专业英语参考答案
专业英语考试题库及答案

专业英语考试题库及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. Which of the following is the correct spelling of "opportunity"?A. opurtunityB. oportunityC. opportunityD. oppertunity答案:C2. The term "e-commerce" refers to:A. Electronic mailB. Electronic commerceC. Electronic communicationD. Electronic competition答案:B3. In the context of business, "B2B" stands for:A. Business to BusinessB. Business to BuildingC. Business to BankD. Business to Book答案:A4. What does "ROI" commonly represent in financial discussions?A. Return on InvestmentB. Return on ImportanceC. Return on InformationD. Return on Innovation答案:A5. The abbreviation "HR" is commonly used to refer to:A. Human ResourcesB. High ResolutionC. Health RecordsD. Home Run答案:A6. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A. SolarB. WindC. OilD. Hydro答案:C7. "Sustainable development" is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept was introduced by:A. The United NationsB. The World BankC. The International Monetary FundD. The World Health Organization答案:A8. In the field of computer science, "AI" stands for:A. Artificial IntelligenceB. Artificial ImageC. Artificial InputD. Artificial Interface答案:A9. "Greenhouse gases" are gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Which of the following is not considered a greenhouse gas?A. Carbon dioxideB. MethaneC. NitrogenD. Water vapor答案:C10. The term "blue ocean strategy" refers to:A. A strategy for competing in existing marketsB. A strategy for creating uncontested marketsC. A strategy for reducing costsD. A strategy for improving product quality答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. The process of converting solar energy into electricity is known as ________.答案:photovoltaics2. In project management, "PERT" stands for Program Evaluation and ________.答案:Review Technique3. The ________ is a global initiative that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.答案:Paris Agreement4. "BPM" in business refers to Business ________ Management. 答案:Process5. "ERP" stands for Enterprise ________ Planning.答案:Resource6. "CRM" is an acronym for Customer ________ Management.答案:Relationship7. "IoT" stands for the Internet of ________.答案:Things8. "FDI" refers to Foreign ________ Investment.答案:Direct9. "SWOT" analysis is a strategic planning method used to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and ________. 答案:threats10. "PEST" is an acronym for Political, Economic, Social, and ________ analysis.答案:Technological三、阅读理解题(每题3分,共30分)阅读以下短文,并回答问题。
医学专业英语翻译及答案(供参考)

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能,对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
财务管理专业英语复习题(参考答案)

D. working sheet D. equipment depreciation C. capital budgeting. A. time deposits A. the initial cost of the project can be reduced. C. notes payable B. sunk A. I and III only C. salaries payable D. product producing C. initial public offering (IPO). A. total A. future value D. (1+8%/2)2-1 B. $295,000 D. collecting accounts receivable faster A. m D. common stock A. gross profit margin A. liquidity ratios B. degree to which the net present value reacts to changes in a single variable.B. the transaction is complete and the goods or services delivered.A. Return on equity A. general economic risk D. It does not include depreciation.C. Interest. B.$108 B. $37.62 B. Corporate investment decisions have nothing to do with financial markets,A. Financial management A. double taxation of dividends D. compound interest D. The market is overvaluing the stock.B. approximately 10 B.640,000 D. issue common stock.A. Net profit margin ×Total asset turnover ×Equity multiplier B.bond issuing C. capital budgeting B. marketability A. future value流动比率Current ratio= Current assets/ Current liabilities=1.91速动比率Quick ratio=( Current assets- Inventory)/ Current liabilities=1.27应收账款周转率Accounts receivables turnover ratio=Sales/Accounts receivable=4.37债务比率Debt ratio= Total liabilities/ Total assets=50.3%资产收益率Return on assets= Net income/ Total assets=3.45%Price/earnings ratio= Market price per share/ Earnings per share=45.83Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities = 1.1Total debt ratio =(Total assets – Total equity) / Total assets = 0.58Total asset turnover = Sales / Total assets = 0.27Profit margin = Net income / Sales = 0.22Equity multiplier = Total assets / Total equity = 2.375ROA= Net income / Total assets = 0.061ROE= Net income / Total equity = 0.1452) ROE= Profit margin * Equity multiplier * Total assets turnover = 14.56%Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity. Other names for financial management include managerial finance, corporate finance, and business finance. Making financial decisions is an integral part of all forms and sizes of business organizations from small privately-held firms to large publicly-traded corporations财务管理是一个通过收购、融资和资产管理来完成一些企业总体目标的综合决策过程。
英语专业高级英语1课后paraphrase答案

1) Little donkeys thread their way among the throngs of people2) Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market.3) They narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down.4) He will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining.5) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.1) Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them.2) The cab driver’s door popped open at the very sight ofa traveler.3) The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.4) I experienced a twinge of embarrassment at the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.5) The few Americans and Germans seemed just as inhibited as I was.6) After three days in Japan, the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.7) I was about to make my little bow of assent, when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me out of my sad reverie.8) I thought somehow I had been spared.