现代世界景观landscape (33)
“声音景观”在影视声音创作中的运用
“声音景观”在影视声音创作中的运用摘要：在影视创作的过程中，影视声音创作是非常重要的一项内容。
影视艺术这种艺术形式具有独一无二的审美特性，不仅是现代艺术体系重要组成部分之一，更是现代科技与文学艺术相融合的产物，同时容纳了音乐、舞蹈、戏剧、曲艺等众多现代艺术与文化元素，将舞台和电影艺术的表现手法和表现技巧相融合，给观众带来了更优质的视听盛宴在一定程度上有效提升了影视作品的灵动性和感染力，增强了艺术效果。
本文就“声音景观”在影视声音创作中的应用进行研究，以供参考。
关键词：声音景观；影视声音创作；银幕空间；文化内涵引言影视艺术被称为视听艺术，而声音是影视艺术中不可或缺的元素。
长期以来对于影视艺术中的声音研究主要集中在影视声音美学与影视声音技术方面。
影视声音美学主要从影视作品的声音设计角度探讨声音各要素的功能作用、声音造型及声画关系等，而影视声音技术涉及影视作品的声音录制、剪辑、混录等技巧技术。
21世纪以来，伴随着影视艺术理论研究视野的拓展，影视声音的研究逐渐向“声音景观”转向。
1声音景观的概念“声音景观”一词由“Soundscape”翻译而来，是景观（Landscape）一词的延伸，含义为“用耳捕捉的景观”“听觉的风景”，由加拿大学者、作曲家莫里·谢弗(R.MurraySchafer)在他的专著《Soundscape:Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World》中提出。
他呼吁摆脱视觉文化研究框架，不再将听觉视为其附属，而是看到声音所具有的独特性和主体性。
声景理论中强调声景是“一种强调个体或社会感知和理解方式的声音环境”，是人类生存环境中各种声音元素的组合，这表明声景可以作为一种文化事件来理解，是一种通过声音来展现人们在特定的时代中与环境作用的方式。
声景的基本思想主要发展为三方面：一是源于对音乐的哲学思考，认为声景是宏观世界的音乐作品；二是生态运动方面的思考，认为世界之所以充斥着噪声是因为自然环境失去平衡的结果；三是认为现代文明过于重视视觉元素而忽视其他感官，并呼吁所有感官重建，强调听觉文明的重要性。
(完整word版)中国古典园林与现代景观的融合
中国古典园林与现代景观的融合摘要：中国古典园林源远流长，风格独树一帜。
在快速进步的社会，创造出一种既保持古典园林风格，又与现代建筑和景观相结的新景观。
不断推动中国园林的与时俱进。
关键词：中国古典园林现代建筑和景观新景观Abstract: The classical Chinese garden has a long history, unique style. The rapid progress of society, to create a new landscape toa maintain a classical garden style, but also with modern architecture and landscape knot. Continue to promote the ChineseGarden of times. Keywords: Chinese classical gardens of modern architecture and landscape landscape中国古典园林的概述：“园林”一词是我国的特有名称。
是一种从苑囿发展而来的山水园林形式，凝聚了中华民族政治思想、社会经济、文化艺术、科学技术和自然观念发展的精华。
中国古典园林追求天人合一思想，寻求人与自然的和谐。
所谓“虽由人作、宛自天开”，源于自然而高于自然。
但近些年来，中国园林陷入了既没有继承古典园林的精华，又没有创造出新的景观形式的尴尬。
原因是古典园林都是由高高的围墙封闭，供少数人游玩居住的。
都是私人园子的范畴，一般的人是不能随意进出的。
这便决定了中国古典园林的封闭性和私密性，而古典园林过于纠结细节的繁琐也并不符合当今“快餐时代”的要求。
古典园林与现实的大众需求产生了矛盾，而这一需求恰能被理性的西方建筑和景观所满足，无论是“纯理性”的格罗皮乌斯（Walter Gropius）和“少就是多”的密斯▪凡▪德罗（Mies van der Rohe），还是以彼得▪沃克为代表：对形式的追求，材料的主体以获得景观的本体，使设计回到光线，空间，场所和植物这些造园要素中的极简主义。
西方当代景观设计中的_垃圾_美学_张健健
文章编号：1009-6000(2013)10-0044-06中图分类号：TU984 文献标识码：Ａ 基金项目：2012年度教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“20世纪西方艺术对景观设计的影响研究”（项目批准号：12YJC760110）。
作者简介：张健健（1979-），男，南京工业大学工业与艺术设计学院讲师，博士，研究方向：景观规划设计。
摘要：在当代的西方景观设计中，逐渐形成了一种对废弃物重新利用的趋势，这展现出一种另类的景观美学——“垃圾”美学。
“垃圾”美学启发人们重新发现废弃物的潜在价值，使它们在经过必要的处理和设计后，产生新的价值。
在追溯“垃圾”美学渊源的基础上，论述了基于“垃圾”美学的景观设计方法，探讨了废弃物利用对于当代景观设计的意义，并思考了在国内景观设计中应用废弃物的困难和对策。
关键词：景观；“垃圾”美学；环境；废弃物Abstract: A trend of waste reuse has emerged in contemporary Western landscape design, which shows a kind of different landscape aesthetics - "Trash" aesthetics. "Trash" aesthetic inspires people to rediscover the potential value of waste, so that they can generate new values after necessary treatment and design. The article traces the origin of "trash" aesthetic, and introduces landscape design methods based on the "trash" aesthetic. The article also discusses the significance of the use of waste in landscape design and considers the difficulties and strategies of reusing waste in landscape design.Key words: landscape; "trash" aesthetics; environment; waste西方当代景观设计中的“垃圾”美学＂Ｔｒａｓｈ＂ Ａｅｓｔｈｅｔｉｃｓ ｉｎ Ｃｏｎｔｅｍｐｏｒａｒｙ Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ Ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅ Ｄｅｓｉｇｎ张健健ＺＨＡＮＧ Ｊｉａｎｊｉａｎ在当代中国的城市中，花岗岩铺地、大理石水池、精雕细刻的景观小品似乎构成了大众对景观的普遍认知。
景观学(Landscape science)
