经典课件:医学英语术语基础-医学术语特征与构词法
药学英语词汇特点、构成与发音PPT课件

*音标(phonetic symbols)
• 英文中有48个音标: 20个元音 + 28个辅音
• 元音:由通过咽喉和口腔中相对自由 的气息发出的声音,常形成音节最突 出和中心的音。
• 辅音:一种由语言器官的收缩所致的 部分或完全的气流阻塞产生的语音。
元音
• 单元音:5+7=12 长元音: 绵长,饱满
a better condition (状态良好的) to better the condition of the hospital (改善) a fine painting (精美的绘画) to fine sb (处某人以罚款) a slow poison (慢性毒药) to slow down (松弛下来)
则重音落在倒数第二音节 • 含有 a- be- com- con- de- dis- em- en- es- ex- for-
im- in- mis- per- pre- pro- re- trans- 等前缀的词通 常在顺数第二个音节上重读 • -itis,-escence, -escent , -ia,-ian, -ic, - ion, -(i)um, -ma, -sis, -iou等后缀决定重音 落在倒数第二音节 • y结尾的抽象名词的重音落在倒数第三个音节上
• gas`tritis 胃炎 • gas`tralgia 胃痛 • gas`troscopy 胃镜 • gas`trotomy 胃切开术 • gastro`megaly 巨胃 • gas`trectomy 胃切除术
连接元音(combining vowels)
• 连接元音是连接两个词根的元音, 或连 接词根与词尾的元音。连接元音多用 “o” 、 “i”,有时也用“a”、 “e”, 很少用“u”。连接元音只起连 接作用, 对词义无影响。
医学英语构词法,缩写词【54页】

UroNephroPyeloCysto-
mixturition RenoPelviVesico-
1. Uroclepsia 遗尿 2. urochesis 尿潴留
2. 3. uroscopy 尿检查 4. nephropathy 肾病
3. 5. Nephrolithiasis 肾结石 6. renopathy 肾病
3、医学词汇一词三式
医学英语词汇还体现在横向关系上, 大多数关于人体解剖的医学词 汇都是同一个词义,有盎格鲁-撒克孙, 希腊与拉丁三种语源表达形 式,比如:
汉语
盎格鲁-撒克孙源 希腊源
拉丁源
体
body
soma
corpus
心
heart
cardia
cor
肠
bowel
enteron
intestine
肾
kidney
449 A.D 790 A.D 1066 A.D 14世纪起
盎格鲁,撒克孙,入侵并定居不列颠 朱特人 Anglo-
Saxon-Jute
盎格鲁-撒克孙语:日常英语,现 代英语的基础
斯堪的纳维亚人 骚扰,部分定居,丹 斯堪的纳维亚语:航海、第三人 Skandnavian 麦国王Knute一度称 称、名词复数,Sk-词首词汇
4. 8. linguopapillitis 舌乳头炎 9. ulorrhagia 牙龈出血
5. 10. Gingivoperiodontitis 龈牙周炎 11. odontopathy 牙痛
6. 泌尿系统
汉语
盎格鲁-撒克孙源 希腊源
拉丁源
尿 肾 肾盂 膀胱
urine kidney Renal pelvis bladder
基础医学英语词汇课件.doc

常见医学单词:BSL Blood Sugar Level 血糖水平anti-coagulation 抗凝CHF Congestive Heart Failure 充血性心力衰竭constrict / constriction 收缩RBC Red Blood Celldilate / dilation 舒张WBC White Blood Cellnegative 阴性Platelet血小板positive 阳性Plasma/serum血浆myocardium 心肌Consciousness 意识coronary artery 冠状动脉Hypoxia 缺氧ventricle 心室Osmotic pressure渗透压atrium 心房Colloid Osmotic pressure 胶体渗透压blood supply 血供Spinal column 脊柱BT bleeding time 出血时间Acidosis 酸中毒Alkalosis 碱中毒CT clotting time 凝血时间Pulmonary edema肺水肿water-soluble 水溶性nerve 神经fat-soluble 脂溶性Oxygen 氧气pulmonary arterial / vein 肺动/静脉Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳elastic 有弹性的Stomach 胃tissue 组织Gastric contents 胃内容物aorta 主动脉Risk factor 危险因素exchange 交换Flushed skin 皮肤发红gallbladder 胆囊Pallor 苍白lung 肺Dizziness 头晕kidney 肾Nausea 恶心cardiac output 心输出量Vomit 呕吐peripheral resistance外周阻力Seizure 惊厥systolic blood pressure 收缩压Enema 灌肠diastolic blood pressure 舒张压Electrolyte 电解质normal range 正常范围Fluid and electrolyte imbalance 水电解质紊乱capillary 毛细血管BUN blood urea nitrogen血尿素氮circulatory system 循环系统Blood gas 血气release 释放Hormone 激素superficial 表浅的Protein 蛋白质blood volume 血容量Albumin 白蛋白bradycardia 心动过缓Glucose 葡萄糖tachycardia 心动过速Hemoglobin 血红蛋白valve 瓣膜Sternum 胸骨forearm 前臂Rib 肋骨breast 胸部,乳房Liver 肝armpit 腋窝Spleen 脾groin 腹股沟Pancreas胰腺prevent 预防Iron 鉄bloodstream 血流Calcium 钙fiber纤维Magnesium镁acute 急性的2Sodium 钠diarrhea 腹泻Potassium 钾Antibody-antigen complex 抗原抗体复合物Bone marrow 骨髓myocardial infarctionTransplant 移植low-grade fever 低热Blurred vision 