Automatic Line Matching across Views

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ppu中各项英文的解释

/* Automatically generated from i_pp_data_def.h :"May 21 2008" *//** "rm237" Product Profile File** Copyright (c) Nokia Mobile Phones. All rights reserved.** File creation date : "May 21 2008"*/PRODUCT_PROFILE_PHONE_SETTINGS_V.2.0PHONETYPEModel = "rm237"SETSCount = 1FEATURES0 "Codec order" STATIC COMBOBOX0x1F "AMR ON"0x07 "AMR OFF";1 "Alternate Line Service (ALS)" STATIC CHECKBOX;2 "Multislot class = HSCSD class" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 18;/* 3 : not changeable */4 "CSP" STATIC CHECKBOX;5 "Automatic redial" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Normal"1 "Continuous";6 "Redial Tone" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Normal"1 "Loud";7 "Bluetooth support" STATIC CHECKBOX;8 "Chinese input method" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "BoPoMoFo"1 "Stroke";/* 9 : not changeable */10 "Parallel product" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Skipper 3110c"1 "Skipper 3110c CTTL";11 "SIM status note control" STATIC CHECKBOX;12 "US Number Grouping" STATIC CHECKBOX;13 "Number Grouping Separator" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "space"45 "-";14 "Hide dialup number" STATIC CHECKBOX;15 "2digit dialling" STATIC CHECKBOX;16 "Display for incoming call name and number" STATIC CHECKBOX;/* 17 : not changeable */18 "Links in Services menu" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "none"1 "bookmarks"3 "bookmarks & download";19 "Services enabled in Gallery/Applications/Games menu" STATICCHECKBOX;20 "Settings name as home in Service menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;21 "Menu style" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "List"1 "Grid";22 "Confirm SIM service actions" STATIC CHECKBOX;23 "Automatic keyguard" STATIC CHECKBOX;24 "Confirm QALS line change" STATIC CHECKBOX;/* 25 : not changeable */26 "CLI returns matching name if more than one matching number"STATIC CHECKBOX;27 "Pre-Installed Operator Logo not removed" STATIC CHECKBOX;28 "Java TCK support" STATIC COMBOBOX1 "Java TCK - Off"2 "Java TCK - On(JSR75 R&W)"3 "Java TCK - On(JSR75 RO)"4 "Java TCK - On(JSR75 WO)";29 "Java Flexible Security" STATIC COMBOBOX1 "Default Policy"2 "T-Mobile-US Policy"3 "Cingular Policy"4 "H3G Policy"5 "Vodafone Policy";30 "Hide Nokia WUG" STATIC CHECKBOX;31 "EONS feature" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 3;32 "Native IM as Main Menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;33 "Cell Info Display Enabled" STATIC CHECKBOX;34 "Preinstalled Bookmarks and Operator Link go into GoTo menu"STATIC CHECKBOX;35 "Receive non-bootstrap provisioning documents" STATICCHECKBOX;36 " link in Services menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;37 "Native IM Feature disabled" STATIC CHECKBOX;/* 38 : not changeable */39 "Show user data for MWI with DCS = DISCARD" STATIC CHECKBOX;40 "Hide Java email client" STATIC COMBOBOX1 "Hide the Java email client"2 "Show the standard email client"3 "Show the combined email IM client";41 "PoC Supported" STATIC CHECKBOX;42 "Centralized Font Setting Spare" STATIC CHECKBOX;43 "Longpress of *-key leads to " STATIC CHECKBOX;44 "Default SMS Text Input Alphabet" STATIC COMBOBOX1 "Automatic"2 "Ascii"3 "Hidden";45 "MMS Retrieval Mode" STATIC COMBOBOX1 "Automatic retrieve"2 "Retrieve manually"3 "Automatic retrieve and hide retrieve manually menu";46 "FM Radio Support" STATIC CHECKBOX;47 "Native IM Whisper Feature disabled" STATIC CHECKBOX;48 "Middle Soft Key functionality" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Delete"1 "Send"2 "New";49 "Centered Operator name" STATIC CHECKBOX;50 "Enable TTY (UI)" STATIC CHECKBOX;51 "3GPP Streaming support disabled" STATIC CHECKBOX;52 "Java WVIM in main menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;53 "AutoSMS( R&D )" STATIC CHECKBOX;54 "Camera sound settings" STATIC CHECKBOX;55 "USB charging mode" STATIC CHECKBOX;56 "Native IM Public Group Disable" STATIC CHECKBOX;57 "Native IM Group Search Disable" STATIC CHECKBOX;58 "Enhanced network selection" STATIC CHECKBOX;59 "MP3 disabled as ring tunes" STATIC CHECKBOX;60 "PoC in Contact Menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;61 "PoC in Main Menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;62 "Display non ciphering indicator" STATIC CHECKBOX;63 "Radio Alarm" STATIC CHECKBOX;64 "Smart card provisioning" STATIC CHECKBOX;65 "Windows DRM Media" STATIC CHECKBOX;66 "Centralized Font Setting Indic2 languages" STATIC CHECKBOX;67 "HPLMN Scans: R99(0), R97(1)" STATIC CHECKBOX;68 "TX power reduction switching" STATIC CHECKBOX;69 "Common ALS Handling in Supplementary Services" STATICCHECKBOX;70 "BT Chip Type" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "CSR_BC02"1 "CSR_BC03"2 "CSR_BC04"3 "TI_BRF6150";71 "Show MMS Postcard application" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Hide"1 "Show MMS Postcard"2 "Show TIMClick";72 "Audio Messaging Service in Main Menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;73 "Flash Messages Menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;74 "RTSP OPTIONS query support" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "No"1 "Yes";75 "Controlled 2-way login" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "2-way login"1 "4-way login";76 "Centralized Font Setting Chinese and Japanese languages"STATIC CHECKBOX;77 "MMS Postcard fields visibility" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 255;78 "MMS Postcard fields necessity" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 255;79 "T-Mobile PEC" STATIC CHECKBOX;80 "Used bitrate for Voice Recording kbit/s" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "4.75"1 "5.15"2 "5.9"3 "6.7"4 "7.4"5 "7.95"6 "10.2"7 "12.2";81 "Used bitrate for AMR encoder in kbit/s" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "4.75"1 "5.15"2 "5.9"3 "6.7"4 "7.4"5 "7.95"6 "10.2"7 "12.2";82 "Audio msg length in seconds" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "max MMS size used, length in seconds depends onselected encoding rate"1 "10"2 "20"3 "40"4 "60"5 "120"6 "180";83 "DRM-protection required for MPEG audio file ringtone" STATICCOMBOBOX0 "OFF"1 "ON";84 "EGPRS UI indicator" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Hide"1 "Show";85 "Plug-And-Play enabled at first start up" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Disabled"1 "Enabled";86 "Timeout value in minutes for network releasing link,PDP-context" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 30;87 "Hide Allow Multimedia Reception-menu" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "No"1 "Yes";88 "Voice recording length in seconds" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "max recording length used"1 "10"2 "20"3 "40"4 "60"5 "120"6 "180";89 "Max amount of HTTP methods per TCP connection" STATIC COMBOBOX1 "Disabled"2 "2 methods"3 "3 methods"4 "4 methods"5 "5 methods"6 "6 methods"7 "7 methods"8 "8 methods"9 "9 methods"10 "10 methods";90 "LiveCast feature" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "OFF(Vodafone)"1 "ON(Vodafone)";91 "Enable HAC (Hearing Aid - UI)" STATIC CHECKBOX;92 "Show / Hide date in idle." STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Hide"1 "Show";93 "Show / Hide time in idle." STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Hide"1 "Show";94 "Early service indication" STATIC CHECKBOX;95 "Advanced HPLMN recognition" STATIC CHECKBOX;96 "Time in seconds to wait rights object arrival" STATICEDITFIELD 0 255;97 "Hide MMS size indicator" STATIC CHECKBOX;98 "Main menu icon starts Cingular application" STATIC CHECKBOX;99 "Two fields for phone memory contact name" STATIC CHECKBOX;100 "Phonebook first and last name order" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Last name followed by first name"1 "First name followed by last name";101 "Use PTT key for Audio msg" STATIC CHECKBOX;102 "Product specific max. size for sending Multimedia msg"STATIC COMBOBOX0 "1st MMS max size, 30k"1 "2nd MMS max size, 100k"2 "3rd MMS max size, 300k";103 "Hide email address from Recently Used Contacts" STATICCHECKBOX;104 "Save sent messages" STATIC CHECKBOX;105 "Allow overwriting of messages in sent messages folder"STATIC CHECKBOX;106 "Allow image scaling" STATIC CHECKBOX;107 "GSM( A5/1 - A5/7) ciphering algorithms support" STATICEDITFIELD 1 0x7F;108 "GPRS(GEA1 - GEA7) encryption algorithms support" STATICEDITFIELD 0 0x7F;109 "INFO_PP_ALWAYS_DEFAULT_AUTO_NW_SELECT" STATIC CHECKBOX;110 "Composer Mode" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 255;111 "SMS Chat support" STATIC CHECKBOX;112 "Email over SMS support" STATIC CHECKBOX;113 "Delivery Reports" STATIC CHECKBOX;114 "Slide timing in seconds" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 255;115 "Allow MMS reception" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "In home network"1 "Yes"2 "No";116 "Sent data and connection time menu visibility" STATICCHECKBOX;117 "CMCC Service Menu as a main menu item" STATIC CHECKBOX; 118 "Wap CSD timeout in minutes" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 255;119 "Force user to view info msg" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Listen-softkey to listening msg"1 "Info-softkey to open msg with msg viewer ";120 "1st Transient Retry Timeout Value in minutes" STATICEDITFIELD 0 255;121 "2nd Transient Retry Timeout Value in minutes" STATICEDITFIELD 0 255;122 "3rd Transient Retry Timeout Value in minutes" STATICEDITFIELD 0 255;123 "4th Transient Retry Timeout Value in minutes" STATICEDITFIELD 0 255;124 "5th Transient Retry Timeout Value in minutes" STATICEDITFIELD 0 255;125 "Amount of retries in message" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 255;126 "Answer calls when slide is opened" STATIC CHECKBOX;127 "End calls when slide is closed" STATIC CHECKBOX;128 "IM Midlet in use" STATIC CHECKBOX;129 "Operator specific voice command launch picturemail(Sprint)"STATIC CHECKBOX;130 "Operator specific voice command launch picturemail(Sprintresellers)" STATIC CHECKBOX;131 "Operator specific voice command launch audio recorder"STATIC CHECKBOX;132 "Music player support" STATIC CHECKBOX;133 "Operator specific voice command launch media player" STATICCHECKBOX;134 "Operator specific voice command launch SMS" STATIC CHECKBOX; 135 "Answer call immidiately when fold is open (instead of 1.5 second delay)" STATIC CHECKBOX;136 "Durian MIDlet in the main menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;137 "Voice mailbox number on SIM is editable" STATIC CHECKBOX;138 "Active Desktop( H3G )" STATIC CHECKBOX;139 "Native IM Customer Operator" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "None"1 "Vodafone"2 "T-Mobile"3 "Cingular";140 "TracFone Pre-paid billing" STATIC CHECKBOX;141 "SIM Application override title text" STATIC CHECKBOX; 142 "Make the default video to voice redial setting YES insteadof NO" STATIC CHECKBOX;143 "Band(s) for HAC POWER CLASS reduction - Bit 0..3 equals 850/900/1800/1900" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 0x15;144 "Selection b/w dynamic and permanent ms tx power levelreduction" STATIC CHECKBOX;145 "Orange homescreen" STATIC CHECKBOX;146 "Streaming QoS support disabled" STATIC CHECKBOX;147 "Toggle profile with #-key" STATIC CHECKBOX;/* 148 : not changeable *//* 149 : not changeable */150 "Operator Logo Disabled" STATIC CHECKBOX;151 "Display Java version in Application Settings menu" STATICCHECKBOX;152 "USSD delegate: add configurable handling on MT USSD" STATICCHECKBOX;153 "Image preview time for camera" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Don't care"1 "Immediate return"2 "3 seconds timeout"3 "5 seconds timeout"4 "10 seconds timeout"5 "No timeout";154 "Setting of the remote management UI setting." STATICCOMBOBOX0 "Allow"1 "Reject"2 "Confirm";155 "SyncML DM UI initiated by client." STATIC CHECKBOX; 156 "Scaling resoluiton when too large image to MMS" STATICCOMBOBOX0 "Original"1 "High"2 "Medium"3 "Low"4 "Very Low";157 "My files menu item presence" STATIC CHECKBOX;158 "Send extended cell ID when requested by SIM card" STATICCHECKBOX;159 "SIM card MO SM Control" STATIC CHECKBOX;160 "Default target memory for camera." STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Don't care"1 "Phone memory"2 "Memory card";161 "Enable Privacy UI" STATIC CHECKBOX;162 "Disable DRM2 Feature" STATIC CHECKBOX;163 "Take & Send feature" STATIC CHECKBOX;164 "IMS registration for operator variant" STATIC CHECKBOX;/* 165 : not changeable *//* 166 : not changeable */167 "NOS warnings that should cause a reset" STATIC EDITFIELD 07;/* 168 : not changeable */169 "progressive download feature support" STATIC CHECKBOX; 170 "Operator customisation of PB Online Enquiries Menu Item'sicon" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Nokia Standard"1 "CMCC";171 "Operator customisation for PB Slow Sync Menu Item's icon"STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Nokia Standard"1 "CMCC";172 "Include summary after call setting" STATIC CHECKBOX; 173 "Include call audio enhancement options" STATIC CHECKBOX;174 "Bootstrap Dm authentication set." STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Disabled"1 "Enabled:Cingular"2 "Enabled:Nokia";175 "MMS setting Allow Adverts" STATIC CHECKBOX;176 "Strict OMA type check" STATIC CHECKBOX;177 "CS call interrupts streaming PS connections" STATICCHECKBOX;178 "Show notes" STATIC CHECKBOX;179 "Send terminal profile after 3G session refresh" STATICCHECKBOX;180 "Native e-mail menu and related activities" STATIC CHECKBOX;181 "Browser Save Audio" STATIC CHECKBOX;182 "Browser Save Video" STATIC CHECKBOX;183 "Visual Radio Support" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Visual Radio disabled"1 "Web Channel List only"2 "Visual Radio enabled";184 "FM Radio HD Detection" STATIC CHECKBOX;185 "Browser 0-key Shortcut" STATIC CHECKBOX;186 "MailTo Composer" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 255;187 "Native e-mail size" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Default max email size"1 "2nd max email size"2 "3rd max email size";188 "Native e-mail scaling resolution" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Original"1 "High"2 "Medium"3 "Low"4 "Very Low";189 "UI disabled for OTANETWPIN" STATIC CHECKBOX;190 "Max PDP context" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 4;191 "Progressive Video Download" STATIC CHECKBOX;192 "CMCC Music Player" STATIC CHECKBOX;193 "Pre-Paid Credit Display support" STATIC CHECKBOX;194 "Display GPRS icon in Java" STATIC CHECKBOX;195 "Browser Connect Confirm" STATIC CHECKBOX;196 "Support for different priority order for the operator name displayed in Idle." STATIC COMBOBOX1 "E-ONS > NITZ > CPHS/ONS > phone's default"2 "E-ONS > CPHS/ONS > NITZ > phone's default";197 "FBUS as default media" STATIC CHECKBOX;198 "CEC Dictionary" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "No"1 "Phone Memory"2 "Memory Card";199 "GAN pref mode" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 3;200 "Camera Resolution Configuration" STATIC COMBOBOX1 "The first resolution configuration"2 "The second resolution configuration";201 "Upload Service" STATIC CHECKBOX;202 "Trigger integrated call list when SEND key pressed" STATICCHECKBOX;203 "My5 for T-Mobile US" STATIC CHECKBOX;204 "PCO is sent to network with FOMA identifier" STATIC CHECKBOX; 205 "Opening a dial-up connection to restricted access points isprevented." STATIC CHECKBOX;206 "OMA EMN mail server supports push email" STATIC CHECKBOX; 207 "Timestamp type to be used in messaging" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Timestamp from the message binary used"1 "Timestamp created using phone's local time";208 "Prevent SDP file forwarding" STATIC CHECKBOX;209 "OMADRM Support Level" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "PP_OMADRM_FL"1 "PP_OMADRM_1"2 "PP_OMADRM_2";210 "Show Bootlogo at phone startup" STATIC CHECKBOX;211 "Codec order" STATIC COMBOBOX0x00 "OFF"0x02 "FR AMR-WB"0x04 "UMTS AMR-WB"0x06 "FR AMR-WB, UMTS AMR-WB";212 "Send SMS to CMCC when newCMCC SIM inserted" STATIC CHECKBOX; 213 "Multimedia application shall comply to EN-50332" STATICCHECKBOX;214 "Hide Use tone option" STATIC CHECKBOX;215 "SyncML DM Server Alerted Disclaimer." STATIC CHECKBOX;216 "GPRS Attach Mode ON per default" STATIC CHECKBOX; 217 "size limit of ringing tone files, 0=no limit, limit=flag value * 50kb" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 255;218 "Type of Synchronisation for Contacts->Synchronise menu"STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Incremental"1 "Slow";219 "Show operator name and service provider indicators together"STATIC CHECKBOX;220 "ATK cmd:Set Up Event List for ZuHause appl of Vodafone"STATIC CHECKBOX;221 "Show Application menu in MyFiles" STATIC CHECKBOX;222 "Disable SMSC number checking" STATIC CHECKBOX;223 "DM version returned by S40 client" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "DM11"1 "DM12";224 " MusicPlayer menu item in T-MO Main menu." STATIC CHECKBOX;225 "FIDO SIM in Rogers Network" STATIC CHECKBOX;226 "H264 video decoding supported" STATIC CHECKBOX;227 "MSG font size setting" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Large"1 "Normal"2 "Small"3 "Extra small";228 "GSM preferred ECPM handling" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "Always try first GSM"1 "Try GSM if GSM is camping on VPLMN or on HPLMN"2 "Try GSM only if GSM is camping on HPLMN";229 " Yahoo Go MIDlet visible in Media Sub-Menu" STATIC CHECKBOX;230 " Yahoo Go MIDlet support" STATIC CHECKBOX;231 "Automatic CFU check" STATIC CHECKBOX;232 "Appl.protocols customer operator" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "None"1 "TIM"2 "Orange"3 "British Telecom"4 "China Mobile";233 "FDN GPRS Control" STATIC CHECKBOX;234 "myFaves customer" STATIC COMBOBOX0 "None"1 "T-Mobile US"2 "T-Mobile International";235 "USB MTP(music mode) selection" STATIC CHECKBOX;236 "MMS slide count limitation" STATIC EDITFIELD 0 254;237 "CLI matching algorithm" STATIC CHECKBOX;238 "Application launch from Gallery" STATIC CHECKBOX; 239 "Firmware update download progress display" STATIC CHECKBOX;240 "enable/disable the CMCC phonebook" STATIC CHECKBOX;/* 241 : not changeable */***版权(c) Nokia移动电话。