第五课1) Hitler was counting on enlisting capitalist and Right Wing sympathies in this country and the U. S. A.2) Winant said the same would be true of the U. S. A.3) My life is much simplified thereby.4) I will unsay no word that I have spoken about it.5) I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.6) We shall be strengthened not weakened in determination and in resources.7) Let us redouble our exertions, and strike with united strength while life and power remain.第六课1) The house detective's piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face.2) Pretty neat set-up you folks got.3) The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.4) He lowered the level of his incongruous falsetto voice.5) The words spat forth with sudden savagery, all pretense of blandness gone.6) The Duchess of Corydon – three centuries and a half of in-bred arrogance behind her -- did not yield easily.7) "It is no go, old girl. I'm afraid. It was a good try."8) "That's more like it," Ogilvie said. He lit the fresh cigar, "Now we're getting somewhere."9) his eyes sardonically on the Duchess as if challenging her objection.10) The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly.第九课1)a man who became constantly preoccupied by the moral weaknesses of mankind.2)Mark Twain first observed and absorbed the new American experience, and then introduce it to the world in his books or lectures.3)In his new profession he could meet people of all kinds.4)With no money and a frashated feeling, he accepted a job as reporter with Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, ...5)Mark Twain began working hard to became well known locally as a newspaper reporter and humorist.6)and when California makes a plan for a new surprise, the solemn people in other states of the U.S. smile as usual, making a comment "that's typical of California".7)The man who had made the world laugh was himself consumed by bitterness.第十课1) We have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial.1) We have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial.2) The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently.2) The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently.3) The fundamentalists believe in a word-for-word acceptance of what is said in the Bible.3) The fundamentalists believe in a word-for-word acceptance of what is said in the Bible.4) That all life had developed gradually from a common original organism.4) That all life had developed gradually from a common original organism.5) Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.5) Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.6) People from the nearby mountains, mostly fundamentalists, came to support Bryan against those professors, scientists, and lawyers who came from the northern big cities and were not fundamentalists.6) People from the nearby mountains, mostly fundamentalists, came to support Bryan against those professors, scientists, and lawyers who came from the northern big cities and were not fundamentalists.7) As my father complained angrily, "That's no jury at all. “7) As my father complained angrily, "That’s no jury at all.”8) He is here because unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked.8) He is here because unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked.9) People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and humans could have a common ancestry.9) People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and humans could have a common ancestry.10) And the crowd, who were mainly fundamentalists, took his words showing no fear as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with "Amen".10) And the crowd, who were mainly fundamentalists, took his words showing no fear as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with "Amen".。
试卷A_物流专业英语(3)_参考答案

__________大学 2012~2013学年第____学期 《物流专业英语》考试试卷 参考答案 A 卷□I.术语翻译(本大题共15个小题,每小题1分,共15分) (一)英译汉部分 1)ex-factory price 出厂价 2)retail price 零售价 3)direct purchase 直接采购,直接购买 4)movements of goods/product 商品/产品的流转 5)supply chain 供应链 6)flow and storage of goods 商品的流动及储存 7) availability of goods 商品的现货性(二)汉译英部分 8) 提单,提货单bill of lading 9) 询问答复式交易query-response transaction10) 技术数据交换technical data interchange11) 不可储存性non-storability12) 带空座位出发depart with empty seats姓名学号班级 座位号 考试说明。
1、本试卷为闭卷考试 2、试卷中所有试题的答案均写在答题纸上 3、总分:100分,考试时间:120分钟13)剩余能量(运能)excess capacity14)交货通知单delivery notification15)周转储备rotation reservesII.完成下列句子(本大题共15个小题,每小题1分,共15分)16)Logistics, in a narrow sense, is the _______________________(商品的高效流动与存储). (efficient flow and storage of goods)17)There are two types of primary activities concerning the production of products:____________________(生产与流通) . (production and distribution)18)Production is the act or process of converting raw materials into_______________________(半成品或成品) ready for sale/delivery. (semi-finished goods or finished goods)19)Distribution is _______________________(行动或过程) of moving goods/product(semi-finished or finished) to various locations/customers. (the act or process)20)E-business, or e-commerce, refers to the processing of business transactions_______________________(通过电子方式)and with digitalized data. (via electronic means)21)It is estimated that 25% of business in China is now _______________________(基于电子商务的)and with steady growth. (e-based)22)Any one transaction in e-business contains a number of primary “flows”, namely_______________________(信息流、商流、金流和物料流). (flows of information, business, finance and goods)23)There can be some major steps common for a product to travel from_______________________(订单接收) to delivery to the user. (receipt of order)24)Other factors, such as the sales profit _______________________ (在整个物流链)also have an impact on the processes. (in the whole logistics link)25)There are various modes of transportation and choice of the most feasible mode can bemade as per the specific situation and _______________________(经营者的个体需要). (the o perator’s individual needs)26)Distribution is a _______________________(物流终端递送服务)in which goodsmove from supplier to user within a relatively fixed distance and time span. (logistics end delivery service)27)Distribution focuses on customer satisfaction and aims at _______________________(降低成本). (cost reduction)28)Its operation is often centralized and integrated _______________________ (在特定的覆盖区域内). (within a specific cover area)29)Transport is _______________________(干线运输)between two points/places,usually over a longer distance. ( trunk movement)30)Distribution is a _______________________(末端运输) between two or more placesover a shorter distance, eg. within a town or several towns within the reach of the operator. (tail end transport)III.