美国波士顿大学ChristopheChamley教授应邀为我校经济管理学院师生作学术报告
专业英语四级模拟试卷177(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语四级模拟试卷177(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. DICTATION 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 3. CLOZE 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY 5. READING COMPREHENSION 6. WRITINGPART I DICTATION (15 MIN)Directions: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be read at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minute 1．正确答案：Opportunity Opportunities don’t come often. They come every once in a while. Very often, they come quietly and go by without being noticed. Therefore, it’s advisable that you should value and treat them with care. When an opportunity comes, it brings a promise but never realizes it on its own. If you intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard. Otherwise, you will take no advantage of opportunities when they visit you. The difference between a successful man and one who does not lies only in the way treating opportunities. The successful person always makes adequate preparations to meet opportunities. The loser, on the other hand, works little and just waits to see them pass by. There are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only those who are prepared adequately and qualified highly can make use of them to achieve their purpose. Chance favors the minds that are prepared.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 MIN)Directions: In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTDirections: In this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.听力原文：The cook who feeds British workers on a North Sea oil rig has beaten off a challenge by 5,000 other cooks to reach the finals of the International Indian Chef of the Year competition. Rajiv Pathak was one of the eight finalists announced on Saturday. The contestants will have three hours to prepare and present their ideal four-dish Indian meal in Edinburgh on February 22．When did the head chef Rajiv Pathak was announced as one of the finalists?A．It was three hours ago.B．It was in the last week.C．It was on Saturday.D．It was on February 25.正确答案：C听力原文：European leaders, trying to end their bitter dispute over Iraq, warned Saddam Hussein on Monday he faces a “last chance” to disarm, but gave no deadline and said U.N. weapons inspectors must have more time to finish their work. The statement came at the end of a European Union emergency summit on the crisis with Baghdad. Diplomats insisted they had healed the rift (裂口；空隙；分歧) over U.S. calls for military action. But significant divisions remained, with some states saying the United Nations could still disarm Iraq peacefully. “War is not inevitable. Force should be used only as a last resort. It is for the Iraqi regime to end this crisis by complying fully with the demands of the Security Council,” the 15 nations said in the joint declaration. That was seen as a setback for Germany, which has opposed war under any circumstances.3．European leaders trying to give Saddam HusseinA．a last resort.B．a warning.C．a deadline.D．a setback.正确答案：B解析：新闻的第一句话就是European leaders, trying to end their bitter dispute over Iraq, warned Saddam Hussein on Monday。