FIN-AR

Monitor credit status/terms on regular basis
Customer account managers provided with up to date credit status
Treasury policy set on late and prompt payments
Authority levels clearly defined
Credit policies defined and agreed
Terms and conditions agreed with customers
Sales orders prepared using pricing database with pricing profiles for products and customers
6
Accounts Receivable - Measures/Cost Drivers
Number of customer payment received per accounts receivableAccounts receivable cost per sales invoice processed FTE per annum £3
To provide complete forecast information to assist the management of short-term cash requirements
2
People
Customer relations Legal framework
awareness Credit management
System Features
SOP linked to debtors ledger to ensure customer credit limits not exceeded

无损检测常用英文词汇

(a) angstrom unit埃a.c magnetic saturation交流磁饱和a.c magnetic saturation交流磁饱和ablution清洗absorbed dose 吸收剂量absorbed dose rate吸收剂量率absorbed dose rate吸收剂量率acceptanc limits验收范围acceptanc limits 验收范围acceptance level验收水平acceptance level 验收水平验收标准acceptance specification 验收规范acceptance standard 验收标准accessories 附件配件辅助设备辅助器材accumulation test累积检测accumulation test 累积检测accuracy 精确度准确度acetone 丙酮acoustic emission (ae) 声发射acoustic emission count声发射计数acoustic emission count（emission count）声发射计数（发射计数）acoustic emission transducer声发射换能器acoustic holography声全息术acoustic impedance声阻抗acoustic impedance matching声阻抗匹配acoustic impedance matching声阻抗匹配acoustic impedance method声阻法acoustic wave声波acoustical lens 声透镜acoustic-ultrasonic声-超声（au）across交叉横过activation活化activity活度additional stress附加应力address地址adequate shielding安全屏蔽adequate shielding适当防护、适当屏蔽ae ae声发射air header集气管air set空气中凝固air supply 气源aisle 过道走廊alarm condition 报警状态alarm level 报警电平alignment 对准定位调整校直alkaline battery碱性电池allowable variation允许偏差容许变化alternating current 交流电aluminum powder 铝粉amount 数量ampere turns安匝数amplifier panel放大器面板amplitude振幅、幅度analyzer分析器anchor bolt锚定螺栓地脚螺栓angle beam method斜射法、角波束法angle beam probe斜探头、角探头angle fitting弯头angle iron角钢角铁angle of incidence入射角angle of reflection反射角angle of spread扩散角angle of squint偏向角、偏斜角angle probe斜探头、角探头angle square角尺angle steel角钢appearance外观application drawing操作图应用图arc cutting 电弧切割arc gouging电弧刨削arc starting 起弧arc welding电弧焊area amplitude response curve面积幅度曲线area amplitude response curve面积振幅响应曲线area of interest 评定区area of interest 评定区、关注区域argon arc welding氩弧焊arliflcial disconlinuity人工不连续性、人工缺陷arrangement diagram布置图arrival time interval（δtij）到达时间差artifact 人为缺陷artificial defect 人工缺陷a-scan 型扫描a-scope 型显示assembly装配at present 目前attenuation coefficient衰减系数attenuator 衰减器audible leak indicator音响泄漏指示器automatic temperature recorder 温度自动记录器automatic testing 自动检测autoradiography自动射线照相术axiality同轴度轴对称性axonometric drawing 轴测图back-feed反馈background背景background target目标本底backwall echo 底波底面回波baiting valve 放料阀band plate 带板barium concrete 钡混凝土barn 靶base fog片基灰雾base material 基底材料basic sensitivity 基准灵敏度bath槽液、浴池、槽bayard-alpert ionization gage 型电离计beam声束、光束beam angle波束角、束张角beam axis声束轴线beam path声程、声束路径beam path location声程定位、声束路径位置beam ratio光束比beam spread声束扩散bellow type波纹管式bend弯管弯头弯曲bending挠曲弯曲bending deformation挠曲变形弯曲变形betatron电子感应加速器beveled edges坡口beveling 磨斜棱磨斜边成斜角bid 投标出价bimetallic strip gage 双金属片计bipolar field双极磁场bisectrix 等分线black and white transmission densitometer 黑白透射密度计black light 黑光，紫外光black light filter 黑光滤波器、黑光过滤片blackbody 黑体blackbody equivalent temperature 黑体等效温度bleakney mass spectrometer 波利克尼质谱仪bleedout 渗出、漏出blind 挡板窗帘blind plate 隔离盲板盲板blinding plate 盲板block up 封堵垫高blowhole 喷水孔通风孔通气孔(气)孔铸孔砂[气]眼气泡bolt 螺栓螺钉bolton 螺栓紧固bonding wire 接合线焊线boost pressure升压both sides welding双面焊接bottom echo底波底面回波bottom plate 底板bottom surface 底面boundary echo 边界回波、界面回波branch connection 分支接续分支连接brand name 商标名称品牌breaking of contact 断接卡bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射bridge 桥broad-beam 宽射束宽（声、光）束brush application 刷涂b-scan b型扫描b扫描b-scan presentation b型扫描显示b-scope b型显示buckle 满扣扣住buckling deformation翘曲变形buried depth 埋深burn through 烧蚀烧穿bus duct 母线槽butt joint 对接butt jointing对接接头butt weld 对接焊缝butt welding 对接焊cable armor 电缆铠装cable channel 电缆槽电缆管道cable fitting电缆配件cable gland 电缆衬垫cable laying电缆敷设cable routing电缆路由选择cable sheath 电缆包皮层cable testing bridge 电缆测试电桥cable tray电缆盘cable trunk 电缆管道电缆主干线calculation sheet计算书calibrated density reference scale 标准密度校验片calibration instrument 校准仪器calorimeter 热量计capillary action 毛细管作用capping ends 顶盖末端carbon steel 碳钢carbon steel tube 碳钢管carrier fluid载液carry over of penetrate渗透剂转入cascade connection 串联连接cassette 暗盒cathode 阴极cathodic protection system 阴极保护系统caulking metal填隙合金[金属](材料)ccd camera 电荷耦合摄像机cement lined piping 水泥衬里管线center bearing bracket 中心支架center line 中心线center plate 中心板拨盘central conductor 中心导体中线（三相四线制）central conductor method 中心导体法centralized 集中的centripetal canting pull rope向心斜拉索certification of fitness 质量合格证书channel bases沟渠基底channel steel expansion ring 槽钢胀圈characteristic curve特性曲线characteristic curve of film 胶片特性曲线characteristic radiation特征辐射标识辐射charge coupled device 电荷耦合器件（简称ccd）check against检查,核对check valve 止回阀chemical fog 化学灰雾chipping 修琢chronometer精密计时表ci 居里cine-radiography 射线(活动)电影摄影术连续射线照相circuit breaker断路开关circular array 圆形阵列circumferential coils 圆环线圈circumferential field 周向磁场环形磁场circumferential joint 周圈接缝circumferential magnetization method 周向磁化法circumferential weld 环焊缝civil engineer 土木工程师civil works 土建工程建筑工程clamp 夹钳clamping fixture 胎具夹具clean 清理clean-up 清除clearing time 定透时间cluster of flaws 密集区缺陷coaxial cable 同轴电缆cockle stairs 螺旋梯coercive force 矫顽力coherence 相干性coherence length相干长度（谐波列长度）coil method 线圈法coil reference 线圈参考（参照线圈）coil size 线圈尺寸coil spacing 线圈间距coil technique 线圈技术线圈法coil test 线圈试验coincidence discrimination 符合性鉴别一致性鉴别cold lap 冷隔cold-cathode ionization gage 冷阴极电离计collar extension 环口collimation 准直collimator 准直器collision碰撞冲突color identification 彩色识别combined colour contrast and fluorescent pene着色荧光渗透剂commencement 开始company 公司comply with 遵守component part构件(组合)零件部件comprehensive analysis and judgement综合分析判断compressed air drying压缩空气干燥compression joint 压接压力接合compression pump 压缩机压气机[泵] compressional wave 压缩波compton scatter 康普顿散射computed radiography(cr)计算机辅助射线成像技术condensation冷凝conducting wire 导线conductive paste 导电膏conduit box[电]导管分线匣conduit entry 导管引入装置conduit outlet 电线引出口connector 接线器连接器console 控制台construction work施工工程consumable insert （焊接）自耗嵌块consumer 用户contact pads 接触垫contactor 触头接触器触点开关content gauge 液位计continuous emission 连续发射continuous linear array 连续线性阵列continuous method 连续法continuous spectrum 连续谱continuous wave 连续波continuously welded (cw) 连续焊contrast 对比度衬度contrast agent对比剂造影剂contrast aid 反差增强剂contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度contrast stretch 对比度扩展control 控制控制器control cable控制电缆操纵索control console 控制台control echo 控制回波control unit 控制单元control valve控制阀control valve actuator 阀控传动机构control wiring 控制线路convenience receptacle 电源插座convexity 凸面copper intensifying screens 铜增感屏core rod 芯棒corresponding 相应的cotton fibre 棉质纤维couplant 耦合剂coupling 耦合coupling losses 耦合损失coupling medium 耦合介质cr(computed radiography)计算机辅助射线成像技术cracking 破裂裂纹裂化裂解crate 板条箱柳条箱crater crack （焊接）弧坑裂纹creeping wave 爬波蠕变波critical angle 临界角cross section 横截面cross talk 串音cross-drilled hole 横孔crossed yoke 交叉磁轭crystal 晶片晶体c-scan c型扫描c扫描c-scope c型显示c-shape detector c型探测器（x射线实时成像）cubicle室,箱curie point 居里点curie temperature 居里温度curie(ci) 居里current attenuation 电流衰减current flow method 通电法电流法current induction method电流感应法current magnetization method电流磁化法cushion 垫层衬垫cut-off level 截止电平cutting切割cutting opening 切孔切开cw (continuously welded)连续焊dark room packing 暗室包装（在暗室条件下将x射线胶片装入暗盒）data logger 数据记录器datum mark基准点dead zone 盲区死区decay curve 衰变曲线decibel(db) 分贝defect 缺陷defect detection sensitivity 缺陷探测灵敏度defect evaluation zone 缺陷评定区defect resolution 缺陷分辨力definition 清晰度定义delivery 发货demagnetization 退磁demagnetization factor退磁因子退磁系数demagnetizer 退磁装置退磁器densitometer 黑度计密度计density 黑度（底片）密度density comparison strip 黑度比较片密度比较条density strip 黑度比较片密度比较条depth scan 深度扫描description 说明描述design pressure 设计压力detecting medium检验介质detergent remover洗净液去垢剂developer 显像剂显影剂developer aqueous水性显像剂developer dry 干式显象剂developer liquid film 液膜显象剂developer nonaqueous（suspend）非水（悬浮）显象剂developer station 显像工位显影台developing time 显像时间显影时间development 显影differential discriminator (电子)差动式鉴频器diffraction mottle衍射斑点衍射斑纹diffuse indications 扩散指示diffusion 扩散漫射digital detector数字探测器（x射线实时成像）digital display数字显示数显digital image acquisition system 数字图像采集系统digital radiography（dr）数字射线成像技术digital thermometer 数字温度计（用于测定胶片处理液的温度）digital timer for darkroom暗室用计时器（在暗室中可调及报警）dilatational wave膨胀波疏密波dimensional inspection 尺寸检验dip and drain station 浸渍和流滴工位浸渍与滴落台direct contact magnetization直接接触磁化direct contact method 直接接触法direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像directional beam定向辐射（指定向辐射的工业x射线机）directivity 指向性disassembly and assembly 拆装discontinuity 不连续性distance marker 距离标志distance-gain-size dgs曲线（距离-增益-尺寸曲线）（dgs德文为avg）distribution board配电盘,配电屏dose 剂量dose equivalent 剂量当量dose meter 剂量计dose rate meter 剂量率计double crystal probe双晶探头double probe technique双探头法double skin 重皮double transceiver technique 双发双收法double traverse technique 双光路技术down lead引下线dr（digital radiography）数字射线成像技术dragout 废酸洗液drain 排水管排水沟排水道排水drain time 滴落时间排液时间draught 气流drift 漂移dry developer干式显像剂dry developing cabinet 干式显像柜dry method 干法dry powder干粉dry technique 干法drying 烘干drying oven 干燥箱干燥炉drying station 干燥工位干燥台drying time 干燥时间d-scan d型扫描d-scope d型显示dual element transducers 双晶探头双晶片换能器dual search unit 双探头双探测装置双探测器dual-focus tube 双焦点(x射线)管due date 到期日预定日期duplex wire type image quality indicator 双线型像质指示器双线像质计duplex-wire image quality indicator 双线像质指示器双线像质计duplicate part 备件duration 持续时间dwell time 停留时间dye penetrant 着色渗透剂dye penetrant examination 着色渗透检验dynamic leak test 动态泄漏检测dynamic leakage measurement 动态泄漏测量dynamic radiography 动态射线照相法dynamic range动态范围earth resistance 接地电阻earth wire接地线地线earthing device 接地装置earthing pole接地极echo回波echo frequency 回波频率echo height回波高度echo indication回波指示echo transmittance of sound pressure声压往复透过率echo width回波宽度echodynamic patterns回波动态波型eddy current 涡流涡电流eddy current coil 涡流检测线圈eddy current flaw detector涡流探伤仪eddy current probe 涡流检测探头eddy current testing 涡流检测edge 边缘棱边edge echo棱边回波edge effect 边缘效应effective depth penetration （edp）有效穿透深度有效透入深度effective focus size 有效焦点尺寸effective magnetic permeability 有效磁导率effective permeability 有效磁导率有效渗透率相对渗透率effective reflection surface of flaw 缺陷有效反射面effective resistance有效电阻elastic medium弹性介质elbow弯管接头管肘electric displacement 电位移electric force compounded grease 电力复合脂electric heat tracing 电伴随加热electric machine 电机electric pressure 电压electrical appliance 电器electrical center 电中心electrical material电气材料electrical panel配电板,配电盘electrified带电electrode电极电焊条electrolytic sliver recovery unit 电解银回收装置（从定影液中回收银）electromagnet电磁铁electro-magnetic acoustic transducer电磁声换能器electromagnetic induction电磁感应electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic testing 电磁检测electro-mechanical coupling factor 机电耦合系数electron linear accelerator 电子直线加速器electron radiography 电子辐射照相术electron volt 电子伏恃electronic linear scans (e-scans) 电子线性扫描electronic noise 电子噪声electronic scanning (e-scans) 电子扫描（e-扫描）electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂e-mail电子邮件:?