COUNTERACTING AGE STEREOTYPES A
反歧视 课件
ACAS - Gender reassignment (new definition) The Act provides protection for transsexual people. A transsexual person is someone who proposes to, starts or has completed a process to change his or her gender. The Act no longer requires a person to be under medical supervision to be protected – so a woman who decides to live as a man but does not undergo any medical procedures would be covered. It is discrimination to treat transsexual people less favourably for being absent from work because they propose to undergo, are undergoing or have undergone gender reassignment than they would be treated if they were absent because they were ill or injured.
EA 2010 ( Chapter 1) s4 “Protected Characteristics”
Discrimination occurs if one of the ‘9 protected characteristics’ have been engaged by an individual’s behaviour, the act applies outside the realms of employment l‘what is discrimination’
stereotype
All of Americans are very rich
All of Americans like using Iphone as their mobile phone
All of British are a gentleman
Group: Rare Sunny Swift
Rich man
At the mere mention of the British, people always think of the word “Gentleman". Owing to the cultural background, the etiquette is praised highly in Britain. Therefore, the most British men pay great attention to their manners. However, nothing is absolute. Not every British men are a gentleman. Do you hear of the notorious football hooligan, these guys are British who always on the false pretenses of supporting their favorite football team and try to pick a quarrel at home and abroad. What's more, it sometimes cause the loss of life and personal injury. This is a big headache to those countries which will hold the football game. Do you still think all of British are very gentlபைடு நூலகம் now? From these stereotypes ,we can see the subjective definitions is too arbitrary to be accepted formally. We should show the reliable evidences and tell the truth to the different people from different cultures.
怎样克服偏见英文作文
怎样克服偏见英文作文Overcoming prejudice is a challenging task thatrequires an open mind and a willingness to learn from others. It's important to recognize that we all have biases, but it's how we choose to address and overcome them that truly matters.One way to overcome prejudice is to educate ourselves about different cultures, backgrounds, and perspectives. This can be done through reading books, watching documentaries, or engaging in meaningful conversations with people from diverse backgrounds.Another important step is to challenge our own assumptions and stereotypes. It's easy to make quick judgments about others based on their appearance or background, but taking the time to get to know someone on a personal level can help break down these barriers.It's also essential to be mindful of the language weuse and the impact it can have on others. Avoiding derogatory terms and stereotypes can help create a more inclusive and respectful environment for everyone.Building empathy and compassion is crucial in overcoming prejudice. Putting ourselves in someone else's shoes and trying to understand their experiences can help us develop a greater sense of empathy and understanding.Finally, it's important to speak out against prejudice when we see it happening. Whether it's confronting afriend's biased remarks or standing up against discrimination in our communities, taking a stand against prejudice is an important step in creating a more inclusive society.。
工作中的年龄歧视
工作中的年龄歧视(总5页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除工作中的年龄歧视英语专四阅读模拟试题：工作中的年龄歧视Recently, Congressional Democrats introduced legislation to make it easier for older workers to win age discrimination lawsuits. Age discrimination remains a significant workplace issue.In recent ten years, 15.79 percent of cases brought to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, were described as successful claims. While this number is small given the number of workers covered by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, many, if not most, instances of age discrimination are never sued, and cases hiring discrimination often go undetected.Most of those who do sue are white, male middle-managers who are likely to have lost a sizeable salary and pension. For the most part, other groups do not sue because the costs of a lawsuit outweigh the potential benefits. Age discrimination remains a significant workplace issue.There is strong experimental evidence for age discrimination in