Priority-Driven Active Data Prefetching
计算机系统结构课后习题答案
第1章计算机系统结构的基本概念1.1 解释下列术语层次机构:按照计算机语言从低级到高级的次序,把计算机系统按功能划分成多级层次结构,每一层以一种不同的语言为特征。
这些层次依次为:微程序机器级,传统机器语言机器级,汇编语言机器级,高级语言机器级,应用语言机器级等。
虚拟机:用软件实现的机器。
翻译:先用转换程序把高一级机器上的程序转换为低一级机器上等效的程序,然后再在这低一级机器上运行,实现程序的功能。
解释:对于高一级机器上的程序中的每一条语句或指令,都是转去执行低一级机器上的一段等效程序。
执行完后,再去高一级机器取下一条语句或指令,再进行解释执行,如此反复,直到解释执行完整个程序。
计算机系统结构:传统机器程序员所看到的计算机属性,即概念性结构与功能特性。
在计算机技术中,把这种本来存在的事物或属性,但从某种角度看又好像不存在的概念称为透明性。
计算机组成:计算机系统结构的逻辑实现,包含物理机器级中的数据流和控制流的组成以及逻辑设计等。
计算机实现:计算机组成的物理实现,包括处理机、主存等部件的物理结构,器件的集成度和速度,模块、插件、底板的划分与连接,信号传输,电源、冷却及整机装配技术等。
系统加速比:对系统中某部分进行改进时,改进后系统性能提高的倍数。
Amdahl定律:当对一个系统中的某个部件进行改进后,所能获得的整个系统性能的提高,受限于该部件的执行时间占总执行时间的百分比。
程序的局部性原理:程序执行时所访问的存储器地址不是随机分布的,而是相对地簇聚。
包括时间局部性和空间局部性。
CPI:每条指令执行的平均时钟周期数。
测试程序套件:由各种不同的真实应用程序构成的一组测试程序,用来测试计算机在各个方面的处理性能。
存储程序计算机:冯·诺依曼结构计算机。
其基本点是指令驱动。
程序预先存放在计算机存储器中,机器一旦启动,就能按照程序指定的逻辑顺序执行这些程序,自动完成由程序所描述的处理工作。
系列机:由同一厂家生产的具有相同系统结构、但具有不同组成和实现的一系列不同型号的计算机。
集美大学思科网络技术上级实验题目及答案翻译
实验1：第一章测试1 Which of the following are functions of a web browser without the addition of plug-ins? [Choose three.]（cde）下列哪项是一个没有插件的web浏览器的功能？解释：连接、接触服务器，请求、接受信息a. displays Quicktime movies 显示Quicktime电影b. displays flash animation 显示flash动画c. requests information .请求信息d. contacts web servers 接触web服务器e. receives information 接收信息f. updates IRQ…s更新IRQ的2 Why were TCP/IP protocols developed?（a）为什么TCP / IP协议开发?a. To allow cooperating computers to share resources across a network 允许合作的计算机通过网络共享资源b. To insure that error correction of each packet takes place. 对每个数据包发生的误差修正。
c. To allocate resources that are needed for operating a computer on a LAN. 在局域网内分配那些需要操作的电脑的资源d. To determine the "best path" decision making when forwarding packets of data.确定“最佳路径”转发数据包时的决策3 In an 8 bit binary number, what is the total number of combinations of the eight bits?（b）在一个8位二进制数,八个比特的组合的总数吗? 解释：0(0000 0000) - 255(1111 1111)a. 255b. 256c. 512d. 128e. 254f. 10244 Which statements best describe a physical connection? [Choose two.]哪个陈述最好的形容物理连接。
archit44
4.3 动态分支预测技术
指令并行
处理器可达到的指令级并行度越高，控制相关 的影响越大 动态解决技术利用硬件对程序运行时分支的行 为进行预测，提前对分支操作做出反应，加快 分支处理的速度。分支预测的效果不仅取决于 其准确性，而且与分支预测时的开销密切相关。 分支转移的最终延迟取决于流水线的结构、预 测的方法和预测错误后恢复所采取的策略 动态分支预测技术要记录分支指令的历史、并 据此决定预测的分支，还要尽快找到分支目标 地址，从而避免控制相关造成流水线停顿
4.4 多指令流出技术
指令并行
将等于1的理想CPI减小，必须实现一个时钟周 期流出（发射issue）多条指令
超标量(Superscalar)处理器：每个时钟周期流出多条 指令（1～8），可以采用编译器进行静态调度顺序执行， 也可以采用硬件动态调度乱序执行 超长指令字(VLIW: Very Long Instruction Word)：通 过编译器调度无关的多条指令（4～16）形成一条长指 令，每个时钟周期流出一条长指令 超级流水线(Super pipelining)：将每个功能部件进一 步流水化，使得一个功能部件在一个时钟周期中可以处 理多条指令（可以简单地理解为很长的流水线）
WAW 冲突 （输出相关引起） 如果在SUB.D写入F10 之 前 ADD.D 执 行 结 束 ， 会出现问题
寄存器换名可以消除WAR和WAW冲突
指令并行
DIV.D F4,F0,F2 SUB.D F10,F4,F6 ADD.D F8,F12,F14
DIV.D F4,F0,F2 SUB.D F10,F4,F6 ADD.D F8,F6,F14
① 根据历史记录（预测位状态）进行分支预测 ② 根据实际分支情况修改预测位
virtio_net数据包的收发
virtio-net数据包的收发virtio设备创建vring的创建流程Ring的内存分布发送接收virtio设备创建在virtio设备创建过程中，形成的数据结构如图所示：从图中可以看出，virtio-netdev关联了两个virtqueue，包括一个send queue和一个receive queue，而具体的queue的实现由vring来承载。
针对virtqueue 的操作包括：int virtqueue_add_buf( struct virtqueue *_vq, struct scatterlist sg[], unsigned int out, unsigned int in, void *data, gfp_t gfp)add_buf()用于向queue中添加一个新的buffer，参数data是一个非空的令牌，用于识别buffer，当buffer内容被消耗后，data会返回。
virtqueue_kick()Guest 通知host 单个或者多个buffer 已经添加到queue 中,调用virtqueue_notify()，notify 函数会向queue notify(VIRTIO_PCI_QUEUE_NOTIFY)寄存器写入queue index 来通知host。
void *virtqueue_get_buf(struct virtqueue *_vq, unsigned int *len)返回使用过的buffer，len为写入到buffer中数据的长度。
获取数据，释放buffer,更新vring描述符表格中的index。
virtqueue_disable_cb()Guest不再需要知道一个buffer已经使用了，也就是关闭device的中断。
驱动会在初始化时注册一个回调函数，disable_cb()通常在这个virtqueue回调函数中使用，用于关闭再次的回调函数调用。
virtqueue_enable_cb()与disable_cb()刚好相反，用于重新开启设备中断的上报。
四大安全会议论文题目
2009and2010Papers:Big-4Security ConferencespvoOctober13,2010NDSS20091.Document Structure Integrity:A Robust Basis for Cross-site Scripting Defense.Y.Nadji,P.Saxena,D.Song2.An Efficient Black-box Technique for Defeating Web Application Attacks.R.Sekar3.Noncespaces:Using Randomization to Enforce Information Flow Tracking and Thwart Cross-Site Scripting Attacks.M.Van Gundy,H.Chen4.The Blind Stone Tablet:Outsourcing Durability to Untrusted Parties.P.Williams,R.Sion,D.Shasha5.Two-Party Computation Model for Privacy-Preserving Queries over Distributed Databases.S.S.M.Chow,J.-H.Lee,L.Subramanian6.SybilInfer:Detecting Sybil Nodes using Social Networks.G.Danezis,P.Mittal7.Spectrogram:A Mixture-of-Markov-Chains Model for Anomaly Detection in Web Traffic.Yingbo Song,Angelos D.Keromytis,Salvatore J.Stolfo8.Detecting Forged TCP Reset Packets.Nicholas Weaver,Robin Sommer,Vern Paxson9.Coordinated Scan Detection.Carrie Gates10.RB-Seeker:Auto-detection of Redirection Botnets.Xin Hu,Matthew Knysz,Kang G.Shin11.Scalable,Behavior-Based Malware Clustering.Ulrich Bayer,Paolo Milani Comparetti,Clemens Hlauschek,Christopher Kruegel,Engin Kirda12.K-Tracer:A System for Extracting Kernel Malware Behavior.Andrea Lanzi,Monirul I.Sharif,Wenke Lee13.RAINBOW:A Robust And Invisible Non-Blind Watermark for Network Flows.Amir Houmansadr,Negar Kiyavash,Nikita Borisov14.Traffic Morphing:An Efficient Defense Against Statistical Traffic Analysis.Charles V.Wright,Scott E.Coull,Fabian Monrose15.Recursive DNS Architectures and Vulnerability Implications.David Dagon,Manos Antonakakis,Kevin Day,Xiapu Luo,Christopher P.Lee,Wenke Lee16.Analyzing and Comparing the Protection Quality of Security Enhanced Operating Systems.Hong Chen,Ninghui Li,Ziqing Mao17.IntScope:Automatically Detecting Integer Overflow Vulnerability in X86Binary Using Symbolic Execution.Tielei Wang,Tao Wei,Zhiqiang Lin,Wei Zou18.Safe Passage for Passwords and Other Sensitive Data.Jonathan M.McCune,Adrian Perrig,Michael K.Reiter19.Conditioned-safe Ceremonies and a User Study of an Application to Web Authentication.Chris Karlof,J.Doug Tygar,David Wagner20.CSAR:A Practical and Provable Technique to Make Randomized Systems Accountable.Michael Backes,Peter Druschel,Andreas Haeberlen,Dominique UnruhOakland20091.Wirelessly Pickpocketing a Mifare Classic Card.(Best Practical Paper Award)Flavio D.Garcia,Peter van Rossum,Roel Verdult,Ronny Wichers Schreur2.Plaintext Recovery Attacks Against SSH.Martin R.Albrecht,Kenneth G.Paterson,Gaven J.Watson3.Exploiting Unix File-System Races via Algorithmic Complexity Attacks.Xiang Cai,Yuwei Gui,Rob Johnson4.Practical Mitigations for Timing-Based Side-Channel Attacks on Modern x86Processors.Bart Coppens,Ingrid Verbauwhede,Bjorn De Sutter,Koen De Bosschere5.Non-Interference for a Practical DIFC-Based Operating System.Maxwell Krohn,Eran Tromer6.Native Client:A Sandbox for Portable,Untrusted x86Native Code.(Best Paper Award)B.Yee,D.Sehr,G.Dardyk,B.Chen,R.Muth,T.Ormandy,S.Okasaka,N.Narula,N.Fullagar7.Automatic Reverse Engineering of Malware Emulators.(Best Student Paper Award)Monirul Sharif,Andrea Lanzi,Jonathon Giffin,Wenke Lee8.Prospex:Protocol Specification Extraction.Paolo Milani Comparetti,Gilbert Wondracek,Christopher Kruegel,Engin Kirda9.Quantifying Information Leaks in Outbound Web Traffic.Kevin Borders,Atul Prakash10.Automatic Discovery and Quantification of Information Leaks.Michael Backes,Boris Kopf,Andrey Rybalchenko11.CLAMP:Practical Prevention of Large-Scale Data Leaks.Bryan Parno,Jonathan M.McCune,Dan Wendlandt,David G.Andersen,Adrian Perrig12.De-anonymizing Social Networks.Arvind Narayanan,Vitaly Shmatikov13.Privacy Weaknesses in Biometric Sketches.Koen Simoens,Pim Tuyls,Bart Preneel14.The Mastermind Attack on Genomic Data.Michael T.Goodrich15.A Logic of Secure Systems and its Application to Trusted Computing.Anupam Datta,Jason Franklin,Deepak Garg,Dilsun Kaynar16.Formally Certifying the Security of Digital Signature Schemes.Santiago Zanella-Beguelin,Gilles Barthe,Benjamin Gregoire,Federico Olmedo17.An Epistemic Approach to Coercion-Resistance for Electronic Voting Protocols.Ralf Kuesters,Tomasz Truderung18.Sphinx:A Compact and Provably Secure Mix Format.George Danezis,Ian Goldberg19.DSybil:Optimal Sybil-Resistance for Recommendation Systems.Haifeng Yu,Chenwei Shi,Michael Kaminsky,Phillip B.Gibbons,Feng Xiao20.Fingerprinting Blank Paper Using Commodity Scanners.William Clarkson,Tim Weyrich,Adam Finkelstein,Nadia Heninger,Alex Halderman,Ed Felten 21.Tempest in a Teapot:Compromising Reflections Revisited.Michael Backes,Tongbo Chen,Markus Duermuth,Hendrik P.A.Lensch,Martin Welk22.Blueprint:Robust Prevention of Cross-site Scripting Attacks for Existing Browsers.Mike Ter Louw,V.N.Venkatakrishnan23.Pretty-Bad-Proxy:An Overlooked Adversary in Browsers’HTTPS Deployments.Shuo Chen,Ziqing Mao,Yi-Min Wang,Ming Zhang24.Secure Content Sniffing for Web Browsers,or How to Stop Papers from Reviewing Themselves.Adam Barth,Juan Caballero,Dawn Song25.It’s No Secret:Measuring the Security and Reliability of Authentication via’Secret’Questions.Stuart Schechter,A.J.Bernheim Brush,Serge Egelman26.Password Cracking Using Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars.Matt Weir,Sudhir Aggarwal,Bill Glodek,Breno de MedeirosUSENIX Security2009promising Electromagnetic Emanations of Wired and Wireless Keyboards.(Outstanding Student Paper)Martin Vuagnoux,Sylvain Pasini2.Peeping Tom in the Neighborhood:Keystroke Eavesdropping on Multi-User Systems.Kehuan Zhang,XiaoFeng Wang3.A Practical Congestion Attack on Tor Using Long Paths,Nathan S.Evans,Roger Dingledine,Christian Grothoff4.Baggy Bounds Checking:An Efficient and Backwards-Compatible Defense against Out-of-Bounds Errors.Periklis Akritidis,Manuel Costa,Miguel Castro,Steven Hand5.Dynamic Test Generation to Find Integer Bugs in x86Binary Linux Programs.David Molnar,Xue Cong Li,David A.Wagner6.NOZZLE:A Defense Against Heap-spraying Code Injection Attacks.Paruj Ratanaworabhan,Benjamin Livshits,Benjamin Zorn7.Detecting Spammers with SNARE:Spatio-temporal Network-level Automatic Reputation Engine.Shuang Hao,Nadeem Ahmed Syed,Nick Feamster,Alexander G.Gray,Sven Krasser8.Improving Tor using a TCP-over-DTLS Tunnel.Joel Reardon,Ian Goldberg9.Locating Prefix Hijackers using LOCK.Tongqing Qiu,Lusheng Ji,Dan Pei,Jia Wang,Jun(Jim)Xu,Hitesh Ballani10.GATEKEEPER:Mostly Static Enforcement of Security and Reliability Policies for JavaScript Code.Salvatore Guarnieri,Benjamin Livshits11.Cross-Origin JavaScript Capability Leaks:Detection,Exploitation,and Defense.Adam Barth,Joel Weinberger,Dawn Song12.Memory Safety for Low-Level Software/Hardware Interactions.John Criswell,Nicolas Geoffray,Vikram Adve13.Physical-layer Identification of RFID Devices.Boris Danev,Thomas S.Heydt-Benjamin,Srdjan CapkunCP:Secure Remote Storage for Computational RFIDs.Mastooreh Salajegheh,Shane Clark,Benjamin Ransford,Kevin Fu,Ari Juels15.Jamming-resistant Broadcast Communication without Shared Keys.Christina Popper,Mario Strasser,Srdjan Capkun16.xBook:Redesigning Privacy Control in Social Networking Platforms.Kapil Singh,Sumeer Bhola,Wenke Lee17.Nemesis:Preventing Authentication and Access Control Vulnerabilities in Web Applications.Michael Dalton,Christos Kozyrakis,Nickolai Zeldovich18.Static Enforcement of Web Application Integrity Through Strong Typing.William Robertson,Giovanni Vigna19.Vanish:Increasing Data Privacy with Self-Destructing Data.(Outstanding Student Paper)Roxana Geambasu,Tadayoshi Kohno,Amit A.Levy,Henry M.Levy20.Efficient Data Structures for Tamper-Evident Logging.Scott A.Crosby,Dan S.Wallach21.VPriv:Protecting Privacy in Location-Based Vehicular Services.Raluca Ada Popa,Hari Balakrishnan,Andrew J.Blumberg22.Effective and Efficient Malware Detection at the End Host.Clemens Kolbitsch,Paolo Milani Comparetti,Christopher Kruegel,Engin Kirda,Xiaoyong Zhou,XiaoFeng Wang 23.Protecting Confidential Data on Personal Computers with Storage Capsules.Kevin Borders,Eric Vander Weele,Billy Lau,Atul Prakash24.Return-Oriented Rootkits:Bypassing Kernel Code Integrity Protection Mechanisms.Ralf Hund,Thorsten Holz,Felix C.Freiling25.Crying Wolf:An Empirical Study of SSL Warning Effectiveness.Joshua Sunshine,Serge Egelman,Hazim Almuhimedi,Neha Atri,Lorrie Faith Cranor26.The Multi-Principal OS Construction of the Gazelle Web Browser.Helen J.Wang,Chris Grier,Alex Moshchuk,Samuel T.King,Piali Choudhury,Herman VenterACM CCS20091.Attacking cryptographic schemes based on”perturbation polynomials”.Martin Albrecht,Craig Gentry,Shai Halevi,Jonathan Katz2.Filter-resistant code injection on ARM.Yves Younan,Pieter Philippaerts,Frank Piessens,Wouter Joosen,Sven Lachmund,Thomas Walter3.False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids.Yao Liu,Michael K.Reiter,Peng Ning4.EPC RFID tag security weaknesses and defenses:passport cards,enhanced drivers licenses,and beyond.Karl Koscher,Ari Juels,Vjekoslav Brajkovic,Tadayoshi Kohno5.An efficient forward private RFID protocol.Come Berbain,Olivier Billet,Jonathan Etrog,Henri Gilbert6.RFID privacy:relation between two notions,minimal condition,and efficient construction.Changshe Ma,Yingjiu Li,Robert H.Deng,Tieyan Li7.CoSP:a general framework for computational soundness proofs.Michael Backes,Dennis Hofheinz,Dominique Unruh8.Reactive noninterference.Aaron Bohannon,Benjamin C.Pierce,Vilhelm Sjoberg,Stephanie Weirich,Steve Zdancewicputational soundness for key exchange protocols with symmetric encryption.Ralf Kusters,Max Tuengerthal10.A probabilistic approach to hybrid role mining.Mario Frank,Andreas P.Streich,David A.Basin,Joachim M.Buhmann11.Efficient pseudorandom functions from the decisional linear assumption and weaker variants.Allison B.Lewko,Brent Waters12.Improving privacy and security in multi-authority attribute-based encryption.Melissa Chase,Sherman S.M.Chow13.Oblivious transfer with access control.Jan Camenisch,Maria Dubovitskaya,Gregory Neven14.NISAN:network information service for anonymization networks.Andriy Panchenko,Stefan Richter,Arne Rache15.Certificateless onion routing.Dario Catalano,Dario Fiore,Rosario Gennaro16.ShadowWalker:peer-to-peer anonymous communication using redundant structured topologies.Prateek Mittal,Nikita Borisov17.Ripley:automatically securing web2.0applications through replicated execution.K.Vikram,Abhishek Prateek,V.Benjamin Livshits18.HAIL:a high-availability and integrity layer for cloud storage.Kevin D.Bowers,Ari Juels,Alina Oprea19.Hey,you,get offof my cloud:exploring information leakage in third-party compute clouds.Thomas Ristenpart,Eran Tromer,Hovav Shacham,Stefan Savage20.Dynamic provable data possession.C.Christopher Erway,Alptekin Kupcu,Charalampos Papamanthou,Roberto Tamassia21.On cellular botnets:measuring the impact of malicious devices on a cellular network core.Patrick Traynor,Michael Lin,Machigar Ongtang,Vikhyath Rao,Trent Jaeger,Patrick Drew McDaniel,Thomas Porta 22.On lightweight mobile phone application certification.William Enck,Machigar Ongtang,Patrick Drew McDaniel23.SMILE:encounter-based trust for mobile social services.Justin Manweiler,Ryan Scudellari,Landon P.Cox24.Battle of Botcraft:fighting bots in online games with human observational proofs.Steven Gianvecchio,Zhenyu Wu,Mengjun Xie,Haining Wang25.Fides:remote anomaly-based cheat detection using client emulation.Edward C.Kaiser,Wu-chang Feng,Travis Schluessler26.Behavior based software theft detection.Xinran Wang,Yoon-chan Jhi,Sencun Zhu,Peng Liu27.The fable of the bees:incentivizing robust revocation decision making in ad hoc networks.Steffen Reidt,Mudhakar Srivatsa,Shane Balfe28.Effective implementation of the cell broadband engineTM isolation