视力模糊chill 寒战Spontaneous自主的urticaria 风疹Dysrhythmia 心律不齐inhibitor 抑制剂GI irritation 胃肠刺激inflammation 炎症Intake and output 出入量angioplasty 血管扩张术Hypokalemia 低血钾normal saline 生理盐水Hyperkalemia 高血钾circulatory overload 循环负担过重Hypotension 低血压shortness of breath气短Hypertension 高血压restless 烦躁不安Antihypertensive 抗高血压药rapid and thready pulse脉搏细速Headache头痛orthopnea 端坐呼吸Urinary retention 尿储留pallor/ cyanosis 苍白Angina pectoris 心绞痛chest pain central venous pressure中心静脉压Sublingual 舌下的Fowler’s position端座卧位Oral 口服的Semi- Fowler ’s positio半n 座卧位Topical 局部的dyspnea 呼吸困难Calcium channel blocker 钙离子通道阻滞剂diuretics 利尿剂Mucosa 粘膜impaired 受损的Orthostatic hypotension 体位性低血压pink and frothy sputum 粉红色泡沫样痰Hypoglycemia 低血糖yellow sputum 黄痰Hyperglycemia 高血糖blood-streaked sputum血丝痰Hypovolemia 低血容量mucoid sputum 黏液痰Hypervolemia 高血容量breathing pattern 呼吸模式Preload and afterload(心脏的)前后负荷sterile 无菌的Dehydration 脱水container 容器Uric acid 尿酸cool clammy skin 皮肤湿冷Sign 体征preventive 预防性的Symptom 症状bronchitis 支气管炎Symptom free/ asymptomatic 无症状pneumonia 肺炎Monitor 监测concentration 浓度Constipation 便秘barrel chest 桶状胸Skin rash 皮疹distended neck vein颈静脉怒张Heparin 肝素external irritant 外界刺激物Warfarin 华法林endocrine system内分泌系统Hemorrhage 大出血insulin 胰岛素Therapy 疗法absorption 吸收Alcohol 酒精reabsorption 再吸收Anemia 贫血shock 休克Folicacid 叶酸trauma外伤Allergic reaction 过敏反应complication 并发症Bile 胆汁compensatory 代偿的Bile acid 胆汁酸Cholesterol 胆固醇Obesity 肥胖症Stuffy nose 鼻塞collect sputum and blood specimen for culture and sensitivity tests 收集痰血标本做细菌培养和药敏COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease慢性阻塞性肺疾病DM Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病Gestational diabetes妊娠糖尿病Ketone body 酮体Ketoacidosis酮症酸中毒Insulin resistant 胰岛素耐受Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Mechanism 机制,机理IDDM (Type 1) insulin-dependant diabetes mellitue 胰岛素依赖性糖尿病NIDDM (Type 2) non-insulin-dependant diabetes mellitue非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病Glucose Tolerance Test糖耐量试验Oral anti-diabetic medications 口服降糖药PVD peripheral vascular disease外周血管病Arterioatherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化CAD coronary artery disease冠心病CVD cerebral vascular disease脑血管病Polyuria 多尿Ulcer 溃疡Gangrene 坏疽Fatigue 疲乏Blurred vision 视力模糊Fasting blood sugar空腹血糖2-hour post-prandial glucose餐后两小时血糖Hemoglobin 血红蛋白Metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒Respiratory acidosis 呼吸性酸中毒Ketonuria 酮尿Sweet breath odor烂苹果味呼吸Mental confusion 精神错乱Slurred speech说话含糊不清Wound healing 伤口愈合Renal function 肾功能Renalfailure 肾衰Uremia 尿毒症Creatinine 肌酐Urea 尿素5Internal 内部的External 外部的Itching 痒BUN blood urea nitrogen 血尿素氮Carbon dioxide combining power 二氧化碳结合力Urine gravity 尿比重Bleeding tendency 出血倾向Injury 外伤Patency 开放,通畅Bed sore 褥疮Skin care 皮肤护理Paraplegia 截瘫Pacemaker起搏器Elevate 抬高Pitting edema 凹陷型水肿Sodium-restricted diet 限钠饮食Interstitial space 组织间隙Extremity 四肢,肢端Deficiency 缺乏,不足Blood transfusion 输血GI irritation 胃肠刺激Pleural space胸膜腔Fluctuate 波动Kink 弯曲,折住Water-seal chamber水封瓶Subcutaneous emphysema皮下气肿Airtight 密封的Sharp pain 