景观学（Landscape science）Landscape science and technology terms definitionDefinition of Landscape: Landscape Science: the branch of geography that deals with landscape science. Applied disciplines: Geography (first level discipline) and general geography (two subjects). The content is examined and approved by the National Commission for the approval of scientific and technical termsmedical aircraftLandscape Architecture (LandscapeArchitecture) is an applied discipline based on a wide range of natural sciences and arts. The core is to coordinate the relationship between man and nature. It is based on the land and all outdoor space, analyzed scientifically and rationally, and find solutions to the planning and design problems and solutions, supervision of the implementation of the planning and design, and maintenance and management of landscape.CatalogHistoryResearch valueProfessional introductionRenaming necessityConcept comparisonDifferential cognitionEdit the history of this paragraphThe study of Landscape Geography is a comprehensive branch. Modern geography that began in germany. Ratzel (F.Razel) noted the study of artificial landscapes or cultural landscapes. Generally accepted as "geography", the term "landscape in human geography" was written by Schluter in 1906 (O.Schlter)After the development of this article. He advocated landscape as the central issue of human geography, and explored the process from the original landscape to the human cultural landscape. 1910? G Peng proposed climate hypothesis left a deep imprint in the landscape, the landscape by Cobain visible phenomena to climate classification is proposed, with the temperature and rainfall in 1918 he revised his classification of climate index. Pasag (S.Passarge) in 1913 to create a Landscape Geography term, in 20s published the "Fundamentals", "landscape landscape masterpiece", and strive to improve the landscape morphology and classification of the explanation, proposed the city landscape, landscape concept. Before the Second World War, most German scholars agreed with Schluter's opinion that landscape was the central goal of geography. However, the concept of landscape was not always clear and controversial in the field of geography. Hertner do not agree with the landscape theory, the landscape that pasag, another form of expression is a description, but he still managed to put aesthetic value and practical value of landscape. Hartargued that the landscape was best interpreted as "the shape of the earth's surface in the atmosphere", similar to what is commonly known as the earth's surface. American geographer Sol (C.O.Sauer) published "Landscape Morphology" in 1925, advocating cultural landscape. After the Second World War, landscape science arose again in Europe, and Mazur (E.Mazur) pointed out in 1983: "until modern times, geography was the only science that explicitly regarded the landscape as a subject."". Many geographers in the Soviet Union concentrated on natural landscape research, and conducted landscape surveys and mapping in 1920s. In 1931 published the "Soviet Berg landscape zone", describes the principle of landscape theory. The geography scholars emphasize landscape science originated from the husband just daku soil zone theory; it originated from Humboldt's similar natural complex concept. Sukar Geoff (V.N.Sukachov) defined the theory of biogeographic