loader.Masana Murase,Kanna Shimizu,Wilfred Plouffe,Masaharu Sakamoto29.On achieving good operating points on an ROC plane using stochastic anomaly score prediction.Muhammad Qasim Ali,Hassan Khan,Ali Sajjad,Syed Ali Khayam30.On non-cooperative location privacy:a game-theoretic analysis.Julien Freudiger,Mohammad Hossein Manshaei,Jean-Pierre Hubaux,David C.Parkes31.Privacy-preserving genomic computation through program specialization.Rui Wang,XiaoFeng Wang,Zhou Li,Haixu Tang,Michael K.Reiter,Zheng Dong32.Feeling-based location privacy protection for location-based services.Toby Xu,Ying Cai33.Multi-party off-the-record messaging.Ian Goldberg,Berkant Ustaoglu,Matthew Van Gundy,Hao Chen34.The bayesian traffic analysis of mix networks.Carmela Troncoso,George Danezis35.As-awareness in Tor path selection.Matthew Edman,Paul F.Syverson36.Membership-concealing overlay networks.Eugene Y.Vasserman,Rob Jansen,James Tyra,Nicholas Hopper,Yongdae Kim37.On the difficulty of software-based attestation of embedded devices.Claude Castelluccia,Aurelien Francillon,Daniele Perito,Claudio Soriente38.Proximity-based access control for implantable medical devices.Kasper Bonne Rasmussen,Claude Castelluccia,Thomas S.Heydt-Benjamin,Srdjan Capkun39.XCS:cross channel scripting and its impact on web applications.Hristo Bojinov,Elie Bursztein,Dan Boneh40.A security-preserving compiler for distributed programs:from information-flow policies to cryptographic mechanisms.Cedric Fournet,Gurvan Le Guernic,Tamara Rezk41.Finding bugs in exceptional situations of JNI programs.Siliang Li,Gang Tan42.Secure open source collaboration:an empirical study of Linus’law.Andrew Meneely,Laurie A.Williams43.On voting machine design for verification and testability.Cynthia Sturton,Susmit Jha,Sanjit A.Seshia,David Wagner44.Secure in-VM monitoring using hardware virtualization.Monirul I.Sharif,Wenke Lee,Weidong Cui,Andrea Lanzi45.A metadata calculus for secure information sharing.Mudhakar Srivatsa,Dakshi Agrawal,Steffen Reidt46.Multiple password interference in text passwords and click-based graphical passwords.Sonia Chiasson,Alain Forget,Elizabeth Stobert,Paul C.van Oorschot,Robert Biddle47.Can they hear me now?:a security analysis of law enforcement wiretaps.Micah Sherr,Gaurav Shah,Eric Cronin,Sandy Clark,Matt Blaze48.English shellcode.Joshua Mason,Sam Small,Fabian Monrose,Greg MacManus49.Learning your identity and disease from research papers:information leaks in genome wide association study.Rui Wang,Yong Fuga Li,XiaoFeng Wang,Haixu Tang,Xiao-yong Zhou50.Countering kernel rootkits with lightweight hook protection.Zhi Wang,Xuxian Jiang,Weidong Cui,Peng Ning51.Mapping kernel objects to enable systematic integrity checking.Martim Carbone,Weidong Cui,Long Lu,Wenke Lee,Marcus Peinado,Xuxian Jiang52.Robust signatures for kernel data structures.Brendan Dolan-Gavitt,Abhinav Srivastava,Patrick Traynor,Jonathon T.Giffin53.A new cell counter based attack against tor.Zhen Ling,Junzhou Luo,Wei Yu,Xinwen Fu,Dong Xuan,Weijia Jia54.Scalable onion routing with torsk.Jon McLachlan,Andrew Tran,Nicholas Hopper,Yongdae Kim55.Anonymous credentials on a standard java card.Patrik Bichsel,Jan Camenisch,Thomas Gros,Victor Shouprge-scale malware indexing using function-call graphs.Xin Hu,Tzi-cker Chiueh,Kang G.Shin57.Dispatcher:enabling active botnet infiltration using automatic protocol reverse-engineering.Juan Caballero,Pongsin Poosankam,Christian Kreibich,Dawn Xiaodong Song58.Your botnet is my botnet:analysis of a botnet takeover.Brett Stone-Gross,Marco Cova,Lorenzo Cavallaro,Bob Gilbert,MartinSzydlowski,Richard A.Kemmerer,Christopher Kruegel,Giovanni VignaNDSS20101.Server-side Verification of Client Behavior in Online Games.Darrell Bethea,Robert Cochran and Michael Reiter2.Defeating Vanish with Low-Cost Sybil Attacks Against Large DHTs.S.Wolchok,O.S.Hofmann,N.Heninger,E.W.Felten,J.A.Halderman,C.J.Rossbach,B.Waters,E.Witchel3.Stealth DoS Attacks on Secure Channels.Amir Herzberg and Haya Shulman4.Protecting Browsers from Extension Vulnerabilities.Adam Barth,Adrienne Porter Felt,Prateek Saxena,and Aaron Boodman5.Adnostic:Privacy Preserving Targeted Advertising.Vincent Toubiana,Arvind Narayanan,Dan Boneh,Helen Nissenbaum and Solon Barocas6.FLAX:Systematic Discovery of Client-side Validation Vulnerabilities in Rich Web Applications.Prateek Saxena,Steve Hanna,Pongsin Poosankam and Dawn Song7.Effective Anomaly Detection with Scarce Training Data.William Robertson,Federico Maggi,Christopher Kruegel and Giovanni Vignarge-Scale Automatic Classification of Phishing Pages.Colin Whittaker,Brian Ryner and Marria Nazif9.A Systematic Characterization of IM Threats using Honeypots.Iasonas Polakis,Thanasis Petsas,Evangelos P.Markatos and Spiros Antonatos10.On Network-level Clusters for Spam Detection.Zhiyun Qian,Zhuoqing Mao,Yinglian Xie and Fang Yu11.Improving Spam Blacklisting Through Dynamic Thresholding and Speculative Aggregation.Sushant Sinha,Michael Bailey and Farnam Jahanian12.Botnet Judo:Fighting Spam with Itself.A.Pitsillidis,K.Levchenko,C.Kreibich,C.Kanich,G.M.Voelker,V.Paxson,N.Weaver,S.Savage13.Contractual Anonymity.Edward J.Schwartz,David Brumley and Jonathan M.McCune14.A3:An Extensible Platform for Application-Aware Anonymity.Micah Sherr,Andrew Mao,William R.Marczak,Wenchao Zhou,Boon Thau Loo,and Matt Blaze15.When Good Randomness Goes Bad:Virtual Machine Reset Vulnerabilities and Hedging Deployed Cryptography.Thomas Ristenpart and Scott Yilek16.InvisiType:Object-Oriented Security Policies.Jiwon Seo and Monica m17.A Security Evaluation of DNSSEC with NSEC3.Jason Bau and John Mitchell18.On the Safety of Enterprise Policy Deployment.Yudong Gao,Ni Pan,Xu Chen and Z.Morley Mao19.Where Do You Want to Go Today?Escalating Privileges by Pathname Manipulation.Suresh Chari,Shai Halevi and Wietse Venema20.Joe-E:A Security-Oriented Subset of Java.Adrian Mettler,David Wagner and Tyler Close21.Preventing Capability Leaks in Secure JavaScript Subsets.Matthew Finifter,Joel Weinberger and Adam Barth22.Binary Code Extraction and Interface Identification for Security Applications.Juan Caballero,Noah M.Johnson,Stephen McCamant,and Dawn Song23.Automatic Reverse Engineering of Data Structures from Binary Execution.Zhiqiang Lin,Xiangyu Zhang and Dongyan Xu24.Efficient Detection of Split Personalities in Malware.Davide Balzarotti,Marco Cova,Christoph Karlberger,Engin Kirda,Christopher Kruegel and Giovanni VignaOakland20101.Inspector Gadget:Automated Extraction of Proprietary Gadgets from Malware Binaries.Clemens Kolbitsch Thorsten Holz,Christopher Kruegel,Engin Kirda2.Synthesizing Near-Optimal Malware Specifications from Suspicious Behaviors.Matt Fredrikson,Mihai Christodorescu,Somesh Jha,Reiner Sailer,Xifeng Yan3.Identifying Dormant Functionality in Malware Programs.Paolo Milani Comparetti,Guido Salvaneschi,Clemens Kolbitsch,Engin Kirda,Christopher Kruegel,Stefano Zanero4.Reconciling Belief and Vulnerability in Information Flow.Sardaouna Hamadou,Vladimiro Sassone,Palamidessi5.Towards Static Flow-Based Declassification for Legacy and Untrusted Programs.Bruno P.S.Rocha,Sruthi Bandhakavi,Jerry I.den Hartog,William H.Winsborough,Sandro Etalle6.Non-Interference Through Secure Multi-Execution.Dominique Devriese,Frank Piessens7.Object Capabilities and Isolation of Untrusted Web Applications.Sergio Maffeis,John C.Mitchell,Ankur Taly8.TrustVisor:Efficient TCB Reduction and Attestation.Jonathan McCune,Yanlin Li,Ning Qu,Zongwei Zhou,Anupam Datta,Virgil Gligor,Adrian Perrig9.Overcoming an Untrusted Computing Base:Detecting and Removing Malicious Hardware Automatically.Matthew Hicks,Murph Finnicum,Samuel T.King,Milo M.K.Martin,Jonathan M.Smith10.Tamper Evident Microprocessors.Adam Waksman,Simha Sethumadhavan11.Side-Channel Leaks in Web Applications:a Reality Today,a Challenge Tomorrow.Shuo Chen,Rui Wang,XiaoFeng Wang Kehuan Zhang12.Investigation of Triangular Spamming:a Stealthy and Efficient Spamming Technique.Zhiyun Qian,Z.Morley Mao,Yinglian Xie,Fang Yu13.A Practical Attack to De-Anonymize Social Network Users.Gilbert Wondracek,Thorsten Holz,Engin Kirda,Christopher Kruegel14.SCiFI-A System for Secure Face Identification.(Best Paper)Margarita Osadchy,Benny Pinkas,Ayman Jarrous,Boaz Moskovich15.Round-Efficient Broadcast Authentication Protocols for Fixed Topology Classes.Haowen Chan,Adrian Perrig16.Revocation Systems with Very Small Private Keys.Allison Lewko,Amit Sahai,Brent Waters17.Authenticating Primary Users’Signals in Cognitive Radio Networks via Integrated Cryptographic and Wireless Link Signatures.Yao Liu,Peng Ning,Huaiyu Dai18.Outside the Closed World:On Using Machine Learning For Network Intrusion Detection.Robin Sommer,Vern Paxson19.All You Ever Wanted to Know about Dynamic Taint Analysis and Forward Symbolic Execution(but might have been afraid to ask).Thanassis Avgerinos,Edward Schwartz,David Brumley20.State of the Art:Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing.Jason Bau,Elie Bursztein,Divij Gupta,John Mitchell21.A Proof-Carrying File System.Deepak Garg,Frank Pfenning22.Scalable Parametric Verification of Secure Systems:How to Verify Ref.Monitors without Worrying about Data Structure Size.Jason Franklin,Sagar Chaki,Anupam Datta,Arvind Seshadri23.HyperSafe:A Lightweight Approach to Provide Lifetime Hypervisor Control-Flow Integrity.Zhi Wang,Xuxian Jiang24.How Good are Humans at Solving CAPTCHAs?A Large Scale Evaluation.Elie Bursztein,Steven Bethard,John C.Mitchell,Dan Jurafsky,Celine Fabry25.Bootstrapping Trust in Commodity Computers.Bryan Parno,Jonathan M.McCune,Adrian Perrig26.Chip and PIN is Broken.(Best Practical Paper)Steven J.Murdoch,Saar Drimer,Ross Anderson,Mike Bond27.Experimental Security Analysis of a Modern Automobile.K.Koscher,A.Czeskis,F.Roesner,S.Patel,T.Kohno,S.Checkoway,D.McCoy,B.Kantor,D.Anderson,H.Shacham,S.Savage 28.On the Incoherencies in Web Browser Access Control Policies.Kapil Singh,Alexander Moshchuk,Helen J.Wang,Wenke Lee29.ConScript:Specifying and Enforcing Fine-Grained Security Policies for JavaScript in the Browser.Leo Meyerovich,Benjamin Livshits30.TaintScope:A Checksum-Aware Directed Fuzzing Tool for Automatic Software Vulnerability Detection.