外文翻译---单片机概述

二、英文原文

Microcontroller Unit

First, the development of simulator

Throughout nearly two decades of national development process of simulation technology, according to simulator technology to be used to divide the domestic about the design of simulators can be divided into the following periods:

(1) the late 70s in the mid -80

The technology during this period was mainly the development of simulation systems, now is not high technology, the user request is not high.

(2) the late 80's during the late -90

The main use of this period with an emulation function Winbond chip production, the technology is called Bondout. Using this chip to greatly simplify the design of emulator, so the standard of domestic emulator with a large increase can be largely occupied by the user resources.

Simulation performance is due to the increase in domestic production in the emulator nearly 10 years no progress has been produced using this model. Although individual companies have also tried other techniques to improve the simulation of the standard, for example, HOOKS technology, but because of their technical limitations did not succeed. Instead abroad earlier simulator technology used HOOKS, HOOKS at the initial stage due to the complexity of the technology itself, simulation performance and price as the domestic use of the simulator Bondout.

(3)After 2000 year

China in 2000 emulator period changes in the market, the largest, the most striking change is the Winbond W78958 chip simulation of the production.

Winbond W78958 chip during the design stage, the internal functions of the simulation only to the production simulator to simulator manufacturers in order to better promote the W78958. After several years of change, however, W78958 simulator evolved into the use of a simulation of the ASIC rather than using the standard chip, the scope of use is limited to domestic and 20,000 a

year less than the amount the company also contributed to the Winbond After entering in 2002 announced that it would stop production of the chip.

W78958 production, the domestic manufacturers simulator in a very embarrassing situation. W78958 use at home as a result of nearly 10 years, the domestic user base is very large, these users will not be able to receive continued support, especially maintenance. In addition, the domestic focus in the W78958 on the technical work done can not be renewed and improved, many people in the industry that the industry will face a simulator to set up or re-shuffle of the situation.

HOOKS simulator technology is no doubt W78958 manufacturers after the loss of alternatives, but the absence of long-term follow-up and attention, not the short term the majority of manufacturers of complex HOOKS mature technology products. Experts believe that the overall simulator manufacturers in transition may need 2-3 years of the cycle, and there is considerable simulator manufacturers will be eliminated, the market will have mainly concentrated in a few simulator manufacturers.

Second, the development trend of single-chip

It can be said now is a single-chip opinions of the period, the world's major chip manufacturing companies have introduced their own single-chip, from the 8, 16-32, just to name a few, everything, it is compatible with mainstream C51 series of , there are not compatible, but they own each other into each other, for SCM applications world wide.

Throughout the development process of single-chip, you can indicate the development trend of single-chip, generally are:

1. Low-power CMOS technology

MCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power consumption of 630mW, and now widespread in the single-chip 100mW or so, with the growing demand for low-power single-chip, and now all the basic single-chip manufacturers are use of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). As the 80C51 on the use of HMOS (high density metal oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Although the CMOS low power consumption, but because of its physical characteristics to determine its speed is not high enough, and then CHMOS with high-speed and low power consumption characteristics of these

features, it is more suitable in low power consumption, as battery-powered applications . Therefore, the process for some time to come will be the main way to develop single-chip

2. Of micro-chip

Now are generally in conventional single-chip will be the central processing unit (CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, system interruption, timing circuits, integrated circuit clock in a single chip, enhanced single-chip integration, such as A / D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT (watchdog), and some will be single-chip LCD (LCD) driver integrated circuits are in a single chip, this unit includes single-chip circuits on more and more powerful features. Even single-chip manufacturers can also be tailored in accordance with the requirements of users, to create a single chip with its own chip characteristics. In addition, the product is now the universal demand of small size, light weight, which requires in addition to powerful single-chip and low power consumption, but also its smaller size. Many now have a variety of single-chip package, which SMD (surface mount) is gaining popularity, making the system constituted by the single-chip micro-moving in the direction of development.

3. The mainstream and multi-species coexistence

Although a wide variety of single-chip, unique, but still single-chip microcomputer 80C51 prevailing at the core, compatible with its structure and command system of PHILIPS products, ATMEL company's products and China Taiwan's Winbond Series Single machine. Therefore, single-chip microcomputer as the core C8051 occupied the half. Microchip's PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) has a strong development momentum of China Taiwan HOLTEK single-chip companies in recent years, increasing production, with its high quality low-cost advantages, to occupy a certain market share. MOTOROLA addition to the company's products, several large companies in Japan's exclusive single-chip microcomputer. A certain period of time, this situation will continue to be upheld, there will not be a single-chip monopoly domination, taking the complementary interdependence, complementarity and common development.