hiring, at least for entry-level jobs. Recently, I performed a labor market experiment in Boston in which I sent out thousands of resumes for fictitious (虚构的) entry-level female candidates and measured response rate based on date of high school graduation. Among this group, younger applicants, whose date of high school graduation indicated that they were less than 50 years old, were 40 percent more likely to be called back for an interview than were older applicants.It is difficult to tell whether employment problems are worse for older workers than for other workers when times are bad. The number of discrimination lawsuits increases during times of high unemployment, but this finding by itself does not indicate an increased level of age discrimination. In times of higher unemployment, the opportunity cost to a lawsuit is lower than it is when times are good.From the employer's perspective, mass layoffs may seem like a good chance to remove a higher proportion of generally more expensive older workers without the worry of being sued. On the other hand, employers may be less likely to remove protected older workers because' they still fear lawsuits. One thing we do know is that once an older worker loses a job, he or she is much less likely to find a new job than a younger worker is.Unfortunately, the effect of legislation prohibiting age discrimination is not easy to see and may actually be part of the reason it is so difficult for older workers to find employment. If it is more difficult to fire an older worker than a younger worker, a firm will be less likely to want to hire older workers. Indeed, my research finds that in states where workers have longer time to bring a lawsuit claim, older men work fewer weeks per year, are less likely to be hired, and less likely to be fired than men in states where they do not have as much.Not many people would suggest that we go back to a world prior to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, in which advertisements specify the specific ages of people they are willing to hire. However, legislation prohibiting discrimination is no panacea (万灵药). The recent proposed congressional legislation could have both positive and negative effects on potential older workers.1. A lot of cases of age discrimination are not found becauseA. age discrimination law was just introduced recently.B. other discriminated groups don't sue except the whites.C. age discrimination cases are in large quantity and it is difficult to detect all of them.D. many discriminated people don't sue and costs of a lawsuit outweigh potential benefits.2. The labor market experiment in Boston shows thatA. younger male applicants are more likely to be hired than their female counterparts.B. age discrimination is quite common in hiring process.C. the author collected information by interviewing female applicants.D. female applicants who are 50 years old will never have a chance to get a job.3. What may lead to the increase of discrimination lawsuits during times of high unemployment?A. The increase of age discrimination.B. The decrease of age discrimination.C. The decrease of opportunity cost to lawsuits.D. The increase of opportunity cost to lawsuits, .4. From the last paragraph, we learn thatA. employers could specify the ages of people they want to hire in the past.B, all employers recruited workers through advertisement in the past.C. legislation prohibiting discrimination can't free old workers from age discrimination.D. the recent proposed congressional legislation is ineffective.5. The author is __ when he analyzes the age discrimination issue.A. pessimisticB. partialC. objectiveD. doubtful【文章概要】本文讲述了工作中的年龄歧视问题，及就此状况提出了禁止职场中的年龄歧视的法案。
Stereotype
Another
example is about gender difference.We’d like to say boys like robots while girls like dolls,are these thoughts right? Of course not.These are just the stereotype.
STEREOTYPE
Whether
we like it or not, race relations plays a huge part in the political and social lives of people all over the world.
A stereotype is a simplified and standardized concept or image about social groups or individuals. For example, - “All black men are good at sports.” “All foreigners are rich” “Businessmen are dishonests stereotypes on other people or other things, but we have to learn to look at things in objective attitude and do an extensive investigation. Only by doing these can we keep ourselves rational and find the essence of any object rather than reach a hasty conclusion.
英语作文 刻板印象
英语作文刻板印象Title: Breaking Stereotypes。
Stereotypes, ingrained in our minds through various mediums, often lead to misconceptions and prejudice. Despite efforts to promote diversity and inclusion, stereotypes persist in society, affecting individuals and communities. In this essay, we delve into the nature of stereotypes, their impact, and strategies to challenge and break them.Firstly, it's essential to understand what stereotypes are. They are oversimplified beliefs or ideas about people based on their membership in a particular group. These beliefs are often rooted in cultural norms, historical biases, and limited exposure to diverse perspectives. For example, stereotypes about gender, race, nationality, and occupation are pervasive in many societies.Stereotypes can have significant consequences. They canlead to discrimination, inequality, and social injustice. Individuals who do not conform to stereotypes may face marginalization and exclusion. Moreover, stereotypes can influence perceptions, behaviors, and decision-making processes, perpetuating bias and reinforcing social hierarchies.To combat stereotypes, we must first acknowledge their existence and prevalence. We need to recognize that everyone, consciously or unconsciously, holds stereotypes to some extent. However, awareness alone is not enough. We must actively challenge stereotypes by promoting empathy, critical thinking, and cultural sensitivity.Education plays a crucial role in breaking stereotypes. By incorporating diverse perspectives into curricula and promoting multiculturalism in schools, we can cultivate open-mindedness and respect for differences. Additionally, media literacy programs can help individuals critically analyze and deconstruct stereotypes perpetuated by the media.Furthermore, fostering meaningful interactions and dialogue among diverse groups can humanize individuals beyond stereotypes. When people engage in authentic conversations and share their experiences, they break down barriers and build empathy and understanding. Platforms for intercultural exchange, such as community events, workshops, and social media campaigns, can facilitate such interactions.Representation matters in challenging stereotypes. By amplifying diverse voices and showcasing multifaceted identities in the media, arts, and entertainment industries, we can counter one-dimensional portrayals and challenge stereotypes. Moreover, diversifying leadership positionsand decision-making roles can dismantle stereotypes about competence and suitability based on identity.Legislation and policies are instrumental in addressing systemic discrimination perpetuated by stereotypes. Anti-discrimination laws, affirmative action measures, and diversity initiatives can promote equal opportunities and dismantle institutional barriers. Additionally, promotingdiversity and inclusion in workplaces and organizations fosters a culture of belonging and respect.Individuals also play a vital role in breaking stereotypes in their daily lives. By examining their own biases, challenging stereotypes when encountered, and advocating for inclusive practices, they contribute to creating a more equitable society. Small actions, such as calling out derogatory language or stereotypes, can have a ripple effect in challenging societal norms.In conclusion, stereotypes are pervasive but not insurmountable. By raising awareness, promoting education, fostering dialogue, diversifying representation, implementing policies, and taking individual action, we can challenge and break stereotypes. Embracing diversity and celebrating the richness of human experiences enriches our society and paves the way for a more inclusive and equitable future.。
专业英语四级模拟试卷619(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语四级模拟试卷619(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. DICTATION 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 3. LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE 4. CLOZE 5. READING COMPREHENSION 6. WRITINGPART I DICTATIONDirections: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.1．正确答案：Sea Ice Sea ice surrounding Antarctica reached a new record high extent this year. / It covers more of the southern oceans than it has / since scientists began a long-term satellite record/ to map sea ice extent in the late 1970s. / However, the upward trend in the Antarctic / is only about a third of the rapid loss of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. / The new Antarctic sea ice record reflects / the diversity and complexity of Earth’s environments. / A senior scientist has referred to changes in sea ice coverage / as a result of global climate change.解析：本文主题是海冰。
种族和性别偏见英语作文
种族和性别偏见英语作文Title: Addressing Racism and Gender Bias: A Call for Equality。