电子邮箱:embedded part 预埋件嵌入[埋置]部分emission count （声）发射计数emulsification 乳化emulsification time乳化时间emulsifier 乳化剂encircling coils 环形线圈end effect 端部效应端点效应end socket端头,(钢索的)封头energizing cycle 激励周期enfoldment 折迭envelope 包络包迹environment visible light 环境可见光equalizing filter 均衡滤波器平衡滤波器equipment 器材设备equivalent 当量equivalent i.q.i. sensitivity 当量象质指示器灵敏度equivalent method 当量法equivalent nitrogen pressure 等效氮压当量氮气压力equivalent penetrameter sensifivty 当量透度计灵敏度erasabl optical medium 可消光介质erection 架设etching 浸蚀腐蚀侵蚀蚀刻evaluation评定evaluation threshold 评价阈值评定阈event count事件计数event count rate 事件计数率examination 试验检验考试examination area 检验范围examination region 检验区域examine and approve审批exfoliation 剥落脱落exhaust pressure/discharge pressure 排气压力/排放压力出口压力输送压力exhaust tubulation 排气管道expanded time-base sweep 时基线展宽时基扫描扩展expansion bolt伸缩栓,扩开螺栓expansion joint 膨胀节exposure 曝光exposure and darkroom accessories曝光与暗室附件exposure chart 曝光曲线exposure fog 曝光灰雾exposure table 曝光表extended source 扩展源延长源external diameter 外径external diameter of the pipe 管子直径extra fee 额外费用?eye survey 目测fabrication 加工制造fabrication drawing制造图纸制作图fabrication tolerance制造容差facility scattered neutrons易散射中子fall off 脱落false indication 假指示虚假指示伪显示虚假显示family 族系列far field远场fast neutron detectors 快中子探测器fast/slow timing oscilloscope 带快慢调速的示波器fax传真:?fbh 平底孔(缩写)feeder 馈电线feed-through coil 穿过式线圈ferritic 铁素体的field 场（磁场、声场）field fabricated 工地制造的现场装配的field installation 现场安装field instrument 携带式仪表filament 灯丝fill factor 填充系数filler metal 焊料焊丝filler rod 焊条fillet weld 角焊填角焊filling water test 充水试验film badge 胶片剂量计film base 片基film cassette 胶片暗盒film contrast 胶片对比度film density 胶片密度，底片黑度film evaluation scope 底片评定范围film gamma 胶片γ值（胶片灰度系数）film hangers （channel type）槽式洗片架（手工洗片的一种洗片架类型）film hangers （clip type）夹式洗片架（手工洗片的一种洗片架类型）film hangers for manual processing 洗片架（手工洗片的胶片挂架）film marking equipment 胶片标记器材film processing胶片冲洗加工底片处理film processing chemicals 胶片处理药品洗片药品film speed胶片速度(胶片感光速度胶片感光度)film unsharpness 胶片不清晰度film viewer 底片评片灯观片灯底片观察用光源film viewing equipment 评片装置（观片灯）film viewing screen 胶片观察屏filter 滤波器滤光板过滤器final test 最终检验fire barriers防火间隔防火屏障fixing 固定flange 边缘轮缘凸缘法兰flange connection 凸缘联接flange gasket法兰垫片flange joint 凸缘接头flange sealing surface法兰密封面flash plate闪熔镀层flash point 闪点flat-bottomed hole 平底孔flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量flaw 伤缺陷瑕疵裂纹flaw characterization 伤特性缺陷特征flaw echo 缺陷回波flaw height(thru-wall dimension) 缺陷自身高度（缺陷在壁厚方向的尺寸）flexible conduit 软管flexural wave 弯曲波flicker-free images 无闪烁图像floating threshold 浮动阀值floor slab 楼板flow instrument 流量计flow sheet 流程图fluorescence 荧光fluorescent dry deposit penetrant干沉积荧光渗透剂fluorescent examination method 荧光检验法fluorescent light 荧光荧光灯fluorescent magnetic particle inspection 荧光磁粉检验fluorescent magnetic powder 荧光磁粉fluorescent penetrant 荧光渗透剂fluorescent screen 荧光屏fluorography 荧光照相术fluorometallic intensifying screen 荧光金属增感屏fluoroscopy 荧光检查法flushing冲洗填缝flux 焊剂，熔化flux cored arc welding 带焊剂焊丝电弧焊flux leakage field 磁通泄漏场漏磁场flux lines 磁通线focal distance 焦距focal spot 焦点focus electron 电子焦点聚焦电子束focus length 焦点长度聚焦长度focus size 焦点尺寸聚焦尺寸focus width 焦点宽度聚焦宽度focused beam 聚焦束（声束、光束、电子束）focusing probe 聚焦探头focus-to-film distance(f.f.d) 焦点-胶片距离（焦距）fog 灰雾fog density 灰雾密度footcandle英尺烛光formula 公式foundation ring 底圈foundation settlement基础沉降freguency 频率frequency constant 频率常数fringe 干涉带干扰带条纹边缘front distance 前沿距离front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离full-scale value 满刻度值full-wave direct current（fwdc）全波直流fundamental frequency 基频furring 毛状迹痕毛皮fusion 熔融熔合fusion arc welded 熔弧焊gage glass 液位玻璃管gage pressure 表压表压力gain增益gamma camera γ射线照相机（γ射线探伤机）gamma equipment γ射线设备gamma radiographyγ射线照相术gamma ray source γ射线源gamma ray source containerγ射线源容器gamma raysγ射线gamma source γ射线源γ源gamma-ray radiographic equipmentγ射线照相装置gamme ray unit γ射线机γ射线装置gap scanning 间隙扫查间隙扫描gas 气体gas cutting 气割gas shielded arc welding 气体保护焊gate 闸门gating technique 选通技术脉冲选通技术gauge board 仪表板样板模板规准尺gauss 高斯geiger-muller counter 盖革.弥勒计数器generating of arc 引弧geometric unsharpness 几何不清晰度girth weld 环形焊缝gland bolt 压盖螺栓goggles 护目镜gouging 刨削槽gray(gy) 戈瑞grazing angle 掠射角切线角入射余角grazing incidence 掠入射切线入射grind off 磨掉grinder 磨床磨工grinding wheel 砂轮片砂轮groove face （焊缝）坡口面grounding conductor 接地导体group velocity 群速度grouting 灌（水泥）浆guide wire尺度[定距]索,准绳gusset plate角撑板,加固板half life 半衰期half-value layer(hvl) 半值层半价层half-value method 半波高度法半值法half-wave current （hw）半波电流halogen 卤素halogen leak detector 卤素检漏仪hanger 吊架挂架洗片架hard hat 安全帽hard x-rays 硬x射线hard-faced probe硬膜探头硬面探头harmonic analysis谐波分析harmonic distortion 谐波畸变harmonics 谐频谐波head face 端面head wave头波heat absorbing glass 吸热玻璃heat affected area 热影响区heat exchangers 热交换器heat transfer 热传输heating boxes 加热箱helium bombing 氦轰击法helium drift 氦漂移helium leak detector氦检漏仪hermetically tight seal 气密密封密封密封装置high energy x-rays 高能x射线high frequency 高频high frequency generator高频发电机high vacuum 高真空highly sophisticated image processing 高度完善的图像处理hoisting upright column 吊装立柱holography 全息照相术（光全息、声全息）horizontal line 水平线hydrophilic emulsifier 亲水乳化剂hydrophilic remover 亲水性洗净剂亲水性去除剂hydrostatic pressure test水压试验hysteresis磁滞滞后i.f. (intermediate frequency)中频（30～3000千周/秒）iacs =international annealed copper standard国际退火(软)铜标准ice 冰ice chest 冰箱ice machine 制冰机，冷冻机iconoscope 光电摄像管id (①inside ②inside dimensions) ①内径②内部尺寸id coil, id =inside diameter 内径线圈idea概念，意见，思想ideal 理想的，想象的identical 同一的，恒定的，相同的identification 鉴定，辨别，验明identification mark识别标志identifier 鉴别器identify pulse识别脉冲idiopathetic 自发的，特发的iem (ion exchange membrane) 离子交换膜illuminance照（明）度illuminant 照明的，发光的illuminating lamp 照明灯泡illuminating loupe 放大照明镜illuminating mirror 照明镜illumination 照明的，照射illumination apparatus 照明器illumination plate 照明板illuminator①照明器，照明装置②反光镜illuminometer 照度计illustration(abbr. illus.)图解，例证，具体说明image amplifier 图像放大器，影像增强器image analysis system 图像分析系统image contrast 图像对比度影像对比image converter 影像转换器image definition 图像清晰度image enhancement 图像增强image freeze 影像冻结image intensifier 像亮化器，图像增强器image intensifier tube 影像增强管图像增强管image magnification图像放大image monitor 图像监视器image multiplier 影像倍增器image pick-up tube 摄像管image quality 图像质量image quality indication 像质指示image quality indicator （iqi）像质计像质指示器image quality indicator sensitivity 像质指示器灵敏度image reproducer 显像管，显像器image store 图像存储器image tube 显像管imager 图像仪，显像仪imagination 想象imagine 想象，推测，设想imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器图像行扫描器imaging plates（ip）成像板immediate payment 立即付款immersion 浸没，浸渍immersion probe 液浸探头immersion rinse 浸没清洗浸液清洗immersion system 浸渍装置液浸系统immersion testing 液浸试验immersion time 浸没时间浸入时间impact strength 冲击强度impacter 冲击器impedance 阻抗impedance matching 阻抗匹配impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图impedance transducer 阻抗传感器，阻抗换能器impeller ①叶轮，转子②压缩机imperfection 不完整性缺陷imperial gallon(abbr. ip gal) 英国标准加仑（英制容量单位合4.546升）imperial quart英制夸脱import ①进口②输入import and export firm 进出口商行import border station 进口国境站名import licence position 进口许可证importation ①输入，传入②进口货impression 压迹，印模，版impression technic 印模术impression tray 印模盘impulse 冲动，搏动，脉冲impulse eddy current testing脉冲涡流检测impulse generator 脉冲发生器impulse oscilloscope 脉冲示波器impulse recorder 脉冲自动记录器impulse scaler 脉冲计数器impulse timer 脉冲计数器impulse transmitting tube 脉冲发射管impulser脉冲发生器，脉冲传感器impurity不纯，杂质in (①indium ②inch) ①铟②英寸（等于25.4毫米）in parallel 并联in phase 同相的in series 串联in toto 全，整体in vacuo 在真空中inaction 无作用inadequacy 机能不全，闭锁不全inc. (incorporated) 股份有限公司incandescent lamp 白炽灯inch(abbr.in;in) 英寸incidence ①入射，入射角②发生率incident angle 入射角incident illumination入射光incident light 入射光incident ray 入射光incidental 偶发的，非主要的inclination 倾斜，斜度inclined tube type manometer 斜管式压力计include 包括，计入inclusion 包含包埋杂质incoming line 进线口incompatible 不相容的，禁忌的incompetence 机能不全，闭锁不全inconvertible 不可逆的incorporation ①并入②公司increase 增加，增大，增长incremental permeability 增量磁导率indent 订单index ①指数，索引②指针index card 索引卡片index hand指针index signal指示信号indexer 指数测定仪，分度器indicate 指示，表明indicated defect area 缺陷指示面积indicated defect length 缺陷指示长度indicated light 指示灯indicating bell 指示铃indicating lamp 指示灯indication 指示indicator ①指示器，显示器②指针③指示剂indicator paper 试纸indicatrix指示量，指示线，特征曲线indifferent electrode 无关电极indiffusible不扩散的indirect export 间接出口indirect exposure间接曝光indirect import 间接进口indirect magnetization 间接磁化indirect magnetization method 间接磁化法indirect scan 间接扫查indium(abbr.in) 铟individual 个体的，个别的indoor 室内的induce 引起，感应，诱导induced current method 感应电流法induced electricity感生电，感应电induced field 感应磁场感生场induct 感应，引导，引入inductance 电感，感应系数inductance bridge flowmeter 感应电桥流量计inductance meter 电感测定计induction ①引导，前言②感应，电感③吸气induction apparatus 感应器induction coil 感应线圈inductive transducer 感应传感器inductogram x射线照片inductometer 电感计inductor 感应器，感应机inductorium 感应器inductosyn 感应式传感器industrial exhibition 工业展览会industrial radiographic film drye工业射线胶片干燥器industrial robot 工业机器人industrial x-ray films 工业x射线胶片industrial(abbr.indust.) 业的，产品的industry 工业，产业indutrial x-ray machin工业x射线机inert 惰性的，无效的inference推论，推断infinite无限的，无穷的infinitesimal 无限小的，无穷小的infinity 无穷大，无限，无限距inflame 燃，着火inflammable燃的，易燃的inflation 膨胀，充气，打气inflator 充气机inflow 流入，吸入，进气influence影响，感应influx 流入，注入inform 报告，通告，告诉information 情报，资料，消息，数据information generator 信息发送器information storage unit信息存储器infra-下，低于，内，间infranics 红外线电子学infrared ①红外线的②红外线infrared detector红外线探测器infrared drier 红外线干燥器infrared equipment 红外线设备infrared furnace 红外线炉infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析仪infrared heater红外线加热器infrared imaging system 红外成象系统infrared lamp红外线灯infrared laser 红外激光器infrared light 红外线infrared liner polarizer 红外线直线偏振镜infrared photography 红外摄影术infrared radiation 红外线照射infrared radiator 红外线辐射器infrared rays 红外线infrared sensing device 红外传感装置infrared spectrophotometer 红外分光光度计infrared thermography红外热成象红外热谱infrasonic frequency 次声频infrequent稀有的，不常见的inherent 生来的，固有的，先天的inherent filtration 固有滤波inherent fluorescence 固有荧光inheritance 遗传，继承inhibition抑制，延迟，阻滞inhibitor 抑制剂抑制器inhomogeneous 不纯的，不均匀的in-house自身的，内部的initial 开始的，最初的initial charge 起始电荷initial data原始数据initial permeability 起始磁导率初始磁导率initial pulse 始脉冲initial pulse width 始波宽度始脉冲宽度initiator①创造人②引发剂injection 注射，喷射injection syringe注射器injector 注射器，喷射器injector pump 注射泵injury 伤，损伤，损害ink 墨水，油墨ink jet printer 墨水喷射印刷机，喷水式打印机ink jet recorder墨水喷射记录器ink writer印字机ink writing oscillograph 记录示波仪inlay嵌体，嵌入inlead 引入线inlet 入口，入线，输入inlet port入口inner 内部的innocuous 无害的，良性的innovation 革新，改革innumerable 无数的，数不清的ino- 纤维inoperative 无效的，不工作的inorganic 无机的inorganic chemistry 无机化学inosculation 吻合，联合in-out box 输入-输出盒input 输入，输入电路input buffer 输入缓冲器input coupler 输入耦合器input device输入装置input filter 输入滤波器input impedance输入阻抗input output adapter 输入-输出衔接器input tranformer 输入变压器inscription 标题，注册insert ①插入物，垫圈②插入，植入insert tube嵌入式x射线管inserted coil 插入式线圈inserter 插入器，插入物insertion 插入inset 插页，插图，插入inside内部，内侧，在……里面inside coil 内部线圈inside-out testing 外泄检测泄出检测insignificant 无意义的，轻微的insolation 曝晒，日照insoluble 不溶解的inspection 检查检验inspection 验收，检查，商检inspection certificate 检验证明书inspection fee 检验费inspection frequency 检测频率inspection machine 检验设备inspection medium 检查介质检验介质inspection standard 检验标准inspector①测定器②检验员inspectoscope检查镜inspissator 浓缩器，蒸浓器instability 不稳定性install 安装，装置installation①安装②装置，设备installation fundamental circle 安装基准圆installing 安装，插入instance 例证，实例，情况instantaneous value瞬时值，即时值instead代替，更换instillation 滴注法，灌注institute 学会，协会，研究所institution 机关，机构，学校，制度instruction ①指示，命令②说明，说明书instruction counter 指令计数器instrumenent repairing table器械修理台instrument 仪器，器械，仪表instrument air仪表气源instrument board 仪表板instrument cabinet 器械柜instrument carriage 器械车instrument case 器械箱instrument cover 仪器外表instrument cupboard 器械柜instrument light 仪表信号灯instrument lubricant 器械润滑剂instrument rack器械架仪器架instrument stand 仪器架instrument table 器械台，器械桌instrumental error 仪器误差instrumentation ①器械，设备②器械操作法insulant 绝缘材料insulated cable 绝缘电缆insulated sleeve 绝缘套管insulating oil 绝缘油insulation绝缘，绝热，隔离insulation resistance 绝缘电阻insulator 绝缘体，绝热体insullac 绝缘漆insusceptible 不受……影响的，不接受……的intact 完整的，未受损伤的integral ①积分（的）②完整的integraph 积分仪integrated circuit microelectrode集成电路微电极integrated circuit storage集成电路存储器integrated circuit(abbr.ic) 集成电路integrating dosimeter 累计剂量仪integrating instrument 积分仪，积算仪表integrator 积分仪integrogram 积分图integronics 综合电子设备intellect智力，才智intensifier①增强器②照明装置intensifying factor增感系数intensifying screen增感屏intensimeter x射线强度计intensionometer x射线强度量intensity强度intensity level①强度级（声音）②亮度intensity output声强输出intensive 加强的，集中的，重点的inter- 在……中间，内，相互interaction 相互影响，相互作用，干扰interception 相交，折射（光）interchange 交替，交换interchanger 交换器intercondenser中间电容器intercooler 中间冷却器interdiction 禁止，制止interest 兴趣，关心，注意，利益interesting 有趣的interface （计算机）接口界面interface boundary界面interface echo 界面回波interface trigger 界面触发interfacial tensiometer 界面张力计interfacial tension 界面张力interference 干涉interference absorber 干扰吸收器interference filter①干涉滤波器②干涉滤光镜interference preventer 防干扰装置interference refractometer 干涉折射计interference spectroscope 干涉分光镜interferogram 干涉图interferometer 干涉仪，干扰计interferoscope 干涉镜interior 内部，内部的interior angle welding line joint 内侧角焊缝接头interlayer 夹层隔层intermediate frequency(abbr.i.f.) 中频（300～3000千周/秒）intermission 间断间歇internal energy 内能internal exposure 体内照射internal gauge 内径规international candle 国际烛光international fair 国际博览会international market 国际市场international standard 国际标准international treaty 国际条约international unit(abbr. i.u) 国际单位international(abbr.int.) 国际的，世界的interphase 界面界面interpolation插入，内插法interpretation翻译，解释，说明interpretation解释interpreter 翻译程序，翻译机interrupt 断续，中断interrupter 断流器，断续器interspace空间，间隙，中间interstage amplifier 级间放大器inter-sync 内同步interval 间隔，时间间隔，中断期interval arrival time （δtij) 到达时间差interval timer 限时器intervalometer 定时器，时间间隔计intra- 在内，内，内部intrasonic 超低频intro- 入口，在内introduce①引进，引导②前言，绪论introduction说明书，前言，intromission 插入，输入introscope内腔检视仪，内孔窥视仪invagination 凹入，折入，套叠invasive 侵害的，侵入的invention 发明，创造inventor 发明者，创造者inventory①清单，存货单②设备，机器inversion 转换，逆转inverted cone 倒锥形inverted image倒像inverter 倒相器，交换器，换流器inverting amplifier 倒相放大器inverting eyepiece倒像目镜invest 包埋，围模，附于investigation ①调查，研究②调查报告invisible light filter 不可见光滤光镜invisible spectrum 不可见光谱involuntary 不随意的，偶然的involve 包含，包括inward 内，向内的io(ionium) 碘iodide碘化物iodine(abbr. i) 碘iodo- 碘iodoform碘仿，三碘甲烷ion 离子ion analyser 离子分析仪ion exchange 离子交换ion exchange chromatography 离子交换色谱法ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂ion exchanger ①离子交换器②离子交换器ion laser 离子激光器ion meter 离子计ion pump 离子泵ion source离子源ionic rays 离子射线ionic strength 离子强度ionic weight 离子量ionization 电离，游离，离子化ionization chamber 电离室ionization constant 电离常数ionization meter 电离测量仪ionization potential 电离电位ionization vacuum gage 电离真空计电离真空压力计ionocolorimeter 氢离子比色计ionogram 电离图ionography 离子放射照相法ionometer ①x射线量计②离子计ionosphere 电离层ionotron 静电消除器iontoquantimeter ①x射线量计②离子计iontoradiometer x射线量计ip (iso-electric point) 等电点ip（imaging plates）成像板ir-不，无，非（同in-,但冠于r字头的词前）ir (iridium) 铱ir spectrophotometer 红外线分光光度计ir-192 gamma ray projector铱192γ射线探伤机iraser 红外激射器，红外激光iridium(abbr. ir) 铱iris ①虹膜②隔膜，膜片③可变光阑iris aperture可变光圈，可变光阑iron 铁iron intensifying screens 铁增感屏iron triangle 铁三角架irradiance e辐射通量密度，辐照度e?irradiation 照光，辐射irradiator 辐照器，辐射器irregular 不规则的，无规律的irregular lighting 不规则照明irreversibility 不可逆性iso- 同，等，均匀isobar 等压线isochore 等容线（在等体积下温度气压关系曲线）isochrone 等时线，瞬压曲线isochronism 等时性isolation 隔离度绝缘。

