外文翻译---驱动桥的设计

附录

Drive axle powertrain at the end of their basic function is to increase the transmission came from the drive shaft or torque, and a reasonable distribution of power to the left and right wheel, in addition to acting on the road and under the frame or body legislation between the vertical, longitudinal and lateral force. General from the main drive axle reducer, differential, gear wheels and drive axle housings and other components.

The design of the Drive axle:

Drive axle should be designed to meet the basic requirements are as follows:

1. Select the main reduction ratio should be able to ensure the car has the best power and fuel economy.

2. Smaller size, to ensure that the necessary ground clearance.

3. Gear and other pieces of the work of a smooth transmission,and small noise.

4. In a variety of speed and load with a high transmission efficiency.

5. In ensuring adequate strength and stiffness conditions, should strive for the quality of small, especially under the mass-spring should be as small as possible in order to improve vehicle ride comfort.

6. And suspension movement-oriented coordination of steering drive axle, but also with the coordination of steering movement.

7. The structure of simple, good processing, manufacturing, easy disassembly, to facilitate adjustment.

Drive axle classification

At non-drive axle disconnect disconnect-style-type with two broad categories.

1. Non-disconnect-type drive axle

Non-disconnect-type drive axle also known as integrated drive axle, the axle casing and the main shaft reducer with shell shell and connected to a rigid beam, which on both sides of the axle and wheel related to swing through the flexible connected with the frame components. It consists of drive axle housing 1, the main reducer, differential and axle components.

2. disconnect-type drive axle.

Drive the use of independent suspension bridge, that is the main reducer shell fixed

on the vehicle chassis, on both sides of the axle and wheel in the horizontal plane as opposed to relative movement of the body is referred to as drive off the bridge.

In order to match with independent suspension, the main reducer shell fixed at the frame (or body), the drive axle housing sub connected through the hinge, or in addition to the main reducer shell outside the shell is no longer driven to other parts of the bridge. Wheel in order to meet the needs of independent jump up and down, between the differential and the wheel axle of the above connection between the use of universal joints.

Drive axle components

Driven mainly by the main bridge reducer, differential, axle and drive axle housings and other components.

1. Main reducer assembly

Used to change the main drive reducer general direction, to reduce speed and increase torque, and ensure there is sufficient car drivers and the appropriate speed skin. More types of the main reducer, a single-stage, dual-class, two-speed, such as Wheel Speed Reducer.

1) single-stage main reducer

Reduction gear by a slowdown in the realization of the devices, called single-stage reducer. Its structure is simple, light weight, such as Dongfeng BQl090 type light and medium-sized trucks on a wide range of applications.

2) two-stage main reducer

Larger number of heavy-duty trucks, require a larger reduction ratio, the main use of a single-stage reducer drive, moving from gear to be larger in diameter will affect the drive axle of the ground clearance, so the use of two slowdown. Often referred to as two-stage reducer. There are two sets of two-stage reduction gear reducer, speed the realization of the two by twisting.

In order to enhance the meshing gear pair taper and strength of a smooth, slow down the first-class pair of spiral bevel gear is. Gears 2 is inclined gear teeth due to prop.

Take the initiative to rotate bevel gear, gear driven rotary driven round silver, thus completing a slowdown. Active second stage cylindrical gear reducer and the driven bevel gear coaxial with the rotation, and drive gear driven rotating cylinder, a second-class speed. Due to the driven gear mounted on the cylindrical shell on the

differential, so that when the driven gear rotating cylinder, through the differential and drive axle that is, the rotation of the wheels.

2. Differential

Differential is designed to connect the axle around, on both sides of the wheels can rotate at different angular torque transfer at the same time. To ensure the normal scroll wheel. Some multi-bridge-driven cars, in the sub-actuator type or in the transmission through the shaft is also equipped with a differential, known as the bridge between the differential. Its role is to turn in the car or on uneven road surface, so that drive wheels before and after the differential between the role.

At present, China-made cars and other types of vehicles in the basic use of symmetric ordinary differential bevel gear. Symmetric by the planetary bevel gear differential gear, axle gears, planetary gear axis (cross-axis or a direct-axis) and the differential composition of the shell and so on.