Third, the technical development of digital single-chip

The number of single-chip technology is reflected in the internal structure, power consumption, as well as the external voltage level on the manufacturing process. In these areas, more typically describes the number of single-chip level. At the moment, users need more and more single-chip, but getting higher and higher requirements. The following three areas on which the technological progress that the situation of single-chip microcomputer.

1, the internal structure of the progress

Single-chip integrated in-house has been an increasing number of parts, these parts include commonly used circuits, such as: timers, comparators, A / D converter, D / A converters, serial communication interface, Watchdog circuit , LCD controller. Some single-chip control network in order to constitute or form a local network, the internal local area network control module contains the CAN. For example, Infineon's C 505C, C515C, C167CR, C167CS-32FM, 81C90; Motorola's 68HC08AZ series. Especially in the C167CS-32FM in single-chip, also contains two internal CAN. Therefore, such single-chip networks are very easy to pose. Especially in the control system more complicated, the constitute a very useful control network. In order to facilitate the use of variable frequency control of single-chip, to form the most cost-effective embedded control systems. Some set up a special single-chip internal control for variable frequency pulse width modulation control circuit, the single-chip microcomputer has Fujitsu's MB89850 series of companies, MB89860 series; Motorola's MC68HC08MR16, MR24 and so on. In these single-chip, the pulse width modulation circuit 6-channel output, can produce three-phase PWM AC voltage, and internal control with dead-zone function.

2, power consumption, packaging and power supply voltage of the progress

Now the new single-chip power consumption is getting smaller and smaller, especially the many single-chip are a variety of work settings, which include waiting, suspended, sleep, idle, power-saving mode and so on. P87LPC762 single-chip company Philips is a very typical example, in idle, the power consumption is 1.5 mA, while in power-saving mode, the power consumption is only 0.5mA. In the most amazing power is TI's MSP430 family of single chip, it is a series of 16, there are ultra-low power work. Its low-power way LPM1, LPM3, LPM4 three. When the power supply to 3V, if

the work in the LMP1, even if the external circuit is active, inactive as a result of CPU, oscillator at 1 ~ 4MHz, when power consumption is only 50? A. In LPM3, the oscillator at 32kHz, this power consumption is only 1.3? A. In LPM4 when, CPU, peripherals and not the activities of 32kHz oscillator, the power consumption is only 0.1? A. Now the level of single-chip package has been greatly enhanced, with the emergence of chip technology, a large number of single-chip also used a variety of chip technology in line with the package appears to significantly reduce the volume. In this situation, Microchip has introduced the single-chip 8-pin special attention. This is PIC12CXXX series. It contains 0.5 ~ 2K program memory, 25 ~ 128 bytes of data memory, 6 I / O port and a timer, and some also with four A / D, fully able to meet a number of low-grade system. To expand the scope of supply voltage and low voltage work is still today one of the objectives of single-chip development. At the moment, it can be single-chip 3.3 ~ 5.5V conditions. And some manufacturers, it can produce 2.2 ~ 6V to work under the conditions of the single chip. These single-chip companies are Fujitsu's MB89191 ~ 89195, MB89121 ~ 125A, MB89130 series, it should be said that the company's F2MC-8L MCU meet the vast majority of the 2.2 ~ 6V operating voltage conditions. MSP430X11X and TI's family of operating voltage is as low as 2.2V's.

3, the progress of technology

Basically, the current single-chip CMOS technology used, but most use 0.6? M above the lithography process, there are individual companies such as Motorola Inc. have been using 0.35? M or even 0.25? M technology. These technological advances greatly improved the internal single-chip density and reliability.

Fourth, embedded system as the core of a single-chip

SCM is a new name embedded micro-controller, because it can be embedded into any micro-or small-scale equipment or equipment. At present, the single-chip embedded systems and Internet connectivity is a trend. However, Internet has been used as a fat server, thin machine technology users. This technology on the Internet to store and access large amounts of data is appropriate, but for control of embedded devices has become the "sledgehammer cracking a nut," the. Embedded devices to achieve and Int ernet connection, we need the Internet to the traditional theory and practice of

embedded devices are reversed. In order to make complex or simple embedded devices, such as single-chip microcomputer-controlled machine tools, single-chip microcomputer-controlled door locks, can be practical and Internet connection, requires specialized equipment for the embedded microcontroller design a web server to embed devices can be connected to Internet, and through a standard Web browser to process control.