community as a separate branch of landscape science, and is the smallest structural unit of landscape. Bo Renouf (B.B.Polenov) proposed the geochemical characteristics of the landscape. Calles Nick (S.V.Ka-lesnik) proposed the precise definition of landscape and the concept of landscape classification, type and structure. Sochawa (V.Sochava) believes that the landscape is the geographical system.Edit this paragraph to study the valueSince 60s, landscape science has become the focus of geography, urban landscape scienceAlong the landscape morphology and occurrence, landscape stability and evolution, landscape analysis and synthesis,landscape ecology and environment, landscape value and application, and so on. The form and occurrence of landscape is the traditional field of landscape science, in order to seek the basic law of the relation of form, type and occurrence. From static landscape space analysis and structure research to dynamic landscape evolution research. The static empirical analysis of the early traditional and limited appearances,Could not resolve the problem of integrated landscape, the modern landscape science into dynamic, deep into the interior of different levels, from the material and energy flow to the structure and function of the whole system integrated into the natural landscape and biological comprehensive human system. The ecological direction of landscape is continuously strengthened. The Modern Landscape Geography, landscape value and application direction of attention, proposes the quality evaluation, landscape evaluation, landscape natural potential diagnosis; landscape and cultural value, economic value and ecological value; to carry out research and the optimization of location and positioning comprehensive experimental study on the landscape. Using Landscape Geography system theory to solve the practical problems of various departments of national economy, landscape protection, management and prediction are carried out. Therefore, in recent years the landscape is a need of science itself, on the other hand is the need of social practice and have great development, caused by biological science, earth science, humanities, science and technology as well as some of the landscape with new interest; and the landscape itself constantly development, produce many new branches such as, landscape morphology, landscape ecology, landscape landscape geochemistry geophysics, experimentallandscape architecture, landscape architecture, landscape application, regional landscape and landscape aesthetics etc..Edit this paragraph of professional introductionTraining objectives: the professional training to meet the needs of socialist modernization, all-round development of morality, intelligence, body, have good quality of landscape planning and design theory, master the professional knowledge and skills to understand the relevant professional knowledge of senior specialized talents. Graduates can be engaged in landscape planning, design, management and research work, and has the basic ability of regional land and landscape planning, city planning and design, landscape planning and design, site management of natural and cultural heritage protection, recreation and tourism planning and design. The basic requirements of graduates: 