托福阅读机经原文整理
2019 年 3 月 31 日托福机经
2019年3月31日托福阅读机经1.树的branch掉了Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branches2.Biomass Energy生物燃料的使用什么的3.美国urban和rural的改变,美国的汽车影响经济以前都是在市中心有streetcar。
后来太堵车就去郊区了。
4.是关于粟特人和中国5.金字塔怎么建造的Understanding the Construction of the EgyptianPyramids6.可持续的杀虫剂（害虫产生了resistance）7.Tree Species Identification in Tropical Rain Forests植物鉴定种类为什么难18.丝绸之路的一个国家很会做生意，后来来到甘肃省敦煌，后来又被迫害就毁灭了9.美国的汽车影响经济。
以前都是市中心有streetcar，后来太堵车就去了郊区10.Viviparity versus Oviparity in Reptiles and Birds;卵生胎生；Viviparity 这种动物是不是会下蛋的和不会下蛋的动物，举了鸟蛇和蜥蜴。
11.孔鸟生前捕食特点研究，有一种叫c的树会抵抗孔鸟12.关于一种带刺的植物，他们的捕食者如何吃他们13.The Origin of Flight昆虫腮和还有什么帮助飞行的两种理论14.Soil Fertilization15.Extinctions at the End of the Cretaceous216.The Dvaravati Civilization；6-9世纪形成17.怀孕的鸟类和不怀孕的鸟的对比。
32019年3月31日托福听力机经Conversation1.学生问论文的事情。
自己的论文写的不行，因为focus范围太大了，老师给他举了例子用xxx来写，这篇论文分数低没事，因为期未可以去掉最低分2.学生落了一节戏剧课，找教授问一些她搞不懂的地方；有的时候戏剧会结合科学科学给realistic戏剧提供了审视人的生活的方法然后观众刚开始不接受后来发现这些戏剧更能反映他们的生活后来学生又举了一个那种电视真人秀来说明realistic戏剧对现在的影响3.学生想自己选宿舍但是不允许然后还想只申请一个学期但是如果不是交换生只能申请一年然后还要交押金这个押金不能退除非在今年年底之前毕业但是这个学生还有两年毕业然后学生想提前7天入住需要多交140美元但是她现在卡里好像没那么多钱4.学生的广播站因为广告的减少出现了经济困难，来寻求解决办法；学校只提供广播的地方但是不管学生如何运营，然后老师给了解决办法，说他可以让喜欢听广播的人捐助，然后说另外一个department有人特别懂fund可以问他；5.学生写艺术课的paper去找教授，说了写实和抽象的两种表现方法46.学生去问recycle bin的location，因为宿舍没有，跟老师举了自己朋友学校关于做循环的的例子，老师建议他自己提出这个相关的program7.讲家具放在hall里Lecture1.关于停车难2.关于天文学astronomy，讲的是nebula(星云)的，星云是由气体和尘埃组成的云，分布在银河系和星际空间的各处。
托福2016年下半年阅读机经
Biology
Poisonous Insects and the Birds that Eat them
7月16日
history
The Rise of Florence
biology
Characteristics of Tropical Rain Forest
biology
Why Nonavian Dinosaur Become Extinct?
