Farsighted Stability in Hedonic Games

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计算模型视角下信任形成的心理和神经机制——基于信任博弈中投资者的角度

心理科学进展 2021, Vol. 29, No. 1, 178–189 © 2021 中国科学院心理研究所Advances in Psychological Sciencehttps:///10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00178178计算模型视角下信任形成的心理和神经机制——基于信任博弈中投资者的角度*高青林周媛(中国科学院心理研究所行为科学重点实验室, 北京 100101) (中国科学院大学心理学系, 北京 100049) 摘要人际信任渗透在社会交互的各个方面, 是促进和维持合作的重要基石。

以往研究者借助信任博弈范式, 主要探讨了人际信任的理论模型、生物基础和影响因素等方面。

近年来, 研究者开始将计算模型应用于信任博弈的数据分析中, 深入挖掘人际信任行为背后的心理机制, 将计算模型与神经影像技术结合, 加深对信任行为背后脑机制的理解。

目前将计算模型应用于信任博弈范式中的研究主要针对“信任是如何形成的”这一科学问题, 未来要进一步发展计算模型方法, 结合非侵入性脑刺激技术, 应用于精神疾病人群中, 以深入理解正常和异常信任形成的心理和神经机制。

关键词人际信任, 信任博弈, 计算模型, 功能磁共振成像分类号 B849:C911 引言信任(trust)是经济以及社会生活中的一种润滑剂(Snijders & Keren, 2001), 也是维系社会关系的粘合剂(Wilson & Eckel, 2006)。

人际信任(interpersonal trust)作为最复杂的社会技能之一, 在社会交互中起着重要的作用(Fett et al., 2014)。

尽管人际信任的概念存在不同的表述, 但其核心是指人们基于对他人行为的积极预期(比如在可能合作也可能竞争的情况下, 预期对方会与自己合作), 愿意将自己处于风险境遇中的一种心理状态(Krueger et al., 2007; Rotter, 1967)。

心理-Module 12 Personality

Module 12 Personality12.1 Contemporary approaches to personality“Personality” – a characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time an situationsPersonality measurements1.“idiographic approach” –focusing on create detailed descriptions of a specific person’s uniquepersonality characteristics-Figure myself out-It is helpful for understanding your social worlds, and can be applied to the full range of human experience2.“nomothetic approach” – examine personality in large group of people, with the aim of makinggeneralization of about personality structure-To understand the factors that predict certain behaviours across people in general-The KEY is to identify the important personality traits that are related to whatever it is that you are interested in understandingThe trait perspective∙“Personality trait” –describes a person’s habitual patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving -How that person is most of the time)-The first systematic attempt to identify all possible traits was made in the 1930s by Allport ∙“the Barnum effect” – people are easy to be convinced that a personality profile describe them well, while the profile is generally false and not describe them at all-This is the reason why personality tests of questionable validity are so widely believed, as well as horoscopes, astrologers, and psychics-实验: 每个人都拿到一模一样的描述，而他们都觉得说的就是他们自己∙“factor analysis” – is used to group items that people respond to similarity-比如friendly, warm, and kind can be group togetherThe Five Factor Model (Big Five)It is a trait-based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimension1.“Openness” 开放型a.高分表现:Dreamers, creative, open to new things, new ways of seeing things, open to new experience,curious, considered unconventional, think more abstractly, more sensitive to emotionsb.低分表现:Defenders, conventional, avoid unknown and find security from the known, prefer tangible,being practical, straightforward, dislike complexity, resistant to change2.“Conscientiousness” 责任型a.高分表现:Organizers, efficient, self-disciplined, dependable, comfortable with schedules and lists,great employees and students, live longer due to positive health behavioursb.低分表现:Easy-going ones, fun to hang out with, poor collaborators, disorganized, careless with details, difficult to meet deadline, be-in-the-moment, not that stress about details3.“Extraversion” 外向型a.高分表现:Socializers, sensation seekers, love stimulating environments, love company, outgoing andenergetic, assertive, talkative, enthusiastic, prefer high level of stimulation and excitement, take things too far, have higher risk of dangerousb.低分表现:Quiet, solitary, recharging their batteries, overwhelmed by high levels of stimulation, morecaution and reserved, someone who can really to talk to4.“Agreeableness” 服从型a.高分表现:Warm and friendly, easy to be friend with, compassionate, empathetic, helpful and altruistic, willing to put their on interest aside in order to please others or avoid conflicts, hard tochoose, great team members, poor leadership skillsb.低分表现:Uncooperative, unkind, out themselves first, being authentic more than pandering to other people’s needs, engage in conflict if necessary, skeptical of other’s motives, less trusting ofhuman nature, self-interested5.“Neuroticism” 神经质型a.高分表现:Neurotics, difficult to deal with, emotional volatility, have negative emotions, sensitive,strong reaction to stressful situations, magnify small frustration into major problems, andpersist, most vulnerable to anxiety and depressive disordersb.低分表现:Mentally healthy, secure and confident, highly resilient to stress, excellent at managingemotions, regard as stablePersonality of evil“Authoritarian personality” –独裁/权利主义-Theorized to be rigid and dogmatic in their thinking, separate social world into US and THEM, believe strongly in the superiority in US and the inferiority in THEM-Likely to endorse prejudice and violence towards THEM-于二战后提出There are 3 lines of research that discover personality beyond the big five1.“HEXACO model of personality” – a six factor theory, 在big five基础上新增加了一个additional factor, 就是“honesty-humility” 诚信/人性a.高分表现:Sincere, honest, faithful, modest, perform altruistic and prosocial behavioursb.低分表现:Deceitful, greedy, pompous, selfish, antisocial, violent tendency, materialistic, manipulateothers, break the rules, unfaithful to relationship, strong sense of self-importance2.“The Dark Triad” 黑暗面–包含三个traitsI.“Machiavellianism” 权术主义(To use people and to be manipulative and deceitful, lack respect, focus predominantlyin their self-interest)Become aggressive when it serves their goalsII.“Psychopathy” 精神病(Having shallow emotional response, feel little empathy, harming others with littleremorse for their actions)Become aggressive when they feel physically threatenedIII.“Narcissism” 自恋(Egotistical preoccupation with self-image and excessive focus on self-importance, likefull of himself)Become aggressive when they feel self-esteem is threatened3.“Right-wing Authoritarianism” 右翼独裁主义-As a highly problematic set of personality characteristics that involve three key tendenciesa.Obeying orders and deferring to the established authorities in a society绝对服从已建立政府的法规b.Supporting aggression against those who dissent or differ from the established social order支持对于不同于建立的法规的思想或行动的暴力制裁c.Believing strongly in maintaining the existing social order 强烈地维持已建立的一切任何规定-CENTER: thinking in dogmatic terms 非黑即白,没有过度地带-Thinking with complete certainty-Process info in highly biased ways, ignoring or rejecting evidence that contradict their views -Unquestioning acceptance of authority figures-Helping to maintain repressive dictatorships in Hitler’s time-“Global change game实验” 一群RWA高的人一下子就ruin the worldPersonality traits over the lifespan∙Our personality start even before we are born-Infant possess different temperament right from birth, suggesting that the seeds of our personalities are present right from birth-Infant temperament predict the adult personality of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness三岁看到老实验: longitudinal study测试三岁小孩的不同脾性是否能预测长大的性格∙Neurons that fire together wire together-Personality conditions how you feel, perceive, interpret, and behave, this set I motion processes that feed back to reinforce the original personality trait, like a positive feedbacksystem∙Young adults tend to experience fewer negative emotions than do adolescence, reflecting decrease in neuroticism.Also conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion all increase in early adulthood ∙There is considerable stability in our personality-Over time, our environments changes as well as the roles we play in those environments -Although individuals may change over time, their personal characteristics relative to other people remain remarkably stablePersonality traits and statePeople’s behaviour is also determined by situational factors and context∙“State” – is a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influence behaviours ∙四种情况1.Location2.Associations 独自一人或者与别人在一起3.Activities4.Subjective states 生气，高兴，或者生病Behaviourist perspective∙There is no existence of internalized traits-The relationship between specific environmental stimuli and the observed pattern of behaviour is important, behaviour is based on past experiences-Personality is a description of the response tendencies that occur in different situations ∙The dimension of “extraversion” is unnecessary-Emphasize the importance of stimulus-response associations that are learned through exposure to specific situations, rather than emphasizing internalized, relatively stablepersonality traits∙The AGREEMENT between behaviourist and other approaches is the emphasis on how learning contributes to personalitySocial-Cognitive theory perspective(By Albert Bandura)It emphasize the role of beliefs and the reciprocal relationships between people and their environment∙Environmental stimuli do not automatically trigger specific behaviour, instead inform individual’s belief about the world, in particular, their belief s about that consequences are likely to follow from certain behaviours∙CENTRAL IDEA: “reciprocal determinism”-Behaviour, internal factors, external factors interact to determine one another, and that our personalities are based on interactions among these three aspects∙So personality is not something inside the person, but rather exist between the person and the environment∙People’s personalities and their environment are interdependent in many different ways, linked together in feedback loops that connect their perceptions, cognitions, emotions, behaviours-the ways they structure their environment, the ways that their environments structure them12.2 Cultural and biological approaches to personalityUniversals and differences across cultures∙Despite the differences that may exist between cultures, the people in those cultures share the same basic personality structures∙Although individual personalities differ enormously, the basic machinery of the human personality system is universal∙在中国的研究: researchers found 4 traits:-Dependability可靠型, social potency社会效能型, individualism个人主义型, interpersonal relatedness人际关系型∙At this point, most psychologists would agree the five factor model captures important and perhaps universal dimensions of personality-But also might miss important cultural-specific qualities than can only be understood by analyzing personality from that culture’s perspectiveComparing between nations∙Many of the findings in these large-scale cross-cultural studies defy cultural stereotypes∙It is difficult to understand if these differences are real because:nguage translation challenge2.“Response styles” – characteristic ways of responding questions(Ensure that people use the same kind of reasoning process when answering the questionsbecause response styles can be strongly influenced by cultural norms)比如发现日本人分数都特别低，不是因为真的人不好，而是文化背景让他们习惯谦虚∙The problem of essentializing cultural differences-It is hard to attribute that difference to something fundamental to the cultures, some sort of basic differences between the essence of each culture∙Individualism东亚国家 vs. Collectivism西方国家-Individualism注重自己, collectivism注重于外界的联系-To individualists, the individualistic task was processed by the brains as most self-relevant, the parietal lobe is firing.To collectivists, it was the collectivistic task most self-relevantGenetic influence on personalityGenetic factors contribute substantially to personality∙Twin studies同卵和异卵双胞胎的实验证明基因确实一定程度上决定我们的性格∙In terms of basic personality characteristics, your genes are more important than you home -Most of the time, the influence of parenting on personality is overshadowed by the contribution made by our genes∙Researchers had discovered genes that code for specific brain chemicals than are related to personalityRole of evolution in personality∙Animals have personalities-对于chimpanzee的研究表明big five同样存在∙The big five traits are selected for being adaptive in past evolutionary epochs, helping to promote survival and reproduction-每个性格特征的高分和低分都有自己的长处，所以并不是神经质型高分的就一定不好，低分的就一定好∙Being either high or low in each big five trait could be desirable, depending on the situations The brain and personality∙“Humourism” – explained both physical illness and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalance in key fluids in the body –the 4 “humours”- 4 humours: blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile∙“Phrenology” – (by Franz Gall) the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull-The specific dimensions of the skull indicated the size of the brain area inside, which in turn corresponded to specific personality-根据人的头骨把大脑分成几个区域，每个区域负责不同的性格特征Extraversion and arousal∙“Arousal theory of extraversion” –arguing that extraversion is determined by people’s threshold of arousal-Extraverts have higher threshold for arousal than introverts, so extraverts generally seek greater amount of stimulation∙Module of brain-personality relationship models:1.“Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)” – plays a central role in controlling thisarousal response-It is the reactivity that differentiate the extraverts and the introverts2.“Approach/ inhibition model of motivation” – describes two major brain systems forprocessing rewards and punishmentsA.“Behavioural activation system (BAS)” – a GO systemArousing the person to respond to action in the pursuit of desired goalsResponsive to rewards and unresponsive to negative consequencesRelated to extraversionB.“Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)” – a DANGER systemMotivating the person to action in order to avoid punishment or other negative outcomesAssociated with greater negative emotional responses and avoidance motivationRelated to neuroticismImage of personality in the brain∙Extraversionrger medial orbitofrontal lobe – for processing reward2.Less activation in the amygdala – for processing novelty, danger, and fear∙Conscientiousnessrger middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex – involve in working memory andcarrying our planned actions∙Neuroticism1.Smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex – controlling emotions2.Smaller hippocampus – controlling obsessive negative thinkingrger mid-cingulate gyrus – detecting errors and perceiving pain∙Agreeableness1.Smaller volume of superior temporal sulcus – interpreting other’s intentionsrger posterior cingulate – involve in empathy and perspective-taking∙Openness1.Greater activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex – involve creativity and intelligence∙These does not mean these difference cause the personality difference, it suggest these brain regions are involved in serving neurological functions that related to personality process ∙There is no specific brain area that involved uniquely in a single personality trait12.3 Psychodynamic and humanistic approach to personalityPsychodynamic perspective∙“Psychodynamic theory” – by Freud 其实根本就不是一个theory-The universal assumption is that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful focus in consciousness-We have very little control over ourselves, and remarkably little insight into the reason for our own behaviours-Our mind is a black-box∙“conscious” 意识-Current awareness, containing everything that you are aware right now ∙“unconscious” 下意识-Most vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without you conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviour-Contain full lifetime of memories and experiences, include those no longer bring into conscious awareness-It is the primary driver of behavioursStructure of personality∙“Id” 本我-Collection of basic biological needs, animal desires 本能欲望-Fueled by an energy called “libido”-Operate according the “pleasure principle” – motivating people to seek out experiences that bring pleasure, with little regard for the appropriateness or consequences -The predominant force controlling our actions in the earliest stage of our life-Tell us what our body want to do∙“Superego” 超我-Comprised our values and moral standards 价值与道德标准-Tell us what we ought to do-Forms over time as we become socialized and educated, learned through being praised or punished-Represent a process of internalization∙“Ego” 自我-Between id and superego 调解本我和超我的矛盾-The decision maker and frequently under tension-Operate according the “reality principle” – plugged into reality∙The tension between 3 systems give rise to personality in two ways1.Different people will have deep personality differences because of the strength of their id,ego, and superego2.Generates much of our personality is how we react to “anxiety” – a experiential result of thetension between id, ego, and superegoDefence mechanismThe unconscious strategies the ego use to reduce or avoid anxiety 防御机制- The undesired tendencies are not confronted and problems are not dealt with 没有面对不堪，问题也没有解决Psychosexual stages 小孩发展∙ At each stage, the libido manifest in specific are of body, depends on what areas are mostimportant for providing pleasure∙ “Fixation ” 固恋现象 – becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with aparticular stage and then fixed at that stage 在任一阶段中不能正常往下发展，日后行为模式就会固定在此阶段，有不好的影响1. Oral stage 表现为lack of self-confidence, 容易产生依赖和攻击性2. Anal stage 表现为通过 “toilet training ”,如果父母教得不好的话就会:a. “anal retentive ” 滞留型，过于在乎清洁，控制欲强，因为父母施加压力过大b. “anal expulsive ” 排出型，邋遢懒散，因为父母教导不够3. Phallic stage 表现为男女不同:a. 男生 “Oedipus complex 恋母情结” and “castration anxiety 阉割恐惧”b. 女生 “Electra complex 恋父情结” and “penis envy”4. Latency stage 不会发生fixation 因为男女感情疏远，集体活动呈男女分离的趋势5. Genital stage 不会发生fixationExploring the unconscious∙Freud refined dream analysis and free association to reveal unconscious material∙“Projective tests” 投射测验– personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desire or conflicts1.“Rorschach inkblot test” 罗夏墨迹测验– in which people are asked to describe what theysee 看墨迹2.“Thematic Apperception test (TAT)” 主题理解测验– ask respondent to tell stories aboutambiguous pictures involving various interpersonal situation 看图说故事∙但这些投射测验遭到反对，原因是:1.Low reliability 可靠性低–同一个人在不同时间重新做测试，结果都不一样2.Low validity 有效性低–没有测试到要测试的东西-比如“figure drawing test” –测试的其实是artistic ability and intelligenceWorking the Scientific Literacy ModelPerceiving others as a projective test∙Projection本来是在过去Freud’s psychodynamic theory里面，由于方法争议大，近代现代更倾向于用“trait approach” 来应用于投射测验-we make guesses as to what other people are like by using our own self-concepts as a guide -They found several correlations showing that the way people view themselves is, in fact, related to how they view others, in other words, how people perceive others appears to bea projection of how they perceive themselves-但是不足的是: it cannot make precise predictions, only general statements; and cannot know whether it is because of the rater is either optimistic or pessimisticAlternative approaches都反对Freud, 认为归属感，成就感，完整感对性格发展才是重要因素∙Carl Jung –“Analytical psychology” – focus on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development-认为有两种unconscious1.“personal unconscious” –same as Freud’s2.“collective unconscious”集体无意识– non-personal realm of the unconscious thatholds the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching deep into ourancestral past人类世世代代在无意识中积累的知识经验，不受地域文化差别所限-CENTRAL ROLE: “archetype”原型– image and symbols that reflects common truths held across cultures, which represent major narrative patterns in the unconscious ∙Alfred Adler –“inferiority complex” 自卑情结– the struggle that many people have with feeling inferiority-反对Freud’s pleasur e principle-Stem from experience of helplessness and powerless during children由于童年的无助和无力感产生的∙Karen Horney –“womb envy” 反对恋母情结-She focus on the social and cultural factors-Highlighted the importance of interpersonal conflict between children and their parents Humanistic approach∙Against the pessimism and disempowerment inherent in Freudian approaches, and to explore the potential for humans to become truly free and deeply fulfilled 反对Freud的性本恶理论，提倡积极正面的motivation and humanity∙代表人物荣格Carl Rogers –“Person-centered perspective”-States that people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally-Believe that people possess inner drive toward “self-actualization自我实现”, the more self-actualized a person becomes, the more his inherently good nature will dominate hispersonality∙Abraham Maslow马斯洛∙Martin Seligman-Launched the “positive psychology” movement。

