英汉语言差异10_conv

英汉语言差异之十
替换与重复
Substitutive vs. Reiterative
Introductory
English students are urged not to “use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity”. This is because repetition is considered by stylists to be careless, clumsy and boring .
What kind of repetitions is to be avoided in English language?
英语中要避免的4种重复
1) syllabic 语音重复
Eg. Commercials seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening.
Improved as: Commercials seldom entertain and relax listeners.
2) Lexical 词汇重复
We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.
Improved as: We listened to an account of the villagers’ customs.
3) Syntactical 句法重复
Eg. Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are against corruption, and so they should vote the Reform ticket. This is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.
Improved as: Everybody should turn out to vote in this lection, for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office. If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough number, they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.
4) Semantic语义重复
Eg.He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.
Improved as: He asked the division to cooperate on the project.
Means employed in English language to avoid repetition
英语避免重复的方式
替代
省略
变换
名词性
替代
分句性
替代
动词性
替代
用代词或部分名词代替名词
用替代词代替谓语动词/组
用替代词so/not代替that 从句
省略并列结构中已出现词语
承前省略谓语动词或其中部分
概括词替换下属词
同义（同指称）重复
1 Substitution（替代）:
Definition[定义]: An approach by which pro-forms are used to replace the shared word or content in a sentence or neighboring lines.
R. Quirk points out that
Like ellipsis, substitution is a device for abbreviating and for avoiding repetition. In this second respect it is similar to the use of lexical equivalents that are not identical repetition. Across sentences, substitution seems to be optional, and for stylistic reasons. Within sentences, it is sometimes obligatory. Most of the substitutes or Pro-forms within sentences are also used across sentences.
[句子内的省略是强制性的，句子间的省略可以根据文体需要进行。

] Classification[分类]
Nominal substitution名词性替代: use of pronoun or some of the nouns to replace a noun or nominal phrase，such as:
Indicative pronouns指示代词like this, that, these, those
Relative pronouns关系代词like who, whom, whose, that, which,
Connective pronouns连接词like who, whom, whose, what, which;
Indefinite pronouns 不定代词like all, each, every, both, neither, one, none, any, other, much, etc; Nouns代词like enough, half, the same, the kind, etc.
Sample sentences:
Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.
同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。

A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.
化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。

Verbal Substitution:
use of replacing words, like the words do, do so, etc. or some structured based on those words, to substitute predicative verbs or verbal phrases.
Sample sentences:
You don’t want to lag behind. Neither does she.
你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。

Mary speaks Chinese, and that very well.
玛丽会讲中文，而且讲得很好。

Clausal Substitution: use of words “so” or “not” to replace a subordinate clause led by “that” which serves as object., or “if so”, “if not” to replace a conditional clause, or “as” to replace part of a clause.
Sample sentences:
你没有搞好，我是不满意的，得罪了你就得罪了你。

You have done a poor job and I am not satisfied, and if you feel offended, so be it.
一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有一个根本的评价。

We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achievement amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa.
2 Omission
Omission is sometimes called Zero Substitution, which is widely used in English language. It falls into nominal, verbal and clausal omission.
In coordinate structures, the words appears in the front will often be omitted, while in Chinese the similar words will be repeated.
Sample sentences:
Work with, and not against, nature.
要顺应自然工作，不要违反自然工作。

One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a flavor from a description: a sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, and an odor inhaled.
人不能只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠说明而真正体会出某种滋味来：声音必须耳闻，颜色必须目见，滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。

In an English sentence, predicative verbs, or part of a verbal phrase; of same form will be omitted and only the first one will be kept.
Sample sentences:
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。

Study serves for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长智。

3 variation 变换
Variation is a kind of substitution in which synonymy同义词or hyponymy上下义is used, or a change in syntactic structure. It consists mainly of two types: synonymous substitution and hyponymy substitution.
Example of synonymous substitution:
George W. Bush: can be described in following ways: the president, Mr. Bush, the Texas Cowboy, the mot powerful man presently, etc.
Sample sentence:
People of Africa are struggling for the freedom of that continent.
非洲人民正在为非洲的自由而斗争。

Example of Hyponymy substitution:
Animal for horse, planet for earth, the girl for Miss Yu, etc.
Sample sentences
Fishery once made one third of the gross output of the country, but today you can no more see any sign of the trade there.
捕鱼业曾占据该国生产总值的三分之一，但今天在当地已经看不见捕鱼业的影子。

Chinese characteristic repetition
Being a language based on monosyllabic phonetic system单音节语音系统makes Chinese rich in repetition of words and letters. Wide use of repetitive letter or words is a fact helpful for authors to express certain meaning.
example:
She hoped she had mixed enough fact and fiction in her story to mislead him.
她希望所说的情况真真假假，足以让他糊里糊涂。

There are two distinctive usage in Chinese language:
a) Reduplication叠词eg. noun, like 人人、天天；in numeric and unit words, like 件件、一块块、三三两两、千千万万；verb, like 说说，听一听，考虑考虑；adjectives: 高高的，深深，雪白雪白；modifiers of a phrase, like 毛毛雨，心心相映，古里古怪；and others like 没大没小，以毒攻毒，手拉手。

b) repetition. Intentional repetitive use of a word, phrase, or a sentence or a paragraph to stress what the author implies, so as to enhance the rhetoric effects, is called repetition or reiteration. There are consecutive连贯重复or intermittent repetitions间断重复, anaphora首语重复or epiphora尾词重复. Repetition can also classified into anadiplosis(连珠)，chiasmus (回环)，antithesis (对照)，couplet (对偶)and parallelism (排比).
Examples:
沉默啊，沉默啊！（连续）不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡（间隔重复）。

Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!
我为人人，人人为我。

（回环）
One for all and all for one.
There are generally eight kinds of repetition of words that are due to grammatical reasons.
1）repetition of subject and predicament, signifies a kind of exclusion to judgment other than the said one.
不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。

We must not pretend to know when we do not know.
2）Repetition of subject and object, indicates mutual exclusion.
她说她的，我干我的。

Let her say what she likes; I’ll just get on with my work.
3）Repetition of subject and predicate, suggests a way of listing.
上学的上学了，下海的下海了。

Some went to college; some got into business.
4) Repetition of the modifiers to the subject and object, signaling evaluation.
大国有大国的策略，小国有小国的路线。

Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines.
5) Repetition of predicates, is used for telling three kinds of implications: “though” “although”
这东西旧是旧，可还能用。

It’s old indeed, but it is still usable.
“even”
这个我连想都没想过。

I haven’t even thought of it.
6) Repetition of transitive verb.
他读书读得多。

He has read a lot.
7) Repetition of exclamative words like “也好”,”也罢”, showing assumption or unconditional condition.
刮风也罢，下雨也罢，他都坚持跑步。

He keeps up jogging whether it is windy or rainy.
8) Repetition of the words “各”or “自己”, which is often realiz ed by “self” of some of indefinite pronouns in English.
他自己打自己的脸。

He slapped himself.
各吹各的号，各唱各的调。

Each blows his own bulge and sings his own tune.。