托福阅读机经训练：拉斯科岩洞画
TPO 1-15 Summary 例题解析
TOEFL TPO 1-15 阅读Prose summary题目解析1 Groundwater○Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.第一个选项对，是对文章的第二段The necessary space is there，however，in many forms…以及第三段The same thing happens to this day，though on a smaller scale，wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land，dropping its load as the current slows…的主要内容总结，同时也与主题groundwater紧密相关○Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.第二个选项对，因为是对文章第二段内容的一个总结，将了地下水储存的地点之一，也紧贴主题。
○The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.第三个选项对，是对文章的最后一段The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another，even though their porosities may be the same.What happens depends on pore size.的内容总结。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文22--2 The Birth of Photography
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO22(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:The Birth of Photography托福阅读原文【1】Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.【2】Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.【3】A second and very different process was patented by the Britishinventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.【4】The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal. 【5】One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity. Nature now seemed able to speak for itself, with a minimum of interference. The title Talbot chose for his book, The Pencil of Nature (the first part of which was published in 1844), reflected this feeling. Artists were fascinated by photography because it offered a way of examining the world in much greater detail. They were also afraid of it, because it seemed likely to make their own efforts unnecessary.【6】Photography did indeed make certain kinds of painting obsolete—the daguerreotype virtually did away with the portrait miniature. It alsomade the whole business of making and owning images democratic. Portraiture, once a luxury for the privileged few, was suddenly well within the reach of many more people.【7】In the long term, photography's impact on the visual arts was far from simple. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor. Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case this compromised their professional standing.【8】The rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment, and of new emulsions that coated photographic plates, film, and paper and enabled images to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipated consequences. Scientific experiments made by photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated that the movements of both humans and animals differed widely from the way they had been traditionally represented in art. Artists, often reluctantly, were forced to accept the evidence provided by the camera. The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radicalcropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats. The accidental effects obtained by candid photographers were soon being copied by artists such as the French painter Degas.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraphs 1 and 2 about the effect of photography on nineteenth-century painting?A.Photography did not significantly change the way people looked at reality.B.Most painters used the images of the camera obscura in preference to those of the daguerreotype.C.Painters who were concerned with realistic or naturalistic representation were particularly influenced by photography.D.Artists used the long-awaited invention of photography in just the ways they had expected to.2.According to paragraphs 2 and 3 which of the following did the daguerreotype and the calotype have in common?A.They were equally useful for artists.B.They could be reproduced.C.They produced a permanent imageD.They were produced on treated paper.3.The word "duplicated" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.copied.B.replaced.C.handled.D.clarified.4.The phrase "Its general effect" in paragraph 4 refers toA.the camera lens.B.the calotype.C.the etching.D.the engraving.5.The word "authenticity" in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.improvement.B.practicality.C.genuineness.D.repetition.6.What point does the author make in paragraph 6?A.Paintings became less expensive because of competition with photography.B.Photography, unlike painting, was a type of portraiture that even ordinary people could afford.C.Every style of painting was influenced by the invention of photography.D.The daguerreotype was more popular than the calotype.7.The word "reluctant" in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA.unable.B.embarrassed.C.unlikely.D.unwilling.8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 7? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Photography did not replace other fine arts because people felt the image looked cheap in relation to the other arts.B.Photography was not considered a true art because people could use it to create many images cheaply.C.Photography was so cheap and readily available that it could be purchased by people who were too poor to purchase fine art.D.Photography not only spread quickly but also was a cheap art form and so became true successor of fine arts rather than its poor relation.9.The word "unanticipated" in paragraph 8 is closest in meaning toA.indirect.B.not expected.C.unquestionable.D.beneficial.10.The word "accidental" in paragraph 8 is closest in meaning toA.surprising.B.unintentional.C.realistic.D.unusual.11.Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 8 as a benefit that artists derived from photography?A.It inspired artists to use technological themes in their painting.B.It lent prestige to those artists who used photographs as models for paintingsC.It provided artists with new types of equipment to speed up the painting process.D.It motivated artists to think about new ways to compose images in their paintings.12.It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that one effect that photography had on painting was that itA.provided painters with new insights into how humans and animals actually move.B.showed that representing movement could be as interesting as portrait art.C.increased the appeal of painted portraiture among the wealthy.D.influenced artists to improve techniques for painting faster.13. Look at the four squares HI that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. Although his process produced permanent images, each was unique and no reproduction of the picture was possible.Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.■【A】A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841.■【B】Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image.■【C】This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece oftreated paper.■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is worth 2 points.The invention of photography had a significant impact on the art of painting in the nineteenth century.A.For a brief time, artists preferred not to paint natural or realistic images that would have to compete with photographs.B.Before photography, Canaletto had used the camera obscura to project scenes onto a paper or glass plate.C.The photographic processes of Louis Daguerre and William Henry Talbot both made permanent images, but only Talbot's process allowed making multiple copies.D.The work of Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey established photography both as a science and as an art.E.Photography made accurate images widely and inexpensively available, but this popular success also had the effect of lowering its perceived value in relation to the fine arts.F.Photography eliminated the painted portrait miniature, led artists toaccurately represent movement, and affected pictorial composition, but did not replace traditional visual arts.托福阅读答案1.以nineteenth-century做关键词定位至第一段最后一句，说十九世纪中晚期的painter都非常专注于photography，去使用，去学习，去回应，所以正确答案是C，受影响。
托福阅读TPO26原文
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读TPO26原文摘要：托福TPO是曾经考过的托福考试真题的汇集，提前认真做好托福TPO题集能够让我们准确了解托福考题最新动向，出题点在哪里？今天小编就来接着为大家介绍托福阅读TPO26原文:Energy and the Industrial Revolution，希望对大家会有一定的帮助。
托福阅读TPO26原文:Energy and the Industrial Revolution托福阅读 TPO26原文：The Formation of Volcanic IslandsEarth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry i slands or continents others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates t hat most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian Islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain ofvolcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, andin deed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.Paragraph 1:1.The author mentions “spreading ridges”, “subduction zones”, and “transform faults” in order toO illustrate that the boundaries of tectonic plates are neat, thin linesO explain why some tectonic plates carry islands or continents while others form the seafloorO explain the complex nature of the edges of tectonic platesO provide examples of areas of tectonic plates where little geologic action occurs2. The word “converge” in the passage is closest in meaning toO expandO formO riseO move closerParagraph 2: 3.which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential informationO Volcanic activity is responsible for the formation of the Pacific seafloor in the interior of the Pacific Plate.O Many volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are no longer active and have become islands that support coral.O There are many islands in the Pacific Ocean that originated as volcanoes in the interior of the Pacific Plate.O The map of the Pacific Ocean reveals fewer volcanic islands than there truly are because many are no longer active and some are completely overgrown with coral.Paragraph 3:4. The word “instructive” in the passage is closest in meaning toO clearO detailedO informativeO familiar5. The word “eroded” in the passage is closest in meaning toO worm downO scatteredO developedO deserted6.In paragraph 3, what is the relationship between the scientific contribution of James Daly and Tuzo Wilson?O Wilson provided an explanation for the observations made by Daly.O Wilson challenged the theory proposed by Daly.O Wilson found numerous examples of island chains that supported Daly’s theory.O Wilson popularized the explanation of volcanic island formation formulated by Daly.Paragraph 4: 7.Why does the author provide the information that “the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano”?O To point out differences between the Hawaii island chain and other volcanic island chainsO To question the idea that all the islands in an island chain have been formed by volcanic activityO To explain why Wilson hypothesis was initially difficult to acceptO To prov ide evidence in support of Daly’s and Wilson’s ideas about how the Hawaii islands were formed8.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of mantle plumesO They exist close to the surface of tectonic plates.O They cause most of the volcanic activity that occurs in the interiors of plates.O They are rarely active for long period of time.O They get increasingly older away from the present hot spots.Paragraph 5:9.According to paragraph 5, volcanic islands help geologists toO reconstruct past geographyO detect changes in mantle plumesO measure the rigidity of tectonic platesO explain why the seafloor spreads10.What can be inferred about the Pacific Plate from paragraph 5?O The hot spots on the Pacific Plate are much older than the ones located on the other tectonic plates.O Most of the volcanic sources beneath the Pacific Plate have become extinct.O The Pacific Plate has moved a distance equal to the length of the Hawaiian Island chain in the past 80 million years.O The Pacific Plate is located above fewer mantle plumes than other plates are.11. The word “current” in the passage is closest in meaning toO originalO idealO relativeO present12.According to paragraph 5, why are geologists unable to trace back the entire geologic ofcontinents from hot-spot trails?O Hot spots have existed for only about 5 percent of geologic time.O Hawaii did not exist 50 millions years ago.O Oceanic basins that contained old hot-spot trails disappeared a long time ago.O Hot-spot trails can be reconstructed only for island chains.Paragraph 3: 13.Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This pattern remained unexplained for a long time.Where would the sentence best fit?14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Although volcanic activity is concentrated on the edge of tectonic plates, such activity can occur in the interiors of plates as well.Answer ChoicesO Our understanding of islands comes from Daly’s and Wilson’s observations of the Hawaiian Islands, which was later confirmed by plate-tectonic theory.O The hot-spot trails formed by volcanic island chains indicate the positions of tectonic plates as for back as the present ocean basins have existed.O Whereas volcanic islands formed by mantle plumes are typically small, most of the world’s largest islands are formed at the edges of tectonic plates.O It has only recently been discovered that tectonic plates are closely fitting rather than loosely constructed, as geologist previously believed.O Volcanic island chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form in the interior of a tectonic plate as the plate moves over a fixed volcanic source in the mantle.O The Pacific Plate has existed for as long as the Hawaiian Islands have existed, namely for more than 80 million years.托福阅读TPO26原文:参考答案1.○32.○43.○34.○35.○16.○17.○48.○29.○1 10.○3 11.○4 12.○3 13.○414. Our understanding of islands comes…Whereas volcanic islands…It has only recently been…托福阅读TPO26原文:答案解析：第一题，C，修辞目的题。
托福阅读TPO20答案解析
1.agency代理，中介，作用，所以答案是force，选C。
原句说由于腐食动物和细菌的侵袭，化学侵蚀和其他地质什么的作用，使得保存的难度非常大。
combination组合明显不靠谱，problem是个负向词，不靠谱，之前并列的都不是变化，change不对。
2.修辞目的题，修辞点所在句是一个例子，所以往前看，前一句说fossil遭破坏的方式和fossil一样多，后面就跟了很多破坏的方式，所以答案是A，阐释为什么如此多破坏之下还有这么多化石存在。
往后看也可以，下一句说如果化石有骨架的话被保留的机会会大增，也就是一直都在说化石存留下来的机会，所以A是正确答案。
3.terrestrial陆地的，陆生的，所以正确答案是A。
原文说尽管大部分的化石都是在海洋中找到的，但也有一些是在河湖中的什么沉积物当中找到的，既然前文都说了大部分是在海洋里找到的，肯定后面会说是在陆地上找到的，所以答案是terrestrial，B/C/D都不靠谱。
4.原句的结构是并列加条件，所以正确答案是D。
A的must be empty原文没说；B和C的关系都错误；D说的是shell会被剩下，如果足够耐腐蚀，就能保存一段时间。
5.修辞目的题，先看例子所在句子，说很多海洋生物的骨骼包含calcite，没有答案，往前看，前一句说一亿年前的沉积物中能发现骨骼不变的海生无脊椎动物，与A靠谱，但A本身不是一个观点，所以A不对；B和D完全没说，不对；强调的中心在例子所在句的下一句，说arogonite的晶体形状不同，相对不那么稳定，会变成更稳定的形式，所以答案是C，想稳定的话必须再变。
6.enhance提升，提高，所以正确答案是D的increase。
原文说很多化学过程都能改变壳体的结构并且怎么样它们作为化石保留下来的机会，combine明显不靠谱；limit和control意思相近，而且这两个词与increase意思相反，所以其他三个都不对。
7.以permineralization做关键词定位至最后一句。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文12--1 Which Hand Did They Use
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO12(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Which Hand Did They Use?托福阅读原文We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the righthand.Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911 noted the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left. Similar observations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.Tools themselves can be revealing. Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. In stone tool making experiments, Nick Toth, aright-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right. As the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the core's outer surface) on the side. Toth's knapping produced 56 percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes. A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern. Toth has applied these criteria to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at Koobi Fora, Kenya, probably made by Homo habilis. At seven sites he found that 57 percent of the flakes were right-oriented, and 43 percent left, a pattern almost identical to that produced today.About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. Among Neanderthalers of 70,000–35,000 years ago, Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right, and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal, Gibraltar, and La Quina.托福阅读试题1.The phrase “assisted in” in the passage(Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning toA.initiatedB. dominatedC. helped withD.setup2.It canbe inferred from paragraph 1 that even when paint was sprayed by mouth to make a hand stencilA.there was no way to tell which hand was stenciledB.the stenciled hand was the weaker handC.the stenciled hand was the dominant handD.artists stenciled more images of the dominant hand than they did of the weak3.The phrase “depicted” in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.identifiedB.revealedC.picturedD.imagined4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential informationin the highlighted sentence in the passage(Paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work, because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left.B.The tips of engraving tools and brushes indicate that these instruments were used by right-handed artists whose work was lit from the left.C.The best lighting for most engravings suggests that they were made by right-handed people trying to avoid the shadow of their hands interfering with their work.D.Right-handed artists try to avoid having the brush they are using interfere with the light source.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 2 as evidence of right-handedness in art and artists EXCEPTA. the ideal source of lighting for most engravingsB. the fact that a left hand stenciled palm upward might look like a right handC. the prevalence of outlines of left handsD. figures in prehistoric art holding objects with the right hand6.According to paragraph 3, the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton can be identified as right-handed becauseA.other Neanderthal skeletons found nearby are also right-handedB.the right arm bone is stronger than the leftC.it is similar to skeletons of La Ferrassie I and NeanderthalD. the right side of the skeleton shows less evidence of fractures7.Which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph 4?A.Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured party's body.B. The right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively.C.In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.D.Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.8.According to paragraph 5, what characteristic of a Neolithic spoon would imply that the spoon's owner was right-handed?A.The direction of the fibersB.Its long handleC.The yew wood it is carved fromD.Wear on its left side9.In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux?A.As an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed personB.Because tressing is an activity that is easier for a right-handed person than for a left-handed personC.Because the cave of Lascaux is the site where researchers have found several prehistoric tools made for right-handed peopleD.As an example of an item whose construction shows that it was right handed made by a right-person10.The word “criteria” in the passage(Paragraph 6)is closest in meaning toA. standardsB. findingsC.ideasD.techniques11.What was the purpose of Toth's tool making experiment described in paragraph 6?A.To shape tools that could be used by either handB. To produce replicas of early tools for display in museumsC.To imitate the production of pebble tools from early sitesD.To determine which hand made the early tools12.What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph 7?A.To illustrate the importance of studying the brainB.To demonstrate that human beings are the only mammal to desire fine control of movementC.To contrast the functions of the two hemispheres of the brainD.To demonstrate that right-hand preference has existed for a long time13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The stencils of hands found in these shelters and caves allow us to draw conclusions about which hand was dominant.We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? ■【A】Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. ■【B】When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. ■【C】Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. ■【D】Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Several categories of evidence indicate that people have always been predominantly right-handedA.Stencils of right-handed figures are characteristic of cave art in France, Spain, and Tasmania.B.Signs on the skeletal remains of prehistoric figures, including arm-bone size and injury marks, imply that these are the remains of right-handed people.C.Instruments such as spoons, ropes, and pebble tools show signs that indicate they were used or constructed by right-handed people.D.The amount of prehistoric art created by right-handed artists indicates that left-handed people were in the minority.E.Neanderthal skeletons often have longer finger bones in the right hand, which is evidence that the right hand was stronger.F.Nick Toth, a modem right-handed toolmaker. has shown that prehistoric tools were knapped to fit the right hand.托福阅读答案1.assist in帮助，所以C的help with是正确答案。
托福阅读infer题双向思路破难题
托福阅读infer题双向思路破难题任何题型的考察都是围绕着托福阅读文章本身来的，我们只要理清了托福阅读文章的“套路”和逻辑，下面小编就和大家分享托福阅读infer题：不走寻常路，双向思路破难题,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读infer题：不走寻常路，双向思路破难题“infer”意为推断推理，题干中有出现infer,imply,indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为托福阅读infer题(推断题or推理题)。
托福阅读infer题顾名思义就是考察考生对文章没有明说观点或想法的推理能力，你可以理解为是考察隐藏的事实信息。
如果让所有考生投票选择托福阅读中最难的题型，大概莫过于推断题和文章摘要题了，而文章摘要题我们尚且可以依赖文章结构框架把握，托福阅读infer题则是真正让很多同学感到头痛。
其实，任何题型的考察都是围绕着托福阅读文章本身来的，我们只要理清了托福阅读文章的“套路”和逻辑，完全可以根据作者的思路和风格去采取正向和逆向双重思维解决推断题。
OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目。
一般来说，托福阅读infer题主要有以下三个解题步骤：1.判断题型。
我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
2.审清题干，原文定位。
仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
3.推测+判断。
根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
托福文章有很清晰的逻辑结构，每个自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects+Attitudes展开的。
tpo51托福阅读passage1：originsofthemegaliths原文文本+真题答案
TP051 托福阅读passagel: Origins of theMegaliths原文文禾+真题答案第一篇：考古类Origins of the Mega IithsSince the days of the ear I iest ant iquar ians, scholars have been puzzled by the many Neolithic ("*4000 - *2200 .) communal tombs known as mega Iiths a IongEurope* s At lant ic seaboard. AI though cons i derabIe var i at i ons are found in the architecturaI form of these impressive monuments, there is a genera I overriding s imi larity in design and, particularly, i n the use of mass i ve stones.The construction of such large and architecturally complex tombs byEuropean barbarians struck early prehistor ians as unlikely. The BronzeAge seafar ing civilizations that Iived in the region of the Aegean Sea (~ 3000 1000 .), among whom col lective bur iai and a diversity of stone-built tombs were known, seemed a probable source of i nspi rat ion.It was suggested that Aegean peopie had visited Iber ia in southwesternEuro pe in search of meta I ores and had introduced the i dea of col lecti veburial in massive tombs, which then s pread northward to Br ittany, Br i ta in, North Germany, and Scandinavia.Rad i ocarbon dates for a fortified sett I ement of mega I i th bui I ders at Los Mi I lares in Spain appeared to conf i rm this picture, though dates for mega Iiths i n Br ittany seemed too early. When calibrated, however, it became clear that radiocarbon dates were universally too early to supp ort a Bro nze Age Aegea n origin. It i s now clear that the mega I i ths are a western and northern European invent ion, not an i ntroduced idea.Even so, they are still a subject of speculation and inquiry. What induced thei r bui Iders to i nvest mass i ve efforts i n erect i ng such monumenta I tombs How was the necessary labor force assembled What under I ies the i r str ikingsimi laritiesOne answer to the Iast question was proposed by Professor GrahameClark, one ofBritain's greatest prehistorians. Investigating the mega Iiths of southern Sweden, he noted that one group was concentrated i n coastaIIocations from which deep-sea f ish such as cod, haddock, and Iing couId have been caught inwinter. Historical ly, much of the Atlantic was I inked by the traveIs of people who fished, and th i s could we I I have provided a mechani sm by which the mega I ith idea and fashions i n the style of tomb architecture spread between coastaI Iberia, Brittany, Ireland, westernEngI and and Scot I and, and Scand i nav i a. The h igh concentrat i ons of mega I i ths on coasts and the sur pr is ing number of mega I i ths found on sma I I islands may support a connection with fishing.Professor Colin Renfrew of the University of Cambridge, England, however,views the simi larities as similar responses to simi lar needs.At the structuraI level, the passage that forms a major eIement of many graves could have been dev i sed i ndependent Iy in different areas to meet the need for repeated access to the i nter i or of these communaI tombs.Other structural resemblances could be due to simi larities in the raw mater ia I s avai lable. In answer to the quest ion of why the idea of bui Iding monumenta I tombs should ar ise inde pendent I y in a number of areas, he cites the similarities in thei r backgrounds.Most mega I iths occur in areas inhabited in the p ostglacial p er iod byMeso Iithic hunter-gatherers (*20000 . ~ 18000 ・)• Thei r adoption of agriculture through contact with Neo Iithic farmers, Renfrew argues, I ed to a popuI at ion explosion in the region and consequent competition for farm I and between nei ghbor i ng groups・ Inthe face of potent i a I conf I i ct, the groups may have found i t des i rab I e to define thei r terr itor i es and emphas i ze thei r boundar i es・ The construct ion of mega Iiths could have ar i sen in response to thi s need・Renfrew has studied two ci rcumscr ibed areas, the Scott ish i s Iands ofArran and Rousay, to examine this hypothesis more closely. He found that a division of the arable land i nto terr i tor ies, each conta in ing onemegalith, results in units that correspond in size to the individual farming communities of recent times in the same area. 