华东师范大学《专业英语（经管学院）》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷1、Don’t touch your eyes, nose and mouth, because they aren’t covered by skin and can_______ the virus more easily.A．take up B．pick up C．make up D．set up2、By the time I saw the angry expression on his face, I ________ exactly what I was having to face.A．knew B．had known C．would know D．have known3、I don’t think Rosemary will be upset about it, but I’ll go to see her in case she _______. A．is B．will be C．does D．need4、Once you’ve ________ the items you ordered, put this record in your file.A．checked in B．checked offC．checked out D．checked with5、Though Professor Liu ____ in New York for seven years, he has never regretted movingback to Shanghai, his hometown.A．lived B．has lived C．had lived D．was living6、Hopefully，the new method will be effective，helping students to get their career plans________.A．at hand B．at willC．on trial D．on track7、Don’t leave the water ______while you brush your teeth.A．racing B．rushingC．running D．rolling8、Two professors at Harvard University published a study of 3,300 new graduates, lookingat ________ their names had any bearing on their academic performance.A．that B．how C．why D．whether9、Yet _______ in the process of development did they stop to consider the impact of their “progress” on nature.A．in no time B．at no pointC．as likely as not D．more often than not10、Lichun is a Chinese word for one of the 24 solar terms, means the beginning of spring.A．who B．that C．whose D．which第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：55
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题Directions: Blow is passage from a guide giving advice to foreign nationals living in Britain. Read the passage then fill in each gap with ONE word from the box below the passage. Write your answers in the spaces on ANSWEER SHEET. The first one has been done as an example. Losing your passportIf something has happened to your passport, inform your embassy at once and ask them to tell you all the documents that you will need to produce to be (Example) with a new one. This is most important because some embassies require extensive documentary proof of nationality, as well as proof of identity, such as driving license, or credit cards. So take care that you are not wasting time and money when you can least 66 either. If your passport has been lost or stolen, your embassy will want you to report the incident to the police as soon as possible. When you do so, ask for the police reference number of your case as many of the embassies find this useful in following up your 67__.Similarly, take your passport number with you to the embassy, as this will accelerate your case. The size and number of the photographs that you will need will 68 on your embassy, and some may even recommend a photographer, You should also confirm with embassy officials how much you will have to pay and also in what 69 it is to be paid.Some of the embassies are prepared to issue on-the-spot emergency passports, requiring no more than your oath to claim your 70__, but as a precaution you should investigate the requirements before you are actually forced to make an emergency request.【答案】66.afford67.claim68.depend69.currency70.identity【解析】66.从前面的情态动词can可知，此处应该填入一个动词；根据…take care that you are not wasting time and money（注意不要浪费时间和金钱）得出，这里应该填入一个可以和time和money搭配的动词，因此afford最合适，表示“给予，提供，买得起”。
2003年考研英语试题及参考答案（2）
Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That 'sswheresStraitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. 41. The emergence of the Net has A. received support from fans like Donovan. B. remolded the intelligence services. C. restored many common pastimes. D. revived spying as a profession. 42.Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to A. introduce the topic of online spying. B. show how he fought for the U.S. C. give an episode of the information war. D. honor his unique services to the CIA. 43.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(line 1,paragraph 3)most probably means A. causing the biggest trouble. B. exerting the greatest effort. C. achieving the greatest success. D. enjoying the widest popularity. 