1. theoretical knowledge consists of three parts: basic knowledge, professional knowledge and related knowledge. Basic knowledge: to understand the land and knowledge of environmental ethics, to understand the history of art and art principle, landscape aesthetics, comprehensive understanding of natural geography, including topography, geology, hydrology, climate, vegetation, soil and natural zoning, understand human geography knowledge. Master, ecology foundation, including the basic knowledge of population, community, ecosystem, landscape and regional ecology, understand the biological knowledge, including the basis of plant and animal biology, understand the scientific knowledge of the living environment, understand the economics foundation of Surveying and cartography, understand, grasp the social survey methods, to master a foreign language. Professionalknowledge: understand the development history of Chinese and foreign landscape, understand the regional landscape, understand China landscape aesthetic knowledge, master the design theory and method of landscape planning, landscape analysis and evaluation, grasp the method, master site analysis and design methods, grasp the landscape engineering knowledge, including roads, vertical, landscape design, landscape construction understanding maintain and manage knowledge, master planting design principle, understand the public management laws and regulations, grasp the natural and cultural heritage protection, restoration and management theories and methods, grasp the application of remote sensing and geographic information system. Highway landscape science2. professional skills: To survey and research ability, landscape planning and design and management ability, information technology application ability, expression ability and other abilities (foreign language ability,self-learning ability and professional skills) structure of graduates. Curriculum: the course is divided into public basic courses, specialized basic courses, specialized courses, elective courses and practical teaching links. In each course, 9 courses should be unified as core courses. The core course will provide courses for all colleges and universities and meet the minimum hours required.Professional basic courses: drawing, art, history, foreign China landscape gardening history, modern history, landscape landscape studies, introduction to city planning, regional planning, architectural design, landscape design, a preliminary introduction to the protection of resources andenvironment, landscape resources / comprehensive natural and human geography, landscape ecology and ecology, city based society science, environmental behavior, recreation, culture, landscape and landscape plants, 3S (remote sensing, geographic information system and global positioning system) technology, policies and regulations. Professional courses: landscape planning and design principle, landscape planning and design (site planning and design, city landscape design and architectural design, landscape planning design, tourism planning, nature conservation planning, park planning and design, landscape engineering and Technology), planting design. Core courses: modern landscape history, landscape studies, landscape design, landscape resources / preliminary comprehensive