【】Each unit supported between 10 and50 peop Ie.【]The I abor needed to put up a mega I i th wou I d p robably be beyonde.the cap abilities of a commun i ty thi s size.[ 】But Renfrew argues that the cooperation of other communities couId be secured by some form of recogn i zed soc i a I i ncent i ve perhaps a per i od of feast ing at which communaI buiIding was one of severs I activities.Most mega Iiths contain col Iect ive bur iais. Different tombs used different arrangements, but there seems to have been an under Iying theme: people placed in these tombs were representative of thei r society, but thei r identity as individuals was not important・ The tombs belonged to the ancestors, through whom the I iving society laid claim to thei r land. Thi s i nterpretat ion re i nforces Renfrew，s view of the mega Iiths as terr itor i a I markers.题目word "coI Iect i ve"in the passage i s cIosest in meaning togroundto paragraph 2. ear I y preh i stor i ans thought the Aegean peop I e of the Bronze Age might have influenced megalith buiIding along the Atlantic seaboard because theyestab Ii shed commercial routes a Iong the Atlantic seaboardbeen in Iber ia, where they introduced the idea of bur ia I in very large tombs thought to have found mega I i ths in Iber ia when search ing for meta I sthought to have passed along the concept of bur iai in monumentaI tombs as they ex pl ored Br i ttany, Br itai n, North Germany, and Scandinavia Paragraph 2 i s marked withp aragra ph 3, why does the author discuss the results of radiocarb on dates supp ort the i dea that mega I i ths sp read rap idly dur i ng the Bronze Agequest i on the i dea that mega Iiths have a religious originp rovide evidence against the theory that Bronze Age Aegea n ins pi red the mega Iithsargue that the mega Iiths i n Br ittany are older than the megaliths in Los Mi I laresParagraph 3 i s marked withword "erecting" in the passage is cIosest in meaning toto paragraph 4, what did Professor Clark propose as a result of studying the mega Iiths of southern Swedenmega Iiths are near Iy i dent i caI to mega Iiths elsewhere.who traveled for fishing may have been responsible for the spread of mega Iiths i n Europe.mega Iiths were probably built after other European mega Iiths were built.in Europe were usually Iocated near sites for deep-sea fishing in winter.Paragraph 4 i s marked withi s the purpose of d i scuss i ng the passage that forms a major e I ement of many gravesprovide an exampie of a commonly occurring feature of mega Iiths that might be re Iated to a s imi I ar needargue that similarities in raw materials were responsible for thesimi larity of passagesexp lain how repeated access to the inter ior of the communaI tombswas possibleprovide evidence that the buiIders of the mega Iiths had similar backgrounds Paragraph 5 i s marked withword "consequent" i n the passage i s cIosest in meaning toto paragraph 6, Professor Renfrew has argued that one factor Iead i ng to the r i se of mega Iiths i n Europe wasadoption of farming by Meso Iithic hunter-gathererstransition from a glacial to a postglacial cIimatere Iocat i on of Meso Iithic popuI at ions from one region to anotherconflict over whether areas inhabited by Mesolithic peoples wouldbe used for farmingParagraph 6 i s marked withphrase style "this hypothesis" in the passage refers to the idea thatwas com petition for terr i tory between Mesol ithic hunter-gathers and invading Neo Iithic farmerspopuI at i on exp I os i on brought about a division of the regi on * s Neo Iithicfarmers i nto nei ghbor i ng groupsneed of neighbor ing groups to define thei r terr itor ies led to the construct i on of mega Iithsconstruct i on of mega Iiths was a way of competing for farmlandto paragraph 7, what did Renfrew conclude about the mega Iiths ofArran and Rousaymega Iith was associated with a specific agricultural community.mega Iith was built by between 10 and 50 people.mega Iiths were built using stones quarr i ed at other places.mega Iiths were built gradually over time rather than a I I at once. Paragraph 7 i s marked withword "reinforces" in the passage i s cIosest in meaning tofromonto the p assage, a I I of the fol low ing were true of the mega I iths along the At I ant i c seaboard EXCEPToften had a main passageway.identified the individuals buried within them.were built before the Aegean Bronze Age.differed somewhat in style from region to region. Paragraph 8 is marked with at the four squares 【】that in di cate where the fo I lowing sentence couldbe added to the passage.So it might seem that mega I iths could not have been used by an individual community to mark its land.Where wouId be the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14・ Di rections: An introductory sentence for a br ief summary of the p assage i s p rovided below. Com pl ete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Thi s quest i on i s worth 2 points・Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Answer ChoicesBronze Age Aegeans most probably built some of the tombs in Iberia.evidence supports the idea that the mega Iiths were a western and northern European i nvent i on.mega Iiths are found in coasta I regions, suggesting that people fishing mayhave used them to guide thei r travels.have found enough indicators to be I i eve that the I ayout of tombs i n the Iandscape reflects each community* s social organization.high prop orti on of coasta I mega I iths has given r i se to the i dea that mega Iith building was re Iated to fishing.has been suggested that mega Iiths arose in response to the spread of agriculture and competition for farmland.参考答案1-5 DBCBB 6-10 ACACA 11-13 DBG 14 BEF文章来源：雷哥托福。