心理学英文术语

感觉记忆（ SM ）— sensory memory关键词—— key word短期记忆（ STM ）— short-term M.命题思考—— propositional thought长期记忆（ LTM ）— long-term memory心像思考—— imaginal thought复诵—— rehearsal行动思考—— motoric thought预示（激发）—— priming概念—— concept童年失忆症—— childhood amnesia原型—— prototype视觉编码（表征）—— visual code （ representation ）属性—— property听觉编码— acoustic code特征—— feature运作记忆—— working memory范例策略—— exemplar strategy语意性知识— semantic knowledge语言相对性（假说）— linguistic relativityth.记忆扫瞄程序— memory scanning procedure音素—— phoneme竭尽式扫瞄程序 -exhaustive S.P.词素—— morpheme自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S.（字词的）外延与内涵意义— denotative &程序性知识— procedural knowledge connotative meaning命题（陈述）性知识—— propositional（ declarative ）（句子的）表层与深层结构— surface & deepknowledge structure情节（轶事）性知识— episodic K. 语意分析法—— semantic differential 讯息处理深度— depth of processing 全句语言— holophrastic speech精致化处理— elaboration 过度延伸—— over-extension登录特殊性— coding specificity 电报式语言— telegraphic speech记忆术—mnemonic 关键期—— critical period位置记忆法— method of loci 差异减缩法—— difference reduction 字钩法—peg word 方法目的分析—— means-ends analysis （线）探索（测）（激发）字— prime 倒推—— working backward动机—— motive自由意志—— free will决定论—— determinism本能—— instinct种属特有行为—— species specific驱力—— drive诱因—— incentive驱力减低说—— drive reduction th.恒定状态（作用）— homeostasis原级与次级动机—primary & secondary M. 功能独立— functional autonomy自我实现—— selfactualization冲突—— conflict多项仪—— polygraph肤电反应—— GSR（认知）评估——（ cognitive appraisal ）脸部回馈假说—— facial feedback hypothesis （生理）激发—— arousal挫折 - 攻击假说—— frustration-aggression hy.替代学习—— vicarious learning短期记忆（ STM ）— short-term M.长期记忆（ LTM ）— long-term memory复诵—— rehearsal下视丘侧部（ LH ）— lateral hypothalamus预示（激发）—— priming脂肪细胞说—— fat-cell theory.童年失忆症—— childhood amnesia下视丘腹中部（ VMH ）— ventromedial H视觉编码（表征）—— visual code （ representation ）定点论—— set point th.听觉编码— acoustic codeCCK ———胆囊调节激素运作记忆—— working memory第一性征—— primary sex characteristic语意性知识—semantic knowledge第二性征—— secondary sex characteristic记忆扫瞄程序— memory scanning procedure自我效能期望— self-efficiency expectancy竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P.内在（发）动机—intrinsic motive自我终止式扫瞄— self-terminated S.外在（衍）动机—extrinsic motive程序性知识—procedural knowledge成就需求—— N. achievement命题（陈述）性知识—— propositional（ declarative ）需求层级— hierarchy of needs knowledge情节（轶事）性知识— episodic K. 语意分析法—— semantic differential讯息处理深度— depth of processing 全句语言— holophrastic speech 精致化处理—elaboration 过度延伸—— over-extension登录特殊性— coding specificity 电报式语言— telegraphic speech 记忆术—mnemonic 关键期—— critical period位置记忆法— method of loci 差异减缩法—— difference reduction字钩法—peg word 方法目的分析—— means-ends analysis（线）探索（测）（激发）字— prime 倒推—— working backward关键词—— key word 动机—— motive命题思考—— propositional thought 自由意志—— free will心像思考—— imaginal thought 决定论—— determinism行动思考—— motoric thought 本能—— instinct概念—— concept 种属特有行为—— species specific 原型—— prototype 驱力—— drive属性—— property 诱因—— incentive特征—— feature驱力减低说—— drive reduction th.范例策略—— exemplar strategy恒定状态（作用）— homeostasis 语言相对性（假说）— linguistic relativityth.原级与次级动机— primary &secondary M.音素—— phoneme功能独立— functional autonomy 词素—— morpheme下视丘侧部（ LH ）— lateralhypothalamus（字词的）外延与内涵意义—denotative &connotative meaning 脂肪细胞说—— fat-cell theory.（句子的）表层与深层结构—surface & deep 下视丘腹中部（ VMH ）—ventromedial Hstructure定点论—— set point th.视觉悬崖—— visual cliffCCK ———胆囊调节激素剥夺或丰富（环境）——deprivation orenrichment第一性征—— primary sex characteristic第二性征—— secondary sex characteristic自我效能期望— self-efficiency expectancy内在（发）动机—intrinsic motive外在（衍）动机—extrinsic motive成就需求—— N. achievement需求层级— hierarchy of needs自我实现—— self actualization冲突—— conflict多项仪—— polygraph肤电反应—— GSR（认知）评估——（ cognitive appraisal ）脸部回馈假说—— facial feedback hypothesis （生理）激发—— arousal挫折 -攻击假说—— frustration-aggression hy.替代学习—— vicarious learning 发展—— development先天—— nature后天—— nurture成熟—— maturation（视觉）偏好法—— preferential method习惯法—— habituation of env.基模—— schema同化—— assimilation调适—— accommodation平衡—— equilibrium感觉动作期—— sensorimotor stage物体永久性—— objective permanence运思前期—— preoperational st.保留概念—— conservation道德现实主义—— moral realism具体运思期—— concrete operational形式运思期—— formal operational st.前俗例道德—— pre-conventional moral 俗例道德—— conventional moral超俗例道德—— post-conventional moral 气质—— temperament依附—— attachment性别认定—— gender identity性别配合—— sex typing性蕾期—— phallic stage恋亲冲突— Oedipal conflict认同—— identification社会学习—— social learning 情结—— complex性别恒定—— gender constancy 青年期—— adolescence 完形心理学—— Gestalt psychology 感觉—— sensation知觉—— perception实验法—— experimental method独变项—— independent variable青春期——-puberty依变项—— dependent V.第二性征—— secondary sex characteristics控制变项—— control V.认同危机—— identity crisis生理—— physiology定向统合—— identity achievement条件化—— conditioning早闭型统合——foreclosure学习—— learning未定型统合——moratorium比较心理学—— comparative psy. 迷失型统合——identity diffusion发展—— development传承—— generativity社会心理学—— social psy.心理动力—— psycho-dynamics人格—— personality心理分析—— psychoanalysis心理计量学—psychometrics 受试（者）——subject行为论—— behaviorism实验者预期效应— experimenter expectancyeffect心理生物观—— psycho-biological perspective双盲法—— double — blind认知—— cognition实地实验—— field experiment临床心理学家-clinical psychologist相关—— correlation谘商—— counseling调查—— survey人因工程—— human factor engineering访谈—— interview组织—— organization个案研究—— case study 潜意识—— unconsciousness观察—— observation心理测验—— psychological test 纹理递变度—— texture gradient 注意—— attention物体的组群—— grouping of object 型态辨识— pattern recognition形象 -背景—— figure-ground接近律—— proximity相似律—— similarity闭合律—— closure连续律—— continuity对称律—— symmetry错觉—— illusion幻觉—— delusion恒常性—— constancy大小—— size形状—— shape位置—— location单眼线索—— monocular cue线性透视—— linear- perspective 双眼线索—— binocular cue深度—— depth调节作用—— accommodation重迭—— superposition 双眼融合—— binocular fusion辐辏作用—— convergence双眼像差—— binocular disparity向度——dimension自动效应—— autokinetic effect运动视差—— motion parallax诱发运动—— induced motion闪光运动—— stroboscopic motion上下文、脉络-context人工智能—— artificial intelligence A.I. 脉络关系作用-context effect模板匹配—— template matching整合分析法—— analysis-by-synthesis 丰富性——redundancy选择性——selective无意识的推论-unconscious inferences运动后效—— motion aftereffect特征侦测器—feature detector激发性——excitatory抑制性——inhibitory几何子—— geons由上而下处理— up-down process由下而上处理—— bottom-up process感觉剥夺—— sensory deprivation连结者模式—— connectionist model物质滥用—— substance abuse联结失识症—— associative agnosia成瘾—— physical addiction脸孔辨识困难症—— prosopagnosia物质依赖—— sub. dependence意识—— conscious （ ness ）戒断症状—— withdrawal symptom意识改变状态—— altered states of consciousness兴奋剂—— stimulant无意识—— unconsciousness幻觉（迷幻）剂—— hallucinogen前意识—— preconsciousness镇定剂—— sedative内省法—— introspection抑制剂—— depressant边缘注意—— peripheral attention酒精中毒引起谵妄— delirium tremens 多重人格—— multiple personality麻醉剂—— narcotic午餐排队（鸡尾酒会）效应—lunch line （ cocktailparty ） effect自动化历程—— automatic process解离—— dissociate解离认同失常—— dissociative identity disorder 快速眼动睡眠—— REM dream非快速眼动睡眠—NREM dream失眠—— insomnia显性与隐性梦—— manifest & latern content心理活动性 psychoactive冥想—— meditation抗药性—— tolerance戒断—— withdrawal 催眠—— hypnosis催眠后暗示—— posthypnotic suggestion 催眠后失忆 posthypnotic amnesia超心理学—— parapsychology超感知觉 extrasensory perception ESP心电感应—— telepathy超感视—— clairvoyance预知—— precognition心理动力— psycokinesis PK受纳器—— receptor绝对阈—— absolute threshold差异阈—— difference threshold恰辨差—— -JND韦伯律—— Weber''s law心理物理—— psychophysical 费雪纳定律—— Fechner''s law 频率—— frequency振幅—— amplitude音频—— pitch基音—— fundamental tone倍音—— overtone和谐音—— harmonic 睫状肌—— ciliary muscle调节作用—— accommodation脊髓—— spinal cord反射弧—— reflex arc脑干—— brain stem计算机轴性线断层扫描—— CATPET ——正子放射断层摄影MRI ——磁共振显影延脑—— medulla或CT 桥脑—— pons音色—— timbre小脑—— cerebellum白色噪音—— white noise网状结构—— reticular formation鼓膜—— eardrumRAS ——网状活化系统耳蜗—— cochlea视丘—— thalamus卵形窗—oval window下视丘—— hypothalamus圆形窗—— round window大脑—— cerebrum前庭—— vestibular sacs脑（下）垂体（腺）— pituitary gland 半规管—— semicircular canals脑半球—— cerebral hemisphere角膜—— cornea皮质——cortex水晶体—— lens胼胝体—— corpus callosum虹膜—— iris边缘系统—— limbic system瞳孔—— pupil海马体—— hippocampus网膜—— retina杏仁核—— amygdala中央沟—— central fissure侧沟—— lateral fissure脑叶—— lobe同卵双生子—— identical twins异卵双生子— fraternal twins古典制约—— classical conditioning操作制约—— operant conditioning非制约刺激—（ US unconditioned stimulus非制约反应—（ UR） unconditioned R.制约刺激——（ CS） conditioned S.制约反应——（ CR） conditioned R.习（获）得—— acquisition增强作用—— reinforcement消除（弱）—— extinction自（发性）然恢复—— spontaneous recovery前行制约— forward conditioning同时制约—— simultaneous conditioning回溯制约—— backward cond.痕迹制约—— trace conditioning延宕制约— delay conditioning类化（梯度）—— generalization （gradient ）区辨—— discrimination（次级）增强物——（ secondary ） reinforcer 嫌恶刺激—— aversive stimulus试误学习—— trial and errorlearning效果率—— law of effect正（负）性增强物— positive （ negative ）rei.行为塑造— behavior shaping循序渐进—— successive approximation自行塑造— autoshaping部分（连续）增强— partial （continuous ）R 定比（时）时制— fixed ratio （ interval ）schedule FR或FI变化比率（时距）时制— variable ratio（ interval ）schedule VR 或 VI逃离反应—— escape R.回避反应— avoidance response习得无助—— learned helplessness顿悟—— insight学习心向— learning set隐内（潜在）学习—— latentlearning认知地图—— cognitive map生理回馈—— biofeedback敏感递减法 -systematic desensitization普里迈克原则— Premack''s principle 洪水法—— flooding观察学习—— observational learning 无意义音节—nonsense syllable顺向干扰—— proactive interference 动物行为学—— ethology逆向干扰—— retroactive interference 敏感化—sensitization闪光灯记忆—— flashbulb memory习惯化—— habituation 动机性遗忘—— motivated forgetting 联结—— association 器质性失忆症— organic amnesia认知学习—— cognitional L. 阿兹海默症—— Alzheimer''s disease近事（顺向）失忆症— anterogradeamnesia观察学习—— observational L. 旧事（逆向）失忆— retrograde A.登录、编码—— encoding 高沙可夫症候群— korsakoff''s syndrome保留、储存—— retention 凝固理论— consolidation 提取—— retrieval 自闭症 --autism回忆——（ free recall全现心像、照相式记忆—— eideticimagery 、photographic memory .舌尖现象（ TOT ）— tip of tongue再认—— recognition再学习—— relearning节省分数—— savings外显与内隐记忆—— explicit & implicit memory记忆广度—— memory span组集—— chunk序列位置效应—— serial position effect起始效应—— primacy effect新近效应—— recency effect心（情）境依赖学习—— state-dependent L.。

简明国际神经精神访谈中文版MINI版

简明国际神经精神访谈中文版目录译者着 (1)5.0.0由于水平有限，翻译中可能还有不足，希望在将来的使用中接受检验和修正，希望大家批评指正。

免责声明我们的目的是协助医生或临床研究者更有效和更准确地评估及探索病人的情况。

在对本方案收集及处理的任何资料采取任何行动之前，必须先获得持有执照的临床医师的审核和解释。

这个方案并非为替代有资格的持有执照的医生——精神科医生进行完整的医疗和次F33.xA’抑郁发作伴忧郁特征（备选）现患（过去2星期）□296.20-296.26单次F32.x【MDE WITH MELANCHOLIC FEATURES(optional)】296.30-296.36复次B 心境恶劣（DYSTHYMIA）现患（过去2年）□300.4 F34.1C 自杀（SUICIDALITY）现患（过去1个月）□□E□F300.22G社交恐惧症（社交焦虑障碍）现患（过去1个月）□300.23 F40.1【SOCIAL PHOBIA(Social Anxiety Disorder)】H强迫症现患（过去1个月）□300.3（OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER）I创伤后应激障碍（备选）现患（过去1个月）□309.81F43.1J】USEF11.2/F 19.1L精神病性障碍（PSYCHOTIC DISORDER）终身+ □295.10-295.90/现患297.1//297.3/ -F29293.81/293.82/307.1307.51300.02P301.7 F60.2【ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER（optional）】指导语Ｑ访谈为了使访谈尽可能简短，在进行正式会谈之前，请先告诉病人你将会进行一个定式临床访谈，会问一些关于心理状况的精简和具体的问题，请患者用“是”或“不是”来回答。