(Best Student Paper)Tielei Wang,Tao Wei,Guofei Gu,Wei Zou31.A Symbolic Execution Framework for JavaScript.Prateek Saxena,Devdatta Akhawe,Steve Hanna,Stephen McCamant,Dawn Song,Feng MaoUSENIX Security20101.Adapting Software Fault Isolation to Contemporary CPU Architectures.David Sehr,Robert Muth,CliffBiffle,Victor Khimenko,Egor Pasko,Karl Schimpf,Bennet Yee,Brad Chen2.Making Linux Protection Mechanisms Egalitarian with UserFS.Taesoo Kim and Nickolai Zeldovich3.Capsicum:Practical Capabilities for UNIX.(Best Student Paper)Robert N.M.Watson,Jonathan Anderson,Ben Laurie,Kris Kennaway4.Structuring Protocol Implementations to Protect Sensitive Data.Petr Marchenko,Brad Karp5.PrETP:Privacy-Preserving Electronic Toll Pricing.Josep Balasch,Alfredo Rial,Carmela Troncoso,Bart Preneel,Ingrid Verbauwhede,Christophe Geuens6.An Analysis of Private Browsing Modes in Modern Browsers.Gaurav Aggarwal,Elie Bursztein,Collin Jackson,Dan Boneh7.BotGrep:Finding P2P Bots with Structured Graph Analysis.Shishir Nagaraja,Prateek Mittal,Chi-Yao Hong,Matthew Caesar,Nikita Borisov8.Fast Regular Expression Matching Using Small TCAMs for Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems.Chad R.Meiners,Jignesh Patel,Eric Norige,Eric Torng,Alex X.Liu9.Searching the Searchers with SearchAudit.John P.John,Fang Yu,Yinglian Xie,Martin Abadi,Arvind Krishnamurthy10.Toward Automated Detection of Logic Vulnerabilities in Web Applications.Viktoria Felmetsger,Ludovico Cavedon,Christopher Kruegel,Giovanni Vigna11.Baaz:A System for Detecting Access Control Misconfigurations.Tathagata Das,Ranjita Bhagwan,Prasad Naldurg12.Cling:A Memory Allocator to Mitigate Dangling Pointers.Periklis Akritidis13.ZKPDL:A Language-Based System for Efficient Zero-Knowledge Proofs and Electronic Cash.Sarah Meiklejohn,C.Chris Erway,Alptekin Kupcu,Theodora Hinkle,Anna Lysyanskaya14.P4P:Practical Large-Scale Privacy-Preserving Distributed Computation Robust against Malicious Users.Yitao Duan,John Canny,Justin Zhan,15.SEPIA:Privacy-Preserving Aggregation of Multi-Domain Network Events and Statistics.Martin Burkhart,Mario Strasser,Dilip Many,Xenofontas Dimitropoulos16.Dude,Where’s That IP?Circumventing Measurement-based IP Geolocation.Phillipa Gill,Yashar Ganjali,Bernard Wong,David Lie17.Idle Port Scanning and Non-interference Analysis of Network Protocol Stacks Using Model Checking.Roya Ensafi,Jong Chun Park,Deepak Kapur,Jedidiah R.Crandall18.Building a Dynamic Reputation System for DNS.Manos Antonakakis,Roberto Perdisci,David Dagon,Wenke Lee,Nick Feamster19.Scantegrity II Municipal Election at Takoma Park:The First E2E Binding Governmental Election with Ballot Privacy.R.Carback,D.Chaum,J.Clark,J.Conway,A.Essex,P.S.Herrnson,T.Mayberry,S.Popoveniuc,R.L.Rivest,E.Shen,A.T.Sherman,P.L.Vora20.Acoustic Side-Channel Attacks on Printers.Michael Backes,Markus Durmuth,Sebastian Gerling,Manfred Pinkal,Caroline Sporleder21.Security and Privacy Vulnerabilities of In-Car Wireless Networks:A Tire Pressure Monitoring System Case Study.Ishtiaq Rouf,Rob Miller,Hossen Mustafa,Travis Taylor,Sangho Oh,Wenyuan Xu,Marco Gruteser,Wade Trappe,Ivan Seskar 22.VEX:Vetting Browser Extensions for Security Vulnerabilities.(Best Paper)Sruthi Bandhakavi,Samuel T.King,P.Madhusudan,Marianne Winslett23.Securing Script-Based Extensibility in Web Browsers.Vladan Djeric,Ashvin Goel24.AdJail:Practical Enforcement of Confidentiality and Integrity Policies on Web Advertisements.Mike Ter Louw,Karthik Thotta Ganesh,V.N.Venkatakrishnan25.Realization of RF Distance Bounding.Kasper Bonne Rasmussen,Srdjan Capkun26.The Case for Ubiquitous Transport-Level Encryption.Andrea Bittau,Michael Hamburg,Mark Handley,David Mazieres,Dan Boneh27.Automatic Generation of Remediation Procedures for Malware Infections.Roberto Paleari,Lorenzo Martignoni,Emanuele Passerini,Drew Davidson,Matt Fredrikson,Jon Giffin,Somesh Jha28.Re:CAPTCHAs-Understanding CAPTCHA-Solving Services in an Economic Context.Marti Motoyama,Kirill Levchenko,Chris Kanich,Damon McCoy,Geoffrey M.Voelker,Stefan Savage29.Chipping Away at Censorship Firewalls with User-Generated Content.Sam Burnett,Nick Feamster,Santosh Vempala30.Fighting Coercion Attacks in Key Generation using Skin Conductance.Payas Gupta,Debin GaoACM CCS20101.Security Analysis of India’s Electronic Voting Machines.Scott Wolchok,Erik Wustrow,J.Alex Halderman,Hari Prasad,Rop Gonggrijp2.Dissecting One Click Frauds.Nicolas Christin,Sally S.Yanagihara,Keisuke Kamataki3.