44.It can be learned from paragraph 4 that A. Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true. B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information. C. Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability. D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information. 45.Straitford is most proud of its A. official status. B. nonconformist image. C. efficient staff. D. military background. BACDB Text 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whosearguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don's understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to A. call on scientists to take some actions. B. criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. C. warn of the doom of biomedical research. D. show the triumph of the animal rights movement. 47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is A. cruel but natural. B. inhuman and unacceptable. C. inevitable but vicious. D. pointless and wasteful. 48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's A. discontent with animal research. B. ignorance about medical science. C. indifference to epidemics. D. anxiety about animal rights. 49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should A. communicate more with the public. B. employ hi-tech means in research. C. feel no shame for their cause. D. strive to develop new cures. 50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is A. a well-known humanist. B. a medical practitioner. C. an enthusiast in animal rights. D. a supporter of animal research. ABBAD Text 3 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, mergingsintossuper systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. 51.According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because A. cost reduction is based on competition. B. services call for cross-trade coordination. C. outside competitors will continue to exist. D. shippers will have the railway by the throat. 52.What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry? A. Indifferent. B. Supportive. C. Indignant. D. Apprehensive. 53.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that A. shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.。
江苏省行政职业能力测验A类模拟103
江苏省行政职业能力测验A类模拟103 第一部分常识判断根据题目要求，从四个选项中选出一项最恰当的答案。
1. 有关地质作用和地质构造的说法，正确的是：A.由地壳运动引起的地壳变形、变位称为地质作用B.由于自然界原因引起地壳的表面形态、组成物质和内部结构发生变化的作用叫地质构造C.地质作用的主要表现形式是地壳运动、地垒、侵蚀作用等D.地质构造的主要类型有褶皱和断层D[解析] 由于自然界原因引起地壳的表面形态、组成物质和内部结构发生变化的作用，通称为地质作用。
地质构造是地壳或岩石圈各个组成部分的形态及其相互结合方式和面貌特征的总称。
因此可以排除A、B。
地质作用分为内力作用和外力作用。
内力作用的主要表现形式是地壳运动、岩浆活动、变质作用；外力作用的主要表现形式是风化作用、侵蚀作用、搬运作用、沉积作用、固结成岩作用。
地垒属于地质构造的类型。
所以C项错误。
故本题选D。
2. 我国首颗教育共享卫星“少年星一号”完成在轨测试，正式进入运行阶段，并向建有卫星测控分站的中小学校和教育机构交付使用。
下列关于“少年星一号”的说法错误的是：A.“少年星一号”将为中小学生提供测控真实卫星的体验B.“少年星一号”是首个组织中国青少年参与制作卫星的航天科普教育活动的重要成果C.“少年星一号”能够唤醒学生对未知以及未来的深层探索兴趣D.目前，全国中小学已经实现了依托“少年星一号”开设卫星测控科普课程D[解析] A、B、C三项说法正确，“少年星一号”旨在为全国中小学生提供测控真实卫星的体验，唤醒学生对未知以及未来的深层探索兴趣。
“少年星一号”是“中国少年微星计划”的重要成果。
“中国少年微星计划”是首个组织中国青少年广泛创意、动手设计、参与制作卫星的航天科普教育活动，共吸引10多万名中小学生参与了卫星功能的创意设计。
D项说法错误，未来所有建有卫星测控分站的中小学，均可依托“少年星一号”开设卫星测控科普课程。
故本题选D。
3. 关于射电天文望远镜，下列说法正确的是：A.射电天文望远镜像雷达一样，向目标天体发射无线电波，观测所获得的天体反射信息B.射电天文望远镜的天线面积越大，灵敏度越高C.射电天文望远镜的镜筒、目镜和物镜比普通的光学望远镜更大更精密D.射电天文望远镜的显著优点是不受大气层的干扰B[解析] 射电望远镜和雷达的工作方式不同，雷达是先发射无线电波再接收物体反射的回波，射电望远镜只是被动地接收宇宙天体发射的无线电波。
王有天湖北经济学院信息管理学院
男
女
40
60
2020/5/17
湖北经济学院信息管理学院
25
信息墒
对方如果告诉这是个男生，信息是
lb 1/（p(男）)
对方如果说是女生，信息是
Lb1/(p(女））
对方如果告诉我们性别，信息是？
It depends!
If male, lb 1/.4 If female, lb 1/.y
2020/5/17
信息-不确定性的减少
总体: n 用bit表示:lbn
不确定状态个数:np 用bit表示：lb （np）
不确定性的减少（信息）I=lbn-lb(np)=lb 1/p Where lb(x)=log2X
2020/5/17
湖北经济学院信息管理学院
10
Notation
I(p) I(0.5)=lb (1/0.5);
.4*lb1/.4+.6*lb1/.6
or
p[1]*I(p[1])+p[2]*I(p[2])=E(I(p[i]) on i)
• It’s the expectation of I’s.