Ｑ常规形式（括号内下划线）的句子是该症状的临床举例，有助于进一步解释问题，可以读给病人听。

POJ题目分类

1000 A+B Problem 送分题1001 Exponentiation 高精度1003 Hangover 送分题1004 Financial Management 送分题1005 I Think I Need a Houseboat 几何1006 Biorhythms 送分题1007 DNA Sorting 送分题1008 Maya Calendar 日期处理1010 STAMPS 搜索＋DP1011 Sticks 搜索1012 Joseph 模拟/数学方法1014 Dividing 数论/DP?/组合数学->母函数?1015 Jury Compromise DP1016 Numbers That Count 送分题1017 Packets 贪心1018 Communication System 贪心1019 Number Sequence 送分题1020 Anniversary Cake 搜索1023 The Fun Number System 数论1025 Department 模拟1026 Cipher 组合数学1027 The Same Game 模拟1028 Web Navigation 送分题1031 Fence 计算几何1034 The dog task 计算几何1037 A decorative fence DP/组合数学1039 Pipe 几何1042 Gone Fishing 贪心/DP1045 Bode Plot 送分题(用物理知识)1046 Color Me Less 送分题1047 Round and Round We Go 高精度1048 Follow My Logic 模拟1049 Microprocessor Simulation 模拟1050 To the Max DP1053 Set Me 送分题1054 The Troublesome Frog 搜索1060 Modular multiplication of polynomials 高精度1061 青蛙的约会数论1062 昂贵的聘礼DP1064 Cable master DP/二分查找1065 Wooden Sticks DP1067 取石子游戏博弈论1068 Parencodings 送分题1069 The Bermuda Triangle 搜索1070 Deformed Wheel 几何1071 Illusive Chase 送分题1072 Puzzle Out 搜索1073 The Willy Memorial Program 模拟1074 Parallel Expectations DP1075 University Entrance Examination 模拟1080 Human Gene Functions DP->LCS变形1082 Calendar Game 博弈论1084 Square Destroyer 搜索？1085 Triangle War 博弈论1086 Unscrambling Images 模拟?1087 A Plug for UNIX 图论->最大流1088 滑雪DFS/DP1090 Chain ->格雷码和二进制码的转换1091 跳蚤数论1092 Farmland 几何1093 Formatting Text DP1094 Sorting It All Out 图论->拓扑排序1095 Trees Made to Order 组合数学1096 Space Station Shielding 送分题1097 Roads Scholar 图论1098 Robots 模拟1099 Square Ice 送分题1100 Dreisam Equations 搜索1101 The Game 搜索->BFS1102 LC-Display 送分题1103 Maze 模拟1104 Robbery 递推1106 Transmitters 几何1107 W's Cipher 送分题1110 Double Vision 搜索1111 Image Perimeters 搜索1112 Team Them Up! DP1113 Wall 计算几何->convex hull1119 Start Up the Startup 送分题1120 A New Growth Industry 模拟1122 FDNY to the Rescue! 图论->Dijkstra 1125 Stockbroker Grapevine 图论->Dijkstra 1128 Frame Stacking 搜索1129 Channel Allocation 搜索（图的最大独立集）1131 Octal Fractions 高精度1135 Domino Effect 图论->Dijkstra1137 The New Villa 搜索->BFS1141 Brackets Sequence DP1142 Smith Numbers 搜索1143 Number Game 博弈论1147 Binary codes 构造1148 Utopia Divided 构造1149 PIGS 图论->网络流1151 Atlantis 计算几何->同等安置矩形的并的面积->离散化1152 An Easy Problem! 数论1157 LITTLE SHOP OF FLOWERS DP1158 TRAFFIC LIGHTS 图论->Dijkstra变形1159 Palindrome DP->LCS1160 Post Office DP1161 Walls 图论1162 Building with Blocks 搜索1163 The Triangle DP1170 Shopping Offers DP1177 Picture 计算几何->同等安置矩形的并的周长->线段树1179 Polygon DP1180 Batch Scheduling DP1182 食物链数据结构->并查集1183 反正切函数的应用搜索1184 聪明的打字员搜索1185 炮兵阵地DP->数据压缩1187 陨石的秘密DP（BalkanOI99 Par的拓展）1189 钉子和小球递推?1190 生日蛋糕搜索/DP1191 棋盘分割DP1192 最优连通子集图论->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->BellmanFord 1193 内存分配模拟1194 HIDDEN CODES 搜索+DP1197 Depot 数据结构->Young T ableau1201 Intervals 贪心/图论->最长路->差分约束系统1202 Family 高精度1209 Calendar 日期处理1217 FOUR QUARTERS 递推1218 THE DRUNK JAILER 送分题1233 Street Crossing 搜索->BFS1245 Programmer, Rank Thyself 送分题1247 Magnificent Meatballs 送分题1248 Safecracker 搜索1250 T anning Salon 送分题1251 Jungle Roads 图论->最小生成树1271 Nice Milk 计算几何1273 Drainage Ditches 图论->最大流1274 The Perfect Stall 图论->二分图的最大匹配1275 Cashier Employment 图论->差分约束系统->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->Bellman-Ford1280 Game 递推1281 MANAGER 模拟1286 Necklace of Beads 组合数学->Polya定理1288 Sly Number 数论->解模线性方程组1293 Duty Free Shop DP1298 The Hardest Problem Ever 送分题1316 Self Numbers 递推同Humble Number一样1322 Chocolate 递推/组合数学1323 Game Prediction 贪心1324 Holedox Moving BFS+压缩储存1325 Machine Schedule 图论->二分图的最大匹配1326 Mileage Bank 送分题1327 Moving Object Recognition 模拟?1328 Radar Installation 贪心（差分约束系统的特例）1338 Ugly Numbers 递推(有O(n)算法)1364 King 图论->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->BellmanFord1370 Gossiping (数论->模线性方程有无解的判断)+(图论->DFS)2184 Cow Exhibition DP2190 ISBN 送分题2191 Mersenne Composite Numbers 数论2192 Zipper DP->LCS变形2193 Lenny's Lucky Lotto Lists DP2194 Stacking Cylinders 几何2195 Going Home 图论->二分图的最大权匹配2196 Specialized Four-Digit Numbers 送分题2197 Jill's Tour Paths 图论->2199 Rate of Return 高精度2200 A Card Trick 模拟2210 Metric Time 日期处理2239 Selecting Courses 图论->二分图的最大匹配2243 Knight Moves 搜索->BFS2247 Humble Numbers 递推(最优O(n)算法)2253 Frogger 图论->Dijkstra变形(和1295是一样的)2254 Globetrotter 几何2261 France '98 递推2275 Flipping Pancake 构造2284 That Nice Euler Circuit 计算几何2289 Jamie's Contact Groups 图论->网络流?2291 Rotten Ropes 送分题2292 Optimal Keypad DP2299 Ultra-QuickSort 排序->归并排序2304 Combination Lock 送分题2309 BST 送分题2311 Cutting Game 博弈论2312 Battle City 搜索->BFS2314 POJ language 模拟2315 Football Game 几何2346 Lucky tickets 组合数学2351 Time Zones 时间处理2379 ACM Rank T able 模拟+排序2381 Random Gap 数论2385 Apple Catching DP(像NOI98“免费馅饼”)2388 Who's in the Middle 送分题(排序)2390 Bank Interest 送分题2395 Out of Hay 图论->Dijkstra变形2400 Supervisor, Supervisee 图论->二分图的最大权匹配?2403 Hay Points 送分题2409 Let it Bead 组合数学->Polya定理2416 Return of the Jedi 图论->2417 Discrete Logging 数论2418 Hardwood Species 二分查找2419 Forests 枚举2421 Constructing Roads 图论->最小生成树2423 The Parallel Challenge Ballgame 几何2424 Flo's Restaurant 数据结构->堆2425 A Chess Game 博弈论2426 Remainder BFS2430 Lazy Cows DP->数据压缩1375 Intervals 几何1379 Run Away 计算几何->1380 Equipment Box 几何1383 Labyrinth 图论->树的最长路1394 Railroad 图论->Dijkstra1395 Cog-Wheels 数学->解正系数的线性方程组1408 Fishnet 几何1411 Calling Extraterrestrial Intelligence Again 送分题1430 Binary Stirling Numbers 日期处理1431 Calendar of Maya 模拟1432 Decoding Morse Sequences DP1434 Fill the Cisterns! 计算几何->离散化/1445 Random number 数据结构->碓1447 Ambiguous Dates 日期处理1450 Gridland 图论(本来TSP问题是NP难的，但这个图比较特殊，由现成的构造方法)1458 Common Subsequence DP->LCS1459 Power Network 图论->最大流1462 Random Walk 模拟+解线性方程组1463 Strategic game 贪心1466 Girls and Boys 图论->n/a1469 COURSES 贪心1475 Pushing Boxes DP1476 Always On the Run 搜索->BFS1480 Optimal Programs 搜索->BFS1481 The Die Is Cast 送分题1482 It's not a Bug, It's a Feature! 搜索->BFS1483 Going in Circles on Alpha Centauri 模拟1484 Blowing Fuses 送分题1485 Fast Food DP(似乎就是ioi2000的postoffice)1486 Sorting Slides 图论->拓扑排序1505 Copying Books DP+二分查找1510 Hares and Foxes 数论1512 Keeps Going and Going and ... 模拟1513 Scheduling Lectures DP1514 Metal Cutting 几何1515 Street Directions 图论->把一个无向连通图改造成为有向强连通图1517 u Calculate e 送分题1518 Problem Bee 几何1519 Digital Roots 送分题(位数可能很大)1520 Scramble Sort 排序1547 Clay Bully 送分题1555 Polynomial Showdown 送分题(非常阴险)1563 The Snail 送分题1601 Pizza Anyone? 搜索1604 Just the Facts 送分题1605 Horse Shoe Scoring 几何1606 Jugs 数论/搜索1631 Bridging signals DP+二分查找1632 Vase collection 图论->最大完全图1633 Gladiators DP1634 Who's the boss? 排序1635 Subway tree systems 图论->不同表示法的二叉树判同1637 Sightseeing tour 图论->欧拉回路1638 A number game 博弈论1639 Picnic Planning 图论->1641 Rational Approximation 数论1646 Double Trouble 高精度1654 Area 几何1657 Distance on Chessboard 送分题1658 Eva's Problem 送分题1660 Princess FroG 构造1661 Help Jimmy DP1663 Number Steps 送分题1664 放苹果组合数学->递推1677 Girls' Day 送分题1688 Dolphin Pool 计算几何1690 (Your)((Term)((Project))) 送分题1691 Painting A Board 搜索/DP1692 Crossed Matchings DP1693 Counting Rectangles 几何1694 An Old Stone Game 博弈论?1695 Magazine Delivery 图论->1712 Flying Stars DP1713 Divide et unita 搜索1714 The Cave 搜索/DP1717 Dominoes DP1718 River Crossing DP1719 Shooting Contest 贪心1729 Jack and Jill 图论->1730 Perfect Pth Powers 数论1732 Phone numbers DP1734 Sightseeing trip 图论->Euler回路1738 An old Stone Game 博弈论?1741 Tree 博弈论?1745 Divisibility DP1751 Highways 图论->1752 Advertisement 贪心/图论->差分约束系统1753 Flip Game 搜索->BFS1755 Triathlon 计算几何?1770 Special Experiment 树形DP1771 Elevator Stopping Plan DP1772 New Go Game 构造?1773 Outernet 模拟1774 Fold Paper Strips 几何1775 Sum of Factorials 送分题1776 T ask Sequences DP1777 Vivian's Problem 数论1870 Bee Breeding 送分题1871 Bullet Hole 几何1872 A Dicey Problem BFS1873 The Fortified Forest 几何+回溯1874 Trade on Verweggistan DP1875 Robot 几何1876 The Letter Carrier's Rounds 模拟1877 Flooded! 数据结构->堆1879 Tempus et mobilius Time and motion 模拟+组合数学->Polya定理1882 Stamps 搜索+DP1883 Theseus and the Minotaur 模拟1887 Testing the CATCHER DP1889 Package Pricing DP1893 Monitoring Wheelchair Patients 模拟+几何1915 Knight Moves 搜索->BFS1916 Rat Attack 数据结构->?1936 All in All DP?1946 Cow Cycling DP1947 Rebuilding Roads 二分1985 Cow Marathon 图论->有向无环图的最长路1995 Raising Modulo Numbers 数论->大数的幂求余2049 Finding Nemo 图论->最短路2050 Searching the Web 模拟(需要高效实现)2051 Argus 送分题(最好用堆，不用也可以过)2054 Color a Tree 贪心2061 Pseudo-random Numbers 数论2080 Calendar 日期处理2082 Terrible Sets 分治/2083 Fractal 递归2084 Game of Connections 递推(不必高精度)2105 IP Address 送分题2115 C Looooops 数论->解模线性方程2136 Vertical Histogram 送分题2165 Gunman 计算几何2179 Inlay Cutters 枚举2181 Jumping Cows 递推2182 Lost Cows ->线段树/＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝1370 Gossiping (数论->模线性方程有无解的判断)+(图论->DFS)1090 Chain ->格雷码和二进制码的转换2182 Lost Cows ->线段树/2426 Remainder BFS1872 A Dicey Problem BFS1324 Holedox Moving BFS+压缩储存1088 滑雪DFS/DP1015 Jury Compromise DP1050 To the Max DP1062 昂贵的聘礼DP1065 Wooden Sticks DP1074 Parallel Expectations DP1093 Formatting Text DP1112 Team Them Up! DP1141 Brackets Sequence DP1157 LITTLE SHOP OF FLOWERS DP1160 Post Office DP1163 The Triangle DP1170 Shopping Offers DP1179 Polygon DP1180 Batch Scheduling DP1191 棋盘分割DP1293 Duty Free Shop DP2184 Cow Exhibition DP2193 Lenny's Lucky Lotto Lists DP2292 Optimal Keypad DP1432 Decoding Morse Sequences DP1475 Pushing Boxes DP1513 Scheduling Lectures DP1633 Gladiators DP1661 Help Jimmy DP1692 Crossed Matchings DP1712 Flying Stars DP1717 Dominoes DP1718 River Crossing DP1732 Phone numbers DP1745 Divisibility DP1771 Elevator Stopping Plan DP1776 T ask Sequences DP1874 Trade on Verweggistan DP1887 Testing the CATCHER DP1889 Package Pricing DP1946 Cow Cycling DP1187 陨石的秘密DP（BalkanOI99 Par的拓展）1485 Fast Food DP(似乎就是ioi2000的postoffice) 2385 Apple Catching DP(像NOI98“免费馅饼”) 1064 Cable master DP/二分查找1037 A decorative fence DP/组合数学1936 All in All DP?1505 Copying Books DP+二分查找1631 Bridging signals DP+二分查找1159 Palindrome DP->LCS1458 Common Subsequence DP->LCS1080 Human Gene Functions DP->LCS变形2192 Zipper DP->LCS变形1185 炮兵阵地DP->数据压缩2430 Lazy Cows DP->数据压缩1067 取石子游戏博弈论1082 Calendar Game 博弈论1085 Triangle War 博弈论1143 Number Game 博弈论2311 Cutting Game 博弈论2425 A Chess Game 博弈论1638 A number game 博弈论1694 An Old Stone Game 博弈论?1738 An old Stone Game 博弈论?1741 Tree 博弈论?2083 Fractal 递归1104 Robbery 递推1217 FOUR QUARTERS 递推1280 Game 递推2261 France '98 递推2181 Jumping Cows 递推1316 Self Numbers 递推同Humble Number一样2084 Game of Connections 递推(不必高精度) 1338 Ugly Numbers 递推(有O(n)算法)2247 Humble Numbers 递推(最优O(n)算法)1322 Chocolate 递推/组合数学1189 钉子和小球递推?1947 Rebuilding Roads 二分2418 Hardwood Species 二分查找2082 Terrible Sets 分治/1001 Exponentiation 高精度1047 Round and Round We Go 高精度1060 Modular multiplication of polynomials 高精度1131 Octal Fractions 高精度1202 Family 高精度2199 Rate of Return 高精度1646 Double Trouble 高精度1147 Binary codes 构造1148 Utopia Divided 构造2275 Flipping Pancake 构造1660 Princess FroG 构造1772 New Go Game 构造?1005 I Think I Need a Houseboat 几何1039 Pipe 几何1070 Deformed Wheel 几何1092 Farmland 几何1106 Transmitters 几何2194 Stacking Cylinders 几何2254 Globetrotter 几何2315 Football Game 几何2423 The Parallel Challenge Ballgame 几何1375 Intervals 几何1380 Equipment Box 几何1408 Fishnet 几何1514 Metal Cutting 几何1518 Problem Bee 几何1605 Horse Shoe Scoring 几何1654 Area 几何1693 Counting Rectangles 几何1774 Fold Paper Strips 几何1871 Bullet Hole 几何1875 Robot 几何1873 The Fortified Forest 几何+回溯1031 Fence 计算几何1034 The dog task 计算几何1271 Nice Milk 计算几何2284 That Nice Euler Circuit 计算几何1688 Dolphin Pool 计算几何2165 Gunman 计算几何1755 Triathlon 计算几何?1379 Run Away 计算几何->1113 Wall 计算几何->convex hull1434 Fill the Cisterns! 计算几何->离散化/1151 Atlantis 计算几何->同等安置矩形的并的面积->离散化1177 Picture 计算几何->同等安置矩形的并的周长->线段树2419 Forests 枚举2179 Inlay Cutters 枚举1025 Department 模拟1027 The Same Game 模拟1048 Follow My Logic 模拟1049 Microprocessor Simulation 模拟1073 The Willy Memorial Program 模拟1075 University Entrance Examination 模拟1098 Robots 模拟1103 Maze 模拟1120 A New Growth Industry 模拟1193 内存分配模拟1281 MANAGER 模拟2200 A Card Trick 模拟2314 POJ language 模拟1431 Calendar of Maya 模拟1483 Going in Circles on Alpha Centauri 模拟1512 Keeps Going and Going and ... 模拟1773 Outernet 模拟1876 The Letter Carrier's Rounds 模拟1883 Theseus and the Minotaur 模拟2050 Searching the Web 模拟(需要高效实现)1012 Joseph 模拟/数学方法1086 Unscrambling Images 模拟?1327 Moving Object Recognition 模拟?1893 Monitoring Wheelchair Patients 模拟+几何1462 Random Walk 模拟+解线性方程组2379 ACM Rank T able 模拟+排序1879 Tempus et mobilius Time and motion 模拟+组合数学->Polya定理1520 Scramble Sort 排序1634 Who's the boss? 排序2299 Ultra-QuickSort 排序->归并排序1008 Maya Calendar 日期处理1209 Calendar 日期处理2210 Metric Time 日期处理1430 Binary Stirling Numbers 日期处理1447 Ambiguous Dates 日期处理2080 Calendar 日期处理2351 Time Zones 时间处理1770 Special Experiment 树形DP1916 Rat Attack 数据结构->?1197 Depot 数据结构->Young T ableau1182 食物链数据结构->并查集2424 Flo's Restaurant 数据结构->堆1877 Flooded! 数据结构->堆1445 Random number 数据结构->碓1023 The Fun Number System 数论1061 青蛙的约会数论1091 跳蚤数论1152 An Easy Problem! 数论2191 Mersenne Composite Numbers 数论2381 Random Gap 数论2417 Discrete Logging 数论1510 Hares and Foxes 数论1641 Rational Approximation 数论1730 Perfect Pth Powers 数论1777 Vivian's Problem 数论2061 Pseudo-random Numbers 数论1014 Dividing 数论/DP?/组合数学->母函数?1606 Jugs 数论/搜索1995 Raising Modulo Numbers 数论->大数的幂求余2115 C Looooops 数论->解模线性方程1288 Sly Number 数论->解模线性方程组1395 Cog-Wheels 数学->解正系数的线性方程组1000 A+B Problem 送分题1003 Hangover 送分题1004 Financial Management 送分题1006 Biorhythms 送分题1007 DNA Sorting 送分题1016 Numbers That Count 送分题1019 Number Sequence 送分题1028 Web Navigation 送分题1046 Color Me Less 送分题1053 Set Me 送分题1068 Parencodings 送分题1071 Illusive Chase 送分题1096 Space Station Shielding 送分题1099 Square Ice 送分题1102 LC-Display 送分题1107 W's Cipher 送分题1119 Start Up the Startup 送分题1218 THE DRUNK JAILER 送分题1245 Programmer, Rank Thyself 送分题1247 Magnificent Meatballs 送分题1250 T anning Salon 送分题1298 The Hardest Problem Ever 送分题1326 Mileage Bank 送分题2190 ISBN 送分题2196 Specialized Four-Digit Numbers 送分题2291 Rotten Ropes 送分题2304 Combination Lock 送分题2309 BST 送分题2390 Bank Interest 送分题2403 Hay Points 送分题1411 Calling Extraterrestrial Intelligence Again 送分题1481 The Die Is Cast 送分题1484 Blowing Fuses 送分题1517 u Calculate e 送分题1547 Clay Bully 送分题1563 The Snail 送分题1604 Just the Facts 送分题1657 Distance on Chessboard 送分题1658 Eva's Problem 送分题1663 Number Steps 送分题1677 Girls' Day 送分题1690 (Your)((Term)((Project))) 送分题1775 Sum of Factorials 送分题1870 Bee Breeding 送分题2105 IP Address 送分题2136 Vertical Histogram 送分题1555 Polynomial Showdown 送分题(非常阴险) 2388 Who's in the Middle 送分题(排序)1519 Digital Roots 送分题(位数可能很大)1045 Bode Plot 送分题(用物理知识)2051 Argus 送分题(最好用堆，不用也可以过) 1011 Sticks 搜索1020 Anniversary Cake 搜索1054 The Troublesome Frog 搜索1069 The Bermuda Triangle 搜索1072 Puzzle Out 搜索1100 Dreisam Equations 搜索1110 Double Vision 搜索1111 Image Perimeters 搜索1128 Frame Stacking 搜索1142 Smith Numbers 搜索1162 Building with Blocks 搜索1183 反正切函数的应用搜索1184 聪明的打字员搜索1248 Safecracker 搜索1601 Pizza Anyone? 搜索1713 Divide et unita 搜索1129 Channel Allocation 搜索（图的最大独立集）1190 生日蛋糕搜索/DP1691 Painting A Board 搜索/DP1714 The Cave 搜索/DP1084 Square Destroyer 搜索？1010 STAMPS 搜索＋DP1194 HIDDEN CODES 搜索+DP1882 Stamps 搜索+DP1101 The Game 搜索->BFS1137 The New Villa 搜索->BFS1233 Street Crossing 搜索->BFS2243 Knight Moves 搜索->BFS2312 Battle City 搜索->BFS1476 Always On the Run 搜索->BFS1480 Optimal Programs 搜索->BFS1482 It's not a Bug, It's a Feature! 搜索->BFS 1753 Flip Game 搜索->BFS1915 Knight Moves 搜索->BFS1017 Packets 贪心1018 Communication System 贪心1323 Game Prediction 贪心1463 Strategic game 贪心1469 COURSES 贪心1719 Shooting Contest 贪心2054 Color a Tree 贪心1328 Radar Installation 贪心（差分约束系统的特例）1042 Gone Fishing 贪心/DP1752 Advertisement 贪心/图论->差分约束系统1201 Intervals 贪心/图论->最长路->差分约束系统1097 Roads Scholar 图论1161 Walls 图论1450 Gridland 图论(本来TSP问题是NP难的，但这个图比较特殊，由现成的构造方法)2197 Jill's Tour Paths 图论->2416 Return of the Jedi 图论->1639 Picnic Planning 图论->1695 Magazine Delivery 图论->1729 Jack and Jill 图论->1751 Highways 图论->1122 FDNY to the Rescue! 图论->Dijkstra1125 Stockbroker Grapevine 图论->Dijkstra1135 Domino Effect 图论->Dijkstra1394 Railroad 图论->Dijkstra1158 TRAFFIC LIGHTS 图论->Dijkstra变形2395 Out of Hay 图论->Dijkstra变形2253 Frogger 图论->Dijkstra变形(和1295是一样的)1734 Sightseeing trip 图论->Euler回路1466 Girls and Boys 图论->n/a1515 Street Directions 图论->把一个无向连通图改造成为有向强连通图1635 Subway tree systems 图论->不同表示法的二叉树判同1275 Cashier Employment 图论->差分约束系统->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->Bellman-Ford1274 The Perfect Stall 图论->二分图的最大匹配1325 Machine Schedule 图论->二分图的最大匹配2239 Selecting Courses 图论->二分图的最大匹配2195 Going Home 图论->二分图的最大权匹配2400 Supervisor, Supervisee 图论->二分图的最大权匹配?1637 Sightseeing tour 图论->欧拉回路1383 Labyrinth 图论->树的最长路1094 Sorting It All Out 图论->拓扑排序1486 Sorting Slides 图论->拓扑排序1149 PIGS 图论->网络流2289 Jamie's Contact Groups 图论->网络流?1192 最优连通子集图论->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->BellmanFord 1364 King 图论->无负权回路的有向图的最长路->BellmanFord1985 Cow Marathon 图论->有向无环图的最长路1087 A Plug for UNIX 图论->最大流1273 Drainage Ditches 图论->最大流1459 Power Network 图论->最大流1632 Vase collection 图论->最大完全图2049 Finding Nemo 图论->最短路1251 Jungle Roads 图论->最小生成树2421 Constructing Roads 图论->最小生成树1026 Cipher 组合数学1095 Trees Made to Order 组合数学2346 Lucky tickets 组合数学1286 Necklace of Beads 组合数学->Polya定理2409 Let it Bead 组合数学->Polya定理1664 放苹果组合数学->递推。