natural and human geography, landscape plants, landscape planning and design principle, landscape planning and design (site planning and design, city landscape design, landscape architectural design, scenic design, tourism planning, nature conservation planning, park planning design), engineering and technology, landscape planting design. Duration: five years degree: engineering graduates employment direction: the king to employment direction and business scope of work for landscape planning and design planning and design and related services; the relevant departments of the government, the comprehensive utilization of land and market services, and project planning, decision making and engineering departments consulting work; management of construction land, and environmental protection, tourism, and other government departments relevant to the work of the king, education and research of landscape planning and design.Edit this paragraph rename necessaryThe controversy over the name and connotation of landscape architecture and landscape planning has been going on for a long time. "Landscape architecture" is a widely accepted discipline (profession) and a profession appellation in Chinese landscape circles (including academic circles, mainstream and government management organizations) and society. The reasons are not only the origin of Chinese traditional culture, but also the consensus of social conventions. In order to communicate with international counterparts, its English name is landscape"LandscapeArchitecture" is understandable. Because of the nature of landscape architecture, social functions and professional activities, they are closely similar to or similar to LA. The reason why we do not say that it is the same is because there are some differences and gaps between the two. The difference here mainly refers to the social and cultural aspects, while the gap refers to the stage of development. And it is precisely how to recognize and deal with this difference and the gap that led to this new debate, of course, including the understanding and translation of LA. The landscape school represented by some scholars (that they represent, the real LA and those who support and appreciate those advocated by scholars) through the use of media, publications and conferences, promote their claims, and has been in the community and the landscape design on the market formed a great forces. With the traditional landscape, and from the trend, this phenomenon is worrying.Edit this paragraph to compare conceptsWhat is the essential difference between landscape architecture and landscape planning? We might as well compare the two. On the landscape interpretation, "cited here discusses the China encyclopedia": "landscape architecture (i.e. landscape - the author note) is to study how to use natural factors (especially ecological factors), social factors of ecological balance to create beautiful, human life realm of discipline." Its research scope is expanding with the development of social life and science and technology. At present, it includes 3 levels: traditional landscape architecture, urban greening and landscape planning. Traditional landscape architecture mainly includes landscape history, garden art, landscape plants, landscape engineering, landscape