In contemporary society, racism and gender biascontinue to pose significant challenges, undermining the principles of equality and justice. These biases manifestin various forms, perpetuating discrimination and inequality. However, through awareness, education, and collective action, we can strive towards a more inclusive and equitable world.Racism, deeply rooted in historical injustices and systemic inequalities, remains a pervasive issue in many societies. It encompasses prejudice, discrimination, andthe marginalization of individuals based on their race or ethnicity. From racial profiling to unequal access to opportunities, its effects are far-reaching and detrimental.One of the key steps in combating racism is toacknowledge its existence and the privileges afforded to certain racial groups. Education plays a crucial role in challenging stereotypes and fostering empathy and understanding. By promoting diversity in educational curricula and encouraging open dialogue, we can dismantle prejudices and cultivate a culture of acceptance and respect.Furthermore, implementing policies that promote diversity and inclusion in workplaces and institutions is essential. This includes actively recruiting and retaining individuals from diverse backgrounds, as well as providing equal opportunities for career advancement. Organizations must also address implicit bias through training programs and accountability measures.Similarly, gender bias remains a significant barrier to equality, impacting individuals across various spheres of life. Women continue to face discrimination in employment, education, and healthcare, while harmful gender stereotypes perpetuate inequality and limit opportunities for both women and men.To address gender bias, it is crucial to challenge traditional gender roles and norms that reinforce inequality. Encouraging girls to pursue STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields and promoting female leadership in traditionally male-dominated industries are vital steps towards gender parity. Additionally, providing support for working parents, including affordable childcare and parental leave policies, can help alleviate the burden of caregivingresponsibilities disproportionately placed on women.Legislation plays a pivotal role in combating both racism and gender bias. Enacting and enforcing anti-discrimination laws that protect individuals from prejudice and unequal treatment are necessary steps towards achieving equality. Furthermore, investing in community-based initiatives and grassroots organizations that empower marginalized groups can create meaningful change at the grassroots level.Ultimately, addressing racism and gender bias requiresa concerted effort from individuals, communities, and institutions. By challenging ingrained stereotypes, advocating for policy reforms, and promoting inclusivity, we can build a more just and equitable society for all. It is only through collective action and a commitment to social justice that we can overcome these persistent forms of discrimination and create a future where every individual is valued and respected, regardless of race or gender.。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 3 Breaking Stereotypes 课后习题参考答案
Text AReading Comprehension1.1) Japanese women are submissive, flirtatious and accommodating.2) She was impressed by their strength and independence.3) Because Mrs. Okano regarded herself as a typical Japanese woman. There was nothingunusual about her.4) The fact that typical American women were not at all what she had thought about “liberated”American women shocked Mrs. Okano.5) She meant that the author could enjoy more freedom and be more independent in Japan2. 1) D 2) C 3) A 4) G 5) E 6) F 7) B3. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) T 6) F4. 1) A 2) B 3) B 4) BLanguage Practice1. 1) financial译文：事实上，信用卡不需要任何成本，并可以帮助你度过经济困难时期。
2) unaware译文：“处在暗处”的意思是你不知道正在发生什么。
3) characterized译文：两家公司都认为彼此之间关系友好。
4) ridiculous译文：当我第一次在那些电视连续剧中看到这样荒唐可笑的故事时确实非常吃惊。
5) Typical译文：网上超市的典型用户包括年纪大的、工作时间长的以及没有私家车的人。
6) shocked译文：迈克尔·杰克逊的粉丝说当听到他突然离世的消息时非常震惊也非常悲伤。
刻板印象英文作文
刻板印象英文作文When it comes to stereotypes, people often have preconceived notions about certain groups based on their race, gender, or nationality. These stereotypes can be harmful and unfair, as they don't take into account the individuality of each person.Stereotypes can lead to discrimination and prejudice, as people may make assumptions about others without getting to know them. This can create barriers between different groups and prevent meaningful connections from forming.It's important to challenge stereotypes and recognize that every person is unique. By getting to know individuals on a personal level, we can break down these stereotypes and build understanding and empathy.Stereotypes can also affect people's self-esteem and confidence. When individuals are constantly judged based on stereotypes, it can be difficult for them to see themselvesin a positive light. This can have long-term effects on their mental well-being.In order to combat stereotypes, it's essential to educate ourselves and others about the harmful effects of making assumptions about people based on their identity. By promoting diversity and inclusion, we can create a more accepting and understanding society.In conclusion, stereotypes can have damaging effects on individuals and communities. It's important to challenge these preconceived notions and strive for a more inclusive and empathetic society. By recognizing the uniqueness of each person, we can break down stereotypes and build a more connected world.。
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COUNTERACTINGAGESTEREOTYPES:ASELF-AWARENESSMANIPULATION
YiweiChenOliviaPethtelXiaodongMa
DepartmentofPsychology,BowlingGreenStateUniversity,BowlingGreen,Ohio,USA
Themajorgoalsofthepresentstudywereto(a)examineagedifferencesinsusceptibilitytoagestereotypesand(b)testaself-awarenessmanipu-lationincounteractingagestereotypes.Youngandolderadultsreadtwosetsofdescriptorsthatonlydifferedintheto-be-ignoredage-relatedinformation.Inthehighself-awarenesscondition,participantssawthemselvesviaacomputervideocamera.Inthelowself-awarenesscon-dition,theysawprerecordedimagesofastranger.Overall,olderadultsweremorelikelythanyoungadultstomakeage-stereotypicaljudgmentsinthelowself-awarenesscondition.Noagedifferenceswerefoundinthehighself-awarenesscondition.