2019年11月学士学位英语真题

2019年11月学士学位英语真题精编Part ⅠDialogue Completion (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 3 dialogues with 3 or 4 blanks, each followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the choice that best suits the situation until the dialogue is complete. With Dialogue One, all the choices will have to be used. With Dialogue Two and Dialogue Three, one choice will be left unused. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single bar through the centre of the letter that indicates your choice.Dialogue OneRental Car Agent: Hi. How can I help you?Customer: Yeah.（1）Agent：Okay, we have a couple of economy and full-size cars available.Customer: Well,（2）Agent: The main difference is size. The economy car is the smallest, and it seats fewer passengers and can hold less luggage.（3）Customer: Just me and my son.Agent: Well, the economy car would work.（4）A.We have one right out front.B.what is the main difference between these cars?C.How many people are with you?D.I'd like to rent a mid-size car for three days.Dialogue TwoJoshua: Dad. Allowance day. Can I have my allowance?Father: Oh. I forgot about that.Joshua: You ALWAYS forget.Father: I guess I do. （5）Joshua: Just $13.Father: Well, I'm not sure if I have that much.Joshua: Go to the bank. （6）Father: Lots of money, uh? Uh, well, I think the bank is closed.Joshua: Then, what about your secret money jar under your bed?Father: Oh, I guess I could do that. （7）Joshua: I'm going to put some in savings, give some to the poor people, and use the rest to buy books.Father: Well, that sounds great, Joshua.A.So, what are you going to do with the money?B.You have lots of money.C.How much do I owe you?D.Do you have anything in mind?Dialogue ThreeWoman: Excuse me. Do you need my help?Man: Well, （8）but I can't use these ticket machines.Woman: Ah, well, just press this button. And from here, it's a dollar fifty.Man: Okay.Woman: （9）Man: Alright. Oh, and how often do the trains come around this time of day?Woman: （10）Man: Okay, I got it. Thanks for your help.Woman: No problem. Good luck.A.I want to go to the science museum.B.You have dropped your purse, you know?ually, they come about every six minutes.D.Then, get on the train at platform No.4.Part ⅡReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfi-nished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single bar through the centre of the letter that indicates your choice.Passage OneFlores Colque celebrated her 118th birthday last month. She is the oldest woman in Bolivia（玻利维亚）.Following the death of a woman in Japan earlier this year, Flores Colque may now be the oldest person in the world. Her national paper says Flores Colque was born on October 26th,1900 in the mountains of Bolivia.During her long life, Flores Colque has seen two world wars. Her home country of Bolivia had a major revolution. And the town where she is from has grown from 3,000 people to 175,000.But right now, Flores Colque seems mostly interested in her dogs and cats. She has not heard of the Guinness Book of World Records, and she does not care whether experts confirm she is the oldest person alive.“She's always been active, easygoing and fun,”says her grandniece, who lives with her in a simple home with a dirt floor. Government officials have paid for some improvements to the house, adding a brick path and railings（栏杆）so Flores Colque can walk safely. The mayor's office calls Flores Colque part of the country's living history.On the day a reporter visited, Flores Colque was playing a small guitar and singing old songs in her native language. “If you would have told me you were coming, I'd have remembered all the songs.”she joked.When she was growing up, Flores Colque herded sheep in the Bolivian highlands. Then she moved to a valley, where she sold fruits and vegetables. Those fruits and vegetables became her main food, and she still eats a healthy diet—except for a piece of cake and a glass of soda sometimes. She never married and does not have children. She cannot hear very well, but she is alert（机敏的）.Flores Colque's age would make her interesting anywhere, but it is especially notable in Bolivia. The United Nations says the country has one of the South America's highest levels of death.11.Which of the following is TRUE?A.The oldest person in Japan was born in 1901.B.Flores Colque is the oldest person in BoliviaC.The oldest person in Japan knew Flores Colque.D. Flores Colque has read the Guinness Book of World Records.12.According to the passage, Flores Colque lives in （）now.A.JapanB.North AmericaC.EuropeD.South America13.The word “herded”in the last paragraph can probably be replaced by （）.A.made animals move along as a groupB.fed animals as a groupC.kept animals from hurting each otherD.made sure animals did not follow one another14.From the passage we learn that Flores Colque once （）.A.sang to make a livingB.fought in World War TwoC.sold fruits and vegetablesD.worked as an animal doctor15.Which of the following statements about Flores Colque is NOT TRUE?A.She is easygoing.B.She keeps pets.C.She remains single all her life.D.She lives alone.Passage TwoPlaying video games can be a fun way to unwind or spend time with friends. In schools,teachers use games like Minecraft to encourage teamwork and critical thinking.But for some players gaming has become an unhealthy habit. Late at night, they are glued to a screen. Schoolwork suffers.The video-game world seems a friendlier place than the real one. Mental health experts have taken notice. In June, the World Health Organization (WHO)added gaming disorder to its list of diseases and health conditions. A person may have the disorder if gaming has damaged his or her relationships with family and friends, and if it has affected his or her daily activities.Not all experts agree that excessive gaming should be called a disorder. They say people hooked on video games may be suffering from other mental health problems that should be treated first.Others think WHO made the right call, Psychiatrist （精神科医生）Clifford Sussman treats gaming addiction（上瘾）. He says kids often have feelings of anxiety and loneliness. They get angry when a parent asks them to stop playing video games.What makes video games addictive? Playing excites the brain's reward center. After a while, the brain becomes numb （麻木的）to pleasure. You feel bored without a controller in your hand. So you play even more.One key to healthy gaming is to track how long you play. Sussman recommends taking at least an hour-long break after every hour of play. That gives the brain time to recover.Young gamers who think they might have a problem should seek help from an adult.Sussman suggests you first answer a simple question:“Are you in control, or is the game in control?”16.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A.Mental Health ProblemsB.Excessive GamingC.Unhealthy HabitsD.Teamwork Training17.The word “unwind”in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to （）.A.matchB.meetC.retreatD.relax18.Clifford Sussman's attitude to WHO's recognition of excessive gaming as a disorder is （）.A.supportiveB.doubtfulC.neutralD.critical19.Sussman advises game players to （）.A.quit playing video gamesB.play sports instead of video gamesC.go to the hospital to get medical treatmentD.rest for at least an hour after every hour of play20.According to the passage, which of the following statement is NOT TRUE?A.Video games are addictive.B.Video games are never used in classroom teaching.C.Excessive gaming may affect a person's daily activities.D.Some experts don't think excessive gaming should be called a disorder.Passage ThreeIncreasingly, over the past ten years, people—especially young people—have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly processed food, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertili-zers, widely used in farming today.Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount—but not the quality—of foods grown in commercial farming areas. Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food, they also lay eggs which lack important vitamins.There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a non-essential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if it is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. But it does seem to be addictive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today eachperson consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is to provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals and no fiber.It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fiber has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis is placed on the eating of whole meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on “healthy eating”.21.People have become more interested in natural foods because （）.A.they are more health consciousB.they want to taste all kinds of foodsC.natural foods are more delicious than processed foodsD.they want to return to nature22.Soil that is rich in organic matters （）.A.has had chemicals and fertilizers added to itB.contains vegetable matter that has not been consumedC.has been nourished by fertilizersD.already contains large quantities of vitamins and minerals23.Chickens raised in poultry farms are all of the following EXCEPT that （）.A.they are fed on food which is little better than garbageB.they live in very crowded conditionC.the eggs they lay lack vitaminsD.they are allowed to move about and eat freely24.According to the passage, （）.A.people need sugar to give them energyB.sugar is bad for the healthC.the use of sugar is habit formingD.sugar only sweetens food, but provides us with nothing useful25.The best title for this passage is （）.A.People's Growing Interest in Natural FoodsB.Natural Foods and Healthy DietC.Harmful Effects of SugarD.The Importance of Fiber in FoodsPassage FourFor the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn Vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What's the dif-ference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it means to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children's version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although varia-tions of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like Vos Savant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions. IQ was negatively correlated with leadership, that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?A.Answering philosophical questions.B.Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C.Telling the difference between certain concepts.D.Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?A.People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.B.More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C.The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.D.Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant's because （）.A.the scores are obtained through different computational proceduresB.creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized nowC.Vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeatD.the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that （）.A.test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's abilityB.IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlatedC.testing involves a lot of guessworkD.traditional test are out of date30.What is the author's attitude towards IQ test?A.Supportive.B.Skeptical.C.Impartial.D.Biased.Part ⅢVocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single bar through the centre of the letter that indicates your choice.31.The worried mother asked all the （）in the street whether they had seen her lost child.A.pass-bysB.passing-byC.passer-bysD.passers-by32.The villagers went out to the mountain （）the missing child.A.in a search ofB.in search ofC.searched forD.looking after33.—The window is dirty. —I know. It （）for weeks.A.didn't cleanB.wasn't cleanedC.hasn't cleanedD.hasn't been cleaned34.The building （）will be completed in a month. It will be our lab building.A.to paintB.to have paintedC.being paintedD.painting35.When the question （）at the meeting, no one could answer it.A.roseB.aroseC.cameD.raised36.I shall never forget those years （）I worked in the factory with the workers, （）has a great effect on my life.A.when; thatB.when; whichC.as; whoD.that; which37.With his son （）, the old man felt unhappy.A.to be disappointedB.disappointingC.being disappointedD.to disappoint38.I was so angry at all （）he was doing （）I left at once.A.that; thatB.that; whichC.what; thatD.which; that39.Little （）at that time that this “boring”subject would become his favourite later on.A.he knewB.he has knownC.has he knownD.did he know40.They （）this novel for four hours. Let them have a rest.A.are readingB.have been readingC.readD.had read41.What we all know is that the old scientist, （）life was hard in the past, still works very hard in his eighties.A.for whomB.for himC.for whoseD.for which42.He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball; otherwise, he （）a goal.A.would scoreB.scoredC.would have scoredD.had scored43.That night the band played many old songs, （）the famous American song Country Road by John Denver.A.containingB.includedC.includingD.contained44.—He seldom goes to the cinema. —（）.A.Neither do IB.Neither am IC.So do ID.So am I45.I find these problems are easy （）.A.to be worked outB.to work them outC.to work outD.to be worked them out46.The mother, as well as her two daughters, （）to the theatre with some friends this evening.A.are goingB.were goingC.is goingD.was going47.—The river runs clear. —We all appreciate the importance the local government has （）the environmental protection.A.attached toB.left forC.responded toD.learnt from48.People should wash fruit （）with chemicals before eating it.A.coveredB.coverC.coveringD.to cover49.We look forward to the day when the car will be replaced by some less dangerous （）of transport.A.methodsB.meansC.mannersD.ways50.It's almost five years （）we saw each other last time.A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.whenPart ⅣTranslation (15 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Overuse of antibiotics can lead to drug-resistant bacteria that have to be treated with more powerful and often more expensive drugs. And sometimes there are no drugs that work effectively, which increases the danger to people who are infected. The U.S. campaign for the smart use of antibiotics parallels similar efforts in Europe and Canada, which Hicks says underscores the international nature of the threat. “Resistant bacteria don't respect country or national boundaries and can easily travel on planes. Antibiotic resistance anywhere is really antibiotic resistance everywhere.”Part ⅤWriting (15 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic “Good Study Habits” .You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1.应当培养良好的学习习惯；2.一些最基本的学习方法；3.在交流中学习。

心理学专业术语词汇

A 埃A 调幅A 型性格A D 公元A factor A因素A factor 抽象因素A fair days work 合理的日工作量A light source A光源a posterior 后验的a posteriori 经验的A Q 成绩商数A reaction A 反应A type personality A 型人格A B　XA chromosomeA SA typeAA 成就年龄AAA 急性焦虑发作abacus 算盘abacus 珠算abandonment of aged 弃老abandonment reaction 遗弃感abandonment threat 抛弃威胁abarognosia 辨重不能abase 自卑abasement 贬抑abasia 步瘫症abasia 步行失能ABBA order ABBAAbbe condenser 阿贝氏聚焦镜abbe effect 神父效应abbreviated drawing 简图abbreviated formula 简写式ABC method ABCABC of reaction time 反应时ABCABC of sense impression 初步感觉印象abderite 愚笨者abdomen 腹部abdominal breath 腹内呼吸abdominal ganglion 腹神经节abdominal reflex 腹壁反射abdominal wall 腹壁abducent nerve 外展神经abduction 外展abductor 外展肌abecedarian 初学者abecedarian 字母的abepithymia 感情淡漠aberglaube 迷信aberrance 畸变aberrance 离轨aberrant behavior 异常行为aberrant 畸变aberration of light 光行差aberration rate 畸变率aberration 像差aberrometer 像差计abhor 憎恶abhorrence 憎恶abhorrent to reason 反理性的abhorrer 嫌恶者abient behavior 回避行为abient drive 回避驱力abient response 回避反应ability characteristics 能力特征ability compensation 能力补偿ability development 能力发展!能力发展ability distribution 能力分配ability group 能力组ability grouping 能力分组ability level 能力水平ability of cognizance 认知能力ability of imagination 想象力ability of managers 管理者的能力ability of memory 记忆力ability of taking criminalresponsibility 刑事责任能力ability of thinking 思维能力ability rating 能力分等ability test 能力测验ability trait 能力特质ability taskability 能力abiogenesis自然发生说abiogenist 自然发生论者abionergy 生活力缺损abiophysiology 无机生理学abiosis 生活力缺损abiotic surround 无生命环境abiotic 无生命的abirritation 应激性减弱Abklingen 残留感觉ablation 切除ablaze 激昂able bodiedablepsia 视觉缺失ablush 脸红ablutomania 清洗癖abmodality 感觉形态异常abmodality 异相abnegate 放弃abnegation 放弃abnerval current 离神经电流Abney effect 艾比尼效应abnormal behavior 变态行为abnormal behavior 异常行为abnormal child 异常儿童abnormal condition 异常条件abnormal curve 非常态曲线abnormal distribution 非正态分布abnormal end 异常终止abnormal fertilization 异常受精abnormal fixation 变态固著abnormal habitude 异常习惯abnormal impulse work 异常工作欲abnormal metabolism 异常代谢abnormal mind of convict 罪犯异常心理abnormal mind 异常心理abnormal personality 变态人格abnormal phenomena 异常现象abnormal psychology 变态心理学abnormal results 异常结果abnormal sensation 感觉异常abnormal series 非正规列abnormal sexual behavior 性行为异常abnormal sexuality 变态性欲变态性　abnormal spoilage 非正常损失abnormal time 异常时间abnormal 异常的abnormality 变态性abnormity 异常性ABO blood group ABO ABO system ABOabolition of reflex 反射消失abominate 厌恶abomination 厌恶abominator 嫌恶者abort 发育不全abortion 流产abortive 发育不全的aboulia 丧志症aboulia 意志缺失aboulomania 意志缺失狂above threshold 阈上Abrahamsen s abreaction 情绪发泄abridged learning 简括学习abridgment of response 反应的精简abridgment of table 简化表格abrogate 扬弃abruption 断裂abscissa axis 横轴abscissa 横坐标abscission 截断abscission 切除absence of mind 心不在焉absence of restrictions 无约束absence 失神absent behavior 回避行为absent response 回避反应absent mindedabsent mindedness absent mindednessabsenteeism 旷工absenteeism 缺席absentia epileptic 癫痫性失神absentia 失神absolute activity 绝对的活动absolute advantages 绝对优势absolute and relative 绝对和相对absolute atmosphere 绝对气压absolute being 绝对存在absolute brilliance limen 绝对明度阈限absolute certitude 绝对确定性absolute chance 绝对的偶然absolute choice 绝对选择absolute cognitive consciousness绝对的认知意识absolute concept 绝对概念absolute construction 独立结构absolute difference 绝对差绝对差absolute discrimination 绝对辨别absolute dispersion 绝对离差绝对离差absolute diversity 绝对多样性absolute ego 绝对自我absolute electrostatic unit 绝对静电单位absolute equality 绝对平等absolute error 绝对误差absolute evaluation 绝对评价absolute existence 绝对存在absolute extremes 绝对极限absolute field 绝对区absolute freedom 绝对自由absolute grading standards 绝对评分标准absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute idea 绝对观念absolute identity 绝对同一absolute idiocy 完全白痴absolute impression 绝对印象absolute intelligence 绝对灵性absolute judgment 绝对判断absolute knowledge 绝对知识absolute lethal genes 完全致死基因absolute light threshold 绝对光觉阈限absolute limen 绝对阈限absolute localization 绝对定位absolute luminosity 绝对明度absolute magnitude 绝对量absolute mass unit 绝对质量单位absolute measurement 绝对测量absolute memory 绝对记忆absolute mind 绝对精神absolute morality 绝对道德absolute motion parallax 绝对运动视差absolute nothing 绝对空无absolute notion 绝对概念absolute number 绝对数absolute pitch 绝对音高absolute principle 绝对原则absolute property 绝对性质absolute reaction 绝对反应absolute reason 绝对理性absolute refractory period 绝对不应期absolute scale 绝对量表absolute scaling 绝对量表法absolute self 绝对自我absolute selfhood 绝对我性absolute sensitivity 绝对感受性absolute skepticism 纯粹怀疑论absolute space 绝对空间absolute specificity 绝对特性absolute spirit 绝对精神absolute symmetry 绝对对称absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute term 绝对项absolute threshold 绝对阈限absolute time 绝对时间absolute truth 绝对真理absolute value error 绝对值误差absolute value 绝对值absolute visual field 绝对视野absolute zero 绝对零点absolute 绝对absolutely infinite intellect 绝对无限的理智absolutely minimal design 绝对最小设计absolutely supernatural 绝对超自然absolutely unbiassed estimator 绝对无偏估计量absoluteness 绝对性absolutism 绝对论absolutism 专制主义absolutist 专制主义者absolutist 绝对论者absolutistic hypothesis 绝对论假设absolutization 绝对化absorb 承受absorb 吸收absorbability 可吸收性absorbable 可吸收的absorbing model 吸收模型absorption law 吸收律absorption 吸收absorption 专注abstemious 有节制的abstention 戒绝abstinence delirium 禁戒谵妄abstinence phenomenon 禁戒现象abstinence rule 禁戒规则abstinence 禁戒abstract ability 抽象能力abstract attitude 抽象态度abstract behavior 抽象行为abstract being 抽象的存在abstract category 抽象范畴abstract code 抽象码abstract concept 抽象概念abstract conception 抽象概念abstract conceptualization 抽象概念化abstract definition 抽象定义abstract drive 抽象驱力abstract entities 抽象本质abstract entities 抽象存在abstract generalization 抽象概论abstract ideal theory 抽象理想论abstract ideas 抽象观念abstract intelligence 抽象智力abstract knowledge 抽象知识abstract memory 抽象记忆abstract method 抽象法abstract model 抽象模型abstract names 抽象名称abstract number 抽象数abstract objects 抽象客体abstract perception 抽象知觉abstract reasoning 抽象推理abstract science 理论科学abstract set 抽象定势abstract space 抽象空间abstract term 抽象术语abstract thinking 抽象思维abstract thought 抽象思考abstract analogabstracted 抽象的abstracting power 抽象能力abstracting process 抽象化过程abstraction cognition 抽象认识abstraction experiment 抽象实验abstraction factor 抽象因素abstraction 抽象作用abstractness 抽象性absurd world 荒谬世界absurdity test 挑错测验absurdity 荒唐行为abulia 丧志症abulia 意志缺失abulomania意志缺乏性精神障碍abundance motive 富裕动机abuse 妄用abysmal 深不可测的academia 学术界academic ability grouping 学科能力分组academic achievement predict学术成就预测academic achievement test 学业成绩测验academic achievement 学术成就academic activities 学术活动academic aptitude test 学业能力倾向测验academic aptitude 学术能力倾向academic atmosphere 学业风气academic attainment 学力academic environment 学习环境academic freedom 学术自由学术自由academic grouping 学科分组academic intelligence 学术智力academic motivation 学习动机academic overachievement 学科高成就academic overachiever 学科高成就者academic problem 学术问题Academic Promise Test 学业前途测验academic psychology 经院心理学academic research 学术研究Academic Risk Taking Scale学业冒险性行为量表academic success 学科成就academic underachievement 学科低成就academic underachiever 学科低成就者academic writing 学术著作Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine 身心医学学会acalculia 计算不能acalculia 失算症acarophobia 恐虫症acataleptic 智能缺陷的acatamathesia 理解力缺乏acataphasia 造句型失语症acatastasia 反常acathexis 精神贯注不能acathisia 静坐不能Acc R 成绩比率accelerated child 跳级学童accelerated curve 递升曲线accelerated natural process 加速的自然进程accelerated reaction 加速反应accelerated speech 加速言语accelerated student 跳级生accelerating center 加速中枢accelerating tolerance 加速度耐力acceleration center 加速中枢acceleration control tracking 加速控制追踪acceleration effect 加速度效应acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration of growth 加速生长acceleration of vibration 振动加速度acceleration trend 加速倾向acceleration 加速acceleration 速进制accelerator nerve 加速神经accelerometer 加速计accentuation 加强acceptability 可接受性acceptable hypothesis 可接受假设acceptable limit 允许界限acceptable quality level 可接受的品质水平acceptable variant 可接受的变换acceptable 可接受的acceptance latitude 接受幅度acceptance region 接受区域acceptance theory of authority权威接受理论acceptance therapy 接受治疗法acceptance 接受acceptance 认可acceptant 易接受的accepted 认可的acceptor site 受体部位acceptor RNAacceptor 感受器access circuit 存取电路accessibility 可进入性accessibility 易接近accessible 易接近的accessory auditory nucleus 副听核accessory nerve 副神经accessory organ 副器官accessory pigment 辅色素accessory sense apparatusaccessory sex structures 副性结构accessory sound muscle 副发音肌accessory symptoms 附加症状accessory thyroid gland 副甲状腺accessory 附属的accident analysis 事故分析accident behavior 意外行为accident domino theory 事故多米诺说accident error 意外误差accident neurosis 事故性神经病accident prevention 事故预防accident proneness 事故倾向性accident rate 事故率accident reduction strategy 减少事故策略accident repeater 易肇事者accident stimulus 意外刺激accident proneaccident relatedaccident 事故accidental activation of controls控制器的偶发启动accidental attribute 偶有属性accidental contingency ofreinforcement 偶然后效强化accidental count 偶然计数accidental crisis 意外危机accidental error 偶然性误差accidental event 偶然事件accidental evolution 机遇性进化accidental fluctuation 偶然波动accidental form 偶然形式accidental generalization 偶然概括accidental homosexuality 偶然性同性恋accidental image 意外心像accidental movement 偶然变动accidental probability 偶然概率accidental property 偶有属性accidental proposition 偶然性命题accidental relations 偶然关系accidental resemblance 偶同accidental sameness 偶然的同一accidental sampling 随意抽样accidental teaching method 偶然教学法accidental variation 偶然变异accidentalism 偶然论acclimation to heat and cold 身体对冷热的适应acclimation服水土acclimation习服acclimatization 适应过程acclimatization 习服acclimatize 适应accommodate 调节accommodating 迁就accommodation of information信息调节accommodation reflex 调适反射accommodation time 调适时间accommodation 调节accommodation 顺化accommodometer 调节计accompaniment 伴随物accompanying movement 伴发运动accomplishment quotient 成绩商数accomplishment rate 成绩比率accomplishment test 成绩测验accord development 和谐发展accord 和谐accordance 一致account 论述accountability 责任性accountable 可说明的accountable 有责任的accretion learning 附加学习acculturate 受同化acculturated trait 涵化特质acculturation 涵化accumulated error 累积误差accumulated value 累加值accumulation body 贮体accumulation hypothesis of impulse 冲动的积累假说accumulation level 累积水平accumulation method 累积法accumulation of rounding errors舍入误差的积累accumulation 积累accumulative effect 累积效应accumulative estimation 累积估计accumulative perception 累积百分比accumulative play 累积型游戏accuracy in computations 计算正确性accuracy of action 动作的准确性accuracy of data 资料正确性accuracy of estimation 估计正确性accuracy score 正确分数accuracy test 准确性测验accuracy 准确性accurate inquiry 审问accurateness 正确度accusation 非难accuse 非难accustom 使习惯accustomization 适应ACE 肾上腺皮质浸膏acedia 淡漠性忧郁症acenesthesia 机体失认症acentric 非中枢的acerb 尖刻的acerbate 激怒acerbity 尖刻acerbral tonusacervulus 松果体石acetone body 酮体acetophenazine 乙酰非那嗪acetoxycycloheximide 乙酸环已基酰亚胺acetylcholine 乙酰胆碱acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱脂酶Ach 乙酰胆碱achalasia 弛缓不能acharnement 残暴AChE 乙酰胆碱脂酶acheilous 无唇的achieved role 获得性角色achieved status 获得的地位achieved 获得的achievement age 成就年龄achievement battery 成就成套测验achievement difference of learning学习成就的差异achievement drive 成就驱力achievement ethic 成就伦理成就伦理achievement identity 成就自认成就自认achievement index 成就指数achievement measure 成绩测量achievement motivation theories成就动机理论achievement motivation 成就动机achievement motive 成就动机achievement need 成就需要achievement oriented 成就取向achievement quotient 成就商数achievement score 成就分数achievement test 成就测验achievement orientedachievement testachievement 成就Achillean 阿奇里斯般勇敢的Achilles reflex 阿奇里斯反射Achilles tendon reflex 跟腱反射achloropsia 绿色盲绿色盲achluophobia 黑暗恐怖症achondroplasia 软骨发育不全症achondroplastic dwarf 软骨发育不全性侏儒achrematopisa 全色盲achromasia 全色盲achromate 色盲者achromatic color 非彩色achromatic sensation 明暗感觉achromatic series 非彩色系列achromatic vision 非彩色视觉achromatic 非彩色的achromatin 非染色质非染色质achromatism 全色盲全色盲achromatognosia 色觉失认症achromatopia 全色盲achromatopsia 全色盲achromatous 无色的achromic 无色的acicula 针刺acid conditioned reaction 酸条件反应acid reaction 酸反应acid reflex 酸反射acinesia 运动不能acknowledge 承认acknowledgment 自认acme 顶点acmesthesia 尖锐感觉acoasma 耳鸣acoasma 幻听acoenesthesiaacolasia 病态放纵aconative 意向缺失aconuresis 小便失禁acoria 不饱症acortan 促皮质素acouasm 耳鸣acouasm 幻听acouesthesia 听觉acoumeter 听觉计acoumetry 听力测验法acousma 听幻觉acousmatagnosis 辨音不能acousmatamnesia 听觉性健忘症acoustic agnosia 听觉失知症acoustic analysor1 声音分析器acoustic aphasia 听觉性失语acoustic apparatus 听觉器官acoustic area 听觉区acoustic bearing 声向位acoustic code 声码acoustic coding 声音编码acoustic cue 听觉线索acoustic delay line 声延迟线acoustic epithelium 听上皮acoustic features 声学特征acoustic frequency generator 声频发生器acoustic frequency 声频acoustic ganglion 听神经节acoustic hypoesthesia 听觉减退acoustic information storage 听觉信息储存acoustic information 声音信息acoustic input device 声音输入装置acoustic labyrinth 听迷路acoustic memory 听觉记忆acoustic nerve 听神经acoustic phobia 恐音响症acoustic phonetics 听觉发音学acoustic pressure level 声压级acoustic pressure 声压acoustic radiation 听觉辐射acoustic reactance 声抗acoustic redundancy 听觉冗余性acoustic reflex 听觉反射acoustic resonance 共鸣acoustic shadow 声影acoustic spectrum 声谱acoustic spot 听斑acoustic stimuli 听觉刺激acoustic transmission system声学传播系统acoustic facialacoustic lateralacoustic 声的acoustical conductivity 声导性acoustical interferometer 声干扰仪acoustical ohm 声欧姆acoustical resonator 共鸣器acoustical sensation 听觉acoustical signal 声音信号acoustical treatment 声学处理acoustical 声的acousticopalpebral reflex 声音眼睑反射acousticophobia 恐声音症acoustics 声学acoutometer 听力计听力计acquaint with data 熟悉数据acquaint 使熟悉acquaintance process 相识过程acquaintance 认识acquaintance 熟悉acquiesce 默许acquiescence 默从acquiescent　responseacquire 取得acquired alexia 后天失读症acquired astigmatism 后天性散光acquired attitude 习得态度acquired behavior 习得行为acquired belief 习得信念acquired character 习得特性acquired characteristics 习得特性acquired cue value 获得线索值acquired deafness 后天性聋acquired dementia 后天痴呆acquired disease 后天病acquired distinctiveness of cues线索的习得明显性acquired drive 获得内驱力acquired dyslexia 获得性阅读不能acquired epilepsy 后天性癫痫acquired equivalence of cues线索习得等同性acquired idea 习得观念习得观念acquired incentive 习得激励acquired learning skill 习得的学习技能acquired need 习得需要acquired reflex 习得反射acquired releasing mechanism获得性释放机制acquired releasing schema 获得性释放构系acquired resistance 获得抗病性acquired response 习得反应acquired role 习得角色acquired tendency 获得倾向acquired trait 获得的特质acquired 习得的习得的acquirement 学识学识acquiring knowledge thoroughly 贯通acquisition curve 习得曲线acquisition model 获得模式acquisition of sex type acquisition of skill 技能习熟acquisition test 习得检查acquisition 获得获得acquisitive curve 习得曲线acquisitive impulse 贪得的冲动acquisitive instinct 获取本能acquisitive society 贪得的社会acquisitiveness 获取性获取性acragnosis 肢体感觉缺失acritical 不批评的acroaesthesia 肢端敏感症acroagnosia 肢端失知症acroanesthesia 肢端麻木acrodynia 肢痛症acroesthesia 感觉过敏症acrognosis 肢体感acrokinesia 运动过多acrokinesis 肢端动觉acromania 重躁狂acromegaly末端肥大症acromegaly肢端过大acromicria 先天肢端畸小acromyotonia 肢肌强直acroneurosis 肢体神经官能症acroparalysis 肢麻痹acroparesthesia 肢端感觉异常acrophobia 高处恐怖症acrophobia 恐高症acroteric 末梢的act and reaction 作用与反作用act assessment 动作评定act frustration 行动挫折act of attention 注意集中act of categorization 分类活动act of faith 信仰行动act of god 不可抗力act psychologyact habitact 行动ACTH 促肾上腺皮质激素actin 肌动蛋白acting in 动作显露acting out 行?acting teaching 主动教学法actinomycin 放线菌素放　菌素actinoneuritis 放射性神经炎action and counteraction 作用与反作用action at distance 超距作用action by contact 接触作用action compulsive 动作强迫性action concept 动作概念动作概念action current reflex 动作电流反射action current 动作电流动作电流action development 动作发展action error 动作误差action exercise 动作练习action feedback 动作反馈action form 动作形式action frame of reference 参考行动架构action group 行动群体action imitation 动作模仿action interpretation 动作解释action language 动作语言action modeling 动作示范action need 活动需要action of stereotype 刻板动作action orientation 动作定向action pattern 动作模式action potential 动作电位action principle 作用量原理action profile 行动剖析action reports 执行报告action research 行动研究action set 动作定势action space 行为空间action stability 动作稳定性action system 动作系统action tendencies 行动倾向action theory 活动说action thinking 动作思维action time 动作时间action triggered language 动作引发的语言action unit 动作单元action zone 主动区action orientedaction orientedaction specificaction timeaction 动作activate 激活activated epilepsy 诱发性癫痫activated sleep 活动性睡眠activated stateactivating system 激动系统activation center 激活中心activation energy 活化能activation index 活化指数activation level 激活水平activation of learning motivation学习动机的激发activation pattern 激动模式activation process 激活过程activation ratio 活化比activation theory of emotion 情绪激活理论activation theory 激活理论activation synthesis activation 激活activational effect 引发性效应activator 激活剂active adaptation 活动性适应active analysis 活动分析active analytic psychotherapy 主动分析心理治疗法active articulator 积极发音器官active attention 活动注意active avoidance 积极躲避active avoidance 主动回避active castration complex 主动阎割情结active center 活力中心active complex 活动情结active consciousness 主动意识active constraint 起作用的约束active delirium 躁狂性谵妄active directive 积极教导active electrodeactive element 主动元素active euthanasia 主动安乐死active exercise 自动运动active fantasying 主动幻想治疗active forgetting 自动遗忘active homing 主动接近active imagination 主动想象力active inhibition 主动抑制active intellect 能动的智慧active language 主动语言active learning 积极学习active living process 能动的生命过程active negativism 主动抗拒性active orientation 主动取向active participation 主动参与active potency 主动潜能active principle 主动原则active public 积极的公众active qi gong 动气功active reaction 主动反应active reason 能动的理性active recall 主动回忆active region 作用区active responding 积极反应active role 积极任务active schedule 活动一览表active search theory 主动探索理论active set 作用集active site 活性部位active sleep theory 主动睡眠理论active society 积极的社会active speech 主动言语active stimulus 有效刺激active testimony 主动作证主动作证active therapy 主动疗法active transfer 主动传递active type 活泼型active variable 主动变量active vocabulary 主动词汇active passiveactive resistiveactive 活动性activeness 主观能动性activism 能动性activist point of view 能动主义观点activist psychology 能动心理学activist 行为能动论者activity analysis problem 行动分析问题activity analysis 活动分析activity cage 活动笼activity concept 活动概念activity curriculum 活动课程activity cycle 活动周期activity dimension 活动维度activity drive 活动驱力activity factor 活动因素activity inventory 活动记录activity learning 活动学习activity level method 动量法activity level 活动水平activity log 活动日志activity method of teaching 活动教学法activity need 活动需求activity of personalityactivity optimization 活动方式最佳化activity pattern 活动模式activity quotient 活动商数activity rating 活动评等activity sampling 活动抽样activity system 活动系统activity theory of aging 老年活动论activity theory of learning 学习活动论activity theory 活动论activity therapy 活动疗法activity dependentactivity groupactivity interviewactivity playactivity wheelactivity wheelactivity 活动actograhy 动作记录法actograph 动作记录器actometer 活动度测量计actor observeractor 男演员actor 行事者actual anxiety 真实性焦虑actual being 实在actual conflict 真实冲突actual entity 现实实有actual frequency 实际频率actual hour 实际时间actual leader 实际领袖actual life 实际寿命actual limit 实际限度actual measurement 真实量度actual mechanical process 实际操作过程actual neurosis 真实神经症actual number 实际数actual numerical value 实际数值actual parameter 实际参数actual population 实际人口actual power 有效功率actual range 实际范围actual rate of growth 实际增长率actual self 现实我actual survey work 实际调查工作actual survey 实际调查actual time 实际时间actual value 实际值actual working rate 实际劳动率actual 真实的actualism 现实主义actualist 现实论者actuality philosophy 现实哲学actuality 现实性actualization 现实化actualized reason 实现了的理性actualizing therapy 实现治疗法actuarial prediction 统计预测actuation 开动actuator 执行机构acuity 敏度aculeus 皮刺acumen 敏锐acumeter 听觉计acupuncture anesthesia 针刺麻醉acupuncture 针灸术acute alcoholic hallucinosis 急性酒精幻觉症acute alcoholic intoxication 急性酒精中毒acute alcoholism 急性酒精中毒acute anxiety 急性焦虑acute brain syndrome 急性脑综合症acute confusional state 急性困惑状态acute confusional 急性精神错乱acute dementia 急性痴呆acute depression 急性抑郁症acute disseminatedencephalomyelitis 急性感染后脑脊髓炎acute distress syndrome 急性忧伤综合症acute effect 急性效应acute experiment 急性实验acute fatigue 急性疲劳acute hallucinatory mania 急性幻觉性躁狂acute hallucinatory paranoia急性幻觉性妄想狂acute hallucinosis 急性幻觉症acute hunger state 急性饥饿状态acute intoxication 急性中毒acute mania 急性躁狂acute paranoia 急性偏执狂acute postinfection encephalomyelitis 急性感染后脑脊髓炎acute psychogenic reaction 急性心因性反应acute psychosis 急性精神症acute psychotic episodeacute schizophrenia 急性精神分裂症acute schizophrenic episode 急性精神分裂症性插话acute situation reaction 急性情境反应acute stress reaction 急性压力反应acute 急性的acyanoblepsia 蓝色盲ad absurd reasoning 归谬推理ad hoc hypothesis 特设性假设ad hoc rule 特定规则ad hoc way 特定方式ad hoc 特别AD 平均差adage谚语Adami sAdams Stokesadaptability test 适应性测验adaptability 适应性adaptability 顺应性adaptable 适应性强的adaptation character 适应特性adaptation level 适应水平adaptation level theory 适应水平论adaptation norm 适应规范adaptation reaction 适应性反应adaptation response 适应性反应adaptation syndrome 适应综合症adaptation theory 适应论适应论adaptation time 适应时间adaptation to darkness 暗适应adaptation to end 适应目的adaptation to imprisonment 监狱适应adaptation tolerance 适应耐性adaptation trial 适应尝试adaptation 适应adapted culture 适应性文化adapted information 适应性知识adapted 适应的adapter molecule 衔接分子adapter 转接器adaption 适应adaptive act 适应活动Adaptive Behavior Scale 适应行为量表adaptive behavior 适应行为adaptive capacity 适应能力adaptive character 适应特性adaptive coloration 适应色adaptive compensation 适应补偿adaptive conformity 适应性从众adaptive control 适应性控制adaptive convergence 趋同适应adaptive crisis 适应危机adaptive decision making adaptive delinquency 适应型犯罪adaptive differentiation adaptive dispersion 适应分散adaptive evolution 适应进化adaptive facultyadaptive feedback control 适应性反馈控制adaptive flexibility 适应的灵活性adaptive form 适应类型adaptive mechanism 顺应机制adaptive norm 适应规范adaptive optimal control 最优适应adaptive optimization 适应最优化adaptive peak 适应高峰adaptive phase 适应阶段adaptive process 适应过程adaptive program 适应性程adaptive reaction 适应反应adaptive regression 适应退化adaptive sampling 适应性抽样adaptive selection 适应选择adaptive strategy 适应策略adaptive strategy 因应策略adaptive subsystem 顺应子系统adaptive testing 适应性测验adaptive time 适应时间adaptive training 适应训练adaptive value 适应值adaptive 适应的adaptivity 适应性adaptometer 适应测量器ADC 线索的习得明显性ADD 注意缺失紊乱add pulse 加法脉冲addaverter 方法转换器addict 成瘾者addiction research 反毒瘾研究addiction 成瘾addiction 嗜好addictive behavior 成瘾行为addictive personality 毒瘾性格addictive personality6 成瘾人格adding mechanism 加法机制adding model 总和论Addison sadditament 附加物addition mixture 加法混色addition of class 类的加法addition of probabilities 概率的加算addition test 加算测验addition 加法additional pollution 增添污染additive color mixture 相加混色additive effect 累加效应additive factors method 附加因素法additive factors 附加因素additive mixture 相加混色additive model 相加模型additive operation 加法运算additive process 加法过程additive property of chi squareadditive property 可加性additive reaction 加成反应additive scale 相加量表additive 附加的additivity of means 平均数可加性additivity of probability 概率可加性additivity of X 2additivity 可加性adduce 引证adduction 内受作用ADEM 急性感染后脑脊髓炎adenalgia 腺痛adenasthenia 腺机能衰弱adendritic 无树突的adenectomy 腺切除术adenectopia 腺异位adenitis 腺炎adenocarcinoma 腺癌adenocele 腺囊肿adenohypersthenia 腺机能亢进adenohypophysis 腺性垂体adenoma 腺瘤adenoncus 腺肿大adenoneural 腺神经的adenopathy 腺病adenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷adenosine triphosphate 腺苷三磷酸adenosine 腺苷adenosis 腺病adequacy 适合性adequate cause 充分动因adequate response 适当反应adequate sample 适足样本adequate stimulus 适度刺激adequate variability 适应变异性adequate variation 适应变异ADH 抗利尿激素adiaphanous 不透明的adiaphorism 中庸adience 接近趋向adient behavior 趋近行为adient response 趋近反应adipose cell 脂肪细胞adipose gland 脂腺adipose tissue 脂肪组织adiposis 肥胖症adipsia 不渴症adipsia 失饮症adjacency 接近性adjacent association 邻近联想Adjective Check List 形容词检核表adjective check list 形容词检选表adjective gland 附加腺adjourning 中止阶段adjunctive behavior 附属行为adjunctive program 补充作业adjunctive 附属性质adjust 调整adjustable mask 可调屏幕adjusted rate 修正率adjusted solution 调整溶液adjustment disorder 适应性疾病adjustment failure 适应失败adjustment inventory 适应量表adjustment level 顺应水平adjustment mechanism 调整机制adjustment mechanism 适应方式adjustment method 调整法adjustment phase 调整期adjustment procedure 适应法adjustment process 调整过程adjustment reaction 适应反应adjustment system 调整系统adjustment time 调整时间adjustment to school 学校适应adjustment 调整adjustment 适应adjustor 调整器adjustor 适应器顺应器adjutant therapy 辅助治疗法Adler sAdlerian groups 阿德勒团体Adlerian psychology 阿德勒心理学Adlerian psychotherapy 阿德勒心理治疗法adlumidine 紫罂粟次碱adlumine 紫罂粟碱admeasure 分配adminicle 辅助administer 管理administration behavior 管理行为administration by different levels分级管理administration function of test测验的管理功能administration route 处理途径administration section 管理部门administration 管理administration 行政Administrative Aptitude Test行政职业能力测验administrative channel 行政渠道administrative control 行政控制administrative function of test测验的管理功能administrative man 管理人administrative organization 管理机构administrative organization 行政组织administrative procedure 管理程序administrative reliability 施测信度administrative staff 管理人员administrative unit 行政单位administrator 管理人员admiration 羡慕admissibility 容许性admissible action 容许行动admissible condition 容许条件admissible control 容许控制admissible error 容许误差admissible hypothesis 容许假设admissible mark 及格分数admissible mark 容许符号admissible parameter 容许参数admissible test 容许检定admission age 入学年龄admission criteria 录取标准admission qualification 入学资格admission requirement 入学标准admission 容许进入admit 容许admittance 接纳admonition 告诫adnerval 近神经的adolescence moratorium 青年期延缓adolescence 青年期adolescent age 青年期adolescent behavior 青少年行为adolescent characteristics 青年期特征adolescent crisis 青年期危机adolescent culture 青年文化adolescent dementia 青春期痴呆adolescent depression 青年期抑郁adolescent development 青少年发展adolescent education 青少年教育adolescent growth spurt 青少年发育急速期adolescent identity formation青年期同一性形成adolescent insanity 青少年期精神错乱adolescent needs 青年期需要adolescent problems 青少年问题adolescent psychiatry 青春期精神病学adolescent psychology 青少年心理学adolescent society 青年社会。