安全管理器-过程解决方案安全管理器说明书

Process SolutionsSafety Manager combines Honeywell’s proven Quadruple Modular Redundancy (QMR®) 2oo4D technology with extensive process safety management expertise in integrating process safety data, applications, system diagnostics and critical control strategies.Honeywell’s IEC 61511 and IEC 61508 SIL 3 TÜV certified solution provides the optimal level of safety and process integration while still maintaining functional safety separation as mandated by those standards. Through Experion operational integration, all systems are unified into one operationally integrated architecture, providing a unique opportunity to improve safety, process availability and efficiency.Experion provides unprecedented connectivity through all levels of process and business operations to optimize work processes, improve routine maintenance efficiencies, enhance safety management and release personnel from manual processes.Benefits∙Safe and Secure– Safety Manager is designed to be securely integrated into customer systems and has passed very rigorous security testing as defined by ISA Security Compliance Institute (ISCI).Safety Manager was the first safety system to achieve Embedded Device Security Assurance (EDSA) certification. ISCI developed this certification within the framework of the ISA Industrial Automation and Control Systems security standards (ISA 99). Because of the built in protection mechanisms, the Experion Safety Manager is protected from cyber attacks and disruption of service. ∙High Availability Architecture–Honeywell’s field-proven QMR 2oo4D architecture provides the highest availability with a safe architecture. Applying QMR technology allows uninterrupted process operation in the event of any system degradation or on-process modification without jeopardizing the SIL 3 level. The optional Safety Manager A.R.T. (Advanced Redundancy Technique) provides additional benefits for locations where timely maintenance is not available.∙Easy and Intuitive Engineering and Modifications– Safety Builder, an intuitive and comprehensive configuration tool, provides plant-wide management of safety-critical databases and application programming for easy network design. TÜV-approved, menu-driven online modifications prevent errors while maintaining and optimizing the safety application.∙Defense-in-Depth– SafeNet and remote distributed Safety Manager provide the ability to design defense-in-depth safety strategies that maximize safety and security while minimizing risk and scope-of-loss concerns.∙Safety Networking - The networking capabilities of Safety Manager are unsurpassed. Up to 1024 redundant nodes can be included in one safety network, acting as one integrated safety solution. The SIL 4 certified SafeNet communication protocol guarantees fast and safe communication over any media and distance. The remote management capabilities support centralized management of all connected safety systems.Honeywell’s Safety Manager, part of the Experion® Process Knowledge System (PKS), enhances the safety, reliability and efficiency of critical processes. Experion® PKS – The Knowledge to Make it Possible.∙SafeNet Flexibility - SafeNet can run over any network, such as a dedicated separated safety network as well as the Honeywell Fault Tolerant Ethernet (FTE) network infrastructure. SafeNet is the only SIL 4 certifiedcommunication protocol available in process networks today.∙Self-Learning – Replacing any module, including the safety processor, is possible when the plant is in operation, and data and programs are automatically copied from the running processor. There is no manual loading required, which simplifies handling and avoids problems. The total system will continue to meet the stringent SIL 3 requirements.∙High Performance – Safety Manager has been optimized to manage large applications with over 1,000 I/O as well as high-speed applications with fast processing requirements of cycle times well below 100 milliseconds.∙Universal Safety I/O – Safety Manager Universal Safety I/O enables maximum architectural flexibility and lowest cost ofownership when safety is required at distributed locations. It has the unique feature that each channel can be configured individually to a different I/O type. Every Universal Safety I/O module has a capacity of 32 freely configurable channels, enabling savings on both installation and operational costs. By using soft-marshalling, the Universal Safety I/O module can be mounted close to the process unit, eliminating the need for marshalling panels, homerun cables and reducing oreliminating field auxiliary rooms. This approach is ideally suited to highly distributed applications such as oil and gas upstream applications, and reduces cost while increasing availability and efficiency. This reduces overall capital expenditure, as well as maintenance costs.∙Localized Safeguarding - With Universal Safety Logic Solver,the safety application can be distributed into the field close to the process unit while maintaining a transparent overview of the overall safety application. The unique feature of this Universal Safety IO module is the fact that besides being an IO module to Safety Manager, it can execute the safetyapplication locally. Safeguarding the process even in the event communications to the Safety Manager are interrupted.∙Standardized Solutions - Universal Channel Technology enables Universal Cabinet designs to be standardized,significantly reducing engineering cost and schedule when applied broadly across a project.∙Advanced Experion Integration – Supports Safety Manager integration in Experion, providing an integrated safety and control solution. It enables, for example, transmitter data sharing between the CEE (Control Execution Environment)controllers and Safety Manager, via direct peer to peer communication, to save installed and operational costs. Peer to peer communication further allows for alarm suppression,automatic bypassing and interlocks between shutdown and control functions as well as “soft landing” in case of process upset. It also provides easy operator access and full Console Station support. As p art of the “enter data only once”philosophy, the Experion-related properties are configured from the Safety Builder tool simplifying maintenance and reducing total cost of ownership.∙Built on QMR Technology – Safety Manager is based on the unique and field-proven QMR diagnostic-based technology with 2oo4D architecture. QMR enhances system flexibility,increases diagnostic messaging capabilities and improves system fault tolerance for critical applications. It enables the handling of multiple system faults within Experion Safety Manager, matching the needs of critical control applications.In addition, Safety Manager provides the basis for integrating SIL-rated field sensors and valve actuators, ensuring that safety functions are well established to protect complex and hazardous processes. It integrates SIL 1-3 safety transmitters (such as Honeywell ST3000 and STT250) or safety valve positioners for improved safety and field asset management.∙Optimized field maintenance - Without the need for extra infrastructure or engineering, HART devices are integrated within Honeywell’s Field Device Manager. This provides all required data for field asset management. To prevent inadvertent device changes, the safety manager prevents FDM from writing parameter changes unless the device safety lock has been disabled from Safety Builder.Compliance to Safety StandardsA major requirement for compliance with IEC 61511 and IEC 61508 is the availability of a change history of applications. With Safety Builder, change history is efficiently tracked with the Safety Audit Tracker through an automatically enabled audit trail. Difficult procedures or extensive loggings are not required. The Safety Audit Tracker, together with the automated embedded Application Verification mechanism, is all that is required.Safety Manager complies with the following international standards:∙For burner management: NFPA 85, 86, EN50156∙For emergency shutdown and other critical applications: IEC 61508, IEC61511, ISA S84.01, DIN V 19250, UL,FM, ATEX∙For fire and gas: EN54-2, NFPA 72, Lloyd’s Register and offshore installations ABSWith all SIL 3 safety hardware and software compliance tools, Safety Manager provides excellent protection for safety applications across multiple industries throughout the entire life of an installation. Safety Manager provides the basis for critical control and safety unification, reducing risks and installed costs, and improving safety while increasing uptime.Optimized Engineering EnvironmentSafety Builder software improves engineering and design efficiency. With simple drag and drop functionality, a complete and complex network can be designed within minutes without programming, saving valuable engineering and testing time. The complete network design is available on a one-page view without requiring additional documentation.An integrated editor facilitates fast and effective application design, allowing clear and distinct views of all logic with full compliance to IEC 61131 standards. Logic inputs, outputs and symbols are placed with drag and drop functionality from the toolbar and are easily configurable. Through the Safety Manager simulation mode any application can be loaded and tested on a minimum size system, a tool that facilitates easy application design and testing. The simulation mode also allows execution of online modifications and testing of all communication interfaces.In absence of a Safety Manager system the Honeywell’s UniSim® simulation environment for Safety Manager supports offline simulation as well. It can help in the early implementation phase of a project or as part of a plant-wide system simulation. It supports step by step simulation, freezing the application and building snapshots.Optimal Process AvailabilityApplying QMR technology to Safety Manager delivers unlimited runtime for single channel operation. This increases process availability, allowing uninterrupted process operation in the event of any system degradation. Without incurring any process downtime, the system can be kept up to date with the latest system software as well as application changes or additions through a four-step online system modification procedure The on-process modification to the application can be carried out remotely without physical presence to the system.I/O faults are detected and isolated on a per-channel basis and immediately reported to the appropriate level. This minimizes the time to repair and further increases system robustness.Integrated Operation and MaintenanceSafety Manager unifies critical safety process data with process control information, providing single-window access for operation and maintenance. When connected to the Honeywell FTE network through TÜV SIL 3 approved Universal Safety Interfaces, multiple Safety Managers can be unified into one safety system architecture.Safety Manager integration delivers fast, safe and reliable data exchange with Experion, enhancing operator and maintenance performance. In addition, Safety Manager extends the system proof test interval with inherent extensive system self-testing and diagnostic capability, reducing operational and maintenance costs. Integrated sequence of events (SOE) functionality for all process and safety-related activities supports analysis at a glance.Safeguards are built into Safety Manager to eliminate the possibility of systematic failures caused by errors made duringthe design, planning, construction, operation and decommissioning of the system. A systematic failure in thedesign of a common tool can result in an unsafe reaction of both the safety and control systems.Safety through SeparationSafety and control systems must be integrated to allow for smooth and safe plant operation, while still maintaining a safe separation where appropriate.∙Secure Separated Databases - Within H oneywell’s unique solution, separate databases store the safety and control strategies, and separate software modules are available for safety and control through dedicated tools such as Safety Builder and Control Builder. Maintaining separate tools with separate databases prevents unauthorized changes or corruptions, decreases safety risks and prevents common cause failures.∙Managed and Protected Database Environment - A unique, secure login scheme protects Safety Manager from off- and on-process changes. This login scheme uses a dedicated protection mechanism with several access levels for the engineering application, loading of the application in the controller and forcing points in Safety Manager. A user expiration mechanism downgrades the access level after auser-defined period of time elapses to protect the application from accidental or unauthorized changes when Safety Builder is unmanned over a specified period.∙Dedicated Software and Hardware - Using dedicated and specifically developed hardware and software in accordance with the IEC61508 safety standard reduces the risk of a common cause failure. Using dedicated hardware and software for both safety and control protects the safety system from any defects in control-related operations. In addition, the safety and control strategies are developed by different groups using dedicated methods.Conversely, using the same hardware or software for both safety and control increases the possibility of systematic controller failures, including those that result from design errors. A clear separation reduces the effort for testing and designing safety systems.∙Secure Environment - It is crucial that critical control and SIS are protected from intentional or accidental cyber threats. In general, functional security in combination with functional safety is critical to assessing the overall integrity of a SIS. Safety Manager architecture is secure by design and is certified to the Embedded Device Security Assurance program as defined by the ISA Security Compliance Institute. Adherence to this standard provides assurance of safety, security and robustness, meeting stringent industry best practices and performance benchmarks.In addition, Safety Manager is protected from outside threats by an embedded certified hardware firewall. This firewall isolates the safety application during runtime execution from external devices so they can never jeopardize the safety or availability of the application. With this firewall and the use of a SIL 4 certified proprietary protocol between safety managers, the data integrity between control and safety is protected and guaranteed.∙Safety Inside - Using dedicated firmware for safety and control ensures that safety is embedded into the system—no additional programming is needed to establish the required safety level. Strategies with a common platform for safety and control require that safety be built into the application. This customized safety level is a manual process and requires fundamental knowledge of the safety system to establish safety functions without jeopardizing the integrity of the application.Honeywell’s integrated control and safety solution is driven by the separation principle—hardware and software diversification, integrated operator interface, integrated data processing and analysis, and integrated alarm management.For More InformationTo l earn more about Honeywell’s Safety manager, visit our website or contact your Honeywell account manager. Honeywell Process Solutions Honeywell1250 West Sam Houston Parkway South Houston, TX 77042Honeywell House, Arlington Business Park Bracknell, Berkshire, England RG12 1EB UK Shanghai City Centre, 100 Junyi Road Shanghai, China 20051 The operational integration provided with Experion and Safety Manager allows plant personnel to have a seamless interface to the process while maintaining safe separation. This allows for a wide range of applications to be monitored plant-wide from any operator console. A complete overview of all information needed from the operator’s point of view is available through Experion Station or Experion Console Station. This communication architecture, supplied by Honeywell, delivers a scalable solution, from small control and safety networks to huge plant architectures with over 100,000 monitored I/O points. Interoperability of Safety Manager with the SafeNet protocol extends the functionality of one Safety Manager and allows for plant-wide implementation, binding the separate functionalities into one safety application with different protection layers.Engineering ExcellenceHoneywell’s Global Safety Discipline program enables consistent project execution excellence across Honeywell engineering locations. TÜV certified procedures and resources guarantee a global and transparent safety project execution by using certified standard builds, including templates, guidelines solution libraries, checklists, methodologies and tools.Safety Manager HMIWeb Solution Pack shapes and faceplates provide all projects with a highly flexible and functional library, enabling maximum advantage of the principles of safe and effective operations as described by the Abnormal Situation Management (ASM) Consortium.Honeywell Safety ServicesHoneywell’s offerings go beyond supplying hardware and software, establishing a unique safety knowledge community located in our expertise centers around the world in North America, Europe, South Africa, Asia and Australia.Over 200 certified safety engineers employed in these centers offer a wide range of consulting, project and lifecycle support services, including:∙Safety system audits∙Process hazard and risk assessment ∙SIL classification∙IEC61508 and IEC61511 CFSE training ∙Safety requirement specification development ∙FEED studies with customers to jointly develop their requirements∙IEC61508, IEC61511 and ISA S84 compliant solutions development∙Safety Instrumented Systems implementation ∙Live, hot cutover implementation and execution of revamp projects∙Installation and commissioning ∙SIL verification ∙SIL validation ∙Periodic proof-testing ∙System maintenance∙Solution Enhancement Support Program (SESP)∙Parts managementPN-12-25-ENG March 2013© 2012 Honeywell International Inc.Experion®, QMR® and UniSim® are registered trademarks of Honeywell International Inc.。