At present, in order to single-chip microcomputer as the core of embedded systems and Internet connected companies, there are many more studies in this area. More typical in this regard have emWare and TASKING company. Embedded systems companies EmWare network program - EMIT technology. This technology consists of three main parts: the emMicro, emGateway and web browser. Which, emMicro embedded devices is a 1K-byte memory capacity accounted for only a very small web servers; emGateway stronger as a function of the user or server, and it is used to achieve more than the management of embedded devices, as well as standard access the Internet communications, as well as the support of a web browser. Web browsers use to display and embedded emObjicts data transmission between devices. If sufficient resources embedded devices, while at the same time emMicro and emGateway into embedded devices, to achieve direct access to the Inter net. Otherwise, it will require a web browser emGateway and each other. EmWare's EMIT software technology using standard Internet protocol for 8-bit and 16-bit embedded devices to manage, but costs much less traditional.

三、英文翻译

单片机概述

一、仿真器的发展

纵观国内近二十年的仿真技术发展历程，根据仿真器使用的技术来划分，国内仿真器的设计大约可以分成以下几个时期：

(1) 70年代末期-80年代中期

这个时期采用的技术主要是仿真开发系统，现在看来技术含量不高，用户要求也不高。

(2) 80年代末期-90年代末期

这个时期主要使用华邦一颗带有仿真功能的芯片制作，采用的技术叫做Bondout。采用这颗芯片能大大简化仿真器的设计，因此国内仿真器的水准有了大的提高，基本上可以不占用用户资源。

正是由于仿真性能的提高，国内的仿真器制作在将近10年的时间内没有进步，一直采用这种制作模式。虽然个别厂商也尝试过别的技术来提高仿真水准，例如HOOKS技术，但是由于本身技术的限制没有成功。相反国外的仿真器较早地使用了HOOKS技术，在初期由于HOOKS技术本身的复杂性，仿真性能和价格不如国内采用Bondout的仿真器。

(3) 2000年开始

2000年是中国仿真器市场变化最大的时期，其中最引人注目的变化是华邦仿真芯片W78958的停产。

华邦公司在设计W78958芯片时，其内部的仿真功能只是为了仿真器厂商能制作仿真器以便更好的推广W78958。但是经过几年的变化，W78958演变成为一颗仿真器上使用的仿真专用芯片而不是用户使用的标准芯片，使用的范围也仅限于国内，一年不到20000只的用量也促使华邦公司在进入2002年后宣布将停产该芯片。

W78958停产以后，国内仿真器厂商处于一个非常尴尬的局面。由于W78958在国内使用了将近10年，国内的用户群非常庞大，这些用户将无法得到持续的支持特别是维修方面。另外，国内围绕在W78958上所做的技术工作也无法得到延续和提高，很多业界人士认为仿真器行业将面临另起炉灶或重新洗牌的局面。

HOOKS技术无疑是仿真器厂商在失去W78958后的替代品，但是由于没有长期跟踪和关注，短期内多数厂家无法将复杂的HOOKS技术应用于成熟的产品中。专家们认为仿真器厂家的整体转型可能需要2－3年的周期，并且有相当的仿真器厂家将会被淘汰，市场拥有量将主要集中在少数几个仿真器厂家。

二、单片机的发展趋势

现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。

纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有：

1.低功耗CMOS化

MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。像80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径

2.微型单片化

现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片。此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发展。

3.主流与多品种共存

现在虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾的Winbond系列单片机。所以C8051为核心的单片机占据了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精简指令集(RISC)也有着强劲的发展势头，中国台湾的HOLTEK公司近年的单片机产量与日俱增，与其低价质优的优势，占据一定的市场分额。此外还有MOTOROLA公司的产品，日本几大公司的专用单片机。在一定的时期内，这种情形将得以延续，将不存在某个单片机一统天下的垄断局面，走的是依存互补，相辅相成、共同发展的道路。

三、数字单片机的技术发展

数字单片机的技术进步反映在内部结构、功率消耗、外部电压等级以及制造工艺上。在这几方面，较为典型地说明了数字单片机的水平。在目前，用户对单片机的需要越来越多，但是，要求也越来越高。下面分别就这三个方面说明单片机的技术进步状况。

