英语词汇学复习题2
英语词汇学试题及答案
英语词汇学试题及答案### English Lexicology Test Questions and Answers#### Question 1: Define the term "morpheme" and provide examples.Answer: A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. It can be a word, a prefix, a suffix, or an affix. For example, "run" is a morpheme, and so is "un-" in "unhappy." The word "runner" consists of two morphemes: "run" and "-er."#### Question 2: What is the difference between a free and a bound morpheme?Answer: Free morphemes can stand alone as words and have meaning by themselves, such as "dog" or "run." Bound morphemes cannot stand alone and must be attached to other morphemes to form words, such as "un-" in "unseen" or "-s" in "dogs."#### Question 3: Explain the concept of "derivation" in wordformation.Answer: Derivation is the process of creating new words by adding affixes to a base word or root. For example, adding the prefix "un-" to "happy" creates "unhappy," and adding the suffix "-ness" to "happy" creates "happiness."#### Question 4: Provide an example of a compound word and explain its formation.Answer: A compound word is formed by combining two or more words to create a new word. For instance, "blackbird" is a compound word made up of "black" and "bird." The meaning of the compound word is often related to the meanings of the individual words.#### Question 5: What is the function of a root in word formation?Answer: A root is the base form of a word that carries the primary meaning. It can be combined with prefixes andsuffixes to create new words. For example, the root "port" in "airport" and "export" carries the meaning of carrying or moving something from one place to another.#### Question 6: Define "inflection" and give an example.Answer: Inflection is the process of changing a word's formto express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, and gender. An example of inflection is the verb "run" changing to "ran" to indicate past tense.#### Question 7: What is the role of a prefix in word formation?Answer: A prefix is an affix that is added to the beginningof a word to create a new word with a different meaning. For example, the prefix "re-" in "rebuild" indicates doing something again, as in rebuilding something that waspreviously built.#### Question 8: Explain the difference between a homograph and a homophone.Answer: Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and possibly different pronunciations, such as "bat" (the animal) and "bat" (the sports equipment). Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings, such as "knight" (a person) and "night" (the time of day).#### Question 9: What is the term for words that have the same root but different meanings?Answer: Words that share the same root but have different meanings are called homonyms. For example, "bank" can refer to a financial institution or the side of a river.#### Question 10: Define "semantics" in the context of vocabulary.Answer: Semantics is the study of meaning in language. In the context of vocabulary, it refers to the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences, and how those meanings can change based on context, usage, and other linguistic factors.。
英语词汇学复习题重点
英语词汇学复习题重点英语词汇学1. Word--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a gi ven sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.Vocabulary --- Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the tot al sum of the words of a language. It can also refer to all the word s of a given dialect, a given book, a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current i n a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.3.argot –words used by sub-cultured groups, specialized vocabulary used by criminalscan-opener, dip, persuadercant, jargon , argot are associated with, or most available to, speci fic groups of the population.4.Content word (notional word) – denote clear notions and thus are k nown as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverb s and numerals.5.Borrowed words (loan words, borrowings) –words taken over from fo reign language are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowing s in simple terms.6.Semantic loans – are not borