定语从句精讲精练

英语语法复习--- 定语从句

一、定语从句的概念

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

二、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

三、定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

四、关系代词的用法

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.（that作主语）

The coat （that）I put on the desk is blue.（that作宾语）

2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.（作主语）

The film （which）we saw last night was wonderful. （作宾语）

3.who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.（作主语）

Who is the teacher （whom）Li Ming is talking to？（作宾语）

注意：

（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：

This is the house in which we lived last year.

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.

（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：

This is the person whom you are looking for.

（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：

The city that she lives in is very far away.

4. Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, ), 例如：

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

注意：whose + n. = the + n. + of which / whom = of which / whom + the + n.

The house whose windows face south is mine.

= The house the windows of which face south is mine.

= The house of which the windows face south is mine.

五．关系副词的用法

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1）when, where, why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

注意：当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.

I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.

His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.

His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.

判断改错

（）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

（）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

（）This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

（）I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

六．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：

This is the telegram which he refers to.

Is there anything (that) I can do for you?

2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.

As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.

注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和where，不可以用that和why。

3．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which 或as来引导。如：He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.

注：as引导非限制性定语从句,通常先行词为整个句子,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语，用来代表主句所表达的意思它引导的定语从句可位于主句之前,句子之中，主句之后。Which只能在句后，而且as有“正如”，“就象”义；而which 一般强调主句所产生的结果。

As is known to us all, Taiwan is part of China. =Taiwan is part of China, as / which is known to us all.

常用的：as is known to all，as it is，as is often the case，as is said above，as already mentioned above，as is reported in the news paper，see，expect。

七．关系词的选择

1. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：

(1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如：

All that can be done has been done.

In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.

(2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：

We heard clearly every word that he said.

(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：

The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.

When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.

(4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容

词最高级同时修饰时，如：

Is that the best that you can do?

That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.

This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.

(5) 当先行词被the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如：