托福阅读TPO28（试题+答案+译文）第2篇：EarlySaharanPastoralists
托福阅读TPO28(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:EarlySaharanPastoralists为了帮助大家备考托福。
提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO28(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Early Saharan Pastoralists，希望大家喜欢。
托福阅读原文【1】The Sahara is a highly diverse, albeit dry, region that has undergone major climatic changes since 10,000 B.C. As recently as 6,000 B.C. the southern frontier of the desert was far to the north of where it is now, while semiarid grassland and shallow freshwater lakes covered much of what are now arid plains. This was a landscape where antelope of all kinds abounded—along with Bos primigenius, a kind of oxen that has become extinct. The areas that are now desert were, like all arid regions, very susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall, resulting in major, sudden changes in distributions of plants and animals. The people who hunted the sparse desert animals responded to drought by managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered, especially wild oxen, which had to have regular water supplies to survive.【2】Even before the drought, the Sahara was never well watered. Both humans and animals were constantly on the move, in search of food and reliable water supplies. Under these circumstances, archaeologist Andrew Smith believes, the small herds of Bos primigenius in the desert became smaller, more closely knit breeding units as the drought took hold. The beasts were more disciplined, so that it was easier for hunters to predict their habits, and capture animals at will. At the same time, both cattle and humans were more confined in their movements,staying much closer to permanent water supplies for long periods of time. As a result, cattle and humans came into close association.【3】Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey behaved. Instead of following the cattle on their annual migrations, the hunters began to prevent the herd from moving from one spot to another. At first, they controlled the movement of the herd while ensuring continuance of their meat diet. But soon they also gained genetic control of the animals, which led to rapid physical changes in the herd. South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes with short, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside. The same effects of inbreeding may have occurred in controlled cattle populations, with some additional, and perhaps unrecognized, advantages. The newly domesticated animals behaved better, were easier to control, and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate, which in turn yielded greater milk supplies. We know from rock paintings deep in the Sahara that the herders were soon selecting breeding animals to produce offspring with different horn shapes and hide colors.【4】It is still unclear whether domesticated cattle were tamed independently in northern Africa or introduced to the continent from southwest Asia. Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have been, it seems entirely likely that much the same process of juxtaposition (living side by side) and control occurred in both southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even in Europe, among peoples who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle. The experiments with domestication probably occurred in many places, as people livingin ever-drier environments cast around for more predictable food supplies.【5】The cattle herders had only a few possessions: unsophisticated pots and polished adzes. They also hunted with bow and arrow. The Saharan people left a remarkable record of their lives painted on the walls of caves deep in the desert. Their artistic endeavors have been preserved in paintings of wild animals, cattle, goats, humans, and scenes of daily life that extend back perhaps to 5,000 B.C.. The widespread distribution of pastoral sites of this period suggests that the Saharans ranged their herds over widely separated summer and winter grazing grounds.【6】About 3,500 B.C., climatic conditions again deteriorated. The Sahara slowly became drier and lakes vanished. On the other hand, rainfall increased in the interior of western Africa, and the northern limit of the tsetse fly, an insect fatal to cattle, moved south. So the herders shifted south, following the major river systems into savanna regions. By this time, the Saharan people were probably using domestic crops, experimenting with such summer rainfall crops as sorghum and millet as they move out of areas where they could grow wheat, barley, and other Mediterranean crops.[Glossary]adzes: cutting tools with blades set at right angles to the handle.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.?A.Much less of it was desert than is now the case.B.Most areas that are now grassland were covered by shallowlakes.C.It had just undergone a major climatic change.D.Wild oxen and antelopes lived in separate parts of the region.2.The word "albeit" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning toually.B.almost.C.though.D.rather.3.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of all arid regions?A.They include at least some freshwater lakes.B.They have similar distributions of plants and animals.C.They are greatly affected by changes in the amount of rain they receive.D.They have frequent droughts that make it difficult to manage the wild resources.4.Paragraph 2 supports which of the following ideas about wild oxen in the Sahara region after the drought took hold?A.They traveled in smaller herds.B.They were harder for hunters to capture.C.They tended to be significantly smaller in size.D.They moved along less predictable routes.5.According to paragraph 2, what was it that brought cattle and humans into close association?A.The development of smaller breeding units within hers.B.Cattle and humans staying close to permanent water supplies for long period of time.C.The development of greater discipline among cattle.D.Cattle and humans constangly on the move searching for food and reliable water supplies.6.Why does the author mention