大学英语四级考试语法系列讲座--虚拟语气1
英语专四语法总结—虚拟语气【卧龙雪痕】
英语专四语法总结—虚拟语气【卧龙雪痕整理】【南阳师范学院外国语学院】虚拟语气1.主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配：主句从句与现在事实相反would/情态动词过去式+do were (不分人称)/did与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+have done had done与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+do should do / were to do如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。
如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)2.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
大学英语语法精讲【重点、考点全涵盖】
语法部分第一讲虚拟语气I. 考点分析：虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。
虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。
考察历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。
虚拟语气的考查要点有：1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主句、从句所使用的动词形式十分重要，因此我2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。
例如：If I were invited, I would come.If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如：Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad.Could I do it, I would surely do it.Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如：I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.);A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)6. 注意介词短语without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
虚拟语气四级讲解
Subjunctive Mood(虚拟语气)I 、In Conditional Sentences (用于条件句中)II 、In the That-Clauses (用于that 从句中)III 、In the Clauses and Constructions (用于从句和结构中)I. In Conditional Sentences (用于条件句中)或could ，第一人称还 可用should ，但美国英语都用would 。
如果条件句的谓语中含有were, had 或should 时，有时可省略if 而用把were, had 或 should 放到主语之前的倒装句。
现分别举例如下：1. 与现在事实相反 If I knew French, I would read the book in the original. If I were (Were I) in your position I would tell her the truth.2. 与过去事实相反 If you had (Had you) come a few minutes earlier, you would have caught the train.3. 与将来事实相反或表示推测 If he came tomorrow, I might have time to see him. If it were (Were it) to rain next Sunday, the match would be postponed . If we should (Should we) fail again, we wouldn't lose courage.虚拟语气（一）-- 虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目几乎是四、六级必考的内容，也是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。
2-英语专业四级词汇语法辅导--虚拟语气、非谓语动词
虚拟语气的几个句型
• Note: • fear/be afraid/worried lest sb. do sth. • 表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况， 从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如： • She fears lest he arrive too late. • We were afraid lest it be broken.
虚拟语气常用句型
12. 建议、命令、和要求等,谓语形式是“(should)+动词原形”。 A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这 类动词有： • ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 • command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 • determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张 • move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 • prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 • recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 • urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求 • 注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来 表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 • She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体） • She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语） • She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)
虚拟语气的几个句型
【精编】大学英语四级翻译常见 语法考点
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2.can/could/may/might+动词完成式 用于对过去发生的动作的主观判断， 表示推测过去某动作“可能，也许， 一定”已发生或没有发生； “should/ought to/needn’t +动词完成 式表示过去“应该做”而实际并未做 的动作
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（六）非谓语动词作状语及其逻 辑主语问题
这类词和词组常用的有：
3. the more, the more 结构 中的倒装
(cet4-2006.6) The more you explain, _____（我愈糊涂） The more confused I am
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（三）强调
1.It is/was + 被强调部分+that/who （cet6 2007.1）_________(直到截 止日他才寄出)his application fo/either…or/neither…nor或not only…but also….连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时，谓 语动词取决于最接近它的名词或代词。 在主语后有“as well as等+名词”结构的句子中， 主谓一致不受修饰语或“as well as等+名词”结构 的数影响。 此外， 主语后若跟有accompanies by/ along with/ as much as/ besides/except/an addition to/ including / instead of/ no less than/ not to mention/ in company with/like/ more than/ rather than/ (together with)等+名词的结构，也不影响谓 语动词的数， 例如： Unemployment as well as taxes influence votes Taxes, not to mention unemployment, influence votes.