Contrarytopopularbelief,stereotypesarenotalwaysinvalidormalicious.Instead,theyrepresentorganized,priorknowledgestruc-turesthatfacilitateinterpretationofnewinformation(Fiske&Taylor,1991).Intheabsenceofotherinformation,stereotypesguideourbeliefs.Ourexpectationsaboutotherpeople,forinstance,thewaythattheywillbehaveorthecharacteristicstheypossess,oftenbeginfromstereotypes.Forexample,inaconversationwithanolderadult,onemaybeselectiveinrecommendingamovie,believingthattheolder,stereotypicallyconservativeindividualmaynotappreciatetheuseofcursewordsorgraphicscenesincertainmovies(Chen,2007;Chen&Wang,2005).Theapplicationofstereotypescansavepeoplealotoftimeandenergyininterpersonalsituationswherea
AddresscorrespondencetoYiweiChen,PsychologyDepartment,BowlingGreenStateUniversity,BowlingGreen,OH43403.E-mail:ywchen@bgnet.bgsu.edu
EducationalGerontology,36:702–717,2010Copyright#Taylor&FrancisGroup,LLCISSN:0360-1277print=1521-0472onlineDOI:10.1080/03601270903534523
702quickresponseisneeded(Fiske&Neuberg,1990).Whileatimesaver,
theconsequencesofusingstereotypescanbenegative,dependingonthecontentofourstereotypicalbeliefs.Sometimes,especiallywhenwedonothaveenoughcognitiveresourcestothinkdeeplyaboutothers,stereotypicthoughtscanresultininaccurateperceptionsandjudgments(Chen&Blanchard-Fields,2000).WilsonandBrekke(1994)defined‘‘mentalcontamination’’as‘‘theprocesswherebyapersonhasanunwantedjudgment,emotion,orbehaviorbecauseofmentalprocessingthatisunconsciousoruncon-trollable’’(p.117).Socialpsychologistshavebecomeincreasinglyawareoftheunwantedbiasingeffectsofstereotypesonsocialjudg-ments.Althoughmostofusdonotwanttostereotypeothers,weareoftenawareofstereotypesofvariousgroupswhetherweacceptthestereotypesornot(Devine,1989).Ithasbeendemonstratedrepeatedlythatstereotypescanbeactivatedoutsideourconsciousawarenessandinfluenceprocessingsocialinformationinunwantedways(Greenwald&Banaji,1995;Hamilton&Sherman,1994).Sub-sequently,theautomaticactivationofstereotypescaninfluenceoursocialjudgmentsaswellasourbehaviors(Bargh,Chen,&Barrows,1996;Bargh&Williams,2006;Ferguson&Bargh,2004),ofteninawaynotintended.Forexample,whenyougivetechnicalinstructionstoa70-year-oldman,youmayautomaticallyusepatronizingmes-sagesorslowerandlouderspeechassumingthat,givenhisage,itwouldbedifficultforhimtohearandunderstandyourinstructions(Thimm,Rademacher,&Kruse,1998).
