英语语言学试卷(1)
河南农业大学2010—2011学年第 1学期 《英语语言学概论》考试试卷（A 卷）
题号 I II III IV V Ⅵ Ⅶ 总分 分数
得分 评卷人
Ⅰ. Please define the following terms. (2 point x 5) 1. Prescriptive linguistics 2. compositionality 3. allophone 4. language 5. Endocentric Construction
得分 评卷人
Ⅱ. Please make your judgment on the following statements and decide whether each of them is True or False. (1 point x 10) ( ) 1. Back-formation is a type of word formation through the removal of an affix for an existing word.
( ) 2. Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct.
( ) 3. [v] is a voiced dental fricative. ( ) 4. the initial of consonants are identical in alliteration. ( ) 5. Sense may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another.
( ) 6. The relationship of “buy and sell” shows an example of complementary antonymy.
( ) 7. Connotative meaning refers to what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. (T) affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
院、部 班 级 姓名 学号
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( ) 8. Number is a semantic category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular, dual, plural, etc..
( ) 9. Stem refers to a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an derivational affix may be added, eg friend+-s; write+-ing.
( ) 10. Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.
Ⅲ. Please fill in the blanks with the right word or words. (1 point x 10) 1. To Chomsky, __________ refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as system of abstract formal relations; and ___________ refers to what we do when we speak or listen, that is, the infinite varied individual acts of verbal behaviour with their irregularities, inconsistencies and errors. 2. The sound [b] can be described with “voiced, ______, stop”. 3. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of ________ and _______ of articulation. 4. Every act of _______ communication communicates the presumption of its
own _______ relevance.
得分 评卷人
5. The existing phenomenon of the Chinese saying “买一赠一” shows that it violates the Maxim of Manner, that is, to avoid _______. 6. In Logic Semantics, philosophers and logicians have been more concerned with the sentence meaning, and they generally carried out their research under two logic studies, _______ logic and _______ logic.
得分 评卷人
Ⅳ. Please choose the correct answer from the optional choices. (1 point x 10) 1. When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called _______. A.broad transcription B. narrow transcription C. new transcription 2. “high front tense unrounded vowel” is _______.
A. [i] B. [i:] C. [a] 3. _______ means that human languages enables their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
A. Duality B. Creativity C. Displacement 4. The sense relationship between “John plays the piano” and “John plays a musical instrument” is _______.
A. synonymy B. antonymy C. entailment 5. When the word “root” means “part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil”, the meaning is _______ meaning.
A. social B. conceptual C. reflected 6. _______ refers to the relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
A. Syntagmatic relation B. Paradigmatic relation C. Co-occurrence relation 7. Metaphors like “He is made of iron” are extreme examples in which Maxim of _______ is violated.
A. Quality B. Quantity C. Relation 8. The Semantic Triangle is proposed by _______. A. Chomsky B. Ogden and Richards C. John Austin 9. Using a language for the sheer joy of using it shows language has a _______ function.
A. recreational B. performative C. metalinguisitc 10. Which of the following are gradable antonyms? A. buy, sell B. alive, dead C. hot, cold
得分 评卷人
Ⅴ. Match the terms underⅠwith the underlined forms fromⅡ. (6 points x 1) Ⅰ Ⅱ 1. acronym A. foe 2. free morphemic B. subconscious 3. derivational morpheme C. UNESCO 4. inflectional morpheme D. overwhelmed 5. prefix E. calculation 6. stem F. friends
得分 评卷人
Ⅵ. Please briefly answer the following questions. (8 points x 3) 1. What are the three meta-functions proposed by M.A.K. Halliday? Please define each of them.