心理学专业英文词汇【H】

Haab s pupilla reflex 哈氏瞳孔反射Haas effect 哈斯效应habile 能干的habilitation 资格habit 习惯habit deterioration 习惯退化habit disorder 习惯性障碍habit disturbance 习惯错乱habit family hierarchy 习惯层序habit formation 习惯形成habit hierarchy 习惯层序habit interference 习惯干扰habit pattern 习惯组型habit reversal 习惯消除habit set 习惯定势habit strength 习惯强度habit theory of learning 学习的习惯说学习的习惯说habit tic 习惯性抽搐habit training 习惯训练habitability 习惯能力habitant 居住者habitat 栖息地habitat complex 生境综错作用habitat isolation 生境隔离habitat type 生境型habitation 习惯化habitation error 习惯误差habitation method 习惯化法habitual 习惯的habitual crime 习惯性犯罪habitual excessive drinking 习惯性酗酒习惯性酗酒habitual masturbation 习惯性手淫habituation 习惯化habituation error 习惯误差habitude 习惯habitus 习性habit family hierarchy 习惯群阶层habromania 欣快狂hadesphobia 地狱恐怖症haematophobia 血恐怖症Haenel s symptom 眼球压觉缺失症hair esthesiometer 毛发触觉器hair root ending 毛根末梢hair tactometer 毛发触觉器halation 晕光作用Hales s piesimeter 黑尔斯压觉计half vision 偏盲half blood 混血儿half blood 同父异母关系half blood 同母异父关系half brother 异父兄弟half brother 异母兄弟half length illusion 半长度错觉half sister 异父姐妹half sister 异母姐妹half way house 中途康复站Hall Occupational Orientation Inventory 贺尔职业取向量表Haller s circle 视神经血管环hallmark 标志hallucination 幻觉hallucination experience 幻觉体验hallucination of perception 知觉性幻觉知觉性幻觉hallucinatory effect 幻觉效应hallucinatory image 幻象hallucinogen 致幻剂hallucinogenesis 幻觉发生hallucinogenic drug 致幻药hallucinosis 幻觉症halmatogenesis 突然异变halo effect 光环效应halo effect 晕轮效应haloperidol 氟呱啶醇Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery for Adults 霍尔斯德成人神经心理成套测验Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery for Childrens 霍氏儿童神经心理成套测验Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery 霍里神经心理成套测验halter 束缚halving method 减半法hamartophobia 过失恐怖症Hamilton path 汉米尔顿径Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 汉米尔顿抑郁评定量表hammer 槌骨Hammond s disease 指痉症hamper 防碍Hampton Court maze 汉普顿科特迷津汉普顿科特迷津hamster 腮鼠ham handed 笨手笨脚hand 手hand controls 手控制器hand length 手宽hand maze 手指迷津hand operating mechanism 手动操作机械hand sign 手势语hand skill 手部技能hand test 手势测验handedness 利手handedness 偏手性handgrip 紧握handicap 障碍handicapped 缺陷者handicapped child 缺陷儿童handicapped workers 残疾工人handicraft 手工艺handler 管理者handler 信息处理机handling 管理hands coordination 两手协调handwheel 手轮handwriting 手迹hand arm system 手臂系统hand eye coordination 手眼协调hand to mouth reaction 手口反应hangover phenomenon 宿醉现象hanker 渴望haphalgesia 触痛haphazard sampling 不当抽样haplopia 单视haploscope 双眼视觉仪happenstance 偶然事件happiness 快乐happy feeling from tragedy 悲剧中的喜感happy feeling of action 动作愉快感haptic 触觉的haptic hallucination 幻触haptic illusion 触错觉Haptic Intelligence Scale for Adult Blind 成年盲人触觉智力量表haptic perception 触觉haptic stimulus 触觉刺激haptic system 触觉系统haptic type 触觉型haptics 触觉学haptometer 触觉计haptotypic characters 内部环境特性hard color 硬色hard psychology 硬心理学hard training 强化训练hardening period 锻炼期hardihood 大胆hardship 受苦hardware 硬件Hardy Weinberg s law 哈威二氏法则哈威二氏法则harm 伤害harmavoidance need 避险需求harmful factor 有害因素harmful gas 有害气体harmful substance 有害物质harmonic 和睦harmonic analysis 调和分析harmonic component 调和成分harmonic habitat 协调生境harmonic mean 调和平均数harmonic progression 调和级数harmonize 协调harmony 和谐harp theory 琴论harp theory of hearing 听觉琴论harpaxophobia 恐盗贼症Harris Test of Lateral Dominance 哈里斯侧优势测验Harrison antinarcotic act 哈里森抗麻醉品法案Harrower s hypothesis 哈罗尔假设harry 折磨harshness 粗鲁态度Harvard case study method 哈佛个案研究法Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility 哈佛催眠易感性小组量表Harvard School 哈佛学派HAS 高振幅吸吮技术Hasegawa Dementia Screening Scale 哈氏痴呆筛检量表hash 无用数据hasheesh 大麻制剂hashish 大麻制剂hatch 入口hate 憎恨hatrack problem 帽钩问题hauteur 傲慢having spiritual sustenance 寄托Hawthorne effect 霍桑效应Hawthorne experiment 霍桑实验Hawthorne research 霍桑研究Hawthorne studies 霍桑研究hazard 机遇haze 糊涂HCI 人机相互作用head 头head breadth 头宽head circumference 头围head control 头部控制head form 头形head holder 头部固定器head injuries 头部受伤head length 头长head start 提前教育Head Start Program 启智计划head work 脑力劳动headache 头痛headform 头型headward acceleration 头向加速度head down displays 下视显示器head eye coordination 头眼协调head up displays 平视显示器heal 治愈healer 治病者healing dream 治愈梦health 健康health behavior 健康行为health care 保健health care delivery 提供保健服务health locus of control 健康控制点health psychology 健康心理学Health Psychology 健康心理学health self actualization 健康型自我实现health survey 健康调查healthful 有益健康的healthy personality 健康人格Healy Picture Completion Test 希利图画补缺测验hearing 听觉hearing acuity 听敏度hearing aids 助听器hearing area 听区hearing damage 听力损伤hearing defect 听觉缺陷hearing disorder 听力障碍hearing impairment 听力损伤hearing level 听觉水平hearing loss 听力损失hearing loss criteria 听力损失标准hearing mute 听哑hearing organ 听觉器官hearing protectors 护耳器hearing range 听觉范围hearing test 听力测验hearing theories 听觉理论hearing threshold 听觉阈限hearken 倾听hearsay 传闻hearsay knowledge 传知heart 心脏heart action 心动作heart beat 心搏heart muscle 心肌heart rate 心律heart rate recovery 心率恢复heart sound 心声heart volume 心脏容量heartache 痛心heartburn 妒忌hearten 振作heartsease 内心平静heartsick 沮丧的heart to heart interviewing method 交心深谈法heat 热heat adaptation 热适应heat balance of body 身体热平衡heat effect 热效应heat permissible limit 高温允许限界heat protective clothing 隔热服heat radiation 热辐射heat ray 热线heat regulating center 体温调节中枢heat sensation 热觉heat sensor 热感受器heat shock 中暑heat spots 热点heat stress 热应激heat stress index 热应激指标heat tolerance 耐暑性heatspot 热觉点heat sensitive 热敏的heave man integration 天人合一妄想heaviness 沉闷heavy weather 恶劣气侯heavy footed 动作迟钝Hebb s synapse 赫伯突触Hebb s theory 赫伯理论Hebb Williams maze 赫伯威廉姆迷津赫伯威廉姆迷津hebephilia 爱恋青年hebephilia 恋青年癖hebephrenia 青春期精神病hebephrenic dementia 青春期痴呆hebephrenic schizophrenia 青春型精神分裂症hebephrenictype 青春型hebetic 青春期的hebetude 感觉迟钝hebetude 兴趣丧失hebiatrics 青春期医学heboid schizophrenia 单纯型精神分裂症heboidophrenia 单纯型早发痴呆heboidophrenia 类青春期痴呆hector 威吓者hedge 障碍hedonia 欢乐hedonic dimension 快感度hedonic relevance attribution 快乐相关归因hedonic response 感情反应hedonic self regulation 享乐的自我调整享乐的自我调整hedonic theories 享乐论hedonic theories of motivation 动机享乐说hedonic tone 快乐情调hedonic value of stimulus 刺激的愉快值刺激的愉快值hedonics 快感学hedonism 享乐主义hedonismus 欢乐主义hedonist 享乐主义者hedonophobia 欢乐恐怖症heebie jeebies 神经过敏heed 注意Heider s attribution theory 海德归因理论海德归因理论height 高度height of seat 座高Heinis constant 海因斯常数helicopters 直升机heliophobia 日光恐怖症heliotaxis 趋日性heliotropism 趋日性helix 耳轮Helmholtz free energy 赫尔姆霍茨自由能Helmholtz illusion 赫尔姆霍茨错觉Helmholtz square 赫尔姆霍茨四方形Helmholtz theory of vision 赫尔姆霍茨三色说Helmholtz resonance theory of hearing 赫尔姆霍茨听觉共鸣说helotism 奴隶制helping behavior 助人行为helpless 无助的helplessness 失助helpmate 配偶Helson Judd effect 赫尔森贾德效应hematomanometer 血压计hematophobia 血恐怖症hemeralope 昼盲者hemeralopia 昼盲hemiablepsia 偏盲hemiachromatopsia 偏色盲hemiageusia 半侧失味症hemiageustia 偏侧味觉缺失hemialgia 偏侧痛hemiamaurosis 偏盲hemiamblyopia 半侧弱视hemiamyosthenia 偏身肌无力hemianacusia 单侧聋hemianalgesia 偏身痛觉缺失hemianesthesia 偏身麻木hemianesthesia cerebralis 大脑性偏身麻木hemianesthesia spinalis 脊髓性偏身麻木hemianopsia 偏盲hemianopsia bilateralis 两外侧偏盲hemianopsia heteronyma lateralis 外侧偏盲hemianopsia heteronyma medialis 内侧偏盲hemianosmia 偏侧失嗅症hemiapraxia 偏侧失用症hemiasomatognosia 偏身失认hemiasynergia 偏侧协同不能hemiataxia 偏侧失动症hemiataxy 偏侧运动失调hemiathetosis 偏侧手足徐动症hemiballism 偏身挥舞症hemicerebrum 大脑半球hemichorea 偏身舞蹈症hemichromatopsia 偏色盲hemicrania 偏头痛hemidcortication 偏侧大脑皮层切除hemidysergia 偏侧传出性共济失调hemidysesthesia 偏身感觉障碍hemidystrophy 偏身发育障碍hemiepilepsy 偏身癫痫hemigeusia 半侧味觉缺失hemihypalgesia 偏身痛觉减退hemihyperesthesia 偏身感觉过敏hemihypesthesia 偏身感觉减退hemihypoesthesia 偏身感觉减退hemineurasthenia 偏侧神经衰弱hemiopia 偏盲hemiparesis 偏瘫hemiparesthesia 偏身感觉异常hemiplegia 半身不遂hemiplegia 偏瘫hemiplegic gait 偏瘫步态hemisomnambulism 半梦游症hemisphaerium 半球hemisphaerium cerebelli 小脑半球hemisphere 大脑半球hemispherectomy 大脑半球切除术hemispheric asymmetry 大脑半球非对称性hemispheric speech dominance 言语的半球优势hemithermoanesthesia 偏身热觉缺失hemophilia 血友病hemophiliac 血友病患者hemophilioid 血友病样的hemophobia 血恐怖症hemopiezometer 血压计hemotachometer 血流速度计hemp 大麻hempen 大麻的Henmon Helson Tests of Mental Ability 亨奈二氏智力测验henogenesis 个体发生heptachromic 七色的Herbartian psychology 赫尔巴托派心理学herd 群herd instinct 群居本能Herder s attribution theory 海德归因论海德归因论hereditability 可遗传性hereditable 可遗传的hereditarianism 遗传主义hereditary 可遗传的hereditary basis 遗传基础hereditary capacity 遗传力hereditary change 遗传改变hereditary character 遗传特性hereditary characterology 遗传性格学hereditary connection 遗传联系hereditary constitution 遗传结构hereditary determinism 遗传决定论hereditary difference 遗传差异hereditary disorder 遗传性异常hereditary engineering 遗传工程hereditary factor 遗传因素hereditary feature 遗传特征hereditary form 遗传类型hereditary information 遗传信息hereditary material 遗传物质hereditary predisposition 遗传潜因hereditary property 遗传特性hereditary stability 遗传稳定性hereditary substance 遗传性物质hereditary unit 遗传单位hereditary variability 遗传变异性hereditary variation 遗传变异hereditism 遗传学heredity 遗传heredity carrier 遗传载体heredity of acquired character 获得性遗传heredity environment controversy 遗传与环境争议heredoataxia 遗传运动失调heredobiologic 遗传内因性的heredodegeneration 遗传性变性heredodiathesis 遗传素质heredofamilial 家族遗传性的heredopathia 遗传病heredopathia atactic polyneuritifor 多神经炎型遗传性运动失调here and now 此时此地Hering after image 黑灵后像Hering figure 黑灵图形Hering illusion 黑灵错觉Hering theory of color 黑灵色觉论Hering theory of vision 黑灵四色说Hering s law 黑灵定律Hering s test 黑灵试验Hering Breuer reflex 黑布二氏反射赫布二氏反射heritability 遗传性heritability of personality traits 人格特质的遗传性hermaphrodism 雌雄同体hermaphrodite 阴阳人hermaphroditism 雌雄同体hermaphroditismus 两性畸形hermaphroditismus complexus 复合两性畸形hermaphroditismus excessus 过剩性两性畸形hermaphroditismus masculinus 男性两性畸形hermaphroditismus masculinus complexus 复合男性两性畸形hermaphroditismus neutralis 中性两性畸形hermaphroditismus spurius 假两性畸形假两性畸形hermaphroditismus verus 真两性畸形hero 英雄hero worship 英雄崇拜heroin 海洛因heroin addiction 白粉毒瘾heroine 女英雄heroinismus 海洛因中毒heroism 英雄主义heroize 以英雄自居herpetophobia 恐虫症hertz 赫兹Herzberg s two factor theory 赫兹伯格双因素理论Heschl s convolution 海斯奇尔回hesperanopia 夜盲症Hess after image 海斯后象Hesselgren color solid 海斯格林色立体海斯格林色立体hetaera fantasy 娼妓幻想heteradenia 腺组织异常heterauxesis 不对称发育heteresthesia 差异感觉heteroactive hyper suggestibility 异作用超易受暗示性heterocinesia 动作倒错heterodromous 反向运动的heterodromous 异向的heteroerotism 异体性欲heteroganglionic 不同神经节的heterogeneity 异质性heterogeneous 异质的heterogeneous group 异质群体heterogeneous grouping 异质群体heterogeneous reinforcement 异质强化heterogeneous summation 异质总合heterogenesis 异代生殖heterogenetic 异代生殖的heterogeny 异代生殖heterography 书写异常heterolalia 异语症heterologous 异种的heterologous stimulus 异种刺激heteromorphosis 畸形heteronomous 异律的heteronomous morality 他律性道德heteronomous stage 他律期heteronomous superego 他律性超我heteronomy 他律heteronymous hemianopsia 异名偏盲heteropathy 反应性异常heterophasis 错语症heterophobia 异性恐怖症heterophonia 发声异常heterophoria 隐斜视heterophthalmia 两眼异常heterophthongia 言语异常heteroplasia 发育异常heteropsia 两眼不等视heteropsychologic 异常心理的heteroptics 视觉异常heterosex 异性爱heterosexual 异性的heterosexual anxiety 异性焦虑heterosexual period 异性期heterosexual stage 异性恋期heterosexuality 异性恋heterosmia 嗅觉异常heterostereotype 异己刻板印象heterosuggestion 他人暗示heterosynaptic facilitation 异突触易化heterotopia 异位heterotrophia 营养异常heterotropia 斜视heterozygosis 异型接合heterozygote 异卵合子heterozygote 异型接合子heterozygotic twin 异卵孪生子heuristic 启发式的heuristic method 启发法heuristic models 启发性模式heuristic models of teaching 启发式教学法heuristics 启发法Hewson ratio 休森比率Heywood case 赫武德个案hibernation 冬眠Hick Hyman law 希克海曼定律hidden figure 隐藏图形Hidden Figure Test 藏图测验藏图测验hidden observer 秘密观察者hidden observer phenomenon 隐蔽观察者现象hidden cue situation 隐示情境hierarchical agglomerative method 集结层序聚类分析法hierarchical cluster analysis 层序聚类分析hierarchical communication 层序沟通hierarchical control system 等级控制系统hierarchical design 层序设计hierarchical feature analyzer 层序特征分析器hierarchical group factor theory 等级群体因素说hierarchical method 层序法hierarchical model 层系模型hierarchical network model 层次网络模型hierarchical organization 层次组织hierarchical relationship 等级关系hierarchical theory of needs 需要层次论需求层次论hierarchical tree structure 分层枝状结构分层枝状结构hierarchy 层次hierarchy 等级hierarchy in business organization 企业组织中的层次hierarchy of function 机能层次hierarchy of moral behavior 道德行为等级hierarchy of motives 动机层次hierarchy of needs 需要层次hierarchy of needs theory 需要层次理论需求层次论hierarchy of personality 人格层hierarchy structure theory of intelligence 智力层次结构理论hierophobia 宗教恐怖症high altitude flight 高空飞行high amplitude sucking technique 高振幅吸吮技术high birthweight infant 出生高体重儿high correlation 高相关high dream 陶醉的梦high frequency transduction 高频传导high myopia 高度近视high risk group 高危人群high school 中学High School Personality Questionnaire 中学人格问卷high temperature 高温high words 怒气冲冲higher education 高等教育higher form of scientific generalization 高级形式的科学概括higher mental process 高级心理过程higher nervous activity 高级神经活动高级神经活动higher olfactory center 高级嗅觉中枢higher order conditioning 高级条件作用高层制约作用higher