At present the majority of planetary gear-type motor vehicles using differential and ordinary differential bevel gear cone by two or four planet gears, planetary gear shaft, the two cone axle differential gear, and about the composition of the shell and so on.

3.Auto semi-axle

Axle is the differential torque and then came to the wheels, drive wheels spin, promote the solid axle car. As a result of the installation of wheel structure, and the forces of the axle are also different. Therefore, divided into full-floating axle, semi-floating, 3 / 4, three types of floating.

1) full-floating axle

Generally large and medium-sized used car floating the whole structure. Axle with the inner end of the spline axle with the differential gear connected to the outer end of the axle forging a flange with bolts and wheel hub to connect. Wheel away from the more distant of two tapered roller bearings for the text on the axle casing. Rear axle shell casing pressure and one pair to form the drive axle housing. Supporting the use of such forms, axle and axle housing no direct link so that only bear the drive axle torque without bearing any moment, the axle referred to as "full-floating" axle. The so-called "floating", meaning not subject to bending load axle.

Full-floating axle, the outer end flange plate for one made with the axis. But there are also a number of trucks to make a separate flange parts, and by nested spline outer end in the axle. Thus, at both ends of the axle spline, you can use for the first.

2) semi-floating axle

Semi-floating axle with the inner end of the same floating, not subject to bending and torsion. Away from direct client support through a bearing in the axle of the inner shell. This approach will support the outer end axle bearing moment. Therefore, this short-sleeve in addition to transfer torque, but also to sustain the local moment, it is known as the semi-floating axle. This structure is mainly used in small passenger cars. License Hongqi CA7560 icon for the type of drive axle limousine. Axle from the inner end of its moment, out client has to bear all the moment, so called semi-floating bearing.

3) 3 / 4 floating axle

3 /

4 floating axle is affected by the degree of bending between the short semi-floating and full floating between. At present the application of this type halfshaft few pickup truck only on individual applications such as Warsaw, M20 vehicles.

4. Automobile axle housing:

1) the overall shell-style bridge

Bridge shell due to the overall strength and stiffness performance, ease of main reducer installation, adjustment and maintenance, and are widely used. Integral axle housing due to different manufacturing methods can be divided into the overall foundry type, pressed into the middle of casting steel pipe and welded steel plate, such as stamping.

2) sub-type drive axle housing

Sub-type axle housing will generally be divided into two sections, from two sections of a connecting bolt. Sub-type axle housing casting and processing easier.

驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩，并将动力合理的分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直立、纵向力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。

驱动桥的设计：

驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求：

1.选择的主减速比应能保证汽车具有最佳的动力性和燃料经济性。

2.外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。

3.齿轮及其他传动件工作平稳，噪声小。

4.在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。

5.在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，应力求质量小，尤其是簧下质量应尽量小，以改善汽车平顺性。

6.与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动相协调。

7.结构简单，加工工艺性好，制造容易，拆装、调整方便。

驱动桥的分类

驱动桥分非断开式与断开式两大类。

1．非断开式驱动桥

非断开式驱动桥也称为整体式驱动桥，其半轴套管与主减速器壳均与轴壳刚性地相连一个整体梁，因而两侧的半轴和驱动轮相关地摆动，通过弹性元件与车架相连。它由驱动桥壳1，主减速器，差速器和半轴组成。

2．断开式驱动桥

驱动桥采用独立悬架，即主减速器壳固定在车架上，两侧的半轴和驱动轮能在横向平面相对于车体有相对运动的则称为断开式驱动桥。

为了与独立悬架相配合，将主减速器壳固定在车架（或车身）上，驱动桥壳分段并通过铰链连接，或除主减速器壳外不再有驱动桥壳的其它部分。为了适应驱动轮独立上下跳动的需要，差速器与车轮之间的半轴各段之间用万向节连接。