Quasi-Dense Wide Baseline Matching Using Match Propagation

Quasi-Dense Wide Baseline Matching Using Match PropagationJuho Kannala and Sami S.BrandtMachine Vision GroupUniversity of Oulu,Finland{jkannala,sbrandt}@ee.oulu.fiAbstractIn this paper we propose extensions to the match propa-gation algorithm which is a technique for computing quasi-dense point correspondences between two views.The ex-tensions make the match propagation applicable for wide baseline matching,i.e.,for cases where the camera pose can vary a lot between the views.Ourﬁrst extension is to use a local afﬁne model for the geometric transformation between the images.The estimate of the local transformation is ob-tained from afﬁne covariant interest regions which are used as seed matches.The second extension is to use the second order intensity moments to adapt the current estimate of the local afﬁne transformation during the propagation.This al-lows a single seed match to propagate into regions where the local transformation between the views differs from the initial one.The experiments with real data show that the proposed techniques improve both the quality and coverage of the quasi-dense disparity map.1.IntroductionAutomatic three-dimensional model acquisition for an unknown scene from multiple images is a classical prob-lem in computer vision.For uncalibrated image sequences, the standard approach is based on sparse points of interest which are tracked across the sequence and reconstructed to-gether with the camera motion[5,3,6].Eventhough the sparse approach is often sufﬁcient for calibrating both the internal and external parameters of the cameras it is not suf-ﬁcient for the accurate three-dimensional description of the scene.However,the sparse approach is often used to sim-plify the problem whereafter dense matching methods are applied for the calibrated views[16,17].So far there are many dense matching algorithms avail-able.The number of traditional two-frame stereo corre-spondence algorithms is large[18];there are also several volumetric approaches which are voxel-oriented[19,8]or based on graph cuts[7]or level sets[2].In addition,prob-abilistic[20]and PDE-based formulations[21]have beenused for dense matching of wide baseline images.The prob-lem with traditional stereo algorithms is that they are de-signed for view pairs with a small baseline and for almost frontoparallel planes.Hence,they can not be easily used for wide baseline views for which the epipolar lines are not parallel.On the other hand,the volumetric approaches use a discretized volume or restrict the possible depth values to a predeﬁned accuracy.Thus,these methods are expensive in terms of time and memory when high accuracy is needed.However,the quasi-dense approach[10]is more efﬁcient than the dense approaches but sufﬁcient also for3D surface reconstruction.This paper is hence built on the previous works[9,10] where a quasi-dense approach to surface reconstruction from image sequences was proposed.In this approach, sparse interest point matches are used as seed points for the match propagation algorithm which produces denser,but not completely dense,pixel correspondences that are called quasi-dense pixel correspondences.The quasi-dense pixel correspondences are computed for successive image pairs in the sequence and they are also used in the image geometry estimation.For uncalibrated image sequences,the quasi-dense approach provides a full automatic geometry estima-tion like the standard sparse approach but it also providesa high density of3D points on which a surface representa-tion can be reconstructed.Moreover,it has been reported that the quasi-dense approach provides more robust and ac-curate geometry estimation than the sparse approach[10].Hence,even if theﬁnal goal would be a completely dense reconstruction the quasi-dence approach may still be use-ful since most of the dense methods,such as[21],require reliable pixel correspondences for initialization.There are certain issues in the match propagation algo-rithm which limit its applicability in the wide baseline case.At each step of propagation,small image patches are ex-tracted around the current seed point in both images and the new candidate matches are scored according to the zero-mean normalized cross-correlation(ZNCC)[9].Hence,it is implicitly assumed that the local transformation between the patches is effectively a translation,so the algorithm is1not suitable for wide baseline matching.To cope with this problem,we use a general afﬁne model for the local trans-formation between the patches.Moreover,we will show that it is possible to determine the local afﬁne transforma-tion adaptively during the propagation.This is achieved by using the second order intensity moments locally together with the epipolar geometry.The experiments show that the proposed extensions improve the performance of match propagation in the wide baseline setting.The structure of this paper is as follows.First,there is a brief description of the original match propagation algo-rithm in Section2,and the proposed improvements are then described in Sections3and4.The experiments are pre-sented in Section5.2.BackgroundThe match propagation algorithm[9]starts from a set of sparse matches between two images,I and I ,and produces a quasi-dense disparity map which contains a large num-ber of pixel correspondences.In[9],the initial matching of sparse interest points was done by using the ZNCC score to-gether with a simple cross-consistency check.The propaga-tion itself starts from the set of initial matches{(x i,xi )}i,where x i and xi are corresponding pixels in the two images.The initial matches are called seed points.The propagation proceeds by iterating the following three steps:(i)the seed point(x i,xi )with the best ZNCC score isremoved from the list of seed points(ii)new candidate matches are searched from the spatial neighborhood of the current seed(x i,xi)(iii)the candidate matches exceeding a ZNCC threshold and a difference-based conﬁdence limit are stored in the disparity map and added to the list of seed points In this way the number of pixel correspondences in the dis-parity map increases until the list of seeds becomes empty. More precisely,in step(ii)above the spatial neighbor-hood,N(x,x ),of a match(x,x )is deﬁned so that the matches in this neighborhood satisfy a constraint called dis-crete2D disparity gradient limit.The precise deﬁnitions are as follows.The(2N+1)×(2N+1)neighborhoods of pixels x and x areN(x)={u|(u−x)∈[−N,N]2},N(x )={u |(u −x )∈[−N,N]2},as usual,and the neighboring matches satisfying the dispar-ity gradient constraint are given byN(x,x )={(u,u )|u∈N(x),u ∈N(x ),||(u −x )−(u−x)||∞≤ },where is the disparity gradient limit.With integer pixel coordinates,the smallest nonzero value for is1which is also the value used in[9](together with N=2).Enforcing the disparity gradient constraint implies that the2D vectors from the current seed point to the new candidate point must have approximately the same direction in both images.In step(iii)of the algorithm,when the candidate matches (u l,u l)are given for the current seed,a difference-based conﬁdence measure s is computed for the candidate pixels, s(u l)=max{|I(u l+δ)−I(u l)|,δ∈{(±1,0),(0,±1)}}, and s (ul)is computed in the corresponding way.In order to prevent propagation into too uniform areas,those candi-date matches are discarded for which s(u l)<t or s (ul)< t,where t is a predeﬁned threshold.The remaining candi-date matches are sorted using the ZNCC measure,which is computed using the windows of size(2W+1)×(2W+1) around the candidate pixels.Those matches which are not yet in the disparity map(either one of the matching pixels) and exceed a predeﬁned threshold z for the ZNCC score are stored in the disparity map and added to the list of seeds. The match propagation algorithm is efﬁcient.When the ordering of seed points according to the ZNCC scores is maintained in a heap data structure the time complexity of the algorithm is O(n log n)where n is theﬁnal number of matched pixels.The algorithm is also robust to outliers ly-ing in the set of initial matches due to the best-ﬁrst strat-egy in the propagation[9].In addition,if the fundamental matrix for the view pair is known,the epipolar constraint can be used as an additional matching constraint during the propagation.In[10],in fact,the unconstrained propaga-tion isﬁrst used to generate quasi-dense point correspon-dences for the fundamental matrix estimation and there-after the constrained propagation is used to produce theﬁnal matches.The major problem with the match propagation algo-rithm is that it requires conventional stereo image pairs.In particular,the orientation of the images should be similar due to the usage of the direct ZNCC similarity measure and the aforementioned disparity gradient limit.However,in the following we will show that using an afﬁne model for the local transformation between the images makes the match propagation approach applicable in the wide-baseline case.3.Match propagation for wide baseline views Theﬁrst step towards quasi-dense wide baseline match-ing is to use the sparse wide baseline matching approaches [15,14]for initial matching.Hence,we suggest using afﬁne covariant regions[15]as seed matches for the match prop-agation.Such seed matches can provide an estimate for the local geometric transformation between the images,in ad-dition to the position of the match.In order to properly uti-lize this information,we propose an extension to the matchpropagation algorithm which allows adequate modeling of geometric transformations between image patches.But ﬁrst,we brieﬂy describe the computation of seed matches.3.1.Initial matchesThe afﬁne covariant region detectors[15]together with a viewpoint invariant descriptor[12]have shown good per-formance in sparse wide baseline matching.Hence,it is a natural choice to use this approach in computing the ini-tial matches for match propagation.In fact,the idea of propagating matches from few initially matched regions to nearby ones has been used in the context of object recogni-tion[4].The detector that we used in our experiments was the Hessian-Afﬁne detector proposed in[13].The detected regions were matched using the SIFT descriptor[12].In principle,any other region detector could be used as well, as long as the detected regions can be represented by el-lipses so that the ellipses of corresponding regions,given as symmetric2×2matrices C and C ,are related byC =A− CA−1,(1) where A is the local afﬁne transformation between the matching regions[13].Equation(1)provides a basis for estimating the afﬁne transformation A given the measure-ment regions C and C .In fact,from(1)we getA=C −1/2RC1/2,(2) where R is an arbitrary orthogonal matrix.Additional in-formation is needed to determine R and here we used the orientation of local image gradients as in[12,13].In sum-mary,the result of the initial matching step is a set of pointmatches{(x i,xi )}i(the centroids of the matched ellipticalregions)accompanied with the estimates A i for the corre-sponding local transformations.Giving an example,Figs.1(a)and1(b)illustrate the matched Hessian-Afﬁne regions in two images of a planar scene.The images are from[22]where also the known ho-mographies between the views are available together with the implementations of region detectors[15]and descriptors [14].For the descriptor matching we used a modiﬁed near-est neighbor strategy.We required both that the matching descriptors are the nearest neighbors of each other and the distance to the second nearest neighbor is above a certain threshold.In our experiments,we found that such matching strategy signiﬁcantly reduces false matches for images with repeating texture patterns as opposed to using just a single threshold for the nearest neighbor distance.In Fig.1,the50 best matching regions are shown.3.2.Propagation with afﬁne normalizationIn this section we describe ourﬁrst extension to the match propagation algorithm.We append the seed matches(a)(b)10020030040050060070080010020030040050060012345671002003004005006007008001002003004005006001234567them,denoted by the cross,is used as a seed match for the match propagation algorithm.The pixel matches computed with the orig-inal(c)and the modiﬁed(d)propagation approach are illustrated in the second view by coloring them according to their Sampson distance from the ground truth homography.(The distances over5 are suppressed to5,the grayvalue for the noncommon area is6.)with an afﬁne transformation matrix which is used to nor-malize the local image patches before enforcing the2D dis-parity gradient limit and computing the ZNCC scores.In addition,we use a subpixel level of accuracy for the po-sition of seed points whereas the disparity map is stored at the pixel level resolution.Although the proposed im-provements seem to be minor,they signiﬁcantly improve the matching result when carefully implemented.As before,the initial seed matches,consisting of points {(x i,x i)}i and matrices A i,areﬁrst scored using the ZNCC measure.The ZNCC scores are computed from geo-metrically normalized image patches where the normaliza-tion is done as follows:(a)a(2W+1)×(2W+1)square patch centred on the seed point is extracted from the image which locally has a lower resolution(the local magniﬁca-tion factor is given by|det A i|),(b)the corresponding area in the other image is determined by afﬁnely mapping the square patch on the other image,(c)the patches from both images are transformed to(4W+1)×(4W+1)windows by interpolation,(d)the interpolated windows are decimated to the size(2W+1)×(2W+1).This process is illustrated in Fig.2and,for a correct match,it should ideally result in two identical image patches when the afﬁne transformation model is tenable.The scoring of seeds is not the only place where geomet-ric normalization is needed during the propagation.At each iteration,the whole neighborhood from which new matches are searched needs to be normalized.Therefore,in order to reduce the number of interpolations per iteration,we ac-tually compute the normalized patcheswindow of size (2(W +N )+1)×(2(W +N )lower resolution image.The normalized illustrated in Fig.3and they can be treated as in algorithm,i.e.,the disparity gradient limit and measure can be well used after the the pixels of the normalized patch do not ger pixel coordinates in the higher resolution we use subpixel level of accuracy for the seed matches.The coordinates are rounded to integer pixel values only when used to index the disparity map,for example when storing new matches.Importantly,when new matches are added to the list of seeds they inherit the afﬁne transformation matrix from the current seed.This implies that a seed match always contains an estimate of the local afﬁne transformation and it is the basis for the geometric normalization.In the normalization process,as shown in Fig.2,the im-age patch of the lower resolution image is ﬁrst upsampled and then downsampled.This is necessary in order to cope with small scale changes between the images,i.e.,the up-sampling is needed to prevent aliasing effects in the interpo-lation of the higher resolution image and both image patches have to be processed in a similar way to assure comparabil-ity.In addition,the decimation of the transformed patches can be performed efﬁciently with two one-dimensional anti-aliasing ﬁlters.In fact,despite the inevitable interpolations,the extended match propagation algorithm is efﬁcient.It is clear that the overall complexity remains the same and de-pends only on the number of ﬁnal matches.In fact,we save some time by skipping the check of the conﬁdence measure limit described in Section 2.We additionally found that the geometric normalization allows using higher threshold for the ZNCC score and this threshold alone is often sufﬁcient for preventing the propagation into too uniform areas.The necessity for the afﬁne normalization is made clear in Fig.1,where the poor performance of the original prop-agation approach is illustrated with the disparity map in Fig.1(c).In this example the propagation was started from a single seed match,denoted by the cross in Figs.1(a)and 1(b),using the default parameter values (N =2, =1,t =0.01,W =2,z =0.5)[9].The number of pixel cor-respondences in the ﬁnal disparity map is 10726but most of them are not correct as their Sampson distance [6]to the ground truth homography is large.On the contrary,the propagation with afﬁne normalization performs well as shown Fig.1(d).There are 261572matches and the param-eter values used were N =2, =1,W =2and z =0.8.De-spite the higher correlation threshold the number of matches is much larger than in Fig.1(c)and most of them are correct.The computation time per match was 1.7ms for Fig.1(c)and 3.5ms for Fig.1(d)when Matlab implementations of both algorithms were used.4W +12W +1decimationFigure 2.The geometric normalization of local image patches.ˆxˆuˆxˆuFigure 3.The normalized image neighborhoods of size (2(W +N )+1)×(2(W +N )+1)for a seed point (x ,x ).Here N =2,W =1,and ˆ·refers to the symbols in the normalized frame.The ZNCC score for the candidate match (u ,u )is computed using the black framed windows.4.Adaptive propagationIn this section we propose our second extension to the match propagation algorithm which allows the adaptation of the local afﬁne transformation estimates during the prop-agation.The adaptation is based on the second order in-tensity moments which determine the local afﬁne transfor-mation up to a rotation.The remaining rotational degree of freedom is determined from the epipolar geometry which is assumed to be known.The motivation for proposing an adaptive propagation technique is to allow propagation into regions where the lo-cal transformation between the views differs from the ini-tial one.In fact,in the afﬁne normalization scheme,pro-posed in Section 3,the estimate of local afﬁne transforma-tion is inherited from the current seed to its descendants.This implies that each initial seed match can propagate only into such regions where the estimated transformation,orig-inally computed from the afﬁne covariant interest regions,is valid.In some cases this may be sufﬁcient,for example,when the global transformation between the views is close to afﬁne,as in Fig.1,or when the initial seed regions are dense enough so that the local transformations in different parts of the scene can be modelled.However,in some cases a more powerful propagation strategy would be useful.In Fig.5we have two images of a scene containing two planes,a map on a table and a calibration object.Here the afﬁne transformation recovered from one region match,located in the front and denoted by yellow ellipses,does not ade-quately model the transformation of the whole plane since the perspective distortion is signiﬁcant.In order to address this kind of situations,we propose the principle of adaptive propagation in the following.4.1.Local shape from intensity momentsLet f,f :R2→[0,1]denote the image intensity func-tions so that f (x)=f(A−1x)where A is a nonsin-gular2×2afﬁne transformation matrix.Here we have dropped the translational part as we assume that the coor-dinate systems are centred to the points under considera-tion.Given two positive window functions g and g so that g (x)=g(A−1x)/|det A|,we deﬁne the windowed sec-ond moment matrix of f byS f,g(x)= vv f(v)g(x−v)d v,(3)and the matrix S f ,g of f is deﬁned in a similar way.Since the afﬁne transformation between the window functions is the same as between the intensity functions we getS f ,g (x)=AS f,g(A−1x)A .(4) By introducing a simpler notation at the origin,S = S f ,g (0)and S=S f,g(0),we get from(4)thatA=S 1/2RS−1/2,(5)where R is an orthogonal matrix which can be determined from a pair of corresponding directions in the two images (i.e.from one unit vector correspondence pair).Hence,the equation(5)implies that the moment matrices could be used to determine the local afﬁne transformation in a similar way as the elliptical interest regions were used in Section3.1. In general,the problem of using(5)is that if g isﬁxed and A is unknown,g is also unknown.However,in our application we usually have a relatively good guess for the local transformation in the neighborhood of the initial matches.Hence,at each propagation step,we use the afﬁne estimate of the current seed in forming the window func-tions and thereafter the estimate is updated for the new seeds using(5).In detail,let us consider one step of the adaptive prop-agation process with the illustrations in Figs.2and3.As-sume that the current seed is(x,x )and the corresponding transformation estimate is A0.The normalization process is carried out as described in Section3.2and the resulting nor-malized image patches are shown in Fig.3.Now,consider that the normalized cross-correlation of the black framed subwindows in Fig.3exceeds the threshold so that(ˆu,ˆu ),corresponding to a match(u,u )in the original images,is a new seed match.Instead of performing the integration(3)in the original images we integrate in the normalized domain and thereafter transform the obtained moment matrices to the image coordinate frames.If the characteristic function of a(2W+1)×(2W+1)window,centred onˆu andˆu ,is used as a window function in the normalized patches the integration in(3)reduces to a simple summation.Then the obtained moment matricesˆS andˆS are transformed back to the original frames by S=ˆS and S =A0ˆS A 0. The new transformation estimate for the new seed match is then obtained by using(5).Instead of uniform weighting of the square window by its characteristic function a different weight function can also be used.For example,a gaussian window function of size(2W+1)×(2W+1)was found to give good results.The advantage of performing the in-tegration in the normalized domain is that the values of the windowing function can be computed in advance since the domain of integration is always the same.This signiﬁcantly improves the efﬁciency.The idea behind our approach,presented above,is sim-ilar in spirit to those presented in[11]and[13].However, here the context of application and the implementation are different.Importantly,the shape adaptation is not based on the windowed second moment matrix of the intensity gra-dient as in[11,13]but on the windowed second moment matrix of the intensity function itself.In our experiments we found that,instead of the gradient,the intensity func-tion provides a more stable basis for estimating the local afﬁne transformation between a pair of views.This is also intuitively reasonable since the gradient is more sensitive to noise.In addition,computing the windowed gradients dur-ing the propagation would increase the computational load of the quasi-dense approach.4.2.Photometric normalizationThere is a one important issue related to(3)that should be taken in to account in a careful implementation of the al-gorithm.If there additionally is an afﬁne photometric trans-formation between the images,f (x)=λf(A−1x)+b,the transformation rule(4)does not hold.This is a drawback since the ZNCC measure is invariant to afﬁne photometric transformations and,hence,the adaptive extension might be a bottleneck in applying the algorithm in varying illumina-tion conditions.Therefore,instead of applying(4)directly to the intensity functions weﬁrst remove the effect of pho-tometric transformations by the following local normaliza-tions˜f(x)=f(x)−µ(f)σ(f)+C,(6)˜f (x)=f (x)−µ (f )σ (f )+C,(7)Figure lines.The two-fold ambiquity is solved using the jointly oriented epipoles [1].where C is a positive constant,the mean µ(f )=f (x )g (x )d x / g (x )d x ,the standard deviation σ(f )=( (f (x )−µ(f ))2g (x )d x / g (x )d x )1/2.The correspond-ing quantities for f are deﬁned in a similar way using the window function g .Here the constant C is added in order to preserve the positive (semi)deﬁniteness of matrices S ˜f,g and S ˜f ,g .The value C =2was used in all of our experi-ments.After the normalization we proceed as above usingthe normalized intensity functions ˜fand ˜f instead of the original ones.4.3.Local orientation from the epipolar constraintAs described above,the windowed second order inten-sity moment matrices allow to recover the local afﬁne trans-formation up to a rotation.The unknown rotation in (5)can be determined from one pair of corresponding unit vectors [13].Such corresponding unit vectors can be determined from corresponding epipolar lines using the concept of joint orientation of epipoles which determines the mutual posi-tion of cameras [1].The details are as follows.Consider the two view setting illustrated in Fig.4.There a 3D point X on a smooth surface is imaged with two pin-hole cameras placed at O and O .The tangent plane of the surface at X is Γand its intersection with the epipolar plane,deﬁned by points X ,O and O ,is the line ˜l .Hence,under the assumption of locally planar surfaces,the epipolar lines l and l are images of the same 3D line in the neighborhoods of the corresponding image points x and x .Hence,the epipolar lines give a line correspondence from which cor-responding directions may be determined up to sign,i.e.,the corresponding direction for d in Fig.4is either +d or −d .The correct choice is of course such that the direc-tions in both images correspond to the same direction ˜don the scene plane.Given the fundamental matrix alone one may now compute the oriented epipoles e and e so that the corresponding epipolar lines l =e ×x and l =x ×e have proper joint orientation,i.e.,the vectors d =(l 2,−l 1) andd =(l 2,−l 1)indicate corresponding directions in the images.Here we assume that the image coordinate bases of both cameras have equal handedness [1].5.ExperimentsWe experimented the proposed extensions to the match propagation algorithm with real images.In the ﬁrst experi-ment (Section 5.1)we had two views of a scene containing planar surfaces.In the second experiment we used three views of a complex 3D scene as described in Section 5.2.5.1.A scene with planar surfacesIn Fig.5there are two images of a scene which con-tains two planes,a map on a table and a calibration plane orthogonal to the plane of the map.This image pair is suitable for evaluating the algorithms since the calibration plane allows to compute the homographies which describe the mappings between the planes;using the homographies the found matches can be veriﬁed.In addition,it can be seen that there is a clear projective distortion between the views so that afﬁne mapping is not a good approximation for the homographies.In order to assure that the recovered homo-graphies are accurate we calibrated the intrinsic parameters of the camera beforehand and removed the radial distortion from the images.The results of match propagation,started from a single seed match,using both the original approach and the pro-posed modiﬁcations are illustrated in Fig.5.The results in-dicate that the afﬁne normalization improves the matching in the neighborhood of the initial match as far as the afﬁne transformation estimate is valid.Utilizing the epipolar con-straint reduces the number of false matches,as expected.The best results are achieved using the adaptive propagation approach.The results with two different window functions,uniform and gaussian,are shown and it can be seen that the gaussian window performs slightly better.The largest difference between the last two disparity maps is on rela-tively uniform areas where the matching is more unreliable.In fact,if the reliability of matches was critical,one could prevent propagation into too uniform areas by using an ad-ditional threshold for the variance of the correlation win-dows.The coverage of the last two disparity maps in Fig.5is extensive verifying that the adaptive propagation works in practice.The matching is not completely dense,and there are quite many unmatched pixels in the upper part of the image.However,this is mostly due to the different lo-cal magniﬁcation factors in the images,especially in the back regions of the ground plane.The improvement,illus-trated in Fig.5,is achieved without signiﬁcantly reducing the efﬁciency of the approach.The computation times per match for the subﬁgures (c)-(h)were 7.2,5.9,3.8,3.3,4.9and 3.6ms ,respectively,using our current Matlab imple-mentations.Here the relatively long computation times of the original approach are probably due to the fact that the ZNCC measure is computed many times without obtaining。