2020/5/17
湖北经济学院信息管理学院29For来自ulaA1A2
…
p[1]
p[2]
…
• The uncertainty (the info needed) is expected to be:
2020/5/17
湖北经济学院信息管理学院
36
Difficulty of a game
The more info you need, the more difficulty a game is
Head Tail
1
（完整版）大学体验英语综合教程2课后习题
（完整版）大学体验英语综合教程2课后习题Unit 1A1.The group elected one of its members to be their spokesperson.该小组选出一名成员作为他们的代言人。
2.Wage increases are being kept to a(n) minimum in many companies because of the economic depression.由于经济衰退，许多公司的工资增长都保持在一个最低水平（至少）3.The engineering profession now has many distinct branches.工程专业现在有许多不同的分支机构4. Now that you're 13 you should have more sense of responsibility .现在你13岁了，你应该有更多的责任感。
5. Students usually pursue one or more of the subjects which they have studied at "A" le vel, such as Art, Drama, English, Music, etc.学生通常追求一个或更多的科目，他们已经学习了“一个”的水平，如艺术，戏剧，英语，音乐等。
6. We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible.我们需要确保尽可能充分地利用我们的资源7. Congress is considering measures to restrict the sale of cigarettes.国会正在考虑采取措施限制香烟的销售。
8. College courses should be designed to equip studentswith knowledge and skills to hel p them survive in modern society.大学课程的目的是使学生具备知识和技能，以帮助他们在现代社会中生存。
2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题解析
2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题解析各位2016年考研的小伙伴们，欢迎大家来到才思教育，今天给大家着重的分析一下关于对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研的相关内容。
百科知识学生处students' affairs division学生减负alleviate the burden on students学时credit hours学术报告academic report学术讲座academic forum学术评价体系academic appraisal system (Shao Hong, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the top political advisory body, also called for the establishment of an academic appraisal system with less emphasis on quantity of academic papers and awards. 全国政协委员邵鸿还建议建立一个不过分注重学术论文和获奖数量的学术评价体系。
)学术造假academic cheating (Nearly half of the science-related workers in China's research institutes, universities, medical institutes and hospitals think academic cheating is "common," a survey by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) showed. 中国科学技术协会（CAST）开展的一项调查显示，在中国，包括研究机构、高校、医学研究机构和医院的工作人员在内的近半数科研工作者认为学术造假“非常普遍”。
新视野大学英语第五册_翻译答案
Unit11.在一个充斥着错误信息的世界(a formidable challenge, identify) In a world full of misinformat ion it is a formidable challenge for the students to learn to identify the true, the beautiful, and the good2.任何形式的登山运动(mountaineering)(inherent)Any form of mountaineering has its inherent d anger .After all ，it is an advantage sport3.那所大学将在一定程度上允许针对个人的授课(tailored to) The university will permit a degree of individual instruction and the students may receive a curriculum tailored to their needs, learning style and pace4.据说对学习过程的基因基础的(the understanding of the genetic basis of learning, doomed to) It is said that the understanding of the genetic basis of learning will tell us which youngsters are likely to advance quickly and which ones seem doomed to difficult school experience5.据报道，在加拿大几乎有数以千(literally） It has been reported that in Canada literally thousands of lakes and rivers are no longer able to support fish or plants6.在文化普及率相对高的国家中(literacy rate) In countries with relatively high literacy rates, bo oks play an impor tant part in enriching people’s lives7.政府干预的实质向来都是限制和歪(distort) The essence of government intervention has beento limit and distort competition rather than to encourage it8. 中国人民所从事的伟大改革事业是(without precedent in history)The great cause of reform being carried out by Chinese people is without precedent in history9.模拟考试训练不得推迟到临(simulated examination) Practice in simulated examination conditions must not be delayed until close to the examination time10.人们发现，在那个森林（hunt down）People have found that the lions and wolves in theforest often hunt down live animals by cooperative efforts1. 在那场战斗中，由于食物严重短缺(perish from)During that battle a large number of men perished from hunger and thirst due to the severe shortage of food2. 本项研究进一步(originate in)This research project has further proved that fireworks have originated in china3. 他很想亲自到那里查看一(be tempted )He is tempted to go there in person and check out how the accident happened4. 目前人类还没有找到有效的办法治（afflict）At present, people have not found an effectiveway to cure this disease, which is still afflicting old people5. 