驱动桥的组成

驱动桥主要由主减速器、差速器、半轴和驱动桥壳等组成。

1．主减速器

主减速器一般用来改变传动方向，降低转速，增大扭矩，保证汽车有足够的驱动力和适当的速皮。主减速器类型较多，有单级、双级、双速、轮边减速器等。

1）单级主减速器

由一对减速齿轮实现减速的装置，称为单级减速器。其结构简单，重量轻，东风BQl090型等轻、中型载重汽车上应用广泛。

2）双级主减速器

对一些载重较大的载重汽车，要求较大的减速比，用单级主减速器传动，则从动齿轮的直径就必须增大，会影响驱动桥的离地间隙，所以采用两次减速。通常称为双级减速器。双级减速器有两组减速齿轮，实现两次减速增扭。

为提高锥形齿轮副的啮合平稳性和强度，第一级减速齿轮副是螺旋锥齿轮。二级齿轮副是斜齿圆柱齿轮。

主动圆锥齿轮旋转，带动从动圆银齿轮旋转，从而完成一级减速。第二级减速的主动圆柱齿轮与从动圆锥齿轮同轴而一起旋转，并带动从动圆柱齿轮旋转，进行第二级减速。因从动圆柱齿轮安装于差速器外壳上，所以，当从动圆柱齿轮转动时，通过差速器和半轴即驱动车轮转动。

2．差速器

差速器用以连接左右半轴，可使两侧车轮以不同角速度旋转同时传递扭矩。保证车轮的正常滚动。有的多桥驱动的汽车，在分动器内或在贯通式传动的轴间也装有差速器，称为桥间差速器。其作用是在汽车转弯或在不平坦的路面上行驶时，使前后驱动车轮之间产生差速作用。

目前国产轿车及其它类汽车基本都采用了对称式锥齿轮普通差速器。对称式锥齿轮差速器由行星齿轮、半轴齿轮、行星齿轮轴（十字轴或一根直销轴）和差速器壳等组成。

目前大多数汽车采用行星齿轮式差速器，普通锥齿轮差速器由两个或四个圆锥行星齿轮、行星齿轮轴、两个圆锥半轴齿轮和左右差速器壳等组成。

3．半轴

半轴是将差速器传来的扭矩再传给车轮，驱动车轮旋转，推动汽车行驶的实心轴。由于轮毂的安装结构不同，而半轴的受力情况也不同。所以，半轴分为全浮式、半浮式、3／4浮式三种型式。

1）全浮式半轴

一般大、中型汽车均采用全浮式结构。半轴的内端用花键与差速器的半轴齿轮相连接，半轴的外端锻出凸缘，用螺栓和轮毂连接。轮毂通过两个相距较远的圆锥滚子轴承文承在半轴套管上。半轴套管与后桥壳压配成一体，组成驱动桥壳。用这样的支承形式，半轴与桥壳没有直接联系，使半轴只承受驱动扭矩而不承受任何弯矩，这种半轴称为“全浮式”半轴。所谓“浮”意即半轴不受弯曲载荷。

全浮式半轴，外端为凸缘盘与轴制成一体。但也有一些载重汽车把凸缘制成单独零件，并借花键套合在半轴外端。因而，半轴的两端都是花键，可以换头使用。

2）半浮式半轴

半浮式半轴的内端与全浮式的一样，不承受弯扭。其外端通过一个轴承直接支承在半轴外壳的内侧。这种支承方式将使半轴外端承受弯矩。因此，这种半袖除传递扭矩外，还局部地承受弯矩，故称为半浮式半轴。这种结构型式主要用于小客车。

图示为红旗牌CA7560型高级轿车的驱动桥。其半轴内端不受弯矩，而外端却要承受全部弯矩，所以称为半浮式支承。

3）3／4浮式半轴

3／4浮式半轴是受弯短的程度介于半浮式和全浮式之间。此式半轴目前应用不多，只在个别小卧车上应用，如华沙M20型汽车。

4．桥壳

1）整体式桥壳

整体式桥壳因强度和刚度性能好，便于主减速器的安装、调整和维修，而得到广泛应用。整体式桥壳因制造方法不同，可分为整体铸造式、中段铸造压入钢管式和钢板冲压焊接式等。

2）分段式驱动桥壳

分段式桥壳一般分为两段，由螺栓1将两段连成一体。分段式桥壳比较易于铸造和加工。