8月27日
History
Photography and pictorial weeklies
Magafauna Eቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱtinction Green Crab
Differences between Ancient Europe Towns and Villages Constraints on Natural Selection The decline of Western Rome Insect senses
Art 12月11日
The Sistine Ceiling
History
Explanation of the Collapse of Bronze Age Societies
biology
12月10日
economy
Geology
Effects of Predation on distribution of species The Age of Industrialism Methane and PETM
History art
Coal, Iron and Steam cinema
biology
The Extinction of the Dinasours
biology
托福阅读：2011.1.8托福阅读考试机经回顾
托福阅读：2011.1.8托福阅读考试机经回顾托福机经阅读:第一篇：关于"棘冠海星"(crown of thorns Starfish)和Coral Reef 的东西这个托福机经阅读，我是因为之前看过一个纪录片就见过这个物种，所以一看到照片就知道这种starfish是吃coral reef的而且，在Grate Coral Reef问题很严重，其中主要因素是人为因素。
但是，背景知识只能帮助我们理解文章，不能完全依赖。
好像讲了这个食物链的问题，海星吃珊瑚，然后好像那种珊瑚长得太多又会影响到别的海藻或者什么东西的生长，然后就说有些时候由于storm的原因珊瑚少了，然后。
好像这样。
有点难没怎么看明白第二篇：关于莫斯科的确定和发展个人回忆：第一段：由来第二段：地理位置、地理学家的猜测第三段：好像在前面还讲了一下关于内陆地区可以抵御invator,以K城市作为反例水路交通剩下的就记不清楚了....说它第一位置超级好是一个三条路会和的地方，所以有很多人迁徙到这里就不再往北边还不是哪个方向走了，然后说它的位置是central，然后周围有N条河(有地图)，这个位置可以水路做生意然后还可以防御进攻总之就是非常好第三篇：森林生态环境的垂直分层现象其实个人认为跟TPO中的一篇Long Standing Ecosystem很像，相关词汇也有涉及文章中主要提到了3种程度破坏：1、自然破坏，例如地震、火山等(对于soil的破坏，长时间才能恢复)2、XX破坏，主要是不破坏soil所以能够在5~10回复(数字仅供参考。
)3、第三种破坏好像是人为性破坏，在文章末尾，记不太清楚了。
这个好难。
生词很多第四篇文章：关于telephone and telegram在美国和在欧洲的发展文章细节不记得了，大致内容：美国比较自由，私人控股、国家调控;欧洲好像是归类到邮政系统，阻碍发展。
而且文章提到了"维多利亚 Internet"并有考题出现。
托福机经范文第二篇——Getti...
Gettin g advice from friend s who are olderthan you is more valuab le than gettin g advice from friend s your same age.When my little sister, a musicmajorstuden t, wantsto buy some clothe s for her concer t that held in the school, she nevertellsaboutthem with me. Instea d,she always asks the opinio ns of her classm atesfor the dressshe should choose. Becaus e, in her view, people who are olderthan her can not give valuab le sugges tions. I, howeve r, totall y disagr ee with it. SinceI embrac e that obtain ing opinio ns from friend s who are olderthan you is much more reliab le than obtain ing opinio ns from friend s your same age.One pointI believ e to be absolu telypivota l is the fact that thoseolderfriend s have more experi encethan your age friend s.Sincemany diffic ultie s we are encoun terin g in today’s world are the same as what the old people have met, especi allyin dailylife, work and study,theref ore follow ing theiradvice s is more likely to help us avoidsome unnece ssary mistak es. O ne partic ularl y good exampl e is that when prepar ing for the Englis h test, I always have a hard time memori zingthe Englis h words.What’sworse,the vocabu laryhas been an obstac le to pass the finalexam. Fortun ately, it is the tips and tricks my elderbrothe r taught me thathelped me classi fy the wordsand differ entia te the simila r meanin gs betwee n them. Thanks to the help of my brothe r’svaluab le studysugges tions, I succes sfull y memori zed all the wordsaboutthe exam within one week and got a excell ent mark in the Englis h finalexam. So from the eventthat I experi enced, obviou sly, the useful ideasfrom elderfriend s can give me a lot of help.Additi onall y, the peersthat can not offer us valuab le sugges tions whichwill lead us to wastea lot of time and solvethe proble ms less effici ently. This is becaus e theirlevel of knowle dge acquir ed the same as ours or is not more than ours and theirsugges tions givento us are what we can figure out easily and comple tely. An approp riate exampl e is not very far to seek. Last year, when I was doingmy homewo rk includ ing some comple x issues aboutmathem atics, I was almost stress ed out aboutthe annoyi ng functi ons, formul as and equati ons. So I decide d to get some advice s from my classm ate, Julia, who is absolu telyenthus iasti c to help others. On the contra ry, things do not turn out as I wish. Juliaand I compla inedaboutthe diffic ultie s of the paperthe wholeday and couldnot figure out a better soluti on