order conditioning reflex 高级条件反射higher synthesis 高级综合higher order factor 高阶因素higher order needs 较高层次需要highest audible tone 最高可听音highway hypnosis 公路催眠highway hypnosis accident 公路催眠事故highway safety 公路安全high altitude flight 高空飞行high grade defective 轻度心智缺陷high strung 神经兴奋型的high tone deafness 高音聋hindbrain 后脑hindrance 障碍hip 情绪低落hip breadth 臀宽hip circumference 臀围hip depth 臀厚hippie movement 嬉皮运动hippocampal commissure 海马连合hippocampal cortex 海马皮层hippocampal formation 海马结构hippocampal gyrus 海马回hippocampus 海马Hippocrates theory of humor 希波克拉底体液说Hippocrates theory of temperament types 希波克拉底气质类型理论Hipp s chronoscope 希普计时器hips 臀部hipsterism 颓废派Hiskey Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude 希内二氏学习能力测验Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 拉美行为科学杂志histamine 组胺histiocyte 组织细胞histochemistry 组织化学histocompatibility 组织适合性histogenesis 组织发生histogram 直方图histological anatomy 组织解剖学histological stain 组织染色素histology 组织学histoneurology 神经组织学histophysiology 组织生理学historical development 种族发生historical materialism 历史唯物主义historical method 历史法historical psychology 历史心理学historical research 历史性研究historical rudiment 历史痕迹historical succession 历史演替history of psychology 心理学史histrionic muscles 表情肌histrionic personality 剧化型人格histrionic personality disorder 剧化型人格异常hit 击中hit the bottle 酗酒HMG 人绝经期促性腺激素HNTLAhoard 贮藏hoarding behavior 贮藏行为hoarding character 囤积性格hoarding orientation 囤积取向hobbledehoy 青少年hobby 癖好hodophobia 旅行恐怖症Hoffding step 海弗丁步骤Hofler illusion 霍夫勒错觉hold back 阻止hold down 抑制holdback 阻碍物holder 固定器hole in the pattern 模式短缺hole screen 减光屏holergasia 重性精神病holiday syndrome 假日综合症holism 整体论holistic 整体的holistic analysis 整体分析holistic approach 整体研究holistic health 整体健康holistic psychology 整体心理学holistic recognition 整体性识别holistic dynamic psychology 整体动力心理学hollow pith 髓Holme and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale 社会再调整评定量表Holmes method 霍姆斯法Holmes s degeneration 霍姆斯变性Holmgren s test 霍姆格伦彩线试验hologenesis 泛生说hologram 全息照相holograph 手迹holophrase 单词语holophrastic 单字复义语holophrastic speech 单字语holophrastic stage 单字期holotonia 全身肌强直Holtzman inkblot technique 贺茨曼墨迹方法Holtzman Inkblot Test 贺茨曼墨迹测验Homans s systems theory 霍曼斯系统理论home accidents 家庭事故home advantage 主场优势home education 家庭教育home environment 家庭环境home for juvenile training and education 少年教养院home inventory 家庭调查表home setting of emotionality 家庭感情气氛home visiting 家访Homen s syndrome 霍曼综合症homeostasis 恒定性homeostasis 内衡状态homeostatic 内衡的homeostatic control 稳态控制homeostatic drive 内衡驱力homeostatic index 内衡指标homeostatic mechanism 稳态机制homeostatic principle 均衡原则homeostatic system 自体调节系统home educational psychology 家庭教育心理学home sickness 思乡病homichlophobia 雾恐怖症homicidal 杀人的homicidal behavior 嗜杀行为homicide 杀人homicidomania 杀人狂homiculture 积极优生学homilophobia 说教恐怖症homing 归巢homing behavior 返回行为homing instinct 返巢本能hominids 人种homo 人属homo sapiens 人类homoactive hyper suggestibility 等作用超易受暗示性homocarnosine 高肌肽homochronous 同期的homocystinuria 高胱氨酸尿症homoeroticism 同性恋homogamy 同族通婚homogeneity 同质性homogeneity assumption 同质假设homogeneity of universe 整体同质性homogeneity of variance 方差同质性homogeneity test 同质性检验homogeneous 同质的homogeneous group 同质团体homogeneous reinforcement 同质强化homograph 同形异义字homoiostasis 内环境稳定homoiostasis 体内平衡homoiotherm 温血动物homoiothermic animal 温血动物homoiothermism 温度调节homologous 类似的homologous chromosomes 同染色体homologous organs 类似器官homologous stimulus 适宜刺激物homologous theory 同源论homologous variation 同源变异homology 同源性homomorphism 同态homonym 同音异义字homonymous hemianopsia 同名半盲homophobia 同性恋恐怖症homophone 同音homoscedasticity 同方差性homosexual 同性homosexual marriage 同性婚homosexual period 同性期homosexual person 同性恋者homosexual stage 同性阶段homosexuality 同性恋homostasis 同态homosynaptic inhibition 同源性突触抑制homotropic inheritance 获得性遗传homozygosis 同型接合homozygote 同卵合子homozygote 同型接合子homunculus 侏儒honesty 诚实Honesty Test 诚实测验Honi phenomenon 霍尼错视现象honor system 荣誉制度hope 希望hopelessness 绝望Hopkins Symptom Checklist 贺普金斯症状检核表hopping reaction 跳跃反射Horan s model 霍然模式horizontal association 水平联想horizontal bar chart 横条图horizontal cell 水平细胞horizontal communication 平行沟通horizontal differentiation of organization 组织的横向分化horizontal disparity 水平视差horizontal group 水平群体horizontal growth 水平成长horizontal inventory 水平式量表horizontal line of sight 水平视线horizontal loyalty 平行效忠horizontal mobility 横向流动horizontal plane 水平面horizontal process 水平过程horizontal relationship 水平关系horizontal sampling 水平抽样horizontal social distance 横向社会距离横向社会距离horizontal social mobility 横向社会流动横向社会流动horizontal transfer 水平迁移horizontal vibration 水平振动horizontal work space 水平面作业horizontal vertical illusion 横竖错觉horme 本能horme 渴求hormesis 毒物刺激作用hormic 策动的hormic psychology 策动心理学hormic theory 策动论hormonal 激素的hormonal control 激素控制hormonal regulation 激素调节hormonal system 内分泌系统hormone 荷尔蒙hormone 激素hormone receptor 激素受体hormone therapy 激素疗法hormone types 激素类型hormonogenesis 激素生成hormonology 内分泌学hormonoprivia 激素缺乏hormonosis 激素过多症hormonotherapy 内分泌疗法hormothyrin 促甲状腺激素Horn Art Aptitude Inventory 贺恩美术能力倾向量表Horner s law 荷氏定律Horney s theory of basic anxieties 霍妮基本焦虑理论horopter 视野单像区horopter 双眼单视界horopter circle 双眼单视界圆horror 恐怖horror autotoxicosis 恐惧自身中毒horror fiction 恐怖小说horse racing model 赛马模式Hortega method 霍特加法Hortega s cell 霍特加氏细胞Hortega s cell 小神经胶质细胞hospital 医院hospital discharge 出院hospital psychiatry 医院精神医学hospitalismus 住院癖hospitalization 住院治疗host 宿主hostage 人质hostageship 充当人质hostile aggression 敌对性攻击hostility 敌意hot information 最新消息hot line 热线hot material 强放射性物质hot spot 热点Hotelling T square test 赫特灵T平方检验hot tempered 性急的hourly wage 按时计酬housebound housewife syndrome 居家主妇综合症household 家庭household interview 家庭访问household systems 家的制度housewife s neurosis 主妇型神经官能症主妇型神经官能症housewife s syndrome 主妇综合症housework 家务劳动House Tree Person Technique 屋树人技术House Tree Person Test 屋树人测验Howard Dolman depth perception apparatus 霍华德多尔曼深度知觉仪HP 人性潜力HPG 人垂体促性腺激素HRP 下丘脑调节性多肽HTP 屋树人技术hue 色调hue circle 色相环hue constancy 色调常性hull 外壳human 人human ability 人的能力human action 人类行动human affections 性善情恶论性善情恶论human approach 人类探讨human associative memory 人的联想记忆human associative memory model 人的联想记忆模型human behavior school 人类行为学派human behavioral rhythms 人的行为节律human biological rhythm 人类生物节律人类生物节律human biology 人类生物学human courtship patterns 人类求偶模式人类求偶模式human criteria 人的判据human cytogenetics 人体细胞遗传学human desires 存理灭欲说human development 人类发展human ecology 人类生态学human embryology 人体胚胎学human engineering 人体工程学human engineering laboratory 人类工程学实验室human error 人的误差human ethology 人类习性学human factor 人的因素human factor data 人的因素数据human factor engineering 人类因素工程学human factor psychology 人的因素心理学human figures drawing 人像描绘human finitude 人的极限human genetics 人类遗传学human information processing 人类信息加工human instructor 教师human intellect 人的理智human knowledge 人的认识human longevity 人的寿命human machine compatibility 人机相容性human memory 人类记忆human menopausal gonadotropin 人绝经期促性腺激素human nature 人性human nature changes 人性变化human needs 人类需要human operator 人操作者human organism 人类有机体human paleoanthropology 古人类学human performance 人的业绩Human performance 人类绩效human performance reliability 人的操作可靠性human physiology 人体生理学human pituitary gonadotropin 人垂体促性腺激素human potential 人性潜力human potential movement 人类潜能运动human pride 人类自尊human relation 人的关系human relations approach 人群关系理论人关理论human relations movement 人群关系运动human relations training 人际关系训练人际关训练human relations views 人际关系观点human relations views of conflict 冲突的人际关系观点human reliability 人的可靠性human resources 人力资源human resources planning 人力资源计划人力资源计划human resources utilization 人力资源利用human right 人权human science 人文科学human skills 人际技能human society 人类社会human sociobiology 人类社会生物学human system characteristics 人的系统特性human thinking 人类思维human time lag 人的时间延迟human transfer function 人的传递函数人的传递函数human understanding 人的理解力human will 人的意志humanism 人本主义理论humanistic 人本主义的humanistic community 人本社会humanistic feeling 人道主义情感humanistic psychology 人本主义心理学人本主义心理学humanistic psychotherapy 人本主义心理治疗humanistic study 人文科学humanistic theory 人本主义理论humanistic therapy 人本主义心理治疗人本治疗法humanistic existential therapy 人本存在主义心理治疗humanitarian 人道主义者humanitarianism 人道主义humanity 人性humankind 人类human computer conversation 人机对话人机对话human computer interaction 人机相互作用Human Computer Interaction 人与计算机相互作用human factor engineering evaluation 人因素工效评定human growth movement 人性成长运动人性成长运动human machine engineering 人机工程学人机工程学human problem of industrial civilization 工业文明中的人的问题humidity 湿度humiliation 羞辱humility 谦逊humor 体液humor 幽默humoral 体液的humoral regulation 体液调节humoral selection 体液分泌humoral stimulus 体液性刺激humoral transmission 体液传递humoral transmitter 体液传递介质humoural theory 体液理论humouralism 体液学说Humphrey s effect 汉弗莱效应hunger 饥饿hunger center 饥饿中心hunger contraction 饥饿收缩hunger drive 饥驱力hunger pain 饥饿痛hunger pang 阵发饥饿感Huntington s chorea 亨廷顿舞蹈症Hunt s disease 亨特病Hurler s disease 胡尔勒氏症Hutchinson Gilford disease 早老性侏儒症hyalophagia 食玻璃癖hybrid 混血儿hydrargyromania 汞中毒性精神病hydraulic model of action specific energy 行为特异能的水力模型hydriatrics 水疗法hydriatrist 水疗法派hydroadipsia 不渴症hydrocephalus 脑积水hydrodipsomania 剧渴性癫狂hydrophobia 恐水症hydrophobia 狂犬病hydrostatic pressure 液静压hydrotherapy 水疗hydroxydopamine 羟多巴胺hydroxylase 羟化酶hydroxytryptamine 羟色胺hygeiophrontis 疑病症hygiene 卫生学hygiene factor 保健因素hygrophobia 潮湿恐怖症hylogenesis 物质生成hylomorphic nature 身心二元性hylophobia 森林恐怖症hylozoism 万物有生论hypacusia 听觉减退hypadrenia 肾上腺机能减退hypaesthesia 触觉减退hypalgesia 痛觉迟钝hypalgia 痛觉减退hypanakinesia 运动机能减退hypengyophobia 责任恐怖症hyperactive 活动过强的hyperactivity 多动性hyperactivity syndrome 过动综合症hyperacusia 听觉过敏hyperacusis 听觉过敏hyperadiposis 肥胖过度hyperadrenalismus 肾上腺机能亢进hyperaffectivity 情感过强hyperakusis 听觉过敏hyperalgesia 痛觉过敏hyperandrogenism 雄激素过多症hyperaphia 触觉过敏hyperbulia 意志过强hyperchromatopsia 色视症hypercolumn 超柱状体hypercomplex 超复杂的hypercomplex cell 超复杂细胞hypercoria 易饱症hypercorrection 矫枉过正hypercorticalismus 肾上腺皮质机能亢进hypercrinaemia 内分泌过多hypercrinismus 内分泌过多hypercritical 过于苛严的hypercryalgesia 冷觉过敏hyperdipsia 剧渴hyperemotivity 情感过强hyperendocrinism 内分泌过多hyperenergia 精力过盛hyperepinephry 肾上腺机能亢进hyperequilibrium 平衡觉过敏hypererethisia 兴奋过度hyperergasia 活动力过强hyperergia 超反应性hyperergy 超反应性hyperesthesia 感觉过敏hyperestrinaemia 雌激素过多血症hyperestrinemia 血雌激素过多hyperevolutism 发育过度hyperexcitability 超兴奋性hyperexcitation 兴奋过度hyperfunction 机能亢进hyperfunctioning 机能亢进hypergasia 活动力减退hypergenitalismus 性腺机能亢进hypergeusesthesia 味觉过敏hypergeusia 味觉亢进hypergia 变应性减弱hyperglandular 腺机能过强的hyperglycemia 血糖过多hypergnosia 知觉过敏hypergonadism 性腺机能亢进hypergraviation 超重hyperhedonia 快感过盛hyperhormonal 激素过多的hyperhypophysismus 垂体机能亢进hyperingestion 摄食过度hyperinterrenopathy 肾上腺皮质机能亢进病hyperirritability 应激性亢进hyperkinesis 运动过度hyperkinetic 运动过度的hyperkinetic reaction 过动反应hyperkinetic syndrome 多动综合症hyperlexia 阅读早慧hyperlogia 言语过多hypermania 重躁狂hypermetabolism 代谢亢进hypermetamorphosis 思维奔逸hypermetropia 远视hypermetropic astigmatism 远视散光hypermimia 表情过分hypermnesia 超常记忆hypermotility 运动过度hypernea 精神活动亢进hyperneurotization 神经机能加强法hypernoia 精神活动过度hypernormal 超常的hypernutrition 营养过度hyperontomorph 甲状腺机能亢进体型者hyperopia 远视hyperopic astigmatism 远视散光hyperopsia 视力过强hyperorchidismus 睾丸机能亢进hyperorexia 食欲过旺hyperosmia 嗅觉过敏hyperovaria 卵巢机能亢进hyperpallesthesia 振动觉过敏hyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺机能亢进甲状旁腺机能亢进hyperpathia 痛觉过敏hyperphagia 过度摄食hyperphagia 食欲增强hyperphasia 多语症hyperphasia 言语过度hyperphonia 发声过强hyperphrenia 精神兴奋过度hyperpinealismus 松果体机能亢进hyperpituitarism 垂体机能亢进hyperplasia 增生hyperpnea 呼吸亢进hyperpolarization 超极化hyperponesis 皮层运动区活动过度hyperpostpituitary 垂体后叶激素过多hyperpragic 精神活动过度hyperpraxia 活动过度hyperprolanemia 血内促性腺激素过多血内促性腺激素过多hyperprosexia 注意亢进hyperpselaphesia 触觉过敏hyperpsychosis 精神活动亢进hyperpsychosis 意想奔逸hyperquantivalent idea 超价观念hyperreflexia 反射过强hyperresonance 反响过强hypersalivation 唾液分泌过多hypersecretion 分泌过多hypersensitive 过敏的hypersensitiveness 过敏性hypersensitivity 超敏性hypersensitization 超敏感化hypersomatotropism 生长激素分泌过多生长激素分泌过多hypersomia 巨大发育hypersomnia 睡眠过多hypersthenia 体力过盛hypersusceptibility 感受性过强hypersympathicotonus 交感神经张力过敏hypertarachia 神经兴奋性过度hypertension 高血压hyperthermalgesia 热觉过敏hyperthymia 情感增盛hyperthyroidism 甲状腺机能亢进hypertonia 张力亢进hypertonicity 过度紧张hyperventilation 过速呼吸hyper urbanism 矫枉过正hypesthesia 触觉减退hyphedonia 快觉减退hyphephilia 恋丝绸癖hypnagogic 入睡的hypnagogic hallucination 睡前幻觉hypnagogic state 入睡状态hypnalgia 睡眠疼痛hypnoanalysis 催眠分析hypnoanesthesia 催眠麻醉hypnocatharsis 催眠疏泄hypnocinematograph 睡眠动作记录仪hypnodontia 牙科催眠术hypnodrama 催眠演戏hypnody 昏睡hypnogenesis 催眠hypnoid 催眠样的hypnoid state 催眠样状态hypnoidal 催眠样的hypnoidization 催眠样状态hypnolepsy 发作性睡病hypnologist 催眠学家hypnology 催眠学hypnonarcoanalysis 催眠麻醉精神分析催眠麻醉精神分析hypnonarcosis 催眠麻醉hypnophobia 恐入睡症hypnopompic 觉醒前的hypnopompic hallucination 醒前幻觉hypnopompic image 觉醒前意象hypnopompic state 朦胧状态hypnosia 嗜睡症hypnosis 催眠。