architecture and other branches. Landscape design is based on the functional requirements of the landscape, landscape requirements and economic conditions, the use of the above branch of research results to create a variety of garden art image.The subject of urban greening is to study the role of greening in urban construction, to determine the quota of urban green space, and to plan and design the urban garden system, including parks, streets, greening, etc.. Earthscape planning is the development of the subject, the task is the earth's natural landscape and human landscape as a resource to look at, from the ecological, social and economic value and aesthetic value of the 3 aspects of evaluation, in the development to maximize the preservation of natural landscape, the rational use of land. The planning steps include the investigation, analysis and evaluation of natural and landscape resources, principles of conservation or development, policy formulation, and thepreparation of planning plans. On the landscape planning of the explanation, we look at the representative of the domestic scholars: "landscape design (i.e. landscape planning - the author note) is a subject about how to arrange the land and land objects and space science and art thought people to create a safe, efficient and healthy and comfortable environment. According to the nature, content and scale to solve the problem of different landscape design consists of two professional direction, namely: landscape planning and landscape design (LandscapePlanning) (LandscapeDesign), the former refers to the larger scale, in the process of natural and human recognition based on the process of coordinating the relationship between man and nature, in particular that is the most appropriate place arrangement and arrangement of land use in the most appropriate place for some specific purpose, and the design of the specific local landscape design.Edit this paragraph of differential cognitionThrough the above on the landscape and landscape planning of the connotation and extension of the comparison, we can see that, in addition to "city planning" mainstream domestic landscape architecture and landscape school is different, the overall and large terms, Chinese and foreign scholars to explain the two are basically the same. In the "city planning" (including new towns and new development zone planning area) (which is also one of some scholars are not satisfied with the landscape landscape place) as the size or the size of the space, the landscape architecture is not to decide in China specific national conditions, but subject to the management system, policies and regulations, social division of labor andprofessional settings and other factors. Symposium on Landscape ArchitectureHowever, some scholars did not envisage this caused by the social background and development gap, no face between the East and west culture difference, but also not to face the history of our nation's own factors caused by the development of landscape architecture, contrary to the propaganda concept of LA and the superiority of academic advanced. To landscape is said to have left behind and be inopportune or inappropriate things, it is classified as a product of traditional agricultural society and peasant economy; deliberately compressed