSI) are not available.The great difference between an embedded Web server and Apache is, next to the limited configuration settings, the maximal possible number of simultaneous requests. High performance servers like Apache immediately make an own process for every incoming call request of a client. Inside of this process allfurther steps will then be executed. This requires a very good programming and a lot of free memory resources during run time. But, on the other hand many Web browsers can access such a Web server simultaneously. Embedded Web server like boa and thttpd work only with one single process. If two users need to get access onto a embedded Web server simultaneously, one of both have to wait a few fractions of a second. But in the environment of the embedded systems that is absolutely justifiable. In this case it is first of all a question of remote maintenance, remote configuration and similar tasks. There are not many simultaneous requests expected.The DIL/NetPCs DNP/1110 – Using the Embedded LinuxList of FiguresFigure 1: TCP/IP stack and HTTP programming modelFigure 2: Functional principle from Web server and browserFigure 3: Single steps of the Server-Side-ScriptingFigure 4: Embedded Web Server Module with StrongARM and LinuxListingsListing 1.A: HTTP GET-requestListing 1.B: HTTP response as result of the GET-request from listing 1.A ContactSSV Embedded SystemsHeisterbergallee 72D-30453 HannoverTel. +49-(0)511-40000-0Fax. +49-(0)511-40000-40Email: sales@ist1.deWeb: www.ssv-embedded.deDocument History (Sadnp05.Doc)Revision Date Name1.00 24.05.2002FirstVersion KDWThis document is meant only for the internal application. The contents ofthis document can change any time without announcement. There is takenover no guarantee for the accuracy of the statements. Copyright ©SSV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2002. All rights reserved.INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED 'ASIS' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. The user assumes the entirerisk as to the accuracy and the use of this document. Some names withinthis document can be trademarks of their respective holders.嵌入式系统的网络服务器在“每个人都处在互联网的浪潮中”之后，现在很明显随之而来的是“每件事都处在互联网的浪潮中”。
GPS中英翻译
Absolute Positioning 绝对定位Ambiguity 整周模糊度Antenna 天线Antenna-phase-center offset 天线相位中心补偿Baseline Vector 基线向量Broadcast Ephemeris 广播星历Carrier phase measurements 载波相位测量值control networks 控制网coordinate transformation 坐标变换Coordinated Universal Time 协调世界时cutoff angle 截至角cycle slip 周跳differential corrections 差分矫正Differential GPS 差分GPS Differential Positioning差分定位Dilution of Precision 精度因子double-differenced observation 双差观测值Dual-frequency GPS receiver 双频GPS接收机Ephemeris errors 星历误差Ephemeris Errors 星历误差epoch 历元Geodetic Survey 大地测量Geographic Information System地理信息系统Geometric Dilution of Precision 几何精度因子Global Navigation Satellite System 全球导航卫星系统GPS receiver GPS接收机GPS satellite constellation GPS卫星星座GPS signal structure GPS信号结构high precision positioning techniques 高精度定位技术Independent Baseline 独立基线Ionospheric Delay 电离层延迟Kinematic Positioning 动态定位Local Area Differential GPS局域差分GPS longitude,latitude and altitude 经度，纬度与大地高multipath effect 多路径影响Phase-Smoothed Pseudo-Range 相位平滑伪距Precise Ephemeris 精密星历propagation path 传播路径pseudo-range measurement 伪距测量值Real Time Kinematic 实时动态Reference Ellipsoid 参考椭球Relative Positioning 相对定位Satellite and receiver clock error 卫星与接收机钟差simultaneous loop closure 同步闭合环single-differenced observation 单差观测值single-frequency GPS receiver 单频GPS接收机static GPS surveying 静态GPS测量The electron density 电子密度the Geoid surface 大地水平面The Orthometric Height 正高Triple-Difference 三差Tropospheric Delay 对流层延迟Wide Area Differential GPS 广域差分GPS World Geodetic System 1984 WGS-84全球大地坐标系。
《基于嵌入式系统的北斗-GPS-SINS组合导航系统设计与实现》范文
《基于嵌入式系统的北斗-GPS-SINS组合导航系统设计与实现》篇一基于嵌入式系统的北斗-GPS-SINS组合导航系统设计与实现一、引言随着科技的不断发展，导航技术在各行各业中的应用日益广泛。
作为现代社会的重要技术手段，导航系统的设计不仅涉及到多学科的知识融合，而且其实现过程的复杂性和精细度也在不断提升。
在众多的导航系统中，北斗/GPS/SINS（北斗卫星导航系统、全球定位系统、捷联式惯性测量系统）组合导航系统凭借其独特的优势和良好的互补性，逐渐成为了众多应用领域的首选。
本文将就基于嵌入式系统的北斗/GPS/SINS组合导航系统的设计与实现进行深入探讨。
二、系统设计概述（一）设计目标本系统设计的主要目标是实现北斗/GPS/SINS的组合导航，提高导航的精度和可靠性，满足各种复杂环境下的导航需求。
通过嵌入式系统的开发，将组合导航系统应用于各类设备中，实现高效、精准的定位和导航。
（二）设计原理本系统设计基于嵌入式系统技术，结合北斗/GPS/SINS的各自优势，通过数据融合算法实现组合导航。
其中，北斗和GPS提供全球定位信息，SINS提供高精度的姿态和速度信息，三者之间的数据通过算法进行融合，从而得到更准确、更稳定的导航信息。
三、系统硬件设计（一）处理器选择系统硬件的核心是处理器，本系统选择高性能的嵌入式处理器，具备强大的数据处理能力和良好的功耗控制能力。
（二）模块设计系统硬件包括北斗/GPS接收模块、SINS测量模块、数据传输模块等。
其中，北斗/GPS接收模块负责接收卫星信号并转换为数字信号；SINS测量模块负责测量姿态和速度信息；数据传输模块负责将处理后的数据传输给上位机或其它设备。
四、系统软件设计（一）操作系统选择本系统选择适用于嵌入式系统的实时操作系统，以保证系统的稳定性和实时性。
（二）软件开发环境搭建为方便开发，搭建了包括编译器、调试器等在内的软件开发环境。
同时，为保证软件的兼容性和可移植性，采用模块化设计方法进行软件开发。