荒原(中英文)—— T.S.Eliot

'That corpse you planted last year in your garden,
'Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year?
'Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed?
'O keep the Dog far hence, that's friend to men,
documentssightaskedmedemoticfrenchcannonstreethotelfollowedviolethourwhenbackturnupwardfromdeskwhenhumanenginewaitsliketaxithrobbingwaiting不真实的城在冬日正午的棕黄色雾下尤金尼迪先生斯莫纳的商人没有刮脸口袋里塞着葡萄干托运伦敦免费见款即交的提单他讲着俗劣的法语邀请我到加农街饭店去吃午餐然后在大都会去度周末
I will show you fear in a handfull of dust.
Frish weht der Wind
Der Heimat zu
Mein Irisch Kind,
Wo weilest du?
'You gave me hyacinths first a year ago;
They called me the hyacinth girl.'
With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade,
And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten
And drank coffee, and talked for an hour.

网络游戏动机量表在中国大学生中的初步修订

网络游戏动机量表在中国大学生中的初步修订张锦涛1，陈超1，刘凤娥2，3，赵会春3，王燕*，方晓义２(1.北京师范大学认知神经科学与学习国家重点实验室，北京100875；2.北京师范大学发展心理研究所，北京100875；3.中央财经大学心理咨询中心，北京100815)【摘要】目的：引进Yee 编制的网络游戏动机量表，在大学生网络游戏玩家中进行初步修订和信效度检验。

方法：采用整群取样的方法从北京市三所高校共收集到1523名大学生网络游戏玩家对其进行网络游戏动机量表的施测；并比较网络游戏长时、短时两组，及男、女被试在网络游戏动机量表得分上的差异。

结果：①验证性因素分析结果支持量表的二阶三因子结构，χ2/df =9.22，RMSEA=0.09，NFI=0.94，IFI=0.94，CFI=0.94；②总量表及成就、社交、沉浸三个二阶因子的内部一致性系数分别为0.94，0.87，0.87，和0.85；一个月后的重测信度依次为0.88，0.86，0.88，和0.73；③t 检验结果发现网络游戏长时组和短时组在量表的10个一阶因子和3个二阶因子的得分均存在显著差异(ts 为2.47-7.76)；在除个性化外的9个一阶因子和3个二阶因子上的得分均存在显著的性别差异(ts 为4.43-12.16)。

结论：修订后的网络游戏动机量表具有良好的信效度，可以作为我国大学生网络游戏动机研究的工具。

【关键词】网络游戏动机量表；信度；效度；中国大学生中图分类号:R395.1文献标识码:A文章编号:1005-3611(2013)01-0013-04Psychometric Properties of Online Game MotivationalUse Scale Among Chinese College StudentsZ ＨＡＮＧJin-tao ，C ＨＥＮChao ，L ＩＵFeng-e ，Z ＨＡＯHui-chun ，et alState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning ，Beijing Normal University ，Beijing 100875，Ｃhina【Abstract 】Objective:To evaluate psychometric properties of Motivations for Play in Online Game Scale in Chinesecollege students.Methods:A sample of 1523online game users among Chinese college students in Beijing was adminis 鄄trated the OGMUS.Results:①Confirmative factor analysis showed the scale has three second order factors structures and good construct validity,χ2/df =9.22,RMSEA=0.09,NFI=0.94,IFI=0.94,CFI=0.94;②The whole scale and three second or 鄄der factors had high internal consistency,all alpha coefficients were 0.94,0.87,0.87,and 0.80respectively.The retest re 鄄liability coefficients of the whole scale and three higher factors were 0.88,0.86,0.88,and 0.73;③A series of t tests showed there were significant difference on the whole scale and all factors scores between online game user group of those who spent longer time on game and another group who spent shorter time on game.Meanwhile,there were significant dif 鄄ference between the whole scale and all factors but customization between boy gamer and girl gamer.Conclusion:The Motivations for Play in Online Game Scale is a reliable and valid instrument,and is suitable for the use in future studies on the online game motivations of Chinese college students.【Key words 】Motivations for play in online game scale ；Reliability ；Validity ；Chinese college students【基金项目】国家自然科学基金（31170990，81100992）及北京师范大学青年基金(248-105101)资助通讯作者：张锦涛*中国地质大学心理咨询中心根据中国互联网信息中心（CNNIC ）2009年公布的调查报告，中国大型网络游戏用户达到近7000万人，其中10-29岁年龄段群体的比例高达81.6%，青少年已是中国最大的网络游戏群体[1]。

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FarsightedStabilityinHedonicGamesE¤rosyniDiamantoudi¤andLicunXue¤November2000

AbstractWeinvestigatehowrationalindividualspartitionthemselvesintodi¤erentcoalitionsin“hedonicgames”[seeBanerjee,KonishiandSön-mez(1998)andBogomolnaiaandJackson(2000)],whereindividuals’preferencesdependsolelyonthecompositionofthecoalitiontheybelongto.Weshowthatthefoursolutionconceptsstudiedintheliterature(core,Nashstability,individualstabilityandcontractualindividualstability)exhibitmyopiaonthepartoftheplayers.Weamendthesenotionsbyendowingplayerswithforesightinthattheylookmanystepsaheadandconsideronlycredibleoutcomes.Weshowtheexistenceandstudythepropertiesofthenewsolutions,aswellastheirrelationtothepreviousnotions.JournalofEconomicLiteratureClassi…cationNumber:C71.Keywords:Hedonicgames,Coalitionstructures,Foresight.

1IntroductionThesigni…canceofcoalitionformationismanifestedthroughitspresenceinmanyfacetsofoureconomic,political,andsociallifeaswellasbythenumerousstudiesattemptingtomodelit.Theplethoraofe¤ortshighlightsthecomplexitiesembeddedintheprobleminquestion.Inordertocircumventsomeofthesecomplexities,theproblemofcoalitionformationisoftenlimitedtospeci…ccontextswithmorestructuredpreferences,orpayo¤distributions

¤WewouldliketothanktheseminaraudienceattheUniversityofCopenhagenfor

usefulcomments.BothauthorsareattheDepartmentofEconomics,UniversityofAarhus,Building350,DK-8000AarhusC.,Denmark.Emailaddressesarefaye@econ.au.dkandLXue@econ.au.dkrespectively.

1orevenconstrainedcoalitionformationoptions.Undersuchrestrictions,itisoftenpossibletostudymoree¤ectivelyvarioussolutionconceptsandtheirproperties.Inthisspirit,westudycoalitionformationinhedonicgames,thatis,insituationswhereindividuals’preferencesdependsolelyonthecompositionofthecoalitiontheybelongto.Thehedonicaspectinplayers’preferenceswasoriginallyintroducedbyDrézeandGreenberg(1980)inacontextconcerninglocalpublicgoods,whereagents’preferencesdependontheirconsumptionofthepublicgoodaswellasthecoalitiontheybelongedto.However,thehedonicaspecttranscendsthelocalpublicgoodscontextandspansoveramuchgreaterareaofeconomicsandsociology.Theformationofsocieties,communities,socialclubsandgroupsarejustafewcaseswherethehedonicaspectisthecentralelementsteeringtheirstructure.Recently,severalworksconcentrateonthehedonicnotionanditsimplica-tionsinamoregeneralframework.Notably,Banerjee,KonishiandSönmez(1998)andBogomolnaiaandJackson(2000)introducedtheafore-mentionedpurehedonicgames.Variousexistingaswellasnewsolutionconceptsareappliedtohedonicgamesandtheirrenditionisstudied.TheCore,identi…escoalitionstructuresthatareimmunetoanybene…cialcoalitionaldeviation,addressing,situationswherecoalitionaldeviationsarefeasibleandcostless.However,inasigni…cantnumberofsituationscoalitionaldeviationsarenotviable,eitherbecauseofinstitutional(legalorphysical)constraintsorsimplybecauseagentsarenotabletocoordinatetheiractions,especiallyincaseswheretheentiresetofagentsisratherlarge.Insuchinstancessolutionscon-ceptsthatconsideronlyindividualdeviationsarewarranted.NashStabilityidenti…escoalitionstructureswherenoplayerwishestomigratetoanothercoalitioninthestructure.Suchananalysisisrelevantinsituationswherenopermissionisrequiredtojoinanewcoalition,asimpleexamplebeingthatofmovingfromonecitytoanother.IndividualStabilityexaminesnotonlythepreferencesofthemigratingplayerbutalsothepreferencesofthecoalitionthisplayerplanstojoin,acoalitionstructuretherefore,isnotin-dividuallystableifsomeplayerwishestomigratetoanothercoalitionwhereheisnothurtful.Anysituationwhereanindividualishiredbyabusiness

2entity(acoalition),andthusisallowedtojointhem,servesasanexamplewhereindividualstabilityisamoreappropriatenotion.Lastly,evenstrongeristhenotionofContractualIndividualStabilitythatrequiresthepermissionoftheoriginalcoalitiontoallowaplayertomigrate,inthesensethattheyarenothurtbythedepartureofthismember.Inthespiritofthepreviousexample,considerthecasewherethenewlyhiredemployeehasto…rstbreakhiscontractwithhispreviousemployer.Unfortunately,mostoftheafore-mentionednotionsdonotalwaysprovideananswereventosimpleproblemsaswewillillustratelaterinthissection.Therefore,restrictionsonplayers’preferencesneedtobemadetoguaranteetheexistenceofdi¤erentsolutions.Inparticular,Banerjee,KonishiandSönmez(1998)studytheCoreinhedonicgames.Theyde…nethetopcoalitionproperty,apropertythatim-posesadegreeofcommonalityonplayers’preferences,whileitguaranteesthenon-emptinessoftheCore.Themotivationforsuchapropertyisservedfromtwoperspectives:(i)themultiplicityofeconomicapplications,someofwhichareformallypresentedinthepaper,wherethepropertynaturallyholds,and(ii)thepossibilityofanemptyCore,illustratedthroughexam-ples,evenwhenstrongassumptionssuchasadditiveseparability,anonymityorsinglepeakednessareimposed.BogomolnaiaandJackson(2000)studyprimarilyindividuallystablecoalitionstructuresinhedonicgamesandtheyproposetheconditionoforderedcharacteristics–aconditionthatbuildsonsinglepeakedpreferences-andconsistencytoguaranteetheexistenceofindividuallystablecoalitionstructuresandpartiallytheire¢ciency,whileitprovidesanalgorithmtoidentifyweaklyParetoe¢cientandindividuallystablecoalitionstructures.Analogously,themotivationfortheconditionstemsfromexamplessatisfyingalreadystrongassumptionswhereindividu-allystablecoalitionstructuresdonotexist.Thisprojectattemptstobuildonsuchendeavors,extendingtheexistinganalysisbyidentifyingandrectifyingsomeproblemsassociatedwiththesolutionconceptsused.WhilethemostanalyzedproblemconcerningtheCoreisits“frequent”emptiness,thenotionhasalsobeingcriticizedfortheeasinesswithwhichitdiscardsfeasibleoutcomes-whichoftenresultstoemptiness.Inparticular,anoutcomeisexcludedfromtheCorebecausea