专业四级考试语法-虚拟语气
Subjunctive Mood1. 语气Mood语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对一事物和人的态度和看法。
包括陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气三种。
陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。
②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！祈使语气祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。
① Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。
② Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③May you succeed!祝您成功！虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达未能成为事实或者不可能成为事实的情况，或者在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。
此外还可用来表示命令、建议、设想、祝愿（或could have done 本来可以- - -might have done 本来可能- - -should / ought to have done 本来应该做- - -shouldn’t / ought not to have done 本不该做- -你本不应该告诉她真相。
You shouldn’t have told her the truth .needn’t have done 本不必做- - -比较：didn’t need to do 没必要做也没有做- - -我没必要擦窗户。
最新 2015英语四级高级语法讲义：虚拟语气-精品
2015英语四级高级语法讲义：虚拟语气大学英语四级考试涉及的语法知识点多、涉及面宽，对不少考生来说都是一个难题。
希望通过本专题的学习，考生能对四级语法有更全面的掌握。
英语四级高级语法：虚拟语气1. if 引导的虚拟语气2. 倒装形式Were I you (=if I were you) , I would get up early in the morning.Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday(=If you had arrived…), you could have caught the train.Should it rain (=If it should rain), the crops would be saved.【2】馒头面条原理【3】固定句型It is time that ...Would rather that .....(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the partyyesterday evening.(4).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中的虚拟语气1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready aheadof time.3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.。
四级考试中的虚拟语气-四级语法
虚拟语⽓是⼤学英语四级考试的重点和难点。
笔者通过对历年⼤学英语四级考试实考试题的分析研究，编写了这份复习资料。
"考点预测"中的试题，体现了有关虚拟语⽓的测试要点。
读者不妨先动⼿做这部分试题，以便⾃⼰⼼中有数。
"考点精析"则是对"考点预测"逐题加以解析，⼒图使读者能举⼀反三，触类旁通。
【考点预测】1．Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often．A）has to getB）were to getC）had gotD）could have got2． _____ for your help，we'd never have been able to get over the difficulties．A）Had it notB）If it were notC）Had it not beenD）If we had not been3．Oh，what a nuisance！It _____?so easy for me to bring those photographs I wanted to show you，but I have left them on the table at home．A）would have beenB）had beenC）would beD）was4．If we had been more careful，we _____?much better results now．A）would be gettingB）would have gotC）gotD）had got5．He suggested?_____ to tomorrow's exhibition together．A）us to goB）we wentC）we shall goD）we go6．It is recommended that the project _____?until all the preparations have been made．A）is not startedB）will not be startedC）not be startedD）is not to be started7．It's necessary _____?the dictionary immediately．A）that he will returnB）that he returnedC）that he returnD）that he has to return8．It is of the utmost importance that you _____?here on time．A）beB）shall beC）are to beD）must be9．One of the requirements for a fire is that the material?_____ to its burning temperature．A）is heatedB）will be heatedC）be heatedD）would be heated10．I wish I _____?longer this morning，but I had to get up and come to class．A）could have sleptB）sleepC）might have sleptD）have slept11．It's already 5o'clock now．Don't you think it's about time _____?？A）we are going homeB）we go homeC）we went homeD）we can go home12．The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____?himself．A）injureB）had injuredC）injuredD）would injure13．That tree looked as if it _____?for a long time．A）hasn't wateredB）didn't waterC）hadn't been wateredD）wasn't watered14．I'd rather you _____?anything about it for the time being．A）don't doB）didC）didn't doD）would do15．Look at the terrible situation I am in！If only I _____?your advice．A）followB）had followedC）would followD）have followed【考点精析】1?正确答案为选项B。
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1 语法讲义3-----虚拟语气 虚拟语气是英语动词的一种特殊形式，表示说话人主观上所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、空想、猜测、必要性和可能性等。虚拟语气是英语学习中的一个难点，也是大学英语测试中的重要的语法考点之一。测试内容涉及到虚拟语气的方方面面——从在含非真实条件的主从句中的应用，到在各种从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、状语从句、定语从句)中的应用。由于虚拟语气表达的是一种与事实相反的行为或状态，其谓语动词的变化不同于陈述语气，这也是学生感到困惑和容易出错的地方。解此类试题时，关键是要迅速发现解题信息词，确定虚拟语气类型，然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达方式，或根据结构或题句中的其他暗示，确定动词的形式。
第一节 虚拟条件句