锐痛Dull pain 钝痛Burning pain 灼痛Radiating pain 放射痛各科室名称:medical department; department of internal medicine:内科surgical department; department of surgery:外科department of obstetrics and gynecology :妇产科ophtalmology department: 眼科dental department: 牙科ENT(ear-nose-throat)department:耳鼻喉科urology department: 泌尿科dermatology department; skin department:皮肤科orthopedic surgery department:矫形外科traumatology department: 创伤外科plastic surgery: 整形外科anesthesiology department:麻醉科pathology department: 病理科cardiology department: 心脏病科psychiatry department: 精神病科orthopedics department:骨科department of cardiac surgery:心脏外科department of cerebral surgery:胸外科neurology department: 神经科neurosurgery department:神经外科thoracic surgery department:脑外科department of traditional Chinese medicine:中医科registration office: 挂号处out-patient department: 门诊部in-patient department: 住院部nursing department: 护理部consulting room: 诊室waiting room: 候诊室emergency room: 急诊室admitting office: 住院处operation room: 手术室X-ray department: 放射科blood bank: 血库dispensary; pharmacy:药房ward: 病房laboratory: 化验室牤Department of Nephrology 肾内科Department of Chemotherapy化疗科Department of Radiotherapy 放疗科Department of Endocrinology 内分泌科Respiratory medicine 呼吸科Rheumatology 风湿科Hematology 血液科Geriatrics 老年科Neurology 神经科Oncology 肿瘤科Thoracicsurgery 胸外科Urology 泌尿外科Neurosurgery 神经外科Vascularsurgery周围血管外科Gastroenterology 肠胃外科Hepatobiliary surgery 肝胆外科General surgery 普外科Orthopedics骨科7Cardiovascular surgery 心外科Burns surgery 烧伤科Hand surgery 手外科Plastic surgery 整形外科Pediatric surgery 儿外科Obstetrics and gynecology妇产科Stomatology 口腔科Ophthalmology 眼科Infectious disease感染科Dermatology 皮肤科Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) 耳鼻喉科Nuclear medicine 核医学科Psychiatry 精神科Medical rehabilitation 康复科Anesthesiology 麻醉科Radiology 放射科Ultrasonography 超声科Pain management疼痛科Pharmacology 药理科Internal Medicine 内科常见护理英语80句一.Receiving the patient(接待病人)1.How do you do? / Good morning!您好!(初次见面时使用)/早上好!2. What can I do for you? /Can I help you?您需要我帮助吗?3.I ’ll bring you to your bedside, please follow me. This is your bed..我要领您到床边去.请跟我来.这是您的床位.4.The toilet is over there. 卫生间在那边5.We supply hot water. 我们供应热水6.Please wait a moment. I ’ll let your doctor know. / I ’ll inform your doctor. 请等一会儿,我去通知医生.7.Mary is the nurse /doctor in charge of you. 玛丽是您的负责护士/医生8. Please let us know if you need any help. 您需要帮助时,请告诉我们.9. Smoking is not allowed here. 这里不允许吸烟二.information collection ( 收集信息)10.Do you mind if I ask you a few questions? 您介意我问您几个问题吗?11. We need some information from you. 我们需要从您这儿收集一些信息.12. Is your tummy still sore? 您的肚子还疼吗?13. Does your pain come on after or before meals? 您的疼痛是在饭前还是饭后发作?14. Does it hurt to pass urine? /when I press here? 排尿时痛吗?/ 当我按压这儿时痛吗?15. Does your back ache? 您的后背痛吗?16.Do your feet swell? 您的脚肿了吗?17. Do you have a cough/fever? 您咳嗽吗?/ 您有发热吗?18. Do you bring up any sputum? 您咳痰吗?19. Is there any radiation of the pain? (to the shoulder) 有放射(到肩部的)痛吗?20. How long have you had the pain? 您的痛有多长时间了?21. When did the pain start? /where is your pain? 疼痛从什么时候开始的/什么地方疼痛?22. Are your periods regular? 您的月经规则吗?三.Physical examination(查体)23.Will you please undress for medical examination? 请您脱下衣服做体检好吗?24. Take off your clothes, please. 请把衣服脱下来25.Lie down on the couch, please. /Just lie still on the couch and relax.请躺在治疗床上./ 请安静地躺在治疗床上,放松.26.Bend your knees, please. 请屈膝.27.Open your mouth and say 张’开a口h", 说: 啊28.Beathe deeply, please./take a deep breath, please请. 深呼吸29.May I examine your tummy, please? 我要检查下您的肚子, 好吗?30.Roll up your sleeves, please. 请卷起袖子.四.Communication. ( 交流)31.I am going to take your temperature./Please put the thermometer under your armpit.我要测一下您的体温/请把体温计放在您的腋下.32.Let me feel your pulse. 让我测一下您的脉搏.33. I ’ll test/take your blood pressur我e.要测量您的血压.34. I ’m r a a i d f I have to prick your finger and take a drop of blood for blood sugar level.我要取一滴指血做血糖测定, 需要刺一下手指.35. I ’ll take some blood from your arm now现. 在我要从您的胳膊抽血.36. Don ’t take any thing by mouth after midnight until the blood is drawn tomorrow morning.半夜之后不要吃喝任何东西,明天早上抽血.37. Please bring a specimen of your urine/stool/sputum./ please collect your mid-stream specimenof urine.请留一份尿/便/痰的标本/请收集您的中段尿.38. Please have your blood and urine tests done. 请做一下您的血和尿试验.39. You are going to have a CT-scan of your chest/head today.今天您要做一个胸部/头部CT.40. You are going to have a chest X-ray this morning. 今天早上您要拍一个胸片.41. You are going to have a B-mode ultrasonic exam. Please keep your bladder full.您要做 B 超检查,请留尿,使膀胱充盈.42. You are going to have an gastric endoscopy tomorrow morning. Please don ’t eat or drink anything after 12 o ’clock to明ni天gh上t. 午您要做胃镜检查,今晚12 点之后,请不要吃喝任何东西。
医学英语概述PPT课件

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(2)“组合元音”分析法:是构词成分的 接合点。 最常见的元音字母是“O”。 如esophag/o/jejun/o/gastr/o/stomy 食管空肠胃吻合术。
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(2)当一个名词常同时有外来复数 与英文规则复数,外来复数在正式 文体中特别是科技用语中较常见, 而英文规则复数则在日常医学英语 中更常见。
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(3)有些名词变复数时,词尾字母拼 写发生变化
如 phalanx→phalanges指(趾)骨 faux →fauces 咽门
①倒数第二音节中的元音后面跟 两个辅音,大多数情况下,其元 音读短音,重音在该音节上。
如bronch’ismus 支气管痉挛
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②倒数第二个音节中的元音后面跟 一个辅音,其中有不少元音读短音, 则重音落在倒数第三音节。
如 ’ abdomen
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心电图
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• cholangiocholecystocholedochectomy
• cholangiocholecystocholedochectomy • cholangio/cholecysto/choledoch/ectomy
肝胆道切除术(肝管胆总管胆囊切除术)
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(3)为了简洁,常采用被动语态 及应用名词作定语构成复合词形 式,如cancer patient(patient with cancer),blood vessel wall(wall of the blood vessel)
1医学英语的基本结构和常见词素

Possible Parts of a Medical Term 医学术语的5个部分
psycho(root) /心理
-logy(suffix) /研究…学; …学
PSYCH/O/LOGY 心理学(学习心理)
psych/o
(combining form) / 心理
Carcin/o
• cancerous, cancer 癌性的,癌
– carcinoma [‘kɑ:si‘nəumə] (上皮细胞)癌
• -ma means tumor肿瘤(不一定是癌肿); this tumor is from epithelial cells(本词指的是上皮细胞 癌);
– carcinogen[kɑ:‘sinədʒən] 致癌物 • The suffix –gen means a thing produces something else / 词尾-gen是制造或产生… 东西的东西.
the suffix begins with consonant letter如果词尾以辅音字母开始, 词根和词尾之间必须有结合元音
5. Drop the combining
vowel if the suffix begins with a vowel 如果词尾以 元音开始则去掉结合元音
More examples
• enter/itis 肠炎 (为什么此词词根词尾间无 结合元音?)
– enter/o = entestine /肠道(优指小肠) – -itis = inflammation / 炎症
• pancreat/itis 胰腺炎
– pancreat/o = pancreas / 胰腺
最新医学英语词汇概述幻灯片课件

Scoliosis Spondylolysis Chonechondrosternon Cavoequinovarus Enchondromatosis Osteomyelitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica Fibromyalgia Tenosynoritis Myeloradiculopathy Osteomalartylglutamylphenylalanylthrosylalanylglutaminylcysteinylglutamyllysylvalylglycylv alylaspartylserylvalylleucylvalylalnylaspartylvalylprolylvalylglUtaminylglutamylserylalanylprolylphen ylalanylarginylglutaminylalanylalanylleucylarginylhistidylasparaginyvalylalanylprolylisoleucylprolylis oleucylphenylalanylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylcysteinylprolylprolylaspartylalanylaspartylasparty laspartylleucylleucylarginylglutaminylisoleucylalanylseryltyrosylglycylarginylglycyltyrosylthreonyltyr OsylleucylleucylserylarginylalanylglycylvalylthreonylglycylalanylglutamYlasparainylarginylalanylala nylleucylprolylleucylasparaginylhistidylleucylValylalanyllysylleucyllysylglutamyltyrosylasparaginylal
医学英语词汇PPT课件
g胃as炎从tr 属+ 关o系+:词iti根s +词缀→关g系astritis
规那么一:后缀以元音开头,“o 〞省略
leuk + o + cyt + o
+ penia
词根(白)
词根(细胞) 词
尾(减少〕
规那么二:后缀以辅音开头,“o
并列关系:词根+词根 gastr规+ 那o+么e:n’元t音er+〔oo+〕ic 不能省胃略肠的
veterinary and human medicine.