用动词的适当形式填空(本大题共10个小题,每小题1分,共10分)31)This ‘open access’ to roads __________(have)its disadvantages. The most obviousone is traffic congestion at peat times. (has)32)This results in __________(extend) journey times for both passenger and freight traffic.(extended)33)And it ultimately __________(add) to the costs of both operators and users. (adds)34)However, there may be a great passenger flow during peak times. In this case,__________(carry) ‘human bulk cargo’ over short distances can also be economic.(ccarrying)35)Naturally, it would be highly impractical for road transport to __________(replace)railway transport, especially during peak times. (replace)36)The former, by far, lacks the capacity __________(need). (needed)37)An airport occupies large areas of land and needs extensive facilities for the efficientand secure __________(handle) of both passengers and freight. (handling)38)The airport infrastructure, like the railway system, also __________(involve) high costsfor operation and maintenance. (involves)39)The operator charges take-off and __________(land) fees to airlines and recovers thecosts in this way. (landing)40)Some operators also charge airport taxes to all __________(depart) and/or arrivingpassengers. (departing)IV.概念解释(本大题共10个小题,每小题2分,共20分)41)What is the definition of logistics?Logistics, in a narrow sense, is the flow and storage of goods.According to the Council of Logistics Management of USA , “Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, service and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption to meet customers’ requirements.”42)What are the scope of logistics activities?Logistics activities are extensive and consist of various components such as transport, inventory management, customer support, purchasing, warehousing, financing support and so on.43). What is distribution?Distribution is the act or process of moving goods/product (semi-finished or finished) to various locations/customers. Usually manufacturers focus on production, while logistics companies engage in distribution of goods.44)What is a supply chain?A supply chain is a network of retailers, distributors, transporters, storage facilities, andsuppliers that participate in the production, sale and delivery of a product to the consumer. The supply chain is typically made up of multiple companies who coordinate activities to set themselves apart from the competition.45)What is the supply chain strategy?A supply chain strategy defines how the supply chain should operate in order tocompete in the market. The strategy evaluates the benefits and costs relating to the operation. While a business strategy focuses on the overall direction a company wishes to pursue, supply chain strategy focuses on the actual operations of the organization and the supply chain that will be used to meet a specific goal.46)What does ‘inventory’ refer to?Inventory refers to stocks of anything necessary to do business. Raw materials, goods in process and finished goods all represent various forms of inventory.47)What are the major elements that stockholding costs include?The costs of holding stock include the following elements:➢Storage costs – heat, light, rates and depreciation for stores buildings➢Staff costs – manpower for running stores➢Maintenance of stock record –administrative and system costs, including stocktaking and checking➢Security and insurance➢Stock deterioration➢Depreciation48)What is packaging?Packaging is the act of sealing a product with containers, materials and auxiliary items with a view of protecting the product, facilitating storage/shipment and promoting sales in the logistics process.49)What are the features and functions of packaging?Packaging fulfills different functions:➢To protect and preserve a product from physical, chemical and mechanical damage➢To facilitate ease of handling➢To communicate information, eg safety instructions➢To act as a marketing aid, through appearance and presentation50)What is reverse logistics?In a narrow sense, reverse logistics is the process in which obsolete products and various materials are remade, regenerated and recycled. This includes such logistics activities as return of products, replacement of materials as well as reuse, disposal, reprocessing, maintenance and remaking of items.V.英译汉(本大题共5个小题,每小题2分,共10分)51)Green Logistics is a supply chain management strategy that reduces the environmentaland energy footprint of freight distribution. 绿色物流是一个供应链管理战略,它降低货运对环境及能源的影响。
英语专业四级单选题20道,附参考答案