承包商必须遵（contractor, adhere to）The contractor must adhere to the contract and complete the important project on time6. 通过坚持不懈(persistent)With persistent efforts, they finally settled the dispute between thetwo regions7.如果乙方不能够(terminate)If Party B fails in delivering goods at a given time, Party A is entitled to terminate the contract and claim for any loss.8. 获得发明专利权通常(patent)It usually takes a week to patent one’s invention9. 一个聪明的政治家完(manipulate)A clever politician knows well how to manipulate the public opinion and take advantage of his supporters10.随着干燥季节的持（diminish） The amount of water in the rivers and lakes will diminishas the dry season continues1. 像所说明的一样,(as such)As such, the event evoked curiosity and awe in most of us.2.促销手段要取得良好效果(be consistent with) The techniques of sales promotion, to work w ell, must gain the trust of middlemen in business as consumers. At the same time, they should be consistent with the local preference and customs3. 为了使这一新产(launch; give away)To launch this new product into the European market,the company gave away 10000 free samples for the local consumers to try4. 随着生活水平的提(pastime)As their life has been bettered, going on tours out in the holidays has become a fashionable pastime for quite a few people5. 发动这场战争实际（in nature）The purpose of waging the war is, in nature, to control theoil resources in the area6. 某一产品首次进入一个市场时（be effective in）Sales promotion is effective in helping consumers become acquainted with a new product when it is first introduced to a market7. 新一届政府认识（in conjunction with）The new administration has realized that economic r eforms must be deepened in conjunction with effective measures taken to ensure the basic condi tions of employment and daily life for those poor people8. 为了实现本年度的销售目标(towards the objective; enlighten ... about)Towards its sales obj ective this year, the company offered a training course to enlighten consumers about its latest products9. 为有效地提高劳(bring in)To effectively raise our productively, we should bring in advancedmanagement experience from other countries10.吴教授的讲座使同学们熟悉(acquaint sb. with sth.) Professor Wu’s lecture helped the stude nts become acquainted with the use of this software product. It also gave them an idea of software development1. 生活贫困的人往往体（inherent virtue）Those who lead a miserable life often fail to recognize the inherent virtue of in earning and sustaining their dignity2. 随着生活的改善（dilute）With the life bettered and levels of education higher, the work ethic is diluted now3. 年轻的一代很难理解他（concern）The young generation has much difficulty understandingwhy their ancestors had to focus their minds upon work as the central concern of existence4. 马斯洛认为（position）According to Maslow, different classes and ethnic groups are positioned at different stages in the work hierarchy5. 发展中国家许（flock）In developing countries, many talented young intellectuals flock in droves to America which forms the so-called brain drain6. 如果一个国家易受高（prone to）If a country is prone to high inflation, then its currency will have to be devalued to maintain the price competitiveness of its exports7. 一位社会学家认为，劳动是人们建立相互（perform the function of）One expert in sociology believes that work is a mean for people to build relationships. In that sense, the workplace performs the function of community8. “实现自我”的愿望。
2023年考研英语真题及解析
1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experienc e demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expense s[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove t he author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept thepaper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybridsof these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches ta ller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at t his genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist WilliamCameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, auth or of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessa ry to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a Stateof Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that d escribed Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring t o his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his ownPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2023年全国硕士硕士招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。