语言学考试题及答案英语
语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。
答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。
答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。
答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。
答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。
答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。
答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。
英语语言学试题A卷及答案(重庆三峡学院)
英语语言学试题A卷及答案（重庆三峡学院）I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）1）duality 2）displacement 3）phonology 4）morphology 5）concord6）endocentric construction 7）hyponymy 8）pragmatics9）illocutionary force10) error analysisII. Translation （0.5%×20=10%）Translate the following terms into Chinese：（0.5%×10=5%）1）affricate 2）distinctive feature3）parole 4）generative grammar5）bilingualism 6）felicity condition 7）design feature8）denotation9）labiodental10）linguistic relativityTranslate the following terms into English：（0.5%×10=5%）11）人际功能12）真值条件13）女性语域14）音节划分15）结构主义16）社会语言学17）论元18）单元音19）衔接 20）对比分析III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A，B，C or D on the answer sheet. （1%×20=20%）1）. language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal2）. A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above3）. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n）__________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4）. The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite5）. “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some flowers.”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6）. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X：Who was that you were with last night？Y：Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7）“Can I borrow your bike？” _____“You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes8）The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive9）Which of the following is a typical tone language？A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above10）Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.A. phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. minimal pairD. none of the above11）In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental12）Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. N. ChomskyC. F. SaussureD. M. A. K. Halliday13）Which of the following is a correct description of reference？A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that objectD. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14）What is function of the sentence “How do you do’？A. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative15）In the following sounds，________is a central vowel.A. /?/B. /u/C. /æ/D. /з/16）Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system？A. ChineseB. JapaneseC. EnglishD. French17）Which description of the m eaning components of the word “father” is right？A. [+human，+adult，-male]B. [+human，-adult，+male]C. [–human，+adult，-male]D. [+human，+adult，+male]18）Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content19）Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological，morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B20）“Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed means _________.A. an overheated animalB. a kind of foodC. a barking dogD. a dead dogIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（15 pts，1 point for each）Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%×15=15%）1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.2) According to N. Chomsky，“competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.3) A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.4) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.9) According to semantic triangle，there is no direct link between a symbol and referent，i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.14) Social dialects，or sociolects，are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%×10=10%）1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics，auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w_________.3) S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.4) C____________ analyis is based upon the belief that the mesning of a word can be divided into meaning components.5) The nou n “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_________ transcription.7) Lingistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c_________ of langauge use was left unconsidered.8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a _______of messages.9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative，the greater their structureal differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h___________.10) S______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（2.5%×2=5%）1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）1) What functions does language have？Give some examples. （5 points）2) State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning. （5 points）3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics？（2.5 points）4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics？（3.5 points）5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning？（4 points）参考答案I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）1）duality：The property of having two levels of structures，such that the units of the primary levelare composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2）displacement：It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects，events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.3）phonology： A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.4）morphology： A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.5）concord：The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.6）endocentric construction：A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents.7）hyponymy：It refers to meaning inclusiveness，that is，the sense relation between a more general，more inclusive word and a more specific word.8）pragmatics：It refers to the study of language in use.9）illocutionary force：It refers to the speaker’s meaning，contextual meaning，or extra meaning.11) error analysis：It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner.II.Translate the following terms：（0.5%×20=10%）Translate the following terms into Chinese：（0.5%×10=5%）1）塞擦音2）区别性特征3）言语4）生成语法5）双语现象6）适切条件7）结构特征8）外延9）唇齿音10）语言相对论Translate the following terms into English：（0.5%×10=5%）11）interpersonal function 12）truth condition 13）women register 14）syllabification 15）structuralism16）sociolinguistics 17）argument 18）monophthong 19）cohesion 20）contrastive analysisIII. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）1-5DBCCA6-10CDABB 11-15 BBCBA16-20 BDBDBIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. （1%×15=15%）1-5FFFFF6-10FFFTT11-15 FTFTFV. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. （1%×10=10%）1）articulatory 2）writing 3）syntax 4）contituent 5）homograph6）broad 7）context 8）receiver9）hypothesis 10）SpeechVI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（2.5%×2=5%）1) The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope，the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）6) （5 points）Language functions include informative function，interpersonal function，performative function，emotive function，phatic communion，recreational function and metalingual function.Examples：omitted.7) （5 points）The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized，while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning；it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication，or simply in a context.8) （2.5 points）Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of sings. To communicate ideas，signs must be part of a system of signs，called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the signifier and the signified. He made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign，on the relational nature of linguistic units，on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics，etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.9) （3.5 points）Conceptual meaning；connotative meaning；social meaning；affective meaning；reflected meaning；collocative meaning；thematic meaning；10) （4 points）Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach” and “what to learn” should be answered first. Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides，applying linguisticanalysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.。
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1
考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way wordsare combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called_______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______.18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The formeris the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Dualityof the following words is entirely arbitrary (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely con nected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language func tionsA. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emo tive function is to convey message and information.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phat ic function is to establish communion with others.of the following is a main branch of linguistics (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and w ords which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研) A. Langue B. Competence C. Communicative competence D. Linguistic potentialstudy of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ”This shows that language has the design feature of _____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade”is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative is closely connected with ______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowle dge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially cre ative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to g eneration. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descript ive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’communicative skills.10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people ina given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to com municate or interact.11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical lingu istics.12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to lan guage teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact t hat language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of me anings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it ca n tell us how to speak correct language.IV. Explain the following terms.(北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)features(南开大学2010研；清华2001研)linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind ofrelationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.(人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
英语专业《语言学导论》平时测验试题
《语言学导论》平时测验1I. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words. (24 points)1. Competence refers to an ideal language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules; and ______ refers to the ideal language user’s actual use of language in concrete situations.2.The design features of language are _________, duality, creativity and ________.3. ___________ transcription is used for the purpose of transcribing the minute difference between variations of the same sound. Take [ă]for example, to indicate that a vowel has been nasalized, we simply add a curved line to the top of the symbol [a].4. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all _______ sounds.5. Name the sound segments which matche the following descriptipns respectively.a._______ vocieless postalveolar fricative;b._________high back tense rounded vowel.6. A(n) ___________ is the smallest unit of sound that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.7. _________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word8. Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute gammatical meaning to the stem, whereas ______ affixes often change the lexical meaning.9. According to structuralism, the ________ relation, or chain relation, is a relation beween one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.10. ((Poor) (John)) ((ran) (away)) is one representaion of ______________analysis, proposed by American linguist Bloomfield.II.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (24 points)1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2.The study of a language as it changes though time is called ______ linguistics.A. diachronicB.synchronicC.functionalD.generative3. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/4.______ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. Halliday5. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones6. Which vowel is different from others according to the kind of opening made at the lips?A. [i:]B. [כ]C. [e]D. [i]7. Since [p h] and [p=] are the variants of the phoneme /p/ and they never occur in the the samecontext, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. free variantsD. a minimal pair8. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful unit of language in grammarby the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences9. The English word “modernizers” is com posed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five10. Based on the government and binding theory, the phrase “speak about the language” can be analysed as: “speak” is the head of this structure and __________“about the language”, and thus “speak” is the governor of “about thelanguage”.A. dominatesB. controlsC. c-commandsD. binds11. In Halliay’s view, the ______ function of language is realized in transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A. interpersonalB. textualC. socialD. ideational12. In the sentence “She was a small woman, old and wrinkled”, the percentage of the function words is (nearly)______.A. 50%B. 40%C. 60%D. 70%III. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write T for True and F for False in the bracket before each of them. (16 points)1. ( ) The sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” doesn’t mean the same as “As the wind rose, the night fell”. This indicates a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order.2. ( ) In modern linguistics, diachronic study seems to enjoy priority over synchronic study.3. ( ) A voiceless consonant is produced without the obstruction of the airstream in the vocal tract.4. ( ) Inflectional suffixes never change the word class of the word they attach to.5. ( ) Recerived Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most prople.6. ( ) All words contain a root morpheme.7. ( ) In terms of functional lingistics, Rheme is the element which serves as the starting point of the utterance, and the remainder of the utterance is called Residue.8. ( ) All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.IV. Define the following terms. (20 points)1. Parole---2. Coarticulation3. Inflection4. Deep structure5. Interpersonal functionV. Choose two from the following four questions and give your answers briefly. (16 points)1.Discuss about the distinctions between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics.2. How do you undertsatand the duality of language? Does the traffic lights have duality?3. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?4. What are the methods for the formation of words in the English language? List at least four of them, and explain each of them with examples.。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(Word最新版)
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案通过整理的英语语言学试卷精粹及答案相关文档，渴望对大家有所扶植，感谢观看！有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct“ linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme “vision“ in the common word “television“ is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator主从连词5、“Can I borrow your bike?“ ___ “You have a bike.“ A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化. A、elaboration B、simplification精简C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca通用语B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and cerebral cortex C、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and neurons D、Broca＇s area, Wernicke＇s area and Exner＇s area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition 其次部分非选择题II. Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines “competence“ as the ideal user＇s k of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something＇s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he＇s), Black English can d the form of “be“. 19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition. 20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference,overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) ()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons. ()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. ()23、The compound word “bookstore“ is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. ()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. ()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers＇perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life. ()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%) 31、duality 32、diachronic linguistics 33、broad transcription 34、morphological rules 35、phrase structure rule 36、relational opposites 37、componential analysis 38、context 39、euphemism 40、brain lateralization V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
英语语言学-练习题（含答案））
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ 21. Chomsky defines “competence”of the rules of his language. 22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language wh ich refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before. 30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view. A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociological C. applied…pragm atic D.semantic…linguistic 37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission 40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B Ⅳ. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52. Arbitrariness 53. Productivity 54. Displacement 55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance 59. Langue 60. Parole Suggested answers to supplementary exercises: Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F 11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. F Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic) Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. D Ⅳ. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker 55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication user’s kn 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal owledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowle dge of the rules in linguistic communication. 59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conven tions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is rel atively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation. 。
英语语言学试卷
英语语言学 注意事项：1.在试卷的标封处填写专业、年级、姓名和学号。 2.考试时间共100分。
题号 一 二 三 合计 分数
评卷人 得分
Ⅰ Define the following terms. (40分, 10 * 4) 1. general linguistics
2. phone 3. assimilation rule 4. morpheme
5. compound words 6. syntax 7. matrix clause 8. naming theory 9. sense 10. polysemy
评卷人 得分 Ⅱ Fill in the blanks.(30分, 10 * 3) 1 Linguistics is the scientific study of _______________ . 2．In professional usage, the __________________ is a scholar who studies Language objectively, observing it scientifically, recording the facts of Language, and generalizing from them.
3．___________________ deals with how Language is acquired, understood and produced.
4．____________________ is concerned with the diversity of Language as it relates to various sociological factors.
5．Language is a purely human and ______________ method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
英语语言学练习(含答案)
Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmat ic ,sociolinguistics ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×)[As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×) [Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a s ystem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√) nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×) [Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships be tween people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world's language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operatein the phonolgical analysis of langua ge .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in suc h a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum）， the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels， and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stressc ontains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes me aning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×)[Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes m ay have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of s ound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order averb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which f ullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×) [The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×) [Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takesa vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[T he construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√)Chapter 51.In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the languag e of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration， semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle， there is a direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×) [Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.”Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×)[”Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×) [Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