@spam:The Underground on140Characters or Less.Chris Grier,Kurt Thomas,Vern Paxson,Michael Zhang4.HyperSentry:Enabling Stealthy In-context Measurement of Hypervisor Integrity.Ahmed M.Azab,Peng Ning,Zhi Wang,Xuxian Jiang,Xiaolan Zhang,Nathan C.Skalsky5.Trail of Bytes:Efficient Support for Forensic Analysis.Srinivas Krishnan,Kevin Z.Snow,Fabian Monrose6.Survivable Key Compromise in Software Update Systems.Justin Samuel,Nick Mathewson,Justin Cappos,Roger Dingledine7.A Methodology for Empirical Analysis of the Permission-Based Security Models and its Application to Android.David Barrera,H.Gunes Kayacik,Paul C.van Oorschot,Anil Somayaji8.Mobile Location Tracking in Metropolitan Areas:malnets and others.Nathanial Husted,Steve Myers9.On Pairing Constrained Wireless Devices Based on Secrecy of Auxiliary Channels:The Case of Acoustic Eavesdropping.Tzipora Halevi,Nitesh Saxena10.PinDr0p:Using Single-Ended Audio Features to Determine Call Provenance.Vijay A.Balasubramaniyan,Aamir Poonawalla,Mustaque Ahamad,Michael T.Hunter,Patrick Traynor11.Building Efficient Fully Collusion-Resilient Traitor Tracing and Revocation Schemes.Sanjam Garg,Abishek Kumarasubramanian,Amit Sahai,Brent Waters12.Algebraic Pseudorandom Functions with Improved Efficiency from the Augmented Cascade.Dan Boneh,Hart Montgomery,Ananth Raghunathan13.Practical Leakage-Resilient Pseudorandom Generators.Yu Yu,Francois-Xavier Standaert,Olivier Pereira,Moti Yung14.Practical Leakage-Resilient Identity-Based Encryption from Simple Assumptions.Sherman S.M.Chow,Yevgeniy Dodis,Yannis Rouselakis,Brent Waters15.Testing Metrics for Password Creation Policies by Attacking Large Sets of Revealed Passwords.Matt Weir,Sudhir Aggarwal,Michael Collins,Henry Stern16.The Security of Modern Password Expiration:An Algorithmic Framework and Empirical Analysis.Yinqian Zhang,Fabian Monrose,Michael K.Reiter17.Attacks and Design of Image Recognition CAPTCHAs.Bin Zhu,JeffYan,Chao Yang,Qiujie Li,Jiu Liu,Ning Xu,Meng Yi18.Robusta:Taming the Native Beast of the JVM.Joseph Siefers,Gang Tan,Greg Morrisett19.Retaining Sandbox Containment Despite Bugs in Privileged Memory-Safe Code.Justin Cappos,Armon Dadgar,JeffRasley,Justin Samuel,Ivan Beschastnikh,Cosmin Barsan,Arvind Krishnamurthy,Thomas Anderson20.A Control Point for Reducing Root Abuse of File-System Privileges.Glenn Wurster,Paul C.van Oorschot21.Modeling Attacks on Physical Unclonable Functions.Ulrich Ruehrmair,Frank Sehnke,Jan Soelter,Gideon Dror,Srinivas Devadas,Juergen Schmidhuber22.Dismantling SecureMemory,CryptoMemory and CryptoRF.Flavio D.Garcia,Peter van Rossum,Roel Verdult,Ronny Wichers Schreur23.Attacking and Fixing PKCS#11Security Tokens.Matteo Bortolozzo,Matteo Centenaro,Riccardo Focardi,Graham Steel24.An Empirical Study of Privacy-Violating Information Flows in JavaScript Web Applications.Dongseok Jang,Ranjit Jhala,Sorin Lerner,Hovav Shacham25.DIFC Programs by Automatic Instrumentation.William Harris,Somesh Jha,Thomas Reps26.Predictive Black-box Mitigation of Timing Channels.Aslan Askarov,Danfeng Zhang,Andrew Myers27.In Search of an Anonymous and Secure Lookup:Attacks on Structured Peer-to-peer Anonymous Communication Systems.Qiyan Wang,Prateek Mittal,Nikita Borisov28.Recruiting New Tor Relays with BRAIDS.Rob Jansen,Nicholas Hopper,Yongdae Kim29.An Improved Algorithm for Tor Circuit Scheduling.Can Tang,Ian Goldberg30.Dissent:Accountable Anonymous Group Messaging.Henry Corrigan-Gibbs,Bryan Ford31.Abstraction by Set-Membership—Verifying Security Protocols and Web Services with Databases.Sebastian Moedersheim。
项目结题报告PPT课件.ppt
Load Geometry data
GPU Memory
GPU
研究成果
• 面向并行绘制的网格压缩和条带化技术
– 支持网格分片随机存取 – 缓存优化的三角形条带化
研究成果
三、场景组织框架和数据通讯模型
– 异构场景图。 – 统一对象模型。
• 优点：支持不同上层应用，扩大了并行图 形绘制系统的适用范围 ，在仿真平台和并 行绘制平台之间建立高效的数据交换桥梁， 减轻了两者集成的开发工作量。
研究成果
• 基于节点迁移的负载平衡策略
– 检测帧速率判别 负载量变化。
– 启动基于节点迁 移的负载平衡流 程动态调节绘制 单元PC节点数。
研究成果
二、集成多种图形绘制加速技术
– 基于预测的可见性剔除。 – 并行网格简化与并行多分辨率构建。 – 存储访问优化技术。 – 面向并行绘制的网格压缩和条带化技术。
• 支持分布式仿真环境与并行绘制系统的高 效集成。
• 优点：支持大规模虚拟场景的实时绘制， 提高并行图形绘制系统的交互性能。
研究成果
• 基于预测的可见性剔除
– 利用硬件遮挡查询， 利用可见性的时空 连贯性减少查询次 数，利用分层缓冲 区减少排序代价， 实时遮挡剔除效率 最高可达99％。
研究成果
• 并行网格简化
– 基于网格分割和基于网格流的并行简化方法 – 基于基准网格简化测试的资源管理和任务分配 – 24节点PC集群的简化加速比最高可达19：1
• 仿真系统与图形绘制存在两套数据结构，数据管 理复杂。
• 多以高分辨率投影墙作为观察终端，绘制数据量 大、显示分辨率高、任务划分方式相对固定。
• 具有广泛的分布特征，如数据来源、参与用户、 仿真计算节点、终端显示节点等。
考研南京大学计算机组成原理lecture10
5
4
6
4352/64=68，所以访问过程实际上是对前68块连续访问10次。
举例
第0 路 第0组 第1组 第2组 第3组 第4组 …… …… 0/64/48 1/65/49 2/66/50 3/67/51 4
……
第1 路 16/0/64 17/1/65 18/2/66 19/3/67 20 …… …… 31
写策略（ 写策略（Cache一致性问题） 一致性问题）
为何要保持在Cache和主存中数据的一致？ 和主存中数据的一致？ – 因为Cache中的内容是主存块副本， 中的内容是主存块副本，当对Cache中的内容进行更 新时， 新时，就存在Cache和主存如何保持一致的问题。 和主存如何保持一致的问题。 – 以下情况也会出现“Cache一致性问题” • 当多个设备都允许访问主存时 例如： 设备可直接读写内存时， 例如 ：I/O设备可直接读写内存时 ，如果Cache中的内容被修 改，则I/O设备读出的对应主存单元的内容无效； 设备读出的对应主存单元的内容无效；若I/O设备修 改了主存单元的内容， 改了主存单元的内容，则Cache中对应的内容无效。 中对应的内容无效。 • 当多个CPU都带有各自的Cache而共享主存时 某个CPU修改了自身Cache中的内容， 中的内容，则对应的主存单元和其 他CPU中对应的内容都变为无效。 中对应的内容都变为无效。 有两种情况 – 写命中 写命中（ （Write Hit）：要写的单元已经在 ）：要写的单元已经在Cache中 – 写不命中（ 写不命中（Write Miss）：要写的单元不在 ）：要写的单元不在Cache中
Lecture 10: Cache III
1
有效位（ 有效位（Valid Bit）
通常为操作系统设置 “cache冲刷 cache冲刷”指令 因此cache 因此cache对操作系统程 cache对操作系统程 序员不是透明的！ 序员不是透明的！
dram uncorrectable implicit error
DRAM（动态随机存取存储器）不可纠正的隐式错误（DRAM Uncorrectable Implicit Error，简称DUIE）是指在计算机系统中，由于各种原因导致DRAM存储器出现错误，这些错误在系统正常运行时无法被检测和纠正。
DUIE是一种硬件故障，可能导致系统性能下降或数据损坏。
DUIE的原因可能包括：
制造缺陷：DRAM芯片在制造过程中可能存在缺陷，导致存储单元失效。
温度和湿度：高温和高湿度环境可能对DRAM芯片造成损坏。
电压波动：电源电压波动可能导致DRAM数据损坏。
物理损伤：物理损伤可能导致DRAM芯片失效。
老化：随着时间的推移，DRAM芯片可能发生老化，导致数据损坏。
DUIE的影响可能包括：
系统性能下降：如果DUIE发生频繁，系统性能可能会受到影响。
数据损坏：DUIE可能导致数据损坏或丢失。
系统崩溃：严重的DUIE可能导致系统崩溃或死机。
为了减少DUIE的影响，可以采取以下措施：
使用高质量的DRAM芯片和组件。
保持系统环境清洁和适宜的温度和湿度。
定期检查和维护硬件设备。
使用纠错码（ECC）技术来检测和纠正错误数据。
备份重要数据，以防数据损坏或丢失。
MPC755资料
To locate any published errata or updates for this document, refer to the website at .