一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用 非真实条件句表示不大可能或不可能发生或实现的假设，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的时态可用下表表示：
时 间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 虚拟现在时(与现在事实相反) 动词的过去式(be一般用were) should(would, could, might)+动词原形 虚拟过去时(与过去事实相反) had+过去分词 should(would,could,might)+have+过去分词
虚拟将来时(与将来事实相反) 动词的一般过去式，或were to+动词原形或should+动词原形 should(would,could,might)+动词原形
例1：If we left now, we should arrive in good time. 假如我们现在就走的话，我们就能及时到达。(与现在事实相反) 例2：If he had been here, he might have been able to help us.如果他在这里，他也许能帮助我们。(与过去事实相反) 例3：If you did that again, we wouldn't allow you to work with us.如果你再那么干，我们就不让你跟我们一起工作了。(与将来事实相反) 经典考点1：If the whole operation be fore hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.(CET-4，1999年6月) A)was not planned B)has not been planned C)had not been planned D)were not planned 巧解答案C。由主句的谓语动词would have been lost可以判断，本题考查的是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的用法，if引导的从句须用过去完成时，故C项为正确答案。本题句意是：如果整个手术不提前安排的话，那就要浪费大量的时间和金钱。 经典考点2：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(CET-4，1996年1月) A)has to get B)were to get C)had got D)could have got 巧解答案B。because引导的原因状语从句中有一个虚拟结构，if条件从句谓语动词的时态应与wouldn't be able to 对应，表示与将来事实相反的虚拟，条件从句的谓语应用should或were to+动词原形，因此B项正确。本题句意是：吉恩并不想马上去上班，因为她考虑到一旦上班，她很可能不能经常见到她的朋友们。
二、错综时间虚拟语气 在表示虚拟语气的句子中，条件从句表示的动作与主句表示的动作发生的时间并不一致，这时，谓语动词的形式要根据各自表示的时间来调整，这种现象叫做错综时间虚拟语气，也称作混合虚拟语气。 2
例1：If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be quite all right now. 如果你昨天吃了药的话，现在就已痊愈了。(从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在事实相反。) 例2：If he knew this, it would have had to be by accident. 假如他已知道此事，那一定是偶然的。(从句表示与现在事实相反的假设，主句则表示与过去事实相反的设想。) 经典考点1：If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you now.(CET-4，1999年1月) A)couldn't have smiled B)wouldn't be smiling C)didn't smile D)won't smile 巧解答案B。从主句的时间状语now以及从句的谓语可知，本题为一错综时间虚拟语气，从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在情况相反，故B项为正确答案。本题句意是：你掉下来的时候要不是我站在梯子下把你抓住的话，你现在可就笑不起来了! 经典考点2： for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.(考研，1998年) A)Had it not been B)Were it not C)Be it not D)Should it not be 巧解答案A。根据本题句意逻辑，条件从句的行为发生在主句之前，须用过去时的虚拟语气形式，故A项为正确答案。同时，它是由把if省略，助动词提前而形成倒装。B、C、D三项均不合题意。本题句意是：要不是能及时从社会获得投资，我们公司也不会像现在这样繁荣了。
三、省略连词if采用倒装的非真实条件句 在书面语中，条件从句可以不用连词if，而将谓语中的过去式were, had或should等移至主语之前，构成倒装。 例1：Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。 例2：Had he come earlier, he would have met her. 要是他早点来的话，他就会见到她了。 经典考点1： right now, she would get there on Sunday.(CET-4，1996年6月) A)Would she leave B)If she leaves C)Were she to leave D)If she had left 巧解答案C。从句子结构可知，本题是表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，主句的谓语是“would+动词原形”，则从句的谓语应用“were to+动词原形”或“should+动词原形”。同时，从句省略了连词if，可以将were提前，构成倒装。只有C项符合语法规则，为正确答案。本题句意是：如果她马上动身的话，她可能在星期天到达那里。 经典考点2： for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.(CET-4，1995年1月) A)Not being B)Had it not been C)Without being D)Not having been 巧解答案B。从句子结构可知，空缺处应填入表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句，并且将连词if省略。此时，应把虚拟语气的谓语动词提前。符合上述语法规则的只有B项。本题句意是：如果我没有生病的话，我会向他伸出援助之手的。
四、虚拟语气在含蓄虚拟条件句中的应用 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表示出来，只暗含在短语或上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。常见的有but for, without等引导的短语，以及or, or else, otherwise, but等后面的分句。 例1：But for your help we couldn't have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。 例2：We could have done better under more favorable conditions.在更有利的条件下，我们能够做得更好些。 经典考点1：We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we him.(CET-4,1995年6月) A)would have telephoned B)must have telephoned C)would telephone D)had telephoned 巧解答案A。本题中otherwise引出的是一种与事实相反的假设条件，后面的句子应用虚拟语气。前一分句暗示了一个过去的时间，所以用would have done的形式，相当于If we had known his telephone number, we would have telephoned him。本题句意是：我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们早给他打电话了。 经典考点2： A safety analysis the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.(考研英语，1996年) A)would identify B)will identify C)would have identified D)will have identified 巧解答案C。根据unfortunately后面直陈一个过去的事实，可以推断出第一个句子里含有一种“应该做某事而没有做”的虚拟条件。C项用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，正合题意。B、D两项不是虚拟语气，可首先排除。