英语专业四级单选题20道,附参考答案1.It is not uncommon for there ______ problems of communicationbetween the old and the young.A. beingB. would beC. beD. to be2.______ at in his way, the situation doesn’t seem so desperate.A. lookingB. lookedC. being lookedD. to look3.There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ______ the spoilt ones.A. not countingB. not to countC. don’t countD. having notcounted4.What’s the chance of ______ a general election this year?A. there beingB. there to beC. there beD. there going tobe5.____________, I’ll marry him all the same.A. Was he rich or poorB. Whether rich or poorC. Were he rich or poorD. Be he rich or poor6.If not ______ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets veryill-tempered and grumbles all the time.A. being treatedB. treatedC. be treatedD. having beentreated7.Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ byfar the biggest cereal crop.A. isB. beenC. beD. being8.Time ______, the celebration will be held as scheduled.A. permitB. permittingC. permittedD. permits9.AIDS is said ______ the number-one killer of both men andwomen over the past years in that region.A. beingB. to beC. to have beenD. having been10.Though the young lady was very pretty and gracious, shewas none______ happier for her beauty.A. theB. muchC. moreD. enough11.John returned with two laborers, with ______ help we finally got thecar out of the mud.A. theirB. whoseC. ∕D. that12.Various animals have shells that keep ______ from growing beyond acertain size.A. theirsB. themselvesC. themD. their13.____________ to get a definition for this word!A. How it is difficultB. How difficult is itC. How difficult it isD. It is how difficult14.Theoretically, a good screwdriver should last a lifetime, but it rarely______, usually because it is used at one time or another as a substitute for some other tool.A. hasB. isC. shouldD. does15.Your proposal that they ______ their conversation in French is quitereasonable.A. are tocarry onB. will carry onC. carry onD. must carry on16.With age, the mineral content of human bones decreases, ______them more fragile.A. makeB. and to makeC. therebymaking D. which it makes17.He is too shy to ask a stranger the time, ______ speak to a room fullof people.A. muchmoreB. much asC. still lessD. still as18.How is it ______ your roommate’s request and yours are identical?A. ifB. soC. whatD. that19.Their marriage is a ______ balance between traditional andcontemporary values.A. trivialB. delicateC. minorD. miniature20.When I asked him if he had ever cheated in exams he said hewouldn’t ______ himself like that.A. decreaseB. subtractC. minimizeD. degrade1-5 DBAAD 6-10 BDBCA 11-15 BCCDC 16-20 CCDBD。
计算机专业英语教程参考答案
计算机专业英语教程参考答案计算机专业英语练习参考答案Unit 1[Ex 1]1..F2.T3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.T9.T 10.F [Ex 2]1.input, storage, processing, and output2. power, speed, memory3. central processing unit4. internal, primary, memory5. keyboard, central processing unit, main memory, monitor[Ex 3]A. 1.F 2.D 3.G 4.C 5.B 6.E 7.H 8.AB. /doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html er 2.monitor 3.data4.keyboard5.data processing6. information/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html puter8.memory[Ex 4]1.input device2. screen, screen3.manipulates4.instructions5.retrieve6.code7.hard copy8.function/code/instruction [Ex 5]1.T2.T3.F4.F5.T6.F7.T8.FUnit 2[Ex 1]1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.F[Ex 2]1. sizes, shapes, processing capabilities2. supercomputer, mainframe computer, minicomputers, microcomputers3. mainframe computer4.microcomputers, storage locations5. portables, laptop computers/ notebook/palm-sized computer, desktop workstations6.semiconductor7. CPU, memory, storage, devices, processing, users8. microprocessor ship[Ex 3]A. 1.C 2.A 3.H 4.I 5.E 6.F 7.G 8.BB. 1.capacity 2.device /doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html ptop computer4.portable computers5.silicon6. semiconductor7.workstation8.voltage9.RAM 10.ROM[Ex 4]1. portable2.access3. main memory4.sophisticated programs5. processing capabilities6.instructions7.semiconductor /doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html putation /doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html puter professional[Ex 5]1.T2.T3.T4.F5.F6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T Unit 3[Ex 1]1.T2.F3.T4.T5.T6.T7.F8.F9.T 10.F 11.T 12.F[Ex 2]1.microprocessor2.bus3.registers4.control unit5.processor6.binary7.arithmetic, logical/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html liseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds.9.instruction 10.execution 11.megaherts 12.wordsize[Ex 3]A. 1.J 2.D 3.F 4.B 5.C 6.E 7.I 8.H 9.A 10.GB. 1.storage 2.chip 3.registers 4.ALU 5.bus6.control bus7.machine language8.binary system9.bits 10. computer program[Ex 4]1. configuration2. converts3.data bus4.characters5.converts6.synchronize7.circuitry8.internal clock [Ex 5]1.T2. F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.T9.T 10.F Unit 4[Ex 1]1.F2.T3.T4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19 T 20.F 21.T 22.F [Ex 2]1. main memory2.RAM3.diskettes/floppy disks; hard disks4.chips5.parity6.expanded,extended7.monochrome 8.cache 9.ROM 10.updated [Ex 3]A. 1.B 2.E 3.C 4.J 5.I 6.H 7.A 8.F 9.G 10.DB. 1.secondary storage 2.buffer 3.access4.code5.diskette6.slots7.terminals8.motherboard9.bytes 10.screen[Ex 4]1.desktop2.software3.animation4.transferred5.sophisticated/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html patible7.cache8.upgrade[Ex 5]1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.T 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.F 15.F 16.T Unit 5[Ex 1]1.T2.F .3.F4.F5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F 10.T 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.T[Ex 2]1.floppy disks2.disk drive3.revolutions4.bits5.megabytes, gigabyte, terabyte6.density7.sectors8.1.44[Ex 3]A. 1.H 2.F 3.E 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.GB. 1.read/write heads 2.read/write heads3.magnetic tape4.index5.disk drivers6.format7.clone8.tracks[Ex 4]1.increment2.spins3.activate4.specification5.magnetize6.overwrite7.contaminated8.mechnism[Ex 5]1.