自动化专业英语词汇

induction machine 感应式机电horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left-hand rule左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short-circuiting ring短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发机电revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load满载Polyphase 多相 (的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流机电speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit电枢电路optical fiber光纤interoffice局间的waveguide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode发光二极管silica硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation(AM) 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发机电polyphase rectifier多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function正向传递函数error signal误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constan直t轴瞬变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state固体buck 补偿operational calculus算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current励磁电流transistor晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic Voltage regulator(AVR) 自动电压调整器reference Voltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发机电self-exciting自励的limiter限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network稳定网络stabilizer稳定器air-gap flux气隙磁通saturation effect饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage磁链per unit value标么值shunt field并励磁场magnetic circuit磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device电气设备electric energy电能primary cell原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current直流time invariant时不变的self-inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive fore电动势unidirectional current单方向性电流circuit diagram 电路图load characteristic负载特性terminal voltage 端电压external characteristi外c特性conductance 电导volt-ampere characteristics伏安特性carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡 ideal source 理想电源internal resistance内阻active (passive) circuit element有s (无) 源电路元件leakage current 漏电流circuit branch支路P.D. = potential drop电压降potential distribution电位分布r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值effective values有效值steady direct current恒稳直流电sinusoidal time function正弦时间函数complex number 复数Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系modulus 模real part实部imaginary part 虚部displacement current 位移电流trigonometric transformations 瞬时值epoch angle 初相角phase displacement 相位差signal amplifier小信号放大器mid-frequency band 中频带bipolar junction transistor (B双JT极)性晶体管field effect transistor ( E )应管electrode 电极电焊条polarity极性gain 增益isolation隔离分离绝缘隔振emitter 发射管放射器发射极collector集电极base 基极self-bias resisto 偏置电阻triangular symbol 三角符号phase reversal 反相infinite voltage gai 穷大电压增益feedback component 反馈元件differentiation微分integration 积分下限impedance 阻抗fidelity保真度summing circuit 总和路线反馈系统中的比较环节Oscillation振荡inverse 倒数admittance 导纳transformer 变压器turns ratio变比匝比ampere-turns 安匝 (数)mutual flux 交互(主)磁通vector equation 向 (相)量方程power frequency 工频capacitance effect 电容效应induction machine 感应机电shunt excited 并励series excited串励separately excited他励self excited自励field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组 speed-torque characteristic速度转矩特性dynamic-state operation 动态运行salient poles凸极excited by 励磁field coils励磁线圈air-gap flux distributio隙磁通分布direct axis直轴armature coil 电枢线圈rotating commutator 旋转(整流子)换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线mechanical rectifier机械式整流器armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波Geometrical position 几何位置magnetic torque 电磁转矩spatial waveform 空间波形sinusoidal density wave 正弦磁密度external armature circuit电枢外电路instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率effects of saturation饱和效应reluctance 磁阻power amplifier 功率放大器compound generator 复励发机电rheostat 变阻器self excitation process 自励过程commutation condition 换向状况cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机operating condition 运行状态equivalent T circuit 等值电路 rotor (stator) winding转子(定子绕组) winding loss 绕组(铜)损耗prime motor 原动机active component 有功分量reactive component 无功分量electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩retarding torque 制动转矩inductive component 感性(无功)分量abscissa axis横坐标induction generator 感应发机电synchronous generator 同步发机电automatic station 无人值守电站hydropower station 水电站process of self excitation 自励过程auxiliary motor 辅助电动机 technical specifications技术条件 voltage across the terminals端电压steady state condition 瞬态暂态reactive in respect t相o对….性 active in respect t 对….呈阻性 synchronous condenser 同步进相(调相)机coincide in phase with 与….同相synchronous reactance 同步电抗algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的1--master element主要元件，是指控制开关等元件。

自动化专业英语词汇

inductionmachine感应式电机breakdowntorque极限转矩horseshoemagnet马蹄形磁铁breakawayforce起步阻力magneticfield磁场overhauling检修eddycurrent涡流wind-drivengenerator风动发电机right-handrule右手定则revolutionspersecond转/秒left-handrule左手定则numberofpoles极数slip转差率speed-torquecurve转速力矩特性曲线inductionmotor感应电动机plugging反向制动rotatingmagneticfield旋转磁场synchronousspeed同步转速winding绕组percentage百分数stator定子locked-rotortorque锁定转子转矩rotor转子full-loadtorque满载转矩inducedcurrent感生电流primemover原动机time-phase时间相位inrushcurrent涌流excitingvoltage励磁电压magnetizingreacance磁化电抗solt槽line-to-neutral线与中性点间的lamination叠片staorwinding定子绕组laminatedcore叠片铁芯leakagereactance漏磁电抗short-circuitingring短路环no-load空载squirrelcage鼠笼fullload满载rotorcore转子铁芯Polyphase多相(的)cast-aluminumrotor铸铝转子iron-loss铁损bronze青铜compleximpedance复数阻抗horsepower马力rotorresistance转子电阻random-wound散绕leakageflux漏磁通insulation绝缘locked-rotor锁定转子acmotor交流环电动机choppercircuit斩波电路endring端环separatelyexcited他励的alloy合金compounded复励coilwinding线圈绕组dcmotor直流电动机form-wound模绕demachine直流电机performancecharacteristic工作特性speedregulation速度调节frequency频率shunt并励revolutionsperminute转/分series串励motoring电动机驱动armaturecircuit电枢电路generating发电opticalfiber光纤per-unitvalue标么值interoffice局间的waveguide波导波导管operationalcalculus算符演算bandwidth带宽gain增益lightemittingdiode发光二极管pole极点silica硅石二氧化硅feedbacksignal反馈信号regeneration再生,后反馈放大dynamicresponse动态响应coaxial共轴的,同轴的voltagecontrolsystem电压控制系统high-performance高性能的mismatch失配carrier载波errordetector误差检测器mature成熟的excitationsystem励磁系统SingleSideBand(SSB)单边带fieldcurrent励磁电流couplingcapacitor结合电容transistor晶体管propagate传导传播high-gain高增益modulator调制器boost-buck升压去磁demodulator解调器feedbacksystem反馈系统linetrap限波器reactivepower无功功率shunt分路器feedbackloop反馈回路AmplitudeModulation(AM)调幅automaticVoltageregulator(AVR)自动电压FrequencyShiftKeying(FSK)移频键控调整器tuner调谐器referenceVoltage基准电压attenuate衰减magneticamplifier磁放大器incident入射的amplidyne微场扩流发电机two-wayconfiguration二线制self-exciting自励的generatorvoltage发电机电压limiter限幅器dcgenerator直流发电机manualcontrol手动控制polyphaserectifier多相整流器blockdiagram方框图boost增压linearzone线性区timeconstant时间常数potentialtransformer电压互感器forwardtransferfunction正向传递函数stabilizationnetwork稳定网络errorsignal误差信号stabilizer稳定器regulator调节器air-gapflux气隙磁通stabilizingtransformer稳定变压器saturationeffect饱和效应timedelay延时saturationcurve饱和曲线directaxistransienttimeconstant直轴瞬变fluxlinkage磁链时间常数perunitvalue标么值transientresponse瞬态响应shuntfield并励磁场solidstate固体magneticcircuit磁路buck补偿load-saturationcurve负载饱和曲线air-gapline气隙磁化线sinusoidaltimefunction正弦时间函数polyphaserectifier多相整流器complexnumber复数circuitcomponents电路元件Cartesiancoordinates笛卡儿坐标系circuitparameters电路参数modulus模electricaldevice电气设备realpart实部electricenergy电能imaginarypart虚部primarycell原生电池displacementcurrent位移电流energyconverter电能转换器trigonometrictransformations瞬时值conductor导体epochangle初相角heatingappliance电热器phasedisplacement相位差direct-current直流signalamplifier小信号放大器timeinvariant时不变的mid-frequencyband中频带self-inductor自感bipolarjunctiontransistor(BJT)双极性晶体mutual-inductor互感管thedielectric电介质fieldeffecttransistor(FET)场效应管storagebattery蓄电池electrode电极电焊条e.m.f=electromotivefore电动势polarity极性unidirectionalcurrent单方向性电流gain增益circuitdiagram电路图isolation隔离分离绝缘隔振loadcharacteristic负载特性emitter发射管放射器发射极terminalvoltage端电压collector集电极externalcharacteristic外特性base基极conductance电导self-biasresistor自偏置电阻volt-amperecharacteristics伏安特性triangularsymbol三角符号carbon-filamentlamp碳丝灯泡phasereversal反相idealsource理想电源infinitevoltagegain无穷大电压增益internalresistance内阻feedbackcomponent反馈元件active(passive)circuitelements有（无）源differentiation微分电路元件integration积分下限leakagecurrent漏电流impedance阻抗circuitbranch支路fidelity保真度P.D.=potentialdrop电压降summingcircuit总和线路反馈系统中的比potentialdistribution电位分布较环节r.m.svalues=rootmeansquarevalues均方Oscillation振荡根值inverse倒数effectivevalues有效值admittance导纳steadydirectcurrent恒稳直流电transformer变压器turnsratio变比匝比compoundgenerator复励发电机ampere-turns安匝(数)rheostat变阻器mutualflux交互(主)磁通self–excitationprocess自励过程vectorequation向(相)量方程commutationcondition换向状况c umulativelycompoundedmotor积复励电powerfrequency工频capacitanceeffect电容效应动机inductionmachine感应电机operatingcondition运行状态shuntexcited并励equivalentT–circuitT型等值电路seriesexcited串励rotor(stator)winding转子（定子绕组）耗separatelyexcited他励windingloss绕组（铜）损selfexcited自励primemotor原动机fieldwinding磁场绕组励磁绕组activecomponent有功分量speed-torquecharacteristic速度转矩特性reactivecomponent无功分量dynamic-stateoperation动态运行electromagnetictorque电磁转矩salientpoles凸极retardingtorque制动转矩excitedby励磁inductivecomponent感性（无功）分量fieldcoils励磁线圈a bscissaaxis横坐标air-gapfluxdistribution气隙磁通分布inductiongenerator感应发电机directaxis直轴s ynchronousgenerator同步发电机armaturecoil电枢线圈a utomaticstation无人值守电站rotatingcommutator旋转（整流子）换向器hydropowerstation水电站commutator-brushcombination换向器-电刷p rocessofself–excitation自励过程总线a uxiliarymotor辅助电动机mechanicalrectifier机械式整流器technicalspecifications技术条件波voltageacrosstheterminals端电压armaturem.m.f.wave电枢磁势Geometricalposition几何位置steady–statecondition瞬态暂态magnetictorque电磁转矩reactiveinrespectto相对⋯.性spatialwaveform空间波形a ctiveinrespectto相对⋯.呈阻性sinusoidal–densitywave正弦磁密度synchronouscondenser同步进相（调相）机externalarmaturecircuit电枢外电路c oincideinphasewith与⋯.同相instantaneouselectricpower瞬时电功率synchronousreactance同步电抗instantaneousmechanicalpower瞬时机械功algebraic代数的率algorithmic算法的应effectsofsaturation饱和效reluctance磁阻poweramplifier功率放大器1--masterelement主要元件，是指控制开关等元件。