AGEDIFFERENCESINSUSCEPTIBILITYTOAGESTEREOTYPES
Agestereotypingisoneexampleofunwantedthoughts.Theviewthatoldageisnegativeispervasiveinoursociety.Forexample,PerdueandGurtman(1990)foundthatsubliminalpresentationoftheword‘‘old’’facilitatedthedecisionthatasubsequentlypresentedwordwasnegative,whereassubliminalpresentationoftheword‘‘young’’facili-tatedthedecisionthatasubsequentlypresentedwordwaspositive.ThiswasconsistentwiththefindingsthatstereotypesofoldadultsaremostlynegativeintheWesternsocieties(Cai,Giles,&Noels,1998;Kite&Johnson,1988).Often,olderadultsareviewedasbeinglesscompetentandhavingpoorercognitiveabilitiesthanyoungeradults(seeKwongSee&Ryan,1999,forareview).Barghetal.(1996)alsodemonstratedthepowerfulinfluenceofagestereotypesonindividuals’behaviors.Agroupofyoungadultswereprimedwith
CounteractingAgeStereotypes703stereotypesofoldadults.Theseyoungadultswalkedmoreslowlydownthehallwaywhenleavingtheexperimentthandidthecontrolparticipants.Theagestereotypeshadactivatedabehaviorcharacter-isticofslowness,aqualitycloselyassociatedwitholdadults.Oldadultsthemselvesarenotimmunetousingagestereotypes.Asamatteroffact,theymaybemoresusceptiblethanyoungadultstotheautomaticbiasingeffectsofagestereotypes.Thisisbecauseoftheirreducedcognitiveresources(Salthouse,1991)andincreaseddifficultyininhibitingirrelevantthoughts(Hasher&Zacks,1988).Literatureonsocialcognitionandaging(Chen,2002,2004,2007;Chen&Blanchard-Fields,2000)suggeststhatoldadultsaremoresusceptiblethanyoungadultstoautomaticmentalprocessing.Forexample,Hessandhiscolleagues(Hess,McGee,Woodburn,&Bolstad,1998)foundthatolderadultsweremorelikelythanyoungadultstoformimpressionsthatwerebiasedtowardprimedtraitconstructs.Usinganeyewitnesstestimonyparadigm,CohenandFaulkner(1989)foundthatolderadultsweremoreoftenmisledbyfalseinformationthanyoungadults;andtheyweremoreconfidentthattheirerroneousresponseswerecorrect.Finally,ChenandBlanchard-Fields(2000)foundthatolderadultsconsideredthetargetcriminalsmoredangerousthanyoungadultswhenreadingexacerbat-ingfalseinformationandlessdangerouswhenreadingextenuatingfalseinformationaboutthetargetcriminals.Basedonpreviousevidence,itisreasonabletopredictthatolderadultswouldbemoresusceptiblethanyoungadultstotheauto-maticbiasingeffectsofagestereotypes.Levy(1996)foundsupportforthishypothesis.Sheprimedyoungandoldadultswithbothposi-tiveandnegativestereotypesofoldadults.Itwasfoundthatthememoryperformanceofolderadults,asopposedtothememoryperformanceofyoungadults,wasreliablyinfluencedbythevalence(eitherpositiveornegative)ofsubliminallypresentedstereotypesofoldadults.Shearguedthatstereotypeswouldonlyaffectmemoryperformancewhentheywererelevanttoparticipants(i.e.,stereo-typesofoldadultswouldonlyberelevanttoolderadults).Similarly,Lineweaver,Berger,andHertzog(2009)foundthatolderadultsweremoreinfluencedbypositiveandnegativestereotypeswhenratingatargetperson’smemorydecline.Theyratedmorememorydeclineinthosedescribedwithnegativestereotypesthanthosedescribedwithpositivestereotypes,especiallywhenthestereotypewasdirectlyrelevanttomemorydecline.However,thesestudiesonlytestedtheautomaticbiasingeffectsofstereotypesofoldadultsonmemoryperformance.Totestwhethersimilareffectscouldbeextendedtoacontextofsocialjudgments,