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.T 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.F 16.T 17.F 18.T 19.T 20.T Unit 6 [Ex 1]1.F2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.F[Ex 2]/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html patible2.hardcopy3.terminal,monitor4.inked ribbon5.line6.Thernal7.Monochrone8.liquid crystal display[Ex 3]A 1.G 2.B 3.I 4.F 5.D 6.H 7.C 8.E 9.J 10.AB 1.printers 2.hard copy 3.CRT 4.hardware5.pixel6.output7.software8.Line printers9.plotters10.graphics[Ex 4]1. are attached /doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html patible3.flexible4.mechanism5.perform6.rotate7.transfer8.video[Ex 5]1.T2.T3.T4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.F 10.T 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.T 17.F 18.TUnit 7[Ex 1]1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.T 19.F 20.F [Ex 2] 1.printers, plotters2.graphics3.pins4.pages per minute5.dots per inch6.lines per minute7.non-impact 8.carbon[Ex 3]A. 1.D 2.F 3.B 4.A 5.G .6.E 7.C 8.HB. 1.print wheel 2.Microcomputers 3.ink-jetprinter /doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html work 5.noise 6.output device 7.desktop publishing 8.dot-matrix printers[Ex 4]1.installation2.categorized3.image4.ribbon5.monochrome6.physical7.referred to8.dot [Ex 5]1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.F 8.T9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.FUnit 8[Ex 1]1.T2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.F 16.T [Ex 2]1.inputting2.dumb, smart, intelligent3.dumb4.smart5.intelligent6.point-of-sale, automated teller machine7.POS 8.terminals 9.portable 10.moderms 11.transmitted /doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html municate [Ex 3]A. 1.G 2.E 3.A 4.F 5.C 6.B 7.H 8.DB. 1display screen 2.programming3.telecommunications4.function keys5.retrive6.minicomputers7.moderm 8.automated/automatic [Ex 4]1.intelligent2.verify3.Programmable4.specialized5.identify6.built-in7.high-volume8.are transmitted[Ex 5]1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.T 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.T Unit 9[Ex 1]1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F 10.F 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.F 15.T 16.T 17.T 18.F[Ex 2]1.channels2.electrical pulses or charges, electromagnetic waves, pulses of light3.telephone lines, coaxial cables, microwave systems, satellites systems, fiber optic cables4.telephone lines/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html works6.atmosphere7.microwave tower8.gigahertz9.digital 10.light[Ex 3]A. 1.B 2.D 3.F 4.G 5.A 6.C 7.E 8.HB. 1.noise 2.trnasmission 3.Fiber optics4.Microwave5.synchronous6.optical media7.Coaxial cable8.digits[Ex 4]/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html municate2.revolves3.detect4.encrypted5.nonconductive6.optical media7.susceptible8.relayed 9.antenna 10.pulses[Ex 5]1.F2.T3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.F 16.T 17.T 19.F 20.T 21.F 22.TUnit 10[Ex 1]1.F2.F .3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T 10.T 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F [Ex 2]1.three-dimensional2.joystick3.transmitter4.frames5.virtual[Ex 3]A. 1.C 2.G 3.D 4.H 5.B 6.F 7.A 8.EB. 1.sensors 2.virtual reality 3.software package 4.host computer 5.joystick6.mouse7.input 8.transmitter[Ex 4]1.Conveying2.responds3.incorporate4.signals5.performance6.mounted7.cumbersome8.insert[Ex 5]1.T2.f3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.T9.F 10.T 11.T 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.F 18.F 19.T 20.F 21.F 22.F 23.T 24.T 25.T Unit 11[Ex 1]1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.F9.T 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T [Ex 2]1.caller2.audio boards3.directory4.clicking5.IRC[Ex 3]A. 1.F 2.A 3.G 4.B 5.H 6.C 7.I 8.D 9.J 10.EB. 1.update 2.hard disks 3.Audio boards4.directory5.menu6.ports7.download8.online9.icon 10.bug[Ex 4]1.fixes2.register3.specify4.created5.remove6.installed7.execute8.to load [Ex 5]1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.F 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.TUnit 12[Ex 1]1.F2.T .3.T4.T .5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F 10.T [Ex 2]/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html pressed 2.specify3.screen4.wide5.attributes6.optional7.directory8.subdirectories9.lowercase 10.wildcards 11.prompt 12.target[Ex 3]A. 1.H 2.D 3.G 4.C 5.F 6.B 7.E 8.AB. 1.execute 2.prompt 3.file 4.format5.backup file/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html pressed 7.parameter8.lowercase[Ex 4]1.is displayed2.archive3.attribute4.default5.subdirectory6.extension7.abbreviated8.lowercase[Ex 5]1.T2.T3.F4.T5.T6.F 8.T 9.T 10.TUnit 13[Ex 1]1.T2.F .3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.F 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.T [Ex 2]1.executable2.configure3.variables4.download5.double click6.performance7.explorer8.customize 9.log 10.feature[Ex 3]A. 1.A 2.F 3.B 4.G 5.C 6.D 7.E 8.HB. 1.utility program 2.documentation3.spreadsheet/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html piled 5.virus scanner 6.configuraiotn7.features 8.Viruses[Ex 4]1.infect, being detected2.customized3.folders4.optimizes5.highlighted6.reveal7.prompt8.license[Ex 5]1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.F 15.F 16.F 17.T 18.T 19.F 20.T Unit 14 [Ex 1]1.T2.F .3.T4.F5.F6.F7.T8.F9.T 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.T 17.T 18.T[Ex 2]1.duplicate2.destination3.entries/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html pound, single-entry5.overwrite6.array7.one-dimensional8.two-dimensional 9.arrays, table/.DBF [Ex 3]A. 1.E 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.AB. 1.record 2.backup 3.field 4.tables 5.array [Ex 4]1.duplicate2.specific3.source, destination4.current5.path6.assign7.original8.dialog [Ex 5]1.F2.F3.T4.F5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.F 12.F[Ex 1]1.F2.T3.T4.T5.F6.T7.T8.T9.F 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T [Ex 2]1.browse2.sub-directory3.copyrighted4. custom-written5.unzip6.atrribute7.automatically8.decompressed[Ex 3]A. 1.F 2.G 3.H 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.EB. 1.profile 2.batch program/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html work-aware program4.copyright5.browse6.platform7.kit8.zip[Ex 4]1.format/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html unch3.Custom/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html pressed5.unzip6.licensed7.test-run8.page mode [Ex 5]1.T2.F3.T4.F5.F6.F7.T8.F9.F 10.T 11.T 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.F 16.T 17.F 18.F 19.F 20.T 21.F 22.F [Ex 1]1.T2.T3.T4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T 10.F 11.T 12.F[Ex 3]1.entitled2.impractical3.paper4.major5.conveying6.eminet7.suffice8.programming language/doc/1550f601a6c30c2259019e48.html pilers 10.to lament11.coincide 12.successive[Ex 4]1.stumbled across2.were appalled at3.making4.was leveled5.analogous6.in futility7.confusion 8.is focused on [Ex 5]1.F2.T3.T4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T。