Gautomatch 说明书

Brief Manual of Gautomatch********************************************************************************** Author: Dr. Kai Zhang, MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyContact:******************Description: Gautomatch is a GPU accelerated program for accurate, fast, flexible and fully automatic particle picking from cryo-EM micrographs with or without templates.********************************************************************************** Features:∙Fast:typically, 1.5~2.0s with 15 templates, using a good GPU (e.g. GTX 980, Titan X);∙Fully automatic with simple command on entire data sets;∙Convenient and easy to use;∙Flexible: with or without template, suitable for both basic or advanced users;∙Compatible with Relion/EMAN;∙Background correction:automatic correct the gradient background that affects the picking;∙Rejection of ice/carbon: automatically detect non-particle areas and reject them;∙Post-optimization:scripts available to re-filter the coordinates after picking within seconds ∙Accuracy:the users’ satisfaction is the only ‘gold standard’ criterion;Requirement:--> CentOS/Redhat Linux x86_64 (might be problems on Ubuntu or SUSE)--> Any one of the libraries from CUDA 5.0 to 7.5, but do use the right version of Gautomatch according to your CUDA version--> GPU architecture (Compute Capability) >= SM 2.0 or SM 3.0 Findthe web more details about Cuda version, GPU Compute Capability:https:///wiki/CUDA(for lower architecture, <sm2.0, please contact me)********************************************************************************** Program Download :/kzhang/Gautomatch/Gautomatch_v0.50_and_examples.tar.gz (only pre-compiled binary available now; source code to be released soon when other related projects are done; Several examples and suggested commands included)Usage:Gautomatch [options] <micrographs>Basic options: default values, description:--apixM 1.34 Pixel size of the micrograph, in Ångstrom--diameter 400 Particle diameter, in Ångstrom;--T NONE Particle picking templates in 2D MRC stack; auto-generated if not provided; IMPORTANT: read the usage of option --dont_invertT for more information about templates--apixT 1.34 Pixel size of the templates, in ÅngstromAdditional options(not suggested, only try to optimize in difficult cases), default values and description:--ang_step 5 Angular step size for picking, invalid for auto-templates--speed 2 Speed level {0,1,2,3,4}, the bigger the faster, but less accurate. However, Suggested 2 for >1 MDa complex; 1 for <500kD complex; 1 or 2 for 500~1000 kD; 0 not suggested normally, because the 'accuracy' is simply fitting noise, unless for special noise-free micrographs; use 3 for huge virus, but 2 still preferred; probably do not use 4 at all, not accurate in general.--boxsize 128 Box size in pixel, NOT in Ångstrom; By default a suggested value will be automatically calculated by --diameter and –apixM. It will use 1.3X diameter of your particle (by -diameter option). So don’t worry about if not set.--max_dist 300 Minimum distance between particles in Ångstrom; 0.9~1.1X diameter; can be 0.3~0.5 for filament-like. Don’t be confused about the word --max_dist. This was a spelling error. It will be changed in future.--cc_cutoff 0.1 Cross-correlation cutoff, 0.2~0.4 normally; Try to select several typical micrographs to optimize this value. Alternatively, it will be even faster if you use a small value, e.g.0.1, first and then use 'box_' or 'box_' to filter the box files afterwards. Script could be obtained here: http://www.mrc-/kzhang/Gautomatch/Gautomatch_v0.50/scripts/Just run ./box_ Then it will tell you how to use.Ice, contamination, aggregation, carbon edge, sharp gold/metal particles related options.Carbon Edges:--lsigma_cutoff 1.2 Local sigma cutoff (relative value), 1.2~1.5 should be a good range; normally a value >1.2 will be ice, protein aggregation or contamination. Try to decrease or increase it upon the ‘_rejected.box’ file. This option is designed to get rid of sharp carbon/ice edges or sharp metal particles.--lsigma_D 100 Diameter for estimation of local sigma, in Ångstrom; usually this diameter could be 0.5~2.0X of your particle diameter according to several factors. A diameter around 100~400 works best in most cases. Try to decrease or increase it upon the ‘_rejected.box’ file. Using bigger --lsigma_D, normally you should decrease the --lsigma_cutoff. For smaller and shaper high density contamination/ice/metal particles, you could use a smaller --lsigma_D and bigger --lsigma_cutoff.Ice/Contamination:--lave_min -1.0 Local average density cutoff (relative value), any pixel value below that will be considered as ice/aggregation/carbon etc. For 'black' cryoEM micrograph, set this to very small value e.g. -10.0 will not reject any 'black' dots in general. This option mainly rejects the central parts of the ice, carbon etc. which normally have lower density than the particles. Increase the value from -1.0 to -0.5 will reject more ice area, but may also reject your particles. Check the‘_rejected.box’ to check if the parameter is fine or not. Decrease the value from -1.0 to -1.5 will reject less ice area, but may mistake this area as your particles. Check the ‘_rejected.box’ to optimize the best parameter for most of your micrographs.--lave_max 1.0 Local average density cutoff (relative value), any pixel value above that will be considered as ice/aggregation/carbon etc (for contrast inverted ‘white’ micrograph orne gative stain with big write blobs etc.). Normally, it is not useful for micrographs with ‘black’ particles, but might be helpful to get rid of ‘hot’ area. For negative stain micrograph, if it rejects most of the true particles, just use very big value, like 10.0, so that it will not reject anything.--lave_D 400 Diameter for estimation of local average density, 0.5~2.0X particle diameter suggested; However, if you have 'sharp'/'small' ice or any 'dark'/'bright' dots, use a smaller value will be much better to get rid of these areas. It is quite similar to --lsigma_D, if you use bigger --lave_D, usually it is suggested to use smaller value of --lave_max(e.g. from 1.0 to 0.8) or bigger value of --lave_min (e.g. from -1.0 to -0.5) according the purpose.--lp 30 Low-pass filter to increase the contrast of raw micrographs, suggested range 20~50Å. For bigger particles, use bigger low-pass will work better, smaller particles, use a bit smaller low pass, but <20 Å low pass is not suggested because there is no usable information due to CTF. You could use Gctf to do a phase flip first and use higher resolution for picking. But this is NOT suggested in general! First, it risking in the so-called ‘Einstein noise’ to pick more background.Second, if you cannot properly pick the particle using lower resolution. That means the contrast is in big problem and the reconstruction will be not reliable in general.--hp 1000 High-pass filter to get rid of the global background of raw micrographs, suggested range 200~2000Å. Don’t worry about this option. Gautomatch has its approach to estimate and get rid of the background within the program anyway.I/O options(use these for initial learning and diagnosis, no need for for the final jobs on whole-datasets ):--write_ccmax Specify to write out cross-correlation files--write_pf_mic Specify to write out phase-flipped(pf) micrographs(mic)--write_lave_mic Specify to write out estimated background(bg) of the micrographs(mic) --write_bgfree_mic Specify to write out background subtracted (bgfree) micrographs(mic) --write_lsigma_mic Specify to write out local sigma (lsigma) micrographs(mic)--write_mic_mask Specify to write out the auto-detected mask (ice, contamination, aggregation, carbon edge etc.) by --lsigma_cutoff or --lave_max or --lave_max--do_unfinished Specify to autopick the unfinished micrographs--dont_invertT Whether to invert template contrast. VERY IMPORTANT By default, the program will invert the 'white' templates to 'black' before picking. Specify this option to avoid contrast inversion if the micrographs and templates have the same contrast--extract_raw Specify to extract particle from raw micrograph--extract_pf Specify to extract particle from phase-flipped micrograph; will write a new stack and will not overwrite raw particle stack--gid 0 GPU id, normally it's 0, use gpu_info to get information of all available GPUs.Examples:Gautomatch --apixM 1.58 --diameter 300 Micrographs/Falcon*.mrc (auto-generated templates for 'black' cryoEM micrograph)Gautomatch --apixM 1.08 --diameter 300 --T templates.mrcs --apixT 2.16 Micrographs/Falcon*.mrc(for 'white' templates and 'black' micrograph)Gautomatch –apixM 1.08 --diameter 300 --T templates.mrcs --apixT 3.2 -dont_invertT Micrographs/Falcon*.mrc(for 'black' templates and 'black' micrograph)Gautomatch --apixM 1.08 --diameter 300 --boxsize 360 --write_bgfree_mic -write_lsigma_mic --extract_raw --write_ccmax Micrographs/Falcon*.mrc(suggested for manual diagnosis using the different types of output micrographs)More Examples and suggested commands:/kzhang/Gautomatch/Gautomatch_v0.50/examples/Useful scripts:/kzhang/Gautomatch/Gautomatch_v0.50/scripts/-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------General Tips:A better way is you split the entire datasets into several groups (e.g. 3-5) with similar appearances, and then optimize the parameters for each group.It is suggested to run it outside the Micrographs/ directory to match typical Relion style.There are several script that you can convert the .box file to reliant .star file. Using these script will be very helpful for the optimization of parameters, checking results, post-filtering the coordinates etc./kzhang/Gautomatch/Gautomatch_v0.50/scripts/There are several I/O options that you can use to understand more about how Gautomatch works and also greatly help for troubleshooting or manual diagnosis and improvement of parameters.Tips about CTF:It is perfectly fine to use raw micrograph (before CTF correction) for particle picking since 30~50Å is sufficient to auto-pick the particles. Usually for the micrograph with defocus around 2-5um, the first 'zero-node' is around 20~30Å; So it is not useful to do CTF correction in general.However, you can use 'Gctf' to automatically determine CTF and flip the phases before picking.Fully CTF correction on micrograph or applying full CTF on templates is NOT suggested, because these operation is normally targeting for high resolution and performed in the last step during/after reconstruction.Since particle picking is basically 'low-resolution' operation, higher resolution will only introduce more false picking and template-bias, known as the so-called 'Einstein noise' -------- A most risking thing in cryo-EM field for beginnersTips about '--dont_invertT' option:This option is very important! By default, the program will invert the 'white' templates to 'black' before picking. This is because our cryoEM micrographs are usually 'black' and 2D averages are'white'.Specify '--dont_invertT' to avoid the contrast conversion if your micrographs and templates have the same contrast (either black or white).Note that the auto-generated templates is ALWAYS 'white' Guassian blob, so for 'black' cryoEM, you should use default.For 'negative stain' +'auto-templates', you should specify '--dont_invertT' so that the auto-generated templates and micrographs are both 'white'.Tips about '--speed' option:Suggested 2 for >1 MDa complex; 1 for <500 kD complex; 1 or 2 for 500~1000 kD; 0 not suggested, because the 'accuracy' is simply fitting noise, unless for special noise-free micrographs; use 3 for huge virus, but 2 still preferred; probably do not use 4 at all, not accurate in general.In theory, a smaller value for --speed will generate a more accurate picking. But this is NOT true, because the meaning of ‘accuracy’ always risk in the situation of ‘higher noise’. So actually, --speed 2 works best in most cases because and --speed 1 might be better for smaller particles.。