上述的医学术语有的人能够不 认识,但下面的单词置信您是
认识的
carcinoma hepatitis cholesterol
癌 肝炎 胆固醇
why
三个数字 10万:医学辞典 1.0万:常用医学词汇 0.1万:每年医学新词
医学英语术语终究有多少? 很难说清楚。最常用的恐怕也 不下1万条左右,假设包括较常 用的在内总有数万条;一部比 较完全的医学词典,通常都收 载有10万条左右的医学词汇。
emiaalgiaorrhagiaectasiamalaciaodyniaplegiauriapenia医学英语词汇26peniadeficiencylack不足缺少减少?leucopenia白细胞减少?erythropenia红细胞减少?lymphopenia淋巴细胞减少?thrombopenia血小板减少医学英语词汇27单词重音在倒数第二音节的词尾?escence2adolescence?escent2adolescent?ian2pediatrician?元音tion2accomodation?ious2infectious?ate2reticulate?ity2disability医学英语词汇28uriaurinecondition尿症hematuriahematuria血尿医学英语词汇29plegiastrokeparalysis中风麻痹thermoplegiathermoplegia热射病中暑医学英语词汇30odyniapain痛cardiodynia心痛医学英语词汇31malaciasoftening软化osteomalaciaosteomalacia骨软化医学英语词汇32ectasiaorectasisstretchingdilatation扩张膨胀nephrectasianephrectasia肾扩张医学英语词汇33ectasis扩张?angiectasis血管扩张?bronchiectasis支气管扩张医学英语词汇34algiapain痛arthralgiaattheralgia关节痛neuralgia神经痛arthralgia关节痛医学英语词汇35emiabloodcondition血病血症leukemialeukemia白血病bacteremia菌血症septicemia败血症hypercholesterolemia高胆固醇血症医学英语词汇36orrhagia出血?gastrorrhagia胃出血医学英语词汇37简单后缀y
医学英语词汇
3.1.1 常见前缀派生构词
• • • • 由表示相反或向背的前缀构成的派生词: 由表示相反或向背的前缀构成的派生词: contra-;counter; contraceptive [,kɔntrə’septɪv]避孕剂 counterirritant [,kauntə’riritənt]抗兴奋药
3.2.2 复合形容词
• 数词 名词:zero-gravity零重力; 数词+名词 名词: • 动词 副词 动词+副词 副词:see-through透明的; • 形容词 过去分词: 形容词+过去分词 过去分词: near-sighted近视的;fresh-frozen速冻的; • 形容词 形容词: 形容词+形容词 形容词: deaf-mute聋哑的; • 介词 名词: 介词+名词 名词: at-risk处境危险的
3.1.1 常见前缀派生构词
由表示时间的前缀构成的派生词: 由表示时间的前缀构成的派生词: pre-;propreoperative手术前的 prognosis [prɔg’nəʊsɪs]预后 (指医生对疾 病结果的预测) • post• postpartum [‘pəust’pɑ:təm]产后的 • posthemorrhagic [‘pəusthemə’rægɪk]出血 后的 • • • •
3.2.1 复合名词
• • • • • 现在分词+名词: 现在分词 名词: 名词 weeping eczema [‘eksəmə] 湿润性湿疹 所有格+名词 名词: 所有格 名词: teacher’s node 结节性声带炎; Adam’s apple 喉结 • 形容词 现在分词: 形容词+现在分词 现在分词: • reproductive cloning 生殖性克隆; genetic engineering 基因工程
医学英语词汇概述培训课件
• 简介 • 医学词汇的来源 • 基本构词方法 • 读音规则
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简介
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blic English
English
Medical English Professional
Medicine
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而就词汇而言,医学英语中大量出现专业词汇和
术语(terminology ),可占到全文的10%~ 20%。
文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有A不n当k之yl处o,si请ng联系S网p站on或d本y人lit删is除。 Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica Fibromyalgia Tenosynoritis Myeloradiculopathy Osteomalacia
语言大致有三要素:
语音、语法、词汇
从语音上看,医学英语与普通英语的读音规则、
发音方法没有明显差别。
从语法上看,医学英语虽然有自己的一些特点,如
大量使用被动语态、非谓语动词等,但仍属于普 通英语的范畴,并没有形成独立的语法体系。
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•
共1934个字母的“色氨酸合成酶A蛋白质”(一种含有267种氨基酸酶)的全称:
• Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamylserylleucylphenylalanylalanylglutaminylleucyllysylglutam
医学常用英文术语ppt课件
Modern language
arthritis
Parkinson dis可e编a辑版s课e件
Байду номын сангаас
laser
(light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation)
Nuclear Medicine scanne6 r
Exercise
A.Greek or Latin B. Eponym
可编辑版课件
9
2. Word Parts
可编辑版课件
10
Example
gastroduodenostomy ——a communication between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine.
可编辑版课件
11
Example
C. Acronym
D. modern language
Parkinson disease hepatitis SARS posttraumatic
stress disorder arthritis
Meniere disease nuclear medicine
scanner AIDS Alzheimer
There are hundreds of combining forms in English and other European languages. As traditionally defined, they cannot stand alone as free words.
E.g., bio-graphy = biography
➢ venofibrosis = veno静脉+fibro纤维+sis状态(化) ➢ venography = veno静脉+graphy造影术 ➢ venosclerosis = veno静脉+sclero硬+sis化 ➢ venovenostomy = veno静脉+ven静脉+ostomy吻合术