landscape space, the role and function of its only positioning in the visual aesthetic level; to describe it as only do things and the refinement of tokenism. Ignoring the exploration and progress in modern society of landscape architecture. Although the landscape architecture and landscape planning (LA) but is a name, a symbol only, but in a particular culture, specific culture, it is not only a name, a symbol, China "landscape" is such a situation. Although it is not the law of ancestors, it is deeply rooted in the fertile soil of our national culture. In this respect, our close neighbors, Japan and South Korea, are worthy of our experience. They insisted on using the name and gardening landscape design, in order to protect their own cultural traditions, protect their subject characteristics, we can say that people are in low level and be an anachronism? Obviously not. Therefore, I believe that the landscape is not necessary to change the "landscape planning" this so-called new clothes.。
英国著名景观设计师唐纳德
设计理念
唐纳德抛弃了传统园林中那些虚 饰和过分的幻想，在园林中要创 造三维的流动空间，为了创造这 种流动性，需要打破园林中场地 之间的严格划分，他喜欢18世纪 传统花园的两个方面，即框景和 透景线的运用，运用隔断和能透 过视线的种植来达到，这一点受 萨伏伊别墅的启发。他认为景观 设计是一个大的综合性的原则， 而不是仅仅作为建筑周围的点缀， 要考虑社会和城市的因素。他推 崇功能是现代主义景观的最基本 考虑。
谢谢观看！
艺术的
艺术方面是在景观设计中运用现代艺术的 手段。唐纳德认为园林应与雕塑等现代艺 术相结合。
“Bentley Wood ”(本特利树林)的住宅花园
1935年，唐纳德为建筑师谢梅 耶夫设计了名为“Bentley Wood”（本特利树林）的住宅 花园。花园的露台设计，是唐纳 德的现代景观设计三个方面的直 接和精美的表达。住宅的餐室透 过玻璃拉门向外延伸，直到矩形 的铺装露台。露台的一个侧面用 围墙起来，尽端被一个木框架限 定，框住了远处的风景。在木格 附近一侧的基座上，侧卧着亨 利·摩尔的抽象雕塑，面向无限 的远方，基座一旁有一小段台阶。 这里，唐纳德将功能、移情和艺 术完美地结合起来。
倡导现代景观设计的三个方面
功能是现代主义景观最基本的考虑，最首 要的；功能主义是景观设计从情感主义和 浪漫主义中解脱出来，去满足人的理性需 求，与建筑界类似的倾向很紧密的联系。
功的
移情的
移情源于唐纳德对日本园林的理解。他他 提出要从对称的形式束缚中解脱出来，提 出尝试日本园林中石组布置的均衡构图的 手段，以及从没有情感的事物中感受园林 的精神实在的设计手法。
英国著名景观设计师
唐纳德 Christopher Tunnard（1910-1979）
1空中花园
西方园林史重点1空中花园：并非悬于空中的花园，而是由金字塔形的数层平台堆叠而成的花园。
2阿多尼斯花园：每到春季，雅典妇女都要聚会，庆祝阿多尼斯的到来。
届时，要在屋顶上竖起阿多尼斯雕像，周围环以土钵，种有已发芽的莴苣、茴香、大麦、小麦等。
葱绿的小苗好似花环一般围绕着阿多尼斯塑像，表达了人们的敬爱之情，这种类型的屋顶庭院就叫做阿多尼斯花园。
3柱廊园：又称宅院，通常由三进院落构成，即用于接待宾客的前庭，通常有简单的屋顶，供家庭人员活动的列柱廊式中庭以及真正的露坛式花园，各个院落之间一般有过渡性空间。
4结园：是以低矮绿篱组成装饰图案的花坛类型，或为几何图形，或呈鸟兽纹章等图样。
5凡尔赛宫：为古典主义风格建筑，立面为标准的古典主义三段式处理，即将立面划分为纵、横三段，建筑左右对称，造型轮廓整齐、庄重雄伟，被称为是理性美的代表。
其内部装潢则以巴洛克风格为主，少数厅堂为洛可可风格。
6西方园林：在地理位置上处于西半球的西方国家的园林。
7勒诺特尔式园林：法国的宫廷花园为代表的园林则被称为勒诺特尔式园林。
8隐垣：又名“哈-哈墙”，以环绕园林的宽壕深沟，代替了环绕花园的高大围墙，“哈-哈”的运用，除了界定园林的范围、区别园林内外、防止牲畜进入院内造成破坏之外，还使得园林的视野得到前所未有的扩大，使园林与周围广袤的自然风景融为一体，完全取消了园林与自然之间的界限。
8哈德良山庄：是为罗马帝国哈德良建造的离宫别苑，坐落在罗马城附近风景秀丽的替沃里山坡上，占地约18km2 。
宏伟的宫殿，典雅的园林，丰富的水景和精美的雕像，完全是罗马帝国的繁荣与品位在建筑和园林史上的集中表现。
9世界三大园林体系,主要是指东方式园林,欧洲式园林和阿拉伯园林。
10英中式园林：在法国，18世纪的法国的法国自然式园林。
11 西方园林的艺术形式分为意大利文艺复兴园林和法国古典主义园林两大类。
12古埃及园林类型有宅园、圣苑、墓园3种类型。
13古埃及园林特征：古埃及园林的类型、形式和特征，式是其自然条件的、社会状况宗教思想和生活习俗的综合反映。
论时空压缩背景下城市景观空间的“碎片化”现象与设计策略
然而从传统的整一性城市过渡到碎片化城市也造成了相当多的城市问 题：拉丁美洲一些城市用围墙将中产阶级的社区隔离起来，墙壁和大门 保护着休闲俱乐部、购物中心、办公楼、商业区、工业区，甚至一些相 当普通的公共街道[4]，社会制度和政策引起的社会群体的分割与空间单 元破碎化，致使城市公共功能削弱，人们的归属感和社会意识也逐渐淡 薄，社会隔离乃至种族的冲突愈加剧烈。此外，城市内部功能不断分离 加剧了城市空间相互隔离，降低了土地利用效益，影响了城市整体运行 效率[5]，如在以色列，由于房地产压力，零售中心在以色列呈现出过度 拥挤且破碎化的状态，这意味着零售产业的过剩发展将对邻近的土地 利用、城市的流动性和可达性造成负担[6]。同时，城市空间的不断外扩 与自身的碎片化，导致生态绿地不断流失和被分割，诸如对宜昌市城市 绿地格局的研究中表明，大面积绿地斑块占优势，绿地斑块分布均匀， 且绿地斑块与绿化廊道共存的绿地景观格局对城市环境改善起着重要作 用，这类绿地破碎度指数最小, 明显表现出降温增湿和滞尘减噪的环境 效应[7]。
“设计结合自然”的相关论点、哈普林（Lawrence Halprin）的 RSVP循环都是对动态的、波动的场地特征关注，而伊丽莎白·梅尔 （Elizabeth K.Meyer）在《场地索引：现代风景园林的基础》（Site citations：the grounds of modern landscape architecture）[13]一 文中论述景观与场地本身的关系，提出当代景观设计已经从“描绘平 面”转变为“场地作业”，这些亦可以看出对于场地本质原貌的解读逐 渐从一种静态作业发展为动态作业（图2）。