护理学专业英语听力原文及习题答案
Key to ExercisesUnit 1Listening Task1. F2. T3. T4. F5. F6. T7. FScript:Nursing Professionalism TipsA nurse is a key link between a hospital patient and a doctor, providing care, information and a range of important health services. In that role, a nurse must maintain a sense of professionalism and decorum with both patients and hospital staff.A good professional nurse will have pride in her work every day, even when she is tired or has worked 12 hours in a row. This means going above and beyond the call of duty when needed. In addition, nurses should take pride in their appearance, pride in their medical knowledge and pride in their interactions, showing dedication both to job and patients.A nurse’s bedside manner is an important aspect of overall professionalism. A nurse must be friendly and considerate, a good listener, respectful and responsive. However, professional nurses should not try to become best friends with their patients or tell patients their life stories. A good bedside manner also involves professional distance. Asking patients how they are feeling today is fine, but a nurse discussing the sordid details of her own terrible day is not.Nurses also exhibit professionalism when pitching in as a team. This might mean working late one day, changing shifts with another nurse who has a personal issue to resolve or even assisting nurses in other departments if there are shortages. Nurses must work as part of a care team that includes doctors, physical therapists, psychiatrists and other nurses, as well as other health care professionals whose goal is to help patients recover.Nurses should maintain all educational and certification requirements. This means taking continuing education courses as needed and pursuing additional education in interest areas to bolster skills and knowledge.Text AI. Reading Comprehension1. D2. A3. A4.C5. DII. Words to Practice1. community 6. Academic2. competency 7. remedies3. sponsored 8. overload4. incorporate 9. dilemma5. demographic 10. ethicalIII. TranslationA. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.以患者为中心的照护不仅仅是简单地告诉患者有关的诊断,可能的治疗,或者是健康行为。
大学专业用途英语课后习题答案
大学专业用途英语课后习题答案1. You'd better ( ) a copy of the whole article for yourself. [单选题] *A. make(正确答案)B. makingC. to makeD. made2. He is very strict. It is no use ( ) yourself to him. [单选题] *A. explainedB. to explainC. explaining(正确答案)D. explain3. All people must pull together ( ) the project can be finished on schedule. [单选题] *A. as thoughB. ifC. even thoughD. in order that(正确答案)4. I wish I ( ) shopping with you yesterday, because I was very bored at home then. [单选题] *A. had gone(正确答案)B. would goC. could have goneD. went5. If ( ) in a warm place, these flowers will bloom in late May. [单选题] *A. to plantB. planted(正确答案)C. plantD. planting6. My father recommended two new books to me, ( ) seemed to be very interesting. [单选题] *A. both of thatB. all of thatC. both of which(正确答案)D. all of which7. Tom will never forget the days ( ) he lived in the remote village with his parents. [单选题] *A. whatB. whichC. when(正确答案)D. why8. Don't expect too much from her. The more you expect, ( ) you will become. [单选题] *A. the disappointedB. more disappointedC. the most disappointedD. the more disappointed(正确答案)9. The weather is quite fine. Let's go swimming, ( )? [单选题] *A. will youB. shall we(正确答案)C. do weD. do you10. There is no doubt that the residents living in this building can have free ( ) to the swimming pool. [单选题] *A. excessB. access(正确答案)C. accelerateD. assess11. If you want to strengthen your friendship with your friends, you should ( ) more time communicating with them. [单选题] *A. spend(正确答案)B. takeC. payD. cost12. Tom has been nervous for three days, since he will have a(n) ( ) for the manager's job. [单选题] *A. reviewB. viewC. chatD. interview(正确答案)13. But for your advice, I ( ) the task arranged by the leader yesterday. [单选题] *A. shall not finishB. could not have finished(正确答案)C. shall finishD. could finish14. The aim of this meeting is ( ) how to solve the serious crisis. [单选题] *A. to discuss(正确答案)B. discussingC. to discussingD. discussed15. This building is named ( ) his name in memory of his great invention. [单选题] *A. upB. after(正确答案)C. atD. in16. ( ) are quite humorous and everyone likes making friends with them. [单选题] *A. The Bushes(正确答案)B. A BushC. BushesD. The Bush17. One way to manage time wisely is to give ( ) to what is the most important. [单选题] *A. principleB. permissionC. priority(正确答案)D. process18. The teachers don't know ( ), because the meeting rooms are being decorated. [单选题] *A. where should the meeting be heldB. which should the meeting be heldC. which the meeting should be heldD. where the meeting should be held(正确答案)19. Due to the outbreak of the epidemic, many outdoor activities have been ( ). [单选题] *A. called forB. called off(正确答案)C. called backD. called in20. According to the report, some experts ( ) the shop with selling cups with insulting ads. [单选题] *A. charge(正确答案)B. accuseC. blameD. condemn21. Some people ( ) it for granted that what they pick up in the street belongs to them. [单选题] *A. makeB. take(正确答案)C. getD. regard22. Because there is enough time, the teacher advises students ( ) their papers again. [单选题] *A. examinedB. to examine(正确答案)C. to examiningD. examine23. Many people suffer from hunger in this country ( ) the decrease of food imports this year. [单选题] *A. instead ofB. regardless ofC. due to(正确答案)D. as to24. I ( ) reading