Contents 1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. General Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Electrical and Thermal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5. Pin Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 6. Pinout Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 7. Package Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 8. System Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 9. Document Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 10. Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
半导体常用英语词汇
MFG 常用英文单字Semiconductor半导体导体、绝缘体和半导体主要依据导电系数的大小，决定了电子的移动速度。
导体：金、银、铜、铁、人、水……导电系数大，传导绝缘体：塑料、木头、皮革、纸……导电系数小、传导不半导体：硅中加锗、砷、镓、磷……平时不导电加特定电压后导电Wafer 芯片或晶圆：原意为法国的松饼，饼干上有格子状的饰纹，与FAB内生产的芯片图形类Lot 批；一批芯片中最多可以有25片，最少可以只有一片。
ID Identification的缩写。
用以辨识各个独立的个体，就像公司内每一个人有自己的识别证。
Wafer ID 每一片芯片有自己的芯片刻号，叫Wafer ID。
Lot ID 每一批芯片有自己的批号，叫Lot ID。
Part ID 各个独立的批号可以共享一个型号，叫Part ID。
WIP Work In Process，在制品。
从芯片投入到芯片产品，FAB内各站积存了相当数量的芯片，统称为FAB内的WIP 。
一整个制程又可细分为数百个Stage和Step，每一个Stage所堆积的芯片，称为Stage WIP。
Lot Priority 每一批产品在加工的过程中在WIP中被选择进机台的优先级。
Super Hot Run的优先级为1，视为等级最高，必要时，当Lo上一站加工时，本站便要空着机台等待Super Hot RuHot Run的优先级为2，紧急程度比Super Hot Run次一级。
Normal的优先级为3，视为正常的等级，按正常的派货原则视常班向生产指令而Cycle time 生产周期，FAB Cycle Time 定义为：从芯片投入到芯片产生的这一段时间。
Stage Cycle Time：Lot从进站等候开始到当站加工后出货时间点截Spec. 规格Specification的缩写。
产品在机台加工过程中，每一站均设定规格。
机台加工后，产品或控片经由量测机台量测，该产品加工后，是否在规格内。
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Priority-DrivenActiveDataPrefetchingMingZhuHarshaNarravulaConstantineKatsinisDianaHechtzhuming,ckatsini,hecht@cbis.ece.drexel.edu;harsha@drexel.eduDept.ofElectricalandComputerEngineering,DrexelUniversity,Philadelphia,PA19104
Abstract—Datacachemissesreducetheperformanceofwide-issueprocessorsbystallingthedatasupplytothepro-cessor.ItisespeciallyworseintheDSMenvironment.Prefetchingdataforthecriticaldataaddressmissesisonewaytotoleratethecachemisslatencies.Butcurrentap-plicationswithirregularaccesspatternsmakeitdifficulttoprefetchdatasufficientlyearlytomasklargecachemissla-tencies,especiallyinmultithreadalapplications.Tocomple-mentprefetchinginamultithreadedenvironment,thispa-perproposesanapproachtoprefetchdataaddressesbyapriority-drivenmethod.Themethodintroducedinthispa-perisanovelapproachfordynamicallyidentifyingandpre-computingthedataaddressesoftheinstructionsmarkedasinahigherprioritycriticalpathofanapplication.Thecrit-icalpathcanbeidentifiedatcompile-timeorrun-time.Aseparateenginecalculatesthedataaddressesoftheiden-tifiedinstructionsinthecriticalpathandprefetchesearlyenough,thedatathatwillbeusedinthenextcriticalinstruc-tion.Preliminaryresultsshowthatapriority-drivenprefetch-ingisuseful.Itreducesthecompletiontimeofanapplicationsignificantly.Theapproachimprovedtheoverallperfor-manceinthreeexperimentsconductedwithActivePrefetch-ing,overtraditionalprefetching,especiallyintheMatrix-Matrixmultiplication,inoursimulator.
IndexTerms—ParallelComputing,Priority-basedDataCache,DataPrefetching,CriticalPath.
I.INTRODUCTION
Processorclockspeedsarecontinuingtooutpacemem-oryaccessspeeds,resultinginlargercachemisslatencies(measuredinprocessorcycles).Meanwhile,thechiefap-plicationdomainsincludinggames,multimedia,webser-vices,continuetohavelargememoryfootprintsanddonotuseprocessorcacheseffectively,resultinginahighercachemisserate.Allthesecausesignificantperformancedegradation.Tobridgethegapbetweenprocessorandmemoryper-formanceandreducethehighmissratesoftheseirregu-larapplications,avarietyofdataprefetchingtechniqueshavebeenproposed.Thegeneralgoalofdataprefetch-ingistohidetheaccesslatencyofdatareferencingpat-ternsthatfailcachingstrategies.Ratherthanwaitingforacachemisstoperformamemoryfetch,dataprefetchinganticipatessuchmissesandissuesafetchtothemem-orysysteminadvanceoftheactualmemoryreference.Itisobviousthataccuratedataprefetchingcanintro-duceamajorimprovementintheperformanceofpar-allelapplications[1].Thetechniquescanbeclassifiedintotwogroups:hardware-initiateddataprefetching[2]andsoftware-initiateddataprefetching[3].Inhardware-initiateddataprefetching,focusisonSequentialprefetch-ingforthespatiallocalityofdataaddresses.ExamplesofsuchincludePrefetchonmissalgorithm,TaggedprefetchalgorithmandPrefetchingwitharbitrarystrides[4].Insoftware-initiateddataprefetching,thecompileristhechieffunctionusedintheprefetchschedulingandsoft-warepiplining(prolog/epilog)[5].Butmostexistingdataprefetchschemesarenoteffectiveinprefetchingad-dressesforirregularapplicationswhereitisdifficulttoaccuratelyissuetheprefetchesinatimelyfashion.Thispaperexploresapriority-awaremethodtoprefetchaddresses.Itintroducesanovelapproachfordynamicallyidentifyingandprecomputingthedataad-dressesoftheinstructionsinthecriticalpathmarkedasinahigherpriority.Thishelpssignificantlyreducethecom-pletiontimeofanapplication.Thecriticalpathcanbeidentifiedatcompile-timeorrun-time.Aseparateenginecalculatesthedataaddressesoftheidentifiedinstructionsinthecriticalpathandprefetchesearlyenough,thedatathatwillbeusedinthenextcriticalinstruction.Whenanload/storeinstructionmarkedinthecriticalpathisfetchedfromtheI-cacheintotheInstructionFetchQueue(IFQ)andislikelytocauseadatacachemiss,aseparatePrefetchAddressEngine(PAE)willgenerateatimelydataprefetch.Theissuedprefetchdoesnotaffectthearchitectedstateofthemainprocessor.Sinceprecom-putationoftheaddressisspeculative,itrunsaheadofthenormalcomputationbyavoidingfetchqueueandreorderbufferdelaysexperiencedbythenormalcomputationduetothein-orderdecodeandtheinstructionschedulingpri-oritiesofthemainprocessorpipeline.Somesoundre-searchhasbeendoneonprioritizingthethreadalongthecriticalpathofanapplication[6],andpriorityschedulingofthreadsisassumedinthispaper.Wefurtherextendtheprioritiesdowntotheinstructionsinthecriticalpathofanapplication.Inparticular,underafullorheavyloaddatacachecon-