1、内部结构的进步

单片机在内部已集成了越来越多的部件，这些部件包括一般常用的电路，例如：定时器，比较器，A/D转换器，D /A转换器，串行通信接口，Watchdog 电路，LCD控制器等。有的单片机为了构成控制网络或形成局部网，内部含有局部网络控制模块CAN。例如，Infineon公司的 C 505C，C515C，C167CR，C167CS-32FM，81C90；Motorola公司的68HC08AZ 系列等。特别是在单片机C167CS-32FM中，内部还含有2个CAN。因此，这类单片机十分容易构成网络。特别是在控制，系统较为复杂时，构成一个控制网络十分有用。为了能在变频控制中方便使用单片机，形成最具经济效益的嵌入式控制系统。有的单片机内部设置了专门用于变频控制的脉宽调制控制电路，这些单片机有Fujitsu公司的MB89850系列、MB89860系列；Motorola 公司的MC68HC08MR16、MR24等。在这些单片机中，脉宽调制电路有6个通道输出，可产生三相脉宽调制交流电压，并内部含死区控制等功能。

2、功耗、封装及电源电压的进步

现在新的单片机的功耗越来越小，特别是很多单片机都设置了多种工作方式，这些工作方式包括等待，暂停，睡眠，空闲，节电等工作方式。Philips 公司的单片机P87LPC762是一个很典型的例子，在空闲时，其功耗为1.5 mA，而在节电方式中，其功耗只有0.5mA。而在功耗上最令人惊叹的是TI公司的单片机MSP430系列，它是一个16位的系列，有超低功耗工作方式。它的低功耗方式有LPM1、LPM3、LPM4三种。当电源为3V时，如果工作于LMP1方式，即使外围电路处于活动，由于CPU不活动，振荡器处于1～4MHz，这时功耗只有50?A。在LPM3 时，振荡器处于32kHz，这时功耗只有1.3?A。在LPM4时，CPU、外围及振荡器32kHz都不活动，则功耗只有0.1?A。现在单片机的封装水平已大大提高，随着贴片工艺的出现，单片机也大量采用了各种合符贴片工艺的封装方式出现，以大量减少体积。在这种形势中，Microchip公司推出的8引脚的单片机特别引人注目。这是PIC12CXXX系列。它含有0.5～2K程序存储器，25～128字节数据存储器，6个I/O端口以及一个定时器，有的还含4道A/D ，完全可以满足一些低档系统的应用。扩大电源电压范围以及在较低电压下仍然能工作是今天单片机发展的目标之一。目前，一般单片机都可以在3.3～5.5V的条件下工作。而一些厂家，则生产出可以在 2.2～6V的条件下工作的单片机。这些单片机有Fujitsu公司的MB89191～89195，MB89121～125A，MB89130系列等，应该说该公司的F2MC-8L系列单片机绝大多数都满足2.2～6V的工作电压条件。而TI公司的MSP430X11X系列的工作电压也是低达2.2V的。

3、工艺上的进步

现在的单片机基本上采用CMOS技术，但已经大多数采用了0.6?m以上的光刻工艺，有个别的公司，如Motorola公司则已采用0.35mm甚至是

0.25mm技术。这些技术的进步大大地提高了单片机的内部密度和可靠性。

四、以单片机为核心的嵌入式系统

单片机的另外一个名称就是嵌入式微控制器，原因在于它可以嵌入到任何微型或小型仪器或设备中。目前，把单片机嵌入式系统和Internet连接已是一种趋势。但是，Internet一向是一种采用肥服务器，瘦用户机的技术。这种技术在互联上存储及访问大量数据是合适的，但对于控制嵌入式器件就成了"杀鸡用牛刀"了。要实现嵌入式设备和Internet连接，就需要把传统的Internet理论和嵌入式设备的实践都颠倒过来。为了使复杂的或简单的嵌入式设备，例如单片机控制的机床、单片机控制的门锁，能切实可行地和Internet 连接，就要求专门为嵌入式微控制器设备设计网络服务器，使嵌入式设备可以和Internet相连，并通过标准网络浏览器进行过程控制。

目前，为了把单片机为核心的嵌入式系统和Internet相连，已有多家公司在进行这方面的较多研究。这方面较为典型的有emWare公司和TASKING 公司。EmWare公司提出嵌入式系统入网的方案--EMIT技术。这个技术包括三个主要部分：即emMicro，emGateway和网络浏览器。其中，emMicro 是嵌入设备中的一个只占内存容量1K字节的极小的网络服务器；emGateway作为一个功能较强的用户或服务器，它用于实现对多个嵌入式设备的管理，还有标准的Internet 通信接入以及网络浏览器的支持。网络浏览器使用emObjicts进行显示和嵌入式设备之间的数据传输。如果嵌入式设备的资源足够，则emMicro和emGateway可以同时装入嵌入式设备中，实现Internet的直接接入。否则，将要求emGateway和网络浏览器相互配合。EmWare的EMIT软件技术使用标准的Internet协议对8位和16位嵌入式设备进行管理，但比传统上的开销小得多。