大学英语语言学期末考试名词解释和论述答案 (1)
名词解释petence and Performance:•The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.•Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.•Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.(American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communicatio n. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. )2.Sociolinguistics:is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.( It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistic.)nguage Acquisition:refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.)4.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf (and also a belief held by some scholars). It states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. (2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts, i.e. linguistic determinism and relativism. Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, i.e. the notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience theworld differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism.5.Phrase structure rule:The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as:NP→(Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls.VP→(Qual) + V + (NP)……e.g. always play games, finish assignments.AP→(Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with,very close toPP →(Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station.The boy liked the dog.(The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule, or rewrite rule[重写规则]. )6.Arbitrariness:The form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The link between them is a matter of convention.( It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word dog and the animal it refers to. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages and that the same sound may be used to refer to different objects is another good example. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Some words, such as the words created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. )7.narrow transcription:transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.(The narrow transcription is the transcription with diacritics to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.)8.Second Language Acquisition:Second Language Acquisition (SLA) refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.( SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprises the learner's interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlingua. This is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA. Specifically, interlanguage consists of a series of interlocking and approximate linguistic systems in-between and yet distinct from the learner's native and target languages. It represents the learner’s transitional competence moving along a learning continuum stretching from one’s LI competence to t he target language competence. As a type of linguistic system in its own right, interlanguage is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and communicative strategies of the learner. If learners were provided sufficient and the right kind of language exposure and opportunities to interact with language input, their interlanguage would develop gradually in the direction of the target language competence. )9.sense and reference:Sense and reference are both concerned with the study of word meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.➢Sense—is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.➢Reference—what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.10.Interlanguage:Learns put their first language back to the whole picture and studied its role from a cognitive perspective. In this sense, native language functions as a kind of “input from inside,”therefore transfer is not transfer, but a kind of mental process.( SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprisesthe learner’s interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.)nguage Acquisition Device:The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a hypothetical brain mechanism that Noam Chomsky postulated to explain human acquisition of the syntactic structure of language. This mechanism endows children with the capacity to derive the syntactic structure and rules of their native language rapidly and accurately from the impoverished input provided by adult language users. The device is comprised of a finite set of dimensions along whichlanguages vary, which are set at different levels for different languages on the basis of language exposure. The LAD reflects Chomsky's underlying assumption that many aspects of language are universal (common to all languages and cultures) and constrained by innate core knowledge about language called Universal Grammar. This theoretical account of syntax acquisition contrasts sharply with the views of B. F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, and other cognitive and social-learning theorists who emphasize the role of experience and general knowledge and abilities in language acquisition.??????(LAD, that is Language Acquisition Device, is posited by Chomsky in the 1960s as a device effectively present in the minds of children by which a grammar of their nativelanguage is constructed.)12.Cooperative Principle: According to Grice, in making conversation, there is a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.使你所说的话，在其所发生的阶段，符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向。
英语专业语言学导论考试试题
英语专业语言学导论考试试题一、选择题1、以下哪个选项不属于语言学的范畴？A.语音学B.句法学C.语义学D.政治学2、下列哪一项不是语言学的研究对象？A.语言的发音机制B.语言的语法结构C.语言的社交功能D.语言的生物属性3、哪种语言学理论认为语言是自然现象？A.行为主义理论B.先天语言能力理论C.进化语言学理论D.交际语言学理论二、简答题1、请简述语言学中的索绪尔假设是什么？并解释其对语言学研究的影响。
2、请阐述结构主义语言学的基本观点及其主要贡献。
3、请说明语言学中的“能指”和“所指”概念，并举例说明。
三、论述题1、请结合实例论述语言学中的“语境”概念，以及它在语言使用中的作用。
2、请阐述语言学中的“言语行为理论”，并说明其对语言习得和语言交际的指导意义。
四、分析题请分析以下这段话，并说明其中涉及了哪些语言学概念？“在这个句子中，主语是‘我’，谓语是‘喜欢’，宾语是‘巧克力’，这是一个简单的陈述句。
”（提示：句子结构、主谓宾、句法等）以下哪个不是教育技术学的主要研究对象？（）教育技术学中的“技术”一词通常指的是（）。
以下哪一项不是教育技术学的发展历程？（）以下哪个理论是教育技术学中的基础理论？（）请从技术角度说明教育技术学对教育的推动作用。
请论述教育技术学对教育改革的影响。
专业英语八级考试是针对英语专业学生的高难度语言考试，旨在测试学生的英语综合能力，包括听力、阅读、写作和翻译等方面的技能。
以下是一份专业英语八级考试试题的样例，供大家参考。
听一段录音材料，根据问题选择答案。
录音材料涉及一些学术领域的讨论，包括社会科学、自然科学等。
问题类型包括选择题和填空题。
阅读一篇文章，回答问题。
文章可能涉及一些学术领域的内容，包括社会科学、自然科学等。
问题类型包括选择题和问答题。
根据给定的主题写一篇文章，字数要求在500字左右。
文章主题可能涉及一些学术领域的内容，例如文化、历史、经济等。
文章需要结构清晰，语法正确，表达准确。