the novel by yesterday, so I buy a new novel today. [单选题] *A. had finished(正确答案)B. finishedC. finishD. would finish25. Most foreign people think ( ) very difficult to learn to write Chinese characters. [单选题] *A. thatB. thisC. it(正确答案)D. one26. Mary heard her name called by someone, whose voice was very familiar ( ) her. [单选题] *A. withB. to(正确答案)C. onD. in27. One ( ) of extra-curricular activities is that the kids involved can gain friendship. [单选题] *A. flexibilityB. benefit(正确答案)C. privilegeD. interest28. I will tell the truth to him if he ( ) the funeral the day after tomorrow. [单选题] *A. would attendB. will have attendedC. attends(正确答案)D. will attend29. His ( ) of the accident conflicted with that of the other witnesses. However, I believed what he said was true. [单选题] *A. expectationB. instructionC. responseD. account(正确答案)30. Every time I run into difficulty, he is always the first ( ) help. [单选题] *A. to be offeredB. to offer(正确答案)C. offerD. offering31. Many women have to resign in order to ( ) their children wholeheartedly. [单选题] *A. bring up(正确答案)B. put upC. break upD. build up32. My good friend Lily told me that she ( ) to New York the next month. [单选题] *A. wentB. goesC. would go(正确答案)D. will have gone33. It is natural that people ( ) feel upset for no reason. It usually won't last too long. [单选题] *A. sometimes(正确答案)B. some timesC. a timeD. some time34. Our company wants to invest in the property market, so we look forward to ( ) with that company. [单选题] *A. cooperateB. cooperating(正确答案)C. cooperatedD. being cooperated35. It is really ( ) to borrow money from your elder sister just to help a selfish stranger pay off his debt. [单选题] *A. ridiculous(正确答案)B. stubbornC. splendidD. popular36. The kids in the kindergarten help each other and never quarrel, thus creating a ( ) atmosphere. [单选题] *A. commonB. lonelyC. peaceful(正确答案)D. steady37. You ( ) to make so many preparations; the job has been assigned to an experienced fellow. [单选题] *A. needn't have bothered(正确答案)B. shouldn't have botheredC. mustn't have botheredD. couldn't have bothered38. ( ) in the park yesterday afternoon, my mother met an old friend. [单选题] *A. To walkB. Walking(正确答案)C. WalkD. Walked39. Mary behaved in a specially confident manner ( ) she had understood the problem completely. [单选题] *A. as if(正确答案)B. whetherC. althoughD. than40. As we all know, success results from hard work; ( ) efforts, nothing can be achieved. [单选题] *A. except forB. without(正确答案)C. despiteD. besides41. His advice is that your father ( ) more exercise outdoors in the morning. [单选题] *A. doneB. will doC. should do(正确答案)D. does42. From this book, you can know ( ) those animals escape from their natural enemies. [单选题] *A. whoB. how(正确答案)C. whereD. it43. Plants are very ( ) to climate change. Therefore, many tree species are faced with extinction because of global warming. [单选题] *A. sensibleB. consciousC. sensitive(正确答案)D. independent44. His two dogs made a mess in his room, ( ) he didn't want to punish them. [单选题] *A. andB. orC. becauseD. but(正确答案)45. Hearing the words, he didn't seem to be offended; ( ), he looked very happy. [单选题] *A. in a wordB. in other wordsC. on the wholeD. on the contrary(正确答案)46. ( ) the salary is rather low, many young people have resigned in recent months. [单选题] *A. Because(正确答案)B. ForC. AfterD. So that47. What the little girl wants ( ) a pen, and what her elder brother wants ( ) two books. [单选题] *A. are; areB. is; isC. is; are(正确答案)D. are; is48. Most universities don't ( ) that every student can graduate with a certificate if they don't study hard. [单选题] *A. guarantee(正确答案)B. provideC. requireD. complete49. The company has recently taken on fifty people ( ) live in the local area. [单选题] *A. whichB. whoseC. thoseD. who(正确答案)50. All the afternoon my colleagues and I ( ) a report in the meeting room. [单选题] *A. prepareB. were to prepareC. have been preparing(正确答案)D. had been preparing5I. It is no use worrying about the future all the time. No one knows what will ( ) next minute. [单选题] *A. take placeB. get onC. disappearD. happen(正确答案)52. Alice, please turn down the music. I ( ) an important phone call at present. [单选题] *A. answerB. answeredC. have answeredD. am answering(正确答案)53. After you use my dictionary and English book, you should place them ( ) they used to be. [单选题] *A. the momentB. where(正确答案)C. whenD. that54. ( ) runs the fastest in the competition will be given an expensive prize. [单选题] *A. Whoever(正确答案)B. WhomeverC. WhomD. Who55. If you want these new employees to work out the answer, two hours and a half ( ) not enough. [单选题] *A. to beB. beingC. areD. is(正确答案)56. Only after they had examined the machine for several hours ( ) the problem. [单选题] *A. they foundB. did they find(正确答案)C. they findD. do they find57. ( ), he doesn't know how to get on with other people. [单选题] *A. Adult as he is(正确答案)B. Adult he is asC. Adult he as isD. An adult as he is58. It was ( ) that they went for a picnic in the park last weekend. [单选题] *A. so nice a weatherB. such nice weather(正确答案)C. nice weather soD. too nice weather59. It is advisable to adjust the measures on the ( ) of short-time predictions. [单选题] *A. basis(正确答案)B. baseC. foundationD. ground60. ( ) slowly he runs! I don't think he may attend the lecture on time. [单选题] *A. WhatB. ItC. How(正确答案)D. Whether。
财务管理专业英语复习题(参考答案)