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Research on key technologies of embedded GPS navigation Embedded GPS navigation, based on embedded platform technology, through GPS and GIS and combined with handheld devices, achieves target location, path calculation, route guidance and surrounding search functions of mobile users. This paper, Symbian OS mobile phones as the terminal, background Linux servers providing the mapping service, path calculation, route guidance, networking search, location query and other functions, using GPRS, WIFI and other wireless communication modes, achieves navigation services provided by professional navigation mobile phones on light weight thin-client, and, at the same time, takes advantage of mobile phone communication to achieve a certain degree of user interaction. Thus, based on the user interface on Symbian platform, GPS, data persistence layer, audio and network programming, an overall solution is proposed and the corresponding key technologies involved are discussed.
With the development of 3G technology, the improvement of wireless network coverage, the embedded navigation of mobile phones, because of its good portability, low price, always online and more flexible ways to obtain such services, is more and more concerned about. However, due to wide sorts of mobile phones for different platforms, corresponding software needs to be developed, and therefore a suitable embedded operating system needs to be selected. Currently on the market there are more than 40 common embedded operating systems, including Linux, Windows CE, Symbian, etc. These embedded systems have different characteristics, and there into Symbian system, developed by Nokia, because of its large user base and good network functions is a successful one. This paper realizes the Symbian-based GPS navigation system. It involves techniques which can be divided into: server-side technology and client-side technology. Client-side technology is mainly related to Symbian programming, GPS module processing, network communication etc; server technology mainly involves Web server technology, database access, and geographic information system technology. After server technology roughly introduced, this paper, mainly aiming at client-side technologies, discusses various technologies involved when building mobile phone GPS navigation software with the C/S structure.
In order to improve the user experience, it is necessary to convert the operations of high-latency and high memory requirements to the service side. Due to Linux's open source and stability, this paper adopts Linux as the terminal server, uses Apache to build web services, and makes modular map services, POI queries, path calculation\guidance services, and built-in sub-services for the Apache. It shows the General framework of the embedded GPS navigation. Taking into account the mass characteristics of map data, tore duce real-time map data downloads when browsing the map, hierarchical block strategy about map data will be introduced in detail hereafter. Path calculation, as the core of GPS navigation services, supported by navigation data, adopts a dual-side A-Star algorithm to realize optimal path supporting the three kinds of calculation methods of the least time, the shortest distance and less fee. Route guidance, based on path calculation module, analyzes the best sections of the calculated path and the node attributes, dynamically calculates the junction point in need of guidance information, loads on the display points of path calculation by index technology of matching, transfers to the client through the appropriate protocols, and consequently achieve navigation guidance. POI query service is based on full-text retrieval technology. A key technology of full-text Retrieval System to establish the inverted file of location index for each word in the article. Inverted index approach can not solve the problem about space search. So the approach of inverted index combined with spatial segmentation is introduced. Firstly, using a grid method segments all POI information according to the relationship of spatial location. And then inverted index is built for the POI in the space after segmentation. Open extensible multi-tier architecture, combined with search, index, cache and other key technologies for search services, greatly improve service stability and search efficiency Symbian OS, as a set of 32-bit operating system, with multi-tasking, multi-threaded, low-power, low occupation of memory, etc. is very suitable for mobile communication equipment. It is not difficult to arrive at the following conclusion: In the Symbian client, there are map data mapping, GPS data reception and encryption, path computation and guidance analysis, voice broadcast and other modules. This test system is based on C/S mode, so the network communication module is the core module. Due to the transmission delay of network and unknown transmission errors, etc, multi-threaded scheduling download mechanism is used. And GPS, voice broadcast and some other modules also need an asynchronous implementation, while, other than Windows programs, they use active objects to realize the asynchronous operation instead of the multithreaded model.