to this puzzle. Eventu ally，I had to call my math teache r and askedher to do me a favor. Rather than gettin g useful advice from the peers, we usuall y wastea lot of time compla ining aboutthe diffic ultie s we face and can do nothin g to deal with the proble ms.Admitt edly, some sugges tions aboutthe clothe s and the use of new techno logyfrom the elderpeople are outdat ed. Howeve r, to a largeextent, the rich experi enceof elderpeople can provid e us meanin gfuladvice s and help us overco me the diffic ultie s we are confro nting. Moreov er, asking peersfor help always result in endles s compla ining and annoyi ng chatti ng. Appare ntly,when asking for help, the advice from friend s who are olderthan you is more useful than the advice from friend s your same age.。
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(十)
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(十)PASSAGE 10One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect bipedal primates — including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools, surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly nutritious food — meat and marrow — from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty aboutwhen human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.1. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of hominid behavior?(A) Changes in eating and dietary practices(B) The creation of stone hunting tools(C) Social interactions at home bases(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food from carcasses2. According to the passage , bringing a meal to a location to be shared by many individuals is(A) an activity typical of nonhuman primates(B) a common practice among animals that eat meat(C) an indication of social unity(D) a behavior that encourages better dietary habits3. The word consumed in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) prepared(B) stored(C) distributed(D) eaten4. According to paragraph 2, researchers make copies of old stone tools in order to(A) protect the old tools from being worn out(B) display examples of the old tools in museums(C) test theories about how old tools were used(D) learn how to improve the design of modern tools5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following as examples of ways in which early stone tools were used EXCEPT to(A) build home bases(B) obtain food(C) make weapons(D) shape wood6. The word innovative in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) good(B) new(C) simple(D) costly7. The word them in line 15 refers to(A) issues(B) researchers(C) tools(D) specimens8. The author mentions characteristic chippage patterns in line 16 as an example of(A) decorations cut into wooden objects(B) differences among tools made of various substances(C) impressions left on prehistoric animal bones(D) indications of wear on stone tools9. The word extract in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) identify(B) remove(C) destroy(D) compare10. The word whether in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) if(B) how(C) why(D) when。
托福阅读机经训练：特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起3
托福阅读机经训练：特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起3Paragraph 1: The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. ■It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. ■Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. ■Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico). ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.Where would the sentence best fit?(4)14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Teotihuacán was a highly developed city in Mesoamerica that reached its peak between about A.D. 150 and 700.●The number and sophistication…●Several factors may account…●In many important areas…Answer choices○The number and sophistication of the architectural, administrative, commercial, and religious features of Teotihuacan indicate the existence of centralized planning and control.○Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city’s great prosperity.○As a result of its large number of religious shrines, by the first century A.D., Teotihuacan become the most influential religious center in all of Mesoamerica.○Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.○In many important areas, from the obsidian industry to religious tourism, Teotihuacán’s success and prosperity typified the classic positive feedback cycle.○Although many immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between A.D.150 and 700, the increasing threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limited Teotihuacán’s population growth.参考答案：1. ○32. ○23. ○14. ○45. ○36. ○37. ○48.○39. ○110. ○411. ○1, 412. ○313. ○414. The number and sophistication…Several factors may account…In many important areas…参考译文:特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起起源于公元前200到100年前的特奥蒂瓦坎城位于现在的墨西哥城东北约50公里处。
托福机经
托福机经一、Fire Disturbance and Landscape Patterns 火灾干扰与景观格局我们在景观中看到的植物生长方式受到过去和现在的干扰的严重影响。
干扰频率是指在特定时间间隔内发生的干扰时间的数量。
在许多地区，火灾是景观格局的主要因素。
各种森林生态系统似乎在一定的火灾频率下燃烧和发展。
一些植物群落依靠很少的大规模干扰来再生，但是当干扰以太频繁的间隔出现时，它们会做出负面反应。
对于依靠或来再生的物种或群体，不能将或视为干扰，相反，抑制火情将会成为干扰。
当抑制树木的天然昆虫捕食者以保护可能受到影响的木材区域时，也会发生类似的效果。
真题例句：1、在温带和热带森林中，小规模的自然干扰（如个别树木的死亡）经常发生。
In temperate and tropical forests, small-scale natural disturbances (such as the death of individual trees) occur frequently.2、在森林生态系统中，火灾发生的频率因森林类型的不同而有很大的差异。
This amount of time was needed for sufficient surface material, dead stems, and leaves to accumulate.In forest ecosystems, the frequency of fires varies greatly, depending on the type of forest.二、The Second Technological Wave 第二次技术浪潮从1700年代开始，欧洲在技术和劳动组织方面都发生了巨大变化，这些变化现在被称为工业革命，特别是由于蒸汽机的发展和用于防治（布）制造的改进机器的推动。
两种新型发动机都对工业经济的进一步发展产生的许多影响。
托福考试真题：2013.3.30托福考试阅读机经
第一篇：Agricultural Management in the Late Aztec society版本一：一个什么地区的农业问题。
讲了农业上三个问题，假设是ABC吧。
A是家庭就可以完成。
B是灌溉，建设起来工程大，维护起来很费力，是政府介入的，几个城市还是分别独立的不影响。
C是既有A的特点又有B的特点(这句话有改写题，改写成：C像B一样建设和维护起来很麻烦需要政府的力量，也像A一样后期可以家庭就可以实现不需要政府的力量)。
版本二：第一篇：mesoamerica的农业，讲那个地方的人农业很密集，但都是各户耕种就足以自足了，后来又有政府神马的公众机构涉入，建造和maintain河道(好像是河道)Aztec AgricultureFarming provided the basis of the Aztec economy. The land around the lakes was fertile but not large enough to produce food for the population, which expanded steadily as the empire grew. To make more land suitable for farming, the Aztec developed irrigation systems, formed terraces on hillsides, and used fertilizer to enrich the soil. Their most important agricultural technique, however, was to reclaim swampy land around the lakes by creating chinampas, or artificial islands that are known popularly as “floating gardens.” To make the chinampas, the Aztec dug canals through the marshy shores and islands, then heaped the mud on huge mats made of woven reeds. They anchored the mats by tying them to posts driven into the lake bed and planting trees at their corners that took root and secured the islands permanently. On these fertile islands they grew corn, squash, vegetables, and flowers.Aztec farmers had no plows or work animals. They planted crops in soft soil using pointed sticks. Corn was their principal crop. Women ground the corn into a coarse meal by rubbing it with a grinding stone called a mano against a flat stone called a metate. From the corn meal, the Aztec made flat corn cakes called tortillas, which was their principal food. Other crops included beans, squash, chili peppers, avocados, and tomatoes. The Aztec raised turkeys and dogs, which were eaten by the wealthy; they also raised ducks, geese, and quail.Aztec farmers had many uses for the maguey plant (also known as the agave), which grew in the wild to enormous size. The sap was used tomake a beerlike drink called pulque, the thorns served as needles, the leaves were used as thatch for the construction of dwellings, and the fibers were twisted into rope or woven into cloth.Aztec SocietyAgricultureThe