《国际贸易》考试题库及答案(六)

《国际贸易》考试题库及答案

1.Analyze the promotion of the great discoveries of geography and the

industrial revolutions to the international trade.

分析地理大发现的推广和国际贸易工业革命

2.What has changed in the last 20-30 years in international trade?

在过去的20 - 30年中发生的变化在国际贸易吗?

(1)International trade has grown tremendously in the last 30 years,

much faster than global output.

(2)The share of developing economies in world trade has increased

and the share of developed economies has declined.

(3)The share of North-North trade has dropped steadily and the

South-South trade has risen.

(4)World trade is dominated by a few large countries.

(5)The share of manufactured goods in world merchandise trade

increased and the share of agricultural products fall.

(6) Many new products are created and old products are destructed.

(7) Industrialized developed economies and rapidly industrializing

developing economies tend to engage in more intra-industry trade.

Whereas developing economies and LDCs have little intra-industry trade.

(8) Trade in commercial service plays a more important role.

(9) The export of a significant number of countries are diversified

and the export of some resource-rich developing countries are highly concentrated

(10) Asia is the centr a lity in the inter-region trade.

3. Tell the basic doctrine of mercantilism.

告诉重商主义的基本原则。

(1) The wealth of nation is gold and silver

(2) International trade is the main channel to get gold and silver (wealth)

(3) Export is good and import is bad

(4) Emphasizing the role of government

(5)Encouraging to increase population

(6) International trade is zero-sum activity

*https://www.360docs.net/doc/db18237089.html,e the demand curve and supply curve to analyze the economic effects of trade.

用需求曲线和供给曲线来分析贸易对经济的影响。

Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.

Determinants: price, input prices, technology,

expectation…

The law of supply states that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.

5. List several arguments for trade protection.

列举支持贸易保护观点。

5.1 The Infant Industry Argument

Infant industry

The argument asserts that a temporary tariff is justified because it cuts down on imports while the infant domestic industry learns how to produce at low enough costs. Eventually the domestic industry will be able to compete without the help of a tariff.

5.2 Tariff to Increase Employment

If protection is granted to a given industry, demand shifts to the home product because the higher price of the imported good. It induces domestic producers to supply a greater quantity, resulting in the hiring of more domestic labor.

5.3 Offset Foreign Dumping or Subsidy

The antidumping argument is that dumping by foreign firms into the home country is in some sense unfair and constitutes a threat to domestic producers because of the low import price; therefore, a tariff can offset the foreign firm’s unfair price advantage.

A tariff to offset a foreign subsidy is that a foreign

government subsidy awarded to a foreign supplier constitutes unfair trade with the home.

5.4 National Defense

It says that import barriers would help the nation to have or to be ready to produce products that would be important in a future military emergency.

In the event of war or other national emergency, it is highly unlikely that the domestic footwear industry could provide sufficient footwear for the military and civilian population… We won’t be able to wait for ships to deliver shoes from Taiwan, or Korea or Brazil or Eastern Europe…Improper footwear can lead to needless casualties and turn sure victory into possible defeat.

5.5 Core and Per i phery Theory

◆T he international economic system was divided into

two parts.

◆O ld division was the main reason resulting in the

economic fall-behind of developing countries.

◆T he terms-of-trade of developing countries was

worse off.

◆T rade protection was to get rid of

the passive situation.

6.Tell the brief history of trade policy from 15th century.

告诉从15世纪贸易政策的简要历史。

◆15th -18th Century: Mercantilism, protection

◆18th-19th Century: free trade policy

infant industry protection

◆1870s- 1940s: super-protection policy

◆After world war II：free trade policy

1970s:new trade protection

7. There are two types of trade policies: free trade policy and protective trade policy. Which is better?

有两种类型的贸易政策:自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策。哪个更好? Depends on your standpoint立场

◆The whole world? Certain某些nation? Certain group?

◆Economic welfare? Political政治goal? Others?

◆Current当前gain? Long-term goal?

Our view?

8.List the basic principles of general system of preference.

普遍优惠制的基本原则。

①Generalized principle means that developed countries give this

preferential treatment to all the manufactured or semi-manufactured goods from developing countries;

②Non-discriminatory principle means that developed countries

give this treatment to all developing countries without exception;

③Non-reciprocal principle means that developing countries need

not give similar preferential treatment to imports from developed countries.

9. List the different levels of tariff rates.

说明关税税率的不同。

(1) Preferential duties

A present example is the Fourth Lome Convention signed between the EU and 66 ACP (Africa, Caribbean and Pacific) countries in December, 1989

(2) Duties under GSP

General System of Preference (GSP) is a system whereby a large number of developed countries (benefit suppliers) permit entry of imports at a reduced tariff rate from particular developing countries (beneficiary countries).

(3) MFN Duties

Most Favored Nation (MFN) means that the most favorable trade policy

offered by a WTO member must be offered to all other members.

(4) General Duties

General duties are non-MFN tariffs, which are applied to countries that are not granted MFN treatment.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/db18237089.html,e the demand curve and supply curve to analyze the economic effects of a tariff by a small country on the importing country, exporting country and the world as a whole.

用需求曲线和供给曲线分析关税的经济效应上的一个小国家进口的国家,出口的国家和整个世界。

Small country case: price-taker with no effect on the world

In the Free-trade Situation

Effects on Producers

pre trade

P.S.=g

post trade

P.S.=a+g

△P.S.= +a

Effects on Consumers

pre trade

C.S.=a+b+c+d+e+f

post trade

C.S.=e+f

△C.S.=-(a+b+c+d)

Effects on Government

△GOV= +c

The Net Effects on Small Importing Country

△P.S.+ △C.S.+ △GOV

=+a-(a+b+c+e)+c

=-(b+d)

The Net Effects on Exporting Country

Effect on exporting country: zero

Effect on world as whole = - (b + d)

https://www.360docs.net/doc/db18237089.html,e the demand curve and supply curve to analyze the economic effects of a tariff by a large country on the importing country, exporting country and the world as a whole.

用需求曲线和供给曲线来分析由大国关税的经济效应在进口国,出口国家和整个世界。

△P.S.=+a

△C.S.=-(a+b+c+d)

△GOV=c+e

Net national gains= e-(b+d)

So, the large importing country maybe get net gain from imposing a tariff.

Net gain of exporting country = -(e+f)

The whole world =-(b+d+f)

12.Why do protectionists and government officials favor using a quota instead of a tariff?

为什么保护主义者和政府官员支持使用配额而不是关税?

(1) The use of tariff is limited.

(2) A quota ensures that the quantity of imports is strictly limited.

(3) A quota gives government officials greater power.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/db18237089.html,e the demand curve and supply curve to analyze the economic effects of an import quota by a small country on the importing country, exporting country and the world as a whole.

使用需求曲线和供给曲线来分析经济影响进口配额的一个小国家进口国,出口国家和整个世界。

Effects on Importing Country

△P.S.= + a

△C.S.= -(a+b+c+d)

There is a left rectangular area c.

Effects on Importing Country

(1) If the government allocates the import licenses to importers for free, the importers will get the c.

net gain: a-(a+b+c+d) + c= -(b+d)

(2) If the government auctions off the licenses, the government and the importers get the c.

net gain: a-(a+b+c+d) + c = -(b+d)

Effects on Exporting Country

Effect on exporting country: zero

Effect on world as whole = - (b + d)

14. Use the demand curve and supply curve to analyze the economic effects of an import quota by a large country on the importing country, exporting country and the world as a whole.

用需求曲线和供给曲线来分析进口配额的经济影响的大国在进口国,出口国家和整个世界。

Effects on Importing Country

△P.S.= + a

△C.S.= -(a+b+c+d)

There is a left rectangular area c + e.

Effects on Importing Country

(1) If the government allocates the import licenses to importers for free, the importers will get the c+e.

net gain: a-(a+b+c+d) + c+e= e-(b+d)

(2) If the government auctions off the licenses, the government and

the importers get the c+e.

net gain: a-(a+b+c+d) + c = e-(b+d)

Effects on Exporting Country

Net gain of exporting country = -(e+f)

The whole world =-(b+d+f)

15. Use the demand curve and supply curve to analyze the economic effects of an export subsidy by a small country on the exporting country, importing country and the world as a whole.

用需求曲线和供给曲线来分析经济影响上的一个小国家的出口补贴出口的国家,进口国家和整个世界。

Effects on small exporting country

ΔP.S. = e+f+g

ΔC.S. = -(e+f)

ΔGov.= -(f+g+h)

Net effects=-(f+h)