景观设计基本概念
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景观设计基础
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毛琦虹 2010.11.07
景观中国： 土人设计网： 中国景观网：
作业：世界三大园林体系的特点及其代表作（中国皇家园林、私家园林、寺观园林、 日本园林、欧洲园林、阿拉伯园林图片各5张） 作业编排在WORD文件，上传至MQH3132@
◎园林的概念 @园林是在一定的地理境域中以工程技术和艺术手段通过筑山、叠石、 理水、绿化、建筑、置路、雕塑来创造美的环境。 园林的环境系统是由土地、水体、植物、建筑这四种基本要素组成的。 （自然环境） （人工环境）
@世界三大园林体系：东方式园林、欧洲式园林、阿拉伯园林。
东方园林：皇家园林、私家园林、寺观园林
◎什么是环境艺术设计：（室内、室外）
广义： 是指人以外的空间存在，大地、天空、海洋等自然环境和城镇、乡村、 建筑等人工环境的总和。 狭义： 只涉及到人工环境中的一部分，主要为建筑的内外环境。
室内：家装、工装。 公寓装修、别墅装修、酒店、办公空间、展示空间、娱乐空间、大堂会所等 室外：广场、公园、小区、道路等 庭院景观设计，居住区景观设计，城市广场，城市公园，步行商业街等
第十二周：周六 24—32节：效果图绘制 周日 33—40节：修改、排版 第十五周（补课）：周六 41—48：考试、上交作业、作业点评
景观设计教案
◎理论知识要点： @什么是环境艺术设计（环境艺术设计的内容） @什么是景观设计 @什么是园林（世界三大园林体系） @构成景观实体的几大因素 @景观设计、绘图步骤
景观生态学
第一章景观生态学中的基本概念1.什么叫景观？答：景观指某地区或某种类型的自然景色，也指人工创造的景色森林景观。
泛指自然景色，景象。
2.什么叫景观生态学？答：景观生态学（Landscape Ecology）是研究在一个相当大的区域内，由许多不同生态系统所组成的整体（即景观）的空间结构、相互作用、协调功能及动态变化的一门生态学新分支。
景观生态学给生态学带来新的思想和新的研究方法。
它已成为当今北美生态学的前沿学科之一。
3.景观生态学研究的内容是什么？答：景观生态学是研究景观的结构功能和变化及景观的规划管理。
景观结构：指的是不同景观要素之间的空间关系。
景观功能：指的是多种景观要素之间的相互作用，即不同生态系统之间的能流，物质流和物种流。
景观变化：指的是景观在结构和功能上随时间的变化。
景观管理：是将景观生态学的基本理论，应用于生产实践。
主要内容是通过综合分析景观特征，提出景观利用管理最优化方案。
包括下述内容：（1）景观生态分类；（2）景观生态评价；（3）景观生态规划设计;(4) 景观生态生态规划设计实践。
4.德国科学家 C.Troll在景观生态学界的贡献是什么？为什么20世纪70年代以后，人们会重提他的科学贡献？答：通过对自然界中生命与环境关系的观察与思考，建立了植物生态学学科体系。
原因：景观观生态学是本世纪70年代以后蓬勃发展起来的一门新兴的交叉学科。
它以生态学理论框架为依托，吸收现代地理学和系统科学之所长，研究景观和区域尺度的资源、环境经营与管理问题，具有综合整体性和宏观区域性特色，并以中尺度的景观结构和生态过程关系研究见长（肖笃宁等，1997）。
自80年代后期以来，逐渐成为世界上资源、环境、生态方面研究的一个热点。
现在普遍的看法是，这门新兴学科是地理学与生态学相互结合的产物。
要想能够对其来龙去脉有更全面的了解，这就必然要涉及以上两门学科中的一些相关思想的发展。
地理学中，由于其学科跨度很大，并不是每一分支都与现代景观生态学有着直接的必然联系。
邵培仁_“看到”打败“听到”：论景观在媒介时代的特殊地位
当“看到”打败“听到”：论景观在传媒时代的特殊地位1邵培仁2浙江大学传播研究所浙江杭州 310028[摘要]景观是不同时期地球形态的集合。
在文化地理学中，景观既有自然的、物质的形式和形态，又是指附加在自然景观上的人类活动形态。
景观是一种由感性的可观性影像建构起来的。
在作为以影像生产和影像消费为主的景观社会里，景观不仅具有意识形态功能，而且已经成为现今人们主导性的生活模式。
媒介每天都在提供可供大众消费的景观，以其丰富的影像世界构筑起景观社会，同时媒介也不得不受制于景观社会的商业逻辑的诱惑，走上了一条偏离自己本真的批判性和创造性的歧路。
[关键词] 媒介地理，地方，地方感，地方性，媒介空间，文化记忆When the "See" Beat "Hear": the Special Status of Spectacle in the Media AgeSHAO Pei-renCommunication Studies Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, ChinaAbstract: Spectacle is a collection of different periods of the Earth's shape. In Cultural Geography, spectacle is both natural and physical in its form and shape, it is also “a pattern of human activity attached to the natural spectacle." Guy Ernest Dobord said: spectacle is a kind of fatasy built up by an emotional observability, its existance is sustained by the appearance, and is in a variety of images for external representation. This kind of image production and image consumer-oriented society, is called the society of spectacle. Dobord pointed out that there are two important features of the society of spectacle: first, spectacle has become the goal of the current capitalist mode of production, that is to say spectacle has become modern people’s "the dominant way of life." Second, spectacle has the ideological function. We are surrounded by images of the society of spectacle. It is the mass media that create a rich and various media spectacle by continuing production and display of the spectacle. On one hand, the media provide the spectacle for mass1【课题项目】此为2006年浙江省哲学社会科学基金项目重大项目《媒介地理与媒介生态研究》（06JDCB001ZD）的成果之一。