pre-conquest Aztecs were an empire that prospered agriculturally, and they did so without the wheel or domestic beasts of burden. They had four main methods of agriculture that were quite successful. The earliest, most basic form of agriculture implemented by the Aztecs is known as “rainfall cultivation.” The Aztecs also implemented terrace agriculture in hilly areas, or areas that could not be used for normal farming. Terracing allowed for an increased soil depth and impeded soil erosion. The terraces were built by piling up a wall of stones parallel to the contour of the hillside. Dirt was then filled in, creating viable, flat farmland. There were three types of terrace agriculture, each one used for specific circumstances. The three types were; hillslope contour terraces (steeper slopes), semi-terraces (gentle slopes, walls were made with Maguey plants rather than stones), and cross-channel terraces. Terracing was used mostly in the highlands of the Aztec empire. The Aztecs invented the wheel for the use of their children but not for them.In the valleys of the empire, irrigation farming was used. Dams diverted water from natural springs to the fields. This allowed for harvests to be successful on a regular basis. The prosperity of a field was not dependent upon the rain. Irrigation systems had been in place long before the Aztecs. However, they built canal systems that were longer and much more elaborate than any previous irrigation systems. They even managed to divert a large portion of the Cuauhtitlan River to provide irrigation to large areas of fields. The network of canals was a very complex and intricate system.In the swampy regions along Lake Xochimilco, the Aztecs implemented yet another method of crop cultivation. They built what are called chinampas. Chinampas are areas of raised land, created from alternating layers of mud from the bottom of the lake, and plantmatter/other vegetation. These “raised beds” were between 2 and 4 meters wide, and 20 to 40 meters long. They rose about 1 meter above the surface of the water, and were separated by narrow canals, which allowedfarmers to move between them by canoe. The chinampas were extremely fertile pieces of land, and yielded, on average, seven crops annually. In order to plant on them, farmers first created “seedbeds,” or reed rafts, where they planted seeds and allowed them to germinate. Once they had, they were re-planted in the chinampas. This cut the growing time down considerably.第二篇：日本气候版本一：日本的气候，受两气流的影响，西伯利亚气流和啥，一冷一暖，有图。
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托福阅读机经原文整理
托福阅读机经一
文明衰落引起很多人的研究兴趣。
其中一个理论是认为高强度的农业造成了生态系统的崩溃：玛雅人口的数量和密度都比较大，为了供养这些人口，玛雅人从事高强度的农业，对土地施加的压力越来越大，最终造成生态系统极其脆弱，在不可预知的气候变化来临时崩溃了。
也有人认为人口与农业只是导火索，更加直接的使得玛雅文明灭绝的原因在于食物短缺：因为玛雅农业主要依靠一种在沼泽里抬起来的高地系统，一年四季都可以进行农业生产，因为流失的土壤营养可以通过高地周围的水渠底部挖泥，再把泥巴堆回到高地而循环获取，前提条件是水渠里必须有稳定的水位，而严重的干旱大大降低了水位使得高地农田系统不再起作用，这是天灾，有地质证据证明，玛雅文明消失和历史一次大干旱时间相同;除此之外也有人祸，玛雅各城邦猛烈竞争，竞相修建起纪念碑，耗费了大量的人力物力，使得农业生产充满压力。
托福阅读机经二
按照学术文章的常见思路打开：引出学术话题(一万年前北美巨型哺乳动物大量灭绝)，提出假说(人类的过度猎杀所致overhunting)，进而对假说证据的寻找，然后又说这个说法太简单了，肯定还有别的原因，比如气候干旱，和最终假说破绽的指出(同时代被人类过度猎杀的野牛bison却没有灭绝，一直持续到了19世纪，所以单靠人类猎杀不足以导致灭绝);于是提出另一假说，进入同样的循环证明的过程。
托福阅读机经三
the origins of plant and animal domestication(重复2022年7月1日北美题目)
说的是生命的形成。
刚开始说地球早期火山爆发使得地球上有很多大气，后来就形成了一些简单的植物，后来这些植物吸收了那些甲烷和二氧化碳光合作用产生了氧气和水(后来有了海)，那些简单生物就在海里形成了。
洋气多了以后形成了一个氧气保护膜，使得地球气温不太高，生物不受SUV上海(这里有一个对比)，太阳系上其他行星因为没有这个氧气保护层所以没办法形成生命。
托福阅读机经四
1. 封建君主削弱神权(法国，凡尔赛宫)
2. 南非农业
3. 刀耕火种
4. 一夫多妻
5. rural manufacture
6. animal cognition
7. 一个鸟的beak的变化证明了达尔文理论
8. 殖民法案
9. 蜘蛛织网
10. 大陆漂移假说，以前有科学家提出大陆漂移学说，举例是非洲和南美洲，后来有科学家证实该假说，并提出新的证据。
11. 关于墓葬的文章，陪葬品反映出当时时代文化背景，这些陪葬品
不同地区的相似度取决于当时流行趋势。
12. 天文学，某种陨石有助于科学家研究地球的chemical composition，因为在地球挖掘只能挖到表面岩石无法深入地球核心。
而且这个陨石非常古老，可以追溯到地球形成的时间。
陨石里大部分成分与地球一致，除了iron含量，这也可以解释类地行星成分的不一致。
13. plant disease 讲了color breaking的
14. 地球气候变化
15. 关于migration的方式。
部分动物依靠路途中的标志物，如whale;部分夜间观察星星，相对的，有些可以凭借太阳;当周围事物obscure的时候，用一种体内的系统来定位。