Waves DeBreath 呼吸处理器用户指南说明书

Waves DeBreathDeBreath – Breath ProcessorI NTRODUCTION -If you’ve ever had to manually remove breaths from a vocal track, especially the inhaling sounds which precede sentences, you may have asked yourself, “Wouldn’t it be great to have something that can do this automatically?” The revolutionary Waves DeBreath plug-in does just that.Unlike classic noise-gate type processors based solely on energy threshold, DeBreath uses a unique template-matching algorithm to detect breath segments and separate them from the signal. The breath can then be controlled without affecting the rest of the signal.Because breath detection and removal are as automatic as you care for them to be, DeBreath can save both time and mental energy, leaving you free to be more creative and productive.DeBreath lets you control the amount of gain reduction applied to the detected breaths and to add room tone where breaths were removed or attenuated, thus avoiding unnatural holes in the track. For better control, you can split the audio into two paths: the Vocal path and the Breath path. The sum of these two paths will always equal the original source, regardless of DeBreath settings. This way, you can apply different processing to the vocals than to the breaths. For example, you might compress only the voice path, leaving the breaths quieter, more open and natural. Or, you might choose to darken the removed breaths. LatencyCertain types of digital audio processors require buffering, windowing or look-ahead, resulting in a delay, called latency. Tune’s latency is 32384 samples at 44.1 KHz or 48 KHz and 64768 samples at 88.2 KHz or 96 KHz. Many audio workstations automatically compensate for latency. Others don’t. Refer to your workstation’s operating manual.The DeBreath plug-in is intuitive and easy to use, and has proven to be a true time saver. You will soon discover that perfect results are very easy to achieve.Q UICK S TART-Insert the DeBreath processor into your vocal track.There are two parts to the process of removing breaths: detection and reduction. First DeBreath will find the breaths, based on two settings. Once you are happy with DeBreath’s detection choices, you will decide what to do with the b reaths. DeBreath’s default settings are designed to provide good results under many conditions and are generally a good place to start your breath detection. Listen to the Voice path. Listen to the breath path. This will reveal to you the quality of the detection and the correctness of the detection settings. Then you can begin making adjustments.There are two threshold settings used to fine-tune DeBreath’s detection: •B reath Threshold– To more accurately detect breaths, DeBreath stores a database of breath templates, or definitions, of what comprise breaths. The Breath graph displays the similarity between the incoming audio signaland the breath database template. The scale is from 1->100 and the higher the value the greater the likelihood that the event is a breath. If you setthe Breath threshold very high, only the most certain of matches will bereported as breaths.•Energy Threshold – Here we assess an audio event based on its energy. If the energy of the event lies below the threshold, it is more likely to be abreath.When the Energy is below the Energy threshold a nd the Breath is above the Breath threshold, the plug-in classifies the event as a breath and reduction is applied.Fine-tune the detection threshold parameters until you are satisfied. Now you can adjust the Reduction slider to determine how much gain reduction should be applied to a detected breath.P LUG-I N C ONTROLSDetection Controls:B REATH G RAPH –The Breath graph registers a five-second history of the Breath rating factor, an indication of the similarity between incoming audio and a library of breath descriptions. Use this graph set the Breath threshold value.B REATH T HRESHOLD – 0 – 100%.Default: 50% Linear Scale –The Breath threshold control is located next to the Breath graph and shares its scale. When the breath rating passes above the Breath threshold value, it will register as a breath – if the audio event is also below the Energy threshold - and will be reduced by the amount set by the Reduction control.E NERGY G RAPH –The Energy graph displays a five-second history of the incoming audio’s summed energy. This graph will quickly become a useful tool in determining the relative energy of voice as compared to breath. Use the Energy graph to set the Energy threshold.E NERGY T HRESHOLD 0 - -64dBfs. Default -30dBThe Energy threshold control slider is next to the Energy graph, which uses the same scale. Like the Breath threshold control, the Energy threshold is displayed as a horizontal line across the histogram graph. This will help you to visually set the threshold over a series of audio events.Any event whose energy lies above the Energy threshold will not be considered a breath, even if the event was identified by the Breath threshold as a breath. Breath Removal Controls-F ADE O UT 0.1 – 200ms; Default 5msThis determines how quickly a breath will fade-out from the Voicepath. Logically, this is the same duration in which the breath willfade-in to the Breath path.F ADE I N 0.1 – 200ms; Default 5msThis determines how fast a breath will be faded back into the Voice path. Again, this is the same duration in which the breath will fade-out from the Breath path.R EDUCTION SLIDER – 0 - -inf. Default – -inf.Reduction controls the amount of gain reduction to be applied to adetected breath.R EDUCTION M ETER –This orange meter shows the gain reduction of detected breaths.Each time a breath is reduced or eliminated, an orange line is drawnon the Energy graph and the Breath graph, helping you to keeptrack of breath removal.R OOM T ONE –On/OffRoom Tone replaces the silenced or attenuated breath with a small amount of white noise. This eliminates unwarranted holes in the track and makes the breath removal much more natural. Room tone, when enabled, will come and go with breath attenuation, following the same fade rules as the breaths. The maximum level of white noise is -80dB and is otherwise scaled by the amount of attenuation.M ONITOR - Voice / BreathThe monitor section has two options:Voice – Monitors the original audio after the breaths have been reduced or removed.Breath – Monitors what has been reduced or removed from the original audio. W ORKING W ITH D E B REATH.Working with DeBreath is much like working with a gate. First, you set rules about what is to be processed and what is to be ignored. Then, you decide what to do with the selected material.To get started, insert DeBreath onto your vocal track. When you play audio through the plug-in, DeBreath will automatically begin looking for breaths. Next, you should evaluate the detection quality, to see if DeBreath is making the choices you like. Solo the vocal track in your workstation, then use the Monitor switch to choose between Voice path and Breath path.This way you can hear what you’re removing or what you are keeping to determine if you need further adjustments of the Breath or Energy thresholds, or the Fade In/Out constants. Here’s how. Set the Monitor switch to Breath. If your breath detection settings are correct, you should hear only breaths, with no pitched sounds. The Voice path should be effectively free of breath sounds. Use particularly problematic breath segments to fine-tune the detections settings, then re-check the entire take to make sure you are not over- or under-detecting. Repeat this procedure – balancing the severe breaths with the average program breaths - to perfect your detection parameters.Setting the thresholdsBreath Threshold -As explained earlier, the Breath rating is a statistical figure derived from a template-matching algorithm. The Breath threshold sets a reference point where events with values above the threshold are very likely to be breaths. Events with values lower than the threshold are likely not breaths. The default Breath threshold is a good overall setting, so we recommend you start there.When you encounter problem segments, first you will identify the segment by ear and find the corresponding graphic area on the Breath graph. Then, set the Breath threshold just below the breath’s peak on the graph.Energy Threshold -Study the Energy chart histogram and you will quickly learn how to find the most effective Energy threshold settings for different types of music and narration. Experience has shown us that a –30dB Energy threshold is a good, average starting point. If your signal is especially loud, you will need to bring the Energy threshold up to –25 dB or –20 dB. Similarly, very heavy, loud breaths can be detected with Energy thresholds of –25 dB to –20 dB.Remember, Energy is an average calculation, which means that a breath’s average energy will almost certainly be lower than that of the surrounding vocal material. Don’t let short energy bursts within a breath throw you off.Fade Out / Fade InDeBreath allows you to specify the length of the transition of a detected breath from the Voice path to the Breath path. In other words, how quickly does a breath fade-out from full level to the specified reduction factor?Since a detected breath is not eliminated, but rather is moved from the Voice path to the Breath path, the Fade-out time from the Voice path is identical to the Fade-in to the Breath path. Similarly, when DeBreath stops detecting a breath, Fade-in determines how long it will take until unity gain is restored for the vocal path.Working DisciplinesAt times you want to aggressively remove all traces of breaths. In such cases, set the reduction to –inf. If the music is sufficiently noisy or the vocal track was recorded in a dead quite space, you may not notice the “floor dropping out from under the vocal track,” in the form of a room tone hole. However, many times you will find it troubling when the vocal track’s room tone is suddenly missing. DeBreath allows you to replace some of this missing “space” with very low level white noise. The Room Tone control adds noise only in places where a breath reduction was made. The maximum level of white noise is -80dB and is otherwise scaled by the amount of attenuation.Oftentimes, you don’t need very much breath attenuation to achieve great results. Reducing breaths by a mere 20 to 40 dB can sufficiently separate your vocals from breaths so that your vocal compressor won’t “see” the breaths. This allows you to compress your vocal track as you like, leaving the breaths quite and uncompressed.Sometimes, the best way to control breaths is to totally separate the voice from the breaths. To do this, duplicate the track in your workstation. On one of the tracks monitor the Voice path. On the other, the Breath path. In this manner you will have complete, separate control over the voice and the removed breaths. You can choose different - and automated - processing, level and dynamics for each path.W ave S ystem T oolbarUse the bar at the top of the plugin to save and load presets, compare settings, undo and redo steps, and resize the plugin. To learn more, click the icon at the upper-right corner of the window and open the WaveSystem Guide.。

电气、机械等专业英语词汇大全(总结)

自动化专业词汇induction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left-hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short-circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相(的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的waveguide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation(AM)调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器reference Voltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流time invariant 时不变的self-inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势unidirectional current 单方向性电流circuit diagram 电路图load characteristic 负载特性terminal voltage 端电压external characteristic 外特性conductance 电导volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡ideal source 理想电源internal resistance 内阻active (passive) circuit elements 有（无）源电路元件leakage current 漏电流circuit branch 支路P.D. = potential drop 电压降potential distribution 电位分布r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值effective values 有效值steady direct current 恒稳直流电sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数complex number 复数Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系modulus 模real part 实部imaginary part 虚部displacement current 位移电流trigonometric transformations 瞬时值epoch angle 初相角phase displacement 相位差signal amplifier 小信号放大器mid-frequency band 中频带bipolar junction transistor (BJT)双极性晶体管field effect transistor (FET)场效应管electrode 电极电焊条polarity 极性gain 增益isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振emitter 发射管放射器发射极collector 集电极base 基极self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻triangular symbol 三角符号phase reversal 反相infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益feedback component 反馈元件differentiation 微分integration 积分下限impedance 阻抗fidelity 保真度summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节Oscillation 振荡inverse 倒数admittance 导纳transformer 变压器turns ratio 变比匝比ampere-turns 安匝(数)mutual flux 交互(主)磁通vector equation 向(相)量方程power frequency 工频capacitance effect 电容效应induction machine 感应电机shunt excited 并励series excited 串励separately excited 他励self excited 自励field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性dynamic-state operation 动态运行salient poles 凸极excited by 励磁field coils 励磁线圈air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布direct axis 直轴armature coil 电枢线圈rotating commutator 旋转（整流子）换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波Geometrical position 几何位置magnetic torque 电磁转矩spatial waveform 空间波形sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度external armature circuit 电枢外电路instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率effects of saturation 饱和效应reluctance 磁阻power amplifier 功率放大器compound generator 复励发电机rheostat 变阻器self – excitation process 自励过程commutation condition 换向状况cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机operating condition 运行状态equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路rotor (stator) winding 转子（定子绕组）winding loss 绕组（铜）损耗prime motor 原动机active component 有功分量reactive component 无功分量electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩retarding torque 制动转矩inductive component 感性（无功）分量abscissa axis 横坐标induction generator 感应发电机synchronous generator 同步发电机automatic station 无人值守电站hydropower station 水电站process of self – excitation 自励过程auxiliary motor 辅助电动机technical specifications 技术条件voltage across the terminals 端电压steady – state condition 瞬态暂态reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性active in respect to 相对….呈阻性synchronous condenser 同步进相（调相）机coincide in phase with 与….同相synchronous reactance 同步电抗algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的1--master element主要元件，是指控制开关等元件。

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AutomaticLineMatchingacrossViewsCordeliaSchmidandAndrewZissermanDepartmentofEngineeringScience,UniversityofOxfordParksRoad,Oxford,UKOX13PJ

AbstractThispaperpresentsanewmethodformatchingindivid-uallinesegmentsbetweenimages.Themethodusesbothgreylevelinformationandthemultipleviewgeometricrela-tionsbetweentheimages.Forimagepairsepipolargeome-tryfacilitatesthecomputationofacross-correlationbasedmatchingscoreforputativelinecorrespondences.Forim-agetripletscross-correlationmatchingscoresareusedinconjunctionwithlinetransferbasedonthetrifocalgeome-try.Algorithmsaredevelopedforbothshortandlongrangemotion.Inthecaseoflongrangemotionthealgorithmin-volvesevaluatingaoneparameterfamilyofplaneinducedhomographies.Thealgorithmsarerobusttodeﬁcienciesinthelinesegmentextractionandpartialocclusion.Experimentalresultsaregivenforimagepairsandtriplets,forvaryingmotionsbetweenviews,andfordiffer-entscenetypes.Thethreeviewalgorithmeliminatesallmismatches.

1.IntroductionThegoalofthispaperistheautomaticmatchingoflinesegmentsbetweenimagesofscenesmainlycontainingpla-narsurfaces.Atypicalexampleisanurbanscene.Linematchingisoftentheﬁrststepinthereconstructionofsuchscenes.Linematchingisadifﬁcultproblemforseveralreasons.Theﬁrstisduetothedeﬁcienciesinextractinglines[6]andtheirconnectivity:althoughtheorientationofalineseg-mentcanberecoveredaccurately,theendpointsarenotre-liable,andfurthermorethetopologicalconnectionsbetweenlinesegmentsareoftenlostduringsegmentation.Someseg-mentationalgorithmsaremoresuccessfulthanothers[13]buttheproblemremains.Thesecondreasonisthatthereisnostrongdisambiguatinggeometricconstraintavailable:Inthecaseofpoints(corners),correspondencesmustsat-isfytheepipolarconstraint.Forinﬁnitelinesthereisnogeometricconstraint,whilstforlinesofﬁnitelengththereisonlyaweakoverlapconstraintarisingfromapplyingtheepipolarconstrainttoendpoints.Existingapproachestolinematchingintheliteratureareoftwotypes:thosethatmatchindividuallinesegments;andthosethatmatchgroupsoflinesegments.Individuallinesegmentsaregenerallymatchedontheirgeometricat-tributes—orientation,length,extentofoverlap[1,12,20].Somesuchas[4,5,10]useanearestlinestrategywhichisbettersuitedtoimagetrackingwheretheimagesandex-tractedsegmentsaresimilar.Theadvantageofmatchinggroupsoflinesegmentsisthatmoregeometricinformationisavailablefordisam-biguation,thedisadvantageistheincreasedcomplexity.Anumberofmethodshavebeendevelopedaroundtheideaofgraph-matching[2,7,9,19].Thegraphcapturesrelation-shipssuchasleftof,rightof,cycles,collinearwithetc,aswellastopologicalconnectedness.Althoughsuchmethodscancopewithmoresigniﬁcantcameramotion,theyoftenhaveahighcomplexityandagaintheyaresensitivetoerrorinthesegmentationprocess.Thesemethodsarecomple-mentarytotheapproachinthispaperwhichisformatchingindividuallinesegments.Theapproachinthispaperisbuiltontwonovelideas.Theﬁrstistoexploittheintensityneighbourhoodoftheline.Theuseofafﬁnitymeasuresbasedoncross-correlationofintensityneighbourhoodshasbeenverysuccessfulindis-ambiguatingcornermatches[21].However,therearetwoproblemswithapplyingcorrelationdirectlytolineneigh-bourhoods:ﬁrst,thepointtopointcorrespondenceisun-known;andsecond,correspondingneighbourhoodsmaywellhaveaverydifferentshapeandorientation,andthisisalsounknown.Forexample,supposeasquareneigh-bourhoodinoneimageback-projectstoaplanarfacetononesideoftheline.Theimageofthisregioninthesec-ondimageisaquadrilateral,butitsshapedependsentirelyontherelativepositioningofthecamerasandplane.Evena(signiﬁcant)rotationorscalingwilldefeatnaivecross-correlationbasedonsquareneighbourhoodsofthesameorientation.Thesecondnovelpartofourapproachsolvestheseproblems:Theepipolargeometrybetweentheimagescanbeusedtoprovidepointtopointcorrespondencesalongthelinesegments.Further,theepipolargeometry,togetherwiththematchedlines,restrictsthepossiblehomographies(projectivetransformations)betweentheimagestoaone-parameterfamily,andthisfamilycanbeusedtosolvefortheneighbourhoodmapping.Thealgorithmthusdeliversacorrelationscorebetweenlinesegmentswhichcanbeusedtodiscriminatebetweencorrectandfalsematches.Theim-plementationisrobusttotheinstabilitiesoftheextractionprocess,andtopartialocclusion.1.1.OverviewThepaperisorganisedasfollows.Twoalgorithmsaredevelopedforautomaticlinematching.Theﬁrst,describedinsection2,isapplicableto“shortrangemotion”.Thisistheimagemotionthatarisesinimagesequenceswheresimplenearestneighbourtrackingwouldalmostwork.Thesecond,describedinsection3,isapplicableto“longrangemotion”.Thisistheimagemotionthatarisesbetweenviewsfromastereorig,wherethebaselineissigniﬁcant(com-paredtothedistancetothescene).Theremaybesigniﬁcantrotationofthelinebetweentheimages,and,moreimpor-tantly,planarsurfacesmayhavesigniﬁcantlydifferentfore-shorteningsinthetwoimages.Theperformanceofbothalgorithmsarediscussedandexamplesgivenusingrealim-agepairs.Section4describestheextensionofthealgorithmswhenmorethantwoviewsareavailable.Withthreeviewsthereisastronggeometricconstraintavailableforlinematch-ing.Thetrifocaltensor[8,16,17]enableslinesmatchedintwoviewstobetransferredtoathird,andthisprocesscanbeusedtoverifytwoviewmatches.Analternativeistotreatthethreeviewssymmetricallyandmatchsimultane-ouslyoverthethree.Resultsaregivenforatripletofaerialimageswhichshowthatallmismatchescanbeeliminatedforimagetriplets.1.2.ImplementationdetailsLinesegmentsareextractedbyapplyingalocalim-plementationoftheCannyedgedetectorwithhysteresis.Edgelsarethenlinkedintochains,jumpinguptoaonepixelgap.Tangentdiscontinuitiesinthechainarelocatedusingaworm,andlinesegmentsarethenﬁttedbetweenthediscon-tinuitiesusingorthogonalregression.Averytightthresholdisusedforthelineﬁttingsothatcurvesarenotpiecewiselinearapproximated.Thegeometricrelationsbetweentheimagesrequiredaprioriherearethefundamentalmatrixforimagepairs,andthetrifocaltensorforimagetriplets.Theserelationsareeithercalculatedindirectlyfromknowncameraprojectionmatricesforeachview,ordirectly,andautomatically,frompoint(corner)correspondences[3,18,21].2ShortrangemotionInthecaseofshortrangemotion,linesegmentscanbecomparedusing(uncorrected)correlation.Thebasicideaistotreateachsegmentasalistofpointstowhichneighbour-hoodcorrelationisappliedasameasureofsimilarity.Onlythepointtopointcorrespondenceisrequired.Intheab-senceofanyotherknowledgecorrespondingpointscouldbeobtainedbysearchingalongeachlinesegmentwithawinnertakesallmatchingstrategy,similartothatusedformatchingcornersonepipolarlines.However,knowingtheepipolargeometrydeterminesthepointcorrespondences,aswillnowbedescribed.Also,theepipolargeometryreducestheoverallsearchcomplexitybecauseitrestrictswhichlinesegmentsneedtobeconsideredformatching.