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译．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，１９９７． ［２１］杨宇冠．联合国人权公约机构与经典要义［Ｍ］．北京：
［１８］张瑞萍．反倾销法的价值取向及实际功效分析［Ｊ］．法 中国人民公安大学出版社，２００５．
制与社会发展，１９９９，（２）：２６． ［２２］孙世彦．论国际人权法下的国家义务［Ｊ］．法学评论，
［１９］夏勇．人权概念起源［Ｍ］．北京：中国政法大学出版社， ２００１，（２）：９２．
１９９２． ［２３］李娜．当代国际核心劳工标准理论述评［Ｊ］．西北大学
［２０］卓泽渊．法的价值论［Ｍ］．北京：法律出版社，１９９７． 学报：哲学社会科学版，２００９，３９（３）：１３４．
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ＷＴ０ Ａｎｔｉ—ｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ ｒｕｌｅｓ ｏｆ ｉｎｊｕｒｙ
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Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：ｒＩ＇｝ｌｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｂａｄｅ ｒｅｍｅｄｙ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ ｉｓ ａｎ ｉｓｓｕｅ ｔｏ ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｒｅａ ｏｆ ｉｎ—
ｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ ｔｒａｄｅ ｌａｗ．Ａｎｔｉｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ ｗａｓ ｃｈｏｓｅｎ ａｓ ａ ｓａｍｐｌｅ ｔｏ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ ａｎｄ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ ｅｍｐｌｏｙ—
ｍｅｎｔ ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｊｕｒｉｏｕｓ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｎｔｉｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ＷＴＯ ａｎｔｉｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ ｒｕｌｅ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｎｏｒｍａ・
ｔｉｖｅ ｍｅｔｈｏｄ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ．Ｔｈｅ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ ｉｓ ａ ｉｎｊｕｒｉｏｕｓ ｆａｃｔｏｒ ｏｆ ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃ ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ，ｔｏ ｕｓｅ ｔｈｉｓ ｆａｃｔｏｒ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ
ａｎｔｉｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ ｃａｎ ｌｉｍｉｔ ｔｈｅ ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｍａｋｅ ｔｈｅ ａｎｔｉｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ ａｔ ｗｉｌｌ，ａｎｄ ｇｉｖｅ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｇｈｔ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ
ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ ｔｏ ｒｅｍｅｄｙ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｄａｍａｇｅｓ．Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｎｔｉｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｏｒｙ
ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｍｂｉｇｕｏｕｓ ｅｘｐｌａｎａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓ，ｉｔ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｌｅｇａｌ ｓｐａｃｅ ｆｏｒ ａｂｕｓｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ａｎｔｉｄｕｍｐ—
ｉｎｇ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ ｉｎ ｎａｍｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ．Ｉｔ ｉｓ ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ ｔｏ ｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ ｔｈｅ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ
ＷＴＯ ａｎｔｉｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ ｒｕｌｅ．
Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ：Ａｎｔｉ—ｄｕｍｐｉｎｇ；Ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ；Ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ Ｉｎｊｕｒｙ；Ｈｕｍａｎ ｒｉｇｈｔｓ
美国波士顿大学Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅ Ｃｈａｍｌｅｙ教授应邀为我校
经济管理学院师生作学术报告
２０１０年６月７日晚，美国波士顿大学教授、著名经济学家Ｃｈｆｉｓｔｏｐｈｅ Ｃｈａｍｌｅｙ应邀为我校经济管理学院
师生作了一场题为《财政政策相关评价》的学术报告。Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅ Ｃｈａｍｌｅｙ教授于１９７７年取得哈佛大学博士
学位，其研究领域涉及宏观经济学、货币理论、发展经济学、公共经济学，在信息经济学、资本税等方面的多篇
文章被誉为相关领域的经典，他对现实问题也十分关注，在希腊债务危机、消除经济泡沫、汇率变动等热点问
题方面有很深的研究。报告会由经济管理学院主管外事工作的院长助理王珏教授主持，部分教师、博士生、
硕士生、本科生代表参加了报告会。
Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅ Ｃｈａｍｌｅｙ教授的报告主要分为三大板块：首先，Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅ Ｃｈａｍｌｅｙ教授对财政政策的作用与
内容作了一个概述，认为财政政策作为国家整个经济政策的组成部分，能够通过政府支出与税收政策影响着
一
国经济；其次，Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅ Ｃｈａｍｌｅｙ教授从各理论模型详细讲解了三种税收手段的经济效应，通过比较认为
资本税相对较好，对经济的影响作用较小；最后，Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅ Ｃｈａｍｌｅｙ教授就政府投资以及政府在经济中角色
的扮演谈了自己的观点，认为政府主要起协调作用，应创造良好的外部环境鼓励企业自己发展。在报告结尾
部分，经济管理学院学生积极参与，踊跃提问，与教授互动交流。Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅ Ｃｈａｍｌｅｙ教授以严谨的学术语言
与独特、新颖的视角对同学们的提问作了精彩的回答，得到了大家的一致好评，报告在热烈的掌声中圆满结
束。
（薛辑）
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