the "rock paintings deep in the Sahara"?A.To help explain why the hunters wanted to control the herds.B.To provide support for the idea that the herders soon gained genetic control of the cattleC.To show that the herders had artistic as well as practical abilitiesD.To argue that the herders soon began to value their cattle for more than food.7.According to paragraph 3, all of the following statements were true of newly domesticated animals EXCEPTA.They were controlled more easily by the farmers.B.They produced a larger number of offspring.C.They produce more milk.D.They were larger in size.8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 4 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Regardless of where the first tamed herds came from, people tried to control them by living in juxtaposition with them.B.Regardless of where the first tamed herds came from, they resulted from the same process of juxtaposition and control by people who understood the behavior of wild cattle.C.People who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle moved closer together to cooperate in taming the herd, regardless of where they found them.D.The process of taming herds was certainly the same in southwest Asia, northern Africa, and Europe because people knew a lot about the behavior of wild cattle, regardless of where they lived.9.According to paragraph 5, each of the following was true about the early Saharan people EXCEPTA.They had few possessions apart from cattle.B.After about 5,000 B.C., they lived primarily in caves that were located deep in the desert.C.Between the summer and winter seasons, they moved their herds over long distances.D.They painted animals and scenes of daily life on the walls of caves.10.The word "endeavors" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.methods.B.styles.C.scenes.D.efforts.11.The word "deteriorated" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.became unstable.B.caused hardship.C.changed completely.D.got worse.12.According to paragraph 6, what allowed the herders to shift south into the savanna regions after about 3,500 B.C.?A.They could easily grow Mediterranean crops in those regions.B.They could more easily domesticated sorghum and milletin those regions.C.The tsetse fly was no longer a problem in those regions.D.The river systems in those regions provided reliable sources of water in the summer.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This knowledge enabled the hunters to adopt a different approach to hunting.Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey behaved. ■【A】Instead of following the cattle on their annual migrations, the hunters began to prevent the herd from moving from one spot to another. ■【B】At first, they controlled the movement of the herd whileensuring continuance of their meat diet. ■【C】But soon they also gained genetic control of the animals, which led to rapid physical changes in the herd. ■【D】South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes withshort, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside. The same effects of inbreeding may have occurred in controlled cattle populations, with some additional, and perhaps unrecognized, advantages. The newly domesticated animals behaved better, were easier to control, and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate, which in turn yielded greater milk supplies. We know from rock paintings deepin the Sahara that the herders were soon selecting breeding animals to produce offspring with different horn shapes and hide colors.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.As recently as 6,000 B.C., much ofthe Sahara region was semiarid grassland where humans hunted wild oxen andantelope.A.There was enough freshwater for Saharan peoples to move freely throughout the region without having to manage the resources they hunted and gathered.B.Once Saharans controlled the breeding of their cattle, the characteristics of the cattle changed rapidly, increasing their reproductive rate and milk production.C.Although the Saharan peoples were remarkably sophisticated artists, they had only a few simple possessions, like adzes and the bows and arrows they used for hunting.D.When the drying climate forced cattle and humans close to each other in areas with water supplies, humans gained control over the cattle and eventually domesticated them.E.Herders soon began selecting breeding animals to produce offspring with different horn shapes and hide colors, although the advantage of controlled inbreeding were not apparent to them at first.F.As the drought worsened around 3,500 B.C. and conditions for herders became more favorable to the south, the Saharan people moved into savanna regions, where they grew different crops.托福阅读答案1.原文写到"在公元前六千年左右，在沙漠的南边界，远离北边的地方现在是干旱的平原，当时这里是各种羚羊和原始牛都很丰富的山水画般的地方"那么也就是说那时候那个地方还不是沙漠。
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托福阅读机经训练：拉斯科岩洞画Lascaux Cave PaintingsIn Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. Methods of applying color varied: some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were blown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby.One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and significance of these paintings. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony. This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters. It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt. Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears. This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animal’s picture had no further use after the hunt.A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery: the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan. Two types of images substantiate this theory: the strange, indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals, and the few drawings of men. Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid. Some men are in a prone position and some have bird or animal heads. Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state, a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise. Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, particularly shamans* who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance. One Lascaux narrative picture, which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans, camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.Shamans: holy people who act as healers and divinersParagraph 1: In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. Methods of applying color varied: some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were blown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby.1. The word “others”in the passage refers to(3)○chambers○paintings○beasts○parades2. The word “Methods”in the passage is closest in meaning to(1)○Ways○Shades○Stages○Rules3. What are the bones found in the Lascaux caves believed to indicate? (4)○Wild animals sometimes lived in the cave chambers.○Artists painted pictures on both walls and bones.○Artists ground them into a fine powder to make paint.○Artists developed special techniques for painting the walls.Paragraph 2: One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.4. Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2? (2)○To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks○To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux○To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces○To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations5. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about cave painters in France and Spain? (3)○They also painted rocks outside caves.○They did not live close to the cave entrances.○They developed their own sources of light to use while painting.○Their painting practices did not last for many years.Paragraph 3: Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and significance of these paintings. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.6. Why does the author mention secret ceremonies?(3)○To present a common opinion held by many scholars○To suggest a similarity between two opinions held by scholars○To suggest a possible explanation for a weakness in an opinion expressed in the passage○To give evidence that contradicts a major opinion expressed in the passageParagraph 4: Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony. This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters. It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt. Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears. This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animal’s picture had no further use after the hunt.7. The word “accompanied”in the passage is closest in meaning to(3)○represented○developed into○were associated with○came after8. According to paragraph 4, why do some scholars believe that the paintings were related to hunting? (3)○Because some tools used for painting were also used for hunting○Because cave inhabitants were known to prefer animal food rather than plant food○Because some of the animals are shown wounded by weapons○Because many hunters were also typically paintersParagraph 5: A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery: the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan. Two types of images substantiate this theory: the strange, indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals, and the few drawings of men. Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid. Some men are in a prone position and some have bird or animal heads. Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state, a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise. Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, particularly shamans* who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance. One Lascaux narrative picture, which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans, camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.9. According to paragraph 5, why do some scholars refer to a trance state to help understand the cave paintings? (4)○To explain the state of consciousness the artists were in when they painted their pictures○To demonstrate the mythical significance of the strange geometric shapes○To indicate that trance states were often associated with activities that took place inside caves○To give a possible reason for the strange appearance of the men painted on the cave walls10. According to paragraph 5, if the man pictured with the birdlike head is not a shaman, he may have worn the headmask (1)○to look like an animal while a hunt took place○to frighten off other hunters competing for food○to prove that he is not a shaman○to resist forces of nature thought to be present in animalsParagraph 6: Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?(3)○Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.○The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.○Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.○Answering the question is not very important to scholars.Paragraph 2: One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. █Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. █This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. █It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. █Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.(1)This made it easy for the artists to paint and display them for the rest of the cave dwellers.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Scholars have wondered about the meaning of the subjects, location, and overpainting of Lascaux cave images.●The paintings may have…●It is possible that the animals…●Some scholars believe that…Answer Choices○The paintings may have recorded information about animal migrations, and may only have been useful for one migration at a time.○The human figures represented in the paintings appear to be less carefully shaped than those of animals.○It is possible that the animals in the paintings were of mythical significance to the tribe, and the paintings reflected an important spiritual practice.○Unlike painters of the recently discovered paintings, other Lascaux cave painters usually painted on rocks near cave entrances or in open spaces outside the caves.○Some scholars believe that the paintings motivated hunters by allowing them to picture a successful hunt.○Scientific analysis suggests that paintings were sprayed onto the rock walls with tubes made from animal bones.参考答案：1. ○32. ○13. ○44. ○25. ○36. ○37. ○38. ○39. ○410. ○111. ○312. ○113. The paintings may have…It is possible that the animals…Some scholars believe that…参考译文：拉斯科岩洞画在二十世纪四十年代的法国的西南部，玩耍中的孩子们发现了拉斯科岩洞，一系列狭窄的洞穴室内含有庞大的史前动物题材绘画。