D. working sheet D. equipment depreciation C. capital budgeting. A. time deposits A. the initial cost of the project can be reduced. C. notes payable B. sunk A. I and III only C. salaries payable D. product producing C. initial public offering (IPO). A. total A. future value D. (1+8%/2)2-1 B. $295,000 D. collecting accounts receivable faster A. m D. common stock A. gross profit margin A. liquidity ratios B. degree to which the net present value reacts to changes in a single variable.B. the transaction is complete and the goods or services delivered.A. Return on equity A. general economic risk D. It does not include depreciation.C. Interest. B.$108 B. $37.62 B. Corporate investment decisions have nothing to do with financial markets,A. Financial management A. double taxation of dividends D. compound interest D. The market is overvaluing the stock.B. approximately 10 B.640,000 D. issue common stock.A. Net profit margin ×Total asset turnover ×Equity multiplier B.bond issuing C. capital budgeting B. marketability A. future value流动比率Current ratio= Current assets/ Current liabilities=1.91速动比率Quick ratio=( Current assets- Inventory)/ Current liabilities=1.27应收账款周转率Accounts receivables turnover ratio=Sales/Accounts receivable=4.37债务比率Debt ratio= Total liabilities/ Total assets=50.3%资产收益率Return on assets= Net income/ Total assets=3.45%Price/earnings ratio= Market price per share/ Earnings per share=45.83Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities = 1.1Total debt ratio =(Total assets – Total equity) / Total assets = 0.58Total asset turnover = Sales / Total assets = 0.27Profit margin = Net income / Sales = 0.22Equity multiplier = Total assets / Total equity = 2.375ROA= Net income / Total assets = 0.061ROE= Net income / Total equity = 0.1452) ROE= Profit margin * Equity multiplier * Total assets turnover = 14.56%Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity. Other names for financial management include managerial finance, corporate finance, and business finance. Making financial decisions is an integral part of all forms and sizes of business organizations from small privately-held firms to large publicly-traded corporations财务管理是一个通过收购、融资和资产管理来完成一些企业总体目标的综合决策过程。
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P4 财务经理可以通过内外筹资获得投资和经营所需要的资金。内部筹资一般来源于公司留存收益或者是股东的投资。股利政策直接关系到公司的投资和财务决策,因为公司股利支付率直接关系到公司留存收益。根据股利支付原则,如果公司没有足够可获得最低门槛利率的投资项目可以投资,那么公司应该将现金返还给投资者。对于上市公司,可以通过支付股利或者股票回购的方式将现金返还投资者。采取哪种方式返还很大程度上取决于公司股东的特点。 如果公司决定通过外部筹资获得资金,财务经理可以通过发行债务,如银行贷款、销售债券或者通过发行股票出售所有权利益。选择那些筹资方式涉及各种权衡。比如通过借债,公司不用于给债权人分配控制权,但必须在一个特定的时期内支付本金和利息。而通过发行股票筹资,公司不需要返还筹资的资金,但这样会稀释原来股东的控制权。 P30 知道怎样分析公司的财务报告对于公司的利益相关者来说是非常重要的。债权人通过仔细分析公司的财务报告,评估公司到期偿还本金和利息的能力,权利投资者通过分析财务报表评估公司的长期获利能力,供应商通过财务报告分析公司是否能及时足额支付货款;顾客通过财务报告,了解公司的生存能力,包括提供新产品和继续提供当前的产品的能力。雇员通过看公司的财务报告分析自己的未来,因为这些取决于公司的短期偿债、长期偿债能力和长期获利能力。雇员还会关系公司将来能否支付各种福利基金。 但是我们已经漏掉了个财务报告的使用者,它是财务报告的最重要的使用者之一。那就是公司的管理 层。当需要做出重要的筹资、投资和营运资本决策时,管理者会非常仔细地分析来自财务报告的各种数据。公司可能会根据公司财务报告的 数据给予公司经理激励和奖励。公司的管理者可能会根据财务报告上的数据在公司的各部门或者分机构间分配资本性投资。分机构根据财务报告的数据提高分机构的业绩。 P47 许多公司的利益相关者在做出有关公司的决定前会分析该公司的财务比率。财务比率是几个数据之间的数学关系,通常表现为百分率、倍数、天数。债权人通过权衡流动性和债务比率决定是否借款给公司,以什么样的利率借款给公司。评级机构,像穆迪和标准普尔根据财务比率评价公司的信用等级。债权持有者通过在债券契约中添加限制性条款来限制公司的某些筹资和经营活动以保护债券持有者的利益。其他的投资者,在寻找投资机会的时候会通过分析公司的某些财务比率分析公司将来的获利能力。当需要公司受属于管制行业,需要制定一个合适价格时,管理当局常用财务比率作为业绩目标。 公司的管理者经常通过财务比率分析公的优势和劣势和业绩。他们可能把某些财务比率当做指标指导投资、筹资、营运资本策略的制定,并以此决定对经理们的激励和奖励。。
P72 内在价值也叫做基本价值。它是测量资产理论价值的指标。因为资产的内在价值需要估计,我们可能永远都不会知道资产”真正”的内在价值。然而内在价值是将金融资产用于与市场价值或者价格比较,决定是否买入或者卖出的基础。 同样的金融资产的账面价值、市场价值和内在价值可能是不同的。如在一个证券能够迅速反应有关证券的所有信息的市场上,也就是有效的市场上,内在价值等于市场价值,但如果在一个弱势有效的市场上,市场价值和内在价值可能就不一样了。虽然争论围绕着市场的有效程度,但大多数的专家认为资本市场是不完全有效的,因此对资产的错误估价是可能发生的。 我们关注这两种金融资产的价值:债券和普通股。我们对整个公司的估值。公司的经理,尤其是财务经理,需要懂得怎样估计金融资产的内在价值,来评估市场给公司金融资产的定价是否合理。当公司发行债券或者股票或者优先股是,财务经理需要估计公司可能的发行价格,财务经理还要明白公司的决策时怎样影响公司发行的证券,特别是普通股的。例如,公司的管理决策决定着公司的风险/报酬特征。这些决策导致现金流和预期回报率改变,反过来影响公司的股票价格。 P108 管理者采用多种规则评估和选择资本投资:净现值、现值指数、内含报酬率、投资回收期和折现回收期。 投资分析的基本前提是只有这项投资能够给所有者创造价值,那么这项投资才可行。净现值是评估项目是否可行的最合适的指标,因为只有这个指标是和股东利益最大化的原则是一致的。在实际操作中,分析时通常用到其他的测量方法去估计资本投资,因为每一种测量方式都会包含着其他测量方式无法包含的重要信息。跟净现值相比,其他的获利测量方式都有着严重的瑕疵,尤其用于评估互不相容的投资项目时。 所有的估计方法都建立在现金流的基础上。管理者寻求那些将来现金流的现值能超过投入资金的项目。这个就要关注考虑了货币时间价值的折现现金流。只有净现值、现值指数和内含报酬率在整个投资期内既考虑了货币的时间价值也考虑了现金流。虽然这四种评估现金流量的方法的用在独立项目上能够得出一致的可行项目,但用于评估互不相容的项目是就会彼此矛盾。另一种估计资本投资是否有利的指标是投资回收期,该指标只考虑了项目恢复初始投资金额期间现金流的时间价值。 P113 有时候,公司管理者相信因为资金短缺,他们会无法执行可投资项目。资金限额就是用来描述这种情况的条款。资本限额又分为内部基本限额和外部基本限额。 P122 投资银行家为将要卖出新发行股票和债券的公司提供财务和法律咨询。他们针对发行债券的所有细节和发行的面值、时间、价格给公司提供给建议。投资银行家还会帮助公司设计能够迎合投资者的新证券。例如如果公司要发行债券,投资银行家会帮助公司确定债券的到期日、息票的利率、抵押品和付款日等。如果发行的是股票,投资银行家就会帮助公司确定发行的规模、价格、发行日期。投资银行家可以提供这些建议,因为他们对于目前市场方面是专家。他们还可以帮助公司在合适的时间通过以合适的价格发行合适的债券进入市场。 承销是一种从公司购买证券然后卖给投资者的行为。投资银行家购买发行的证券,然后销售给公众,来保证新证券的出售,我们就叫它承销商。承销商承担不能卖出所有发行证券的风险,发行者收到所有发行证券的资金,而不用管承销商是否卖完所有发行的证券。 P134 使上市公司增加权益的传统的方法是一市场愿意接受的价格发行普通股。对于新上市的公司,发行的价格由投资银行家估计,这个价格叫发行价。对于以前上市的公司,额外股本的发行价格一般根据目前市场的价格定位。在某种情况下,一个公司发行的普通股是统一的,也就是每一股享有一定比例的股利和表决权。在其另一种情况下,不同种类的普通股享有不同股利和表决权。 普通股是一种简单的证券,它比较容易理解和估值。事实上,可以认为普通股是上市公司选择其他证券成为可能。因为没有权益,公司是不可以发行债券和混合型证券的。普通股在会计上的大于根据已经确定下来的先例并且很容易在财务报表的传统格式上反应出来。 P138 当公司借贷的时候,就会承担额外的风险,这种风险叫做金融风险,进而增加投资者的风险。 借贷会增加公司的违约风险。偿还债务的本金和利息是公司的法律责任。不能及时的偿还利息和本金导致公司违约甚至破产。 与借贷相关的利息和本金的会增加公司每股收益和净资产收益率的波动率。 经理有时会忽略后一种风险,因为当公司采用借债融资时,股东的回报会更加不稳定。普通股的股东要求一个更高的回报率作为公司风险增加得补偿。因此,经营风险是指正常的公司业务导致的营业利润的波动,财务风险是指由于与杠杆有关的固定利息费用的支出,导致的营业利润的波动进而影响每股收益和净资产收益率的变化的额外波动性。 P142 1:相对于外部融资,管理者更热衷于内部融资。管理层根据预期的未来投资机会确定股利支付率,力图避免需要外部融资。 2:当公司的经营现金流和最终的利润高于预期并且超出公司资本性支出和支付股利的资金时,管理者会偿还债务或者投资于有价证券。当经营现金流和最终利润比较少时,管理者就会筹划现金平衡并且卖出有价证券来获得资本性支出和支付股利的资金。 3:筹划现金平衡和卖出有价证券后,管理者有时需要通过寻求外部融资。这是因为经营现金流和投资机会总是高度不可预测的。 4:当不得不采用外部融资时,公司更愿意发行债务而避免发行新股。这两者这种就是发行混合型债券,如可转换债券和可转换优先股。 P144 债权人和评级机构的态度。债权人和评级机构的态度时常影响公司财务结构决策而不是管理者对公司适合财务杠杆的分析。在大多数情况下,公司会和债权人和评级机构一起讨论公司的资本结构,并且对他们的建议十分重视。例如一个大集团,最近被穆迪和标准普尔告知如果再发行债券,它的信用等级将会下降, 这就会影响它通过普通股筹集资金。 公司的内部情况。公司本身内部结构也是公司目标资本结构的一个支撑。例如,假设一个公司成功的完成了一个研发项目,并且预测这个项目在不久的将来可以获得很高的利润。但是投资者并没有预测到这将来的利润,因此这就在股票价格上反映出来。公司就不发股票而是愿意通过债务来筹资,直到高利润的实现并且能在股价上反映出来。然后公司出售普通股,偿还债务,通过这样达到公司目标资本结构。这种做法被早起的讨论认为与信息和信号的不对称有关。 P155 在完全资本市场上,每个交易者都无需花费任何成本同等的获得相同的信息。这就是信息对称的市场。在实际中,信息不对称是存在的。信息的不对称表现在公司的管理者比其他利益相关者拥有获得信息的优势。作为公司内部人员的管理者,如果拥有别人没用掌握的信息,他们可能会通过改变股利的方式将信息发送出去,因此降低股利的信息含量。相反,投资者可能把股利宣告当做信息来评估公司的股票价格。信号模型假设股利政策想市场传达有关公司质量的重要信息。当管理者认为公司股票目前的市场价值低于股票的内在价值时,他们会有向公众投资者透露公司内部信息的动机。如果管理者准确的传递投资者不知道的有关公司的有用信息,那么公司的股价就可能上涨。当然如果股价只是短暂的上升,投资者会意识到管理当局有意提供错误的信息。此外,改变股利可能并不是完美的信号,因此,管理者面临着怎样传递市场可信的信息的问题。 P156 有一种降低代理成本的方法是提高股利。根据自有现金流量假设原理,股利支付可以降低潜在的公司发生现金流的滥用。股利支付减少管理者可以任意使用的资金,激励公司寻找外部融资。增加昂贵的外部资金使公司受制于对资本市场的调查结果并降低投资非是最优投资项目的可能性。这种通过外部资金供应者监控方式还可以保证管理者的行为代表股东最大利益。因此股利支付被当做监控管理
者行为保证他们的行为与股东利益最大化一致的方式。因此股东宁愿接受与股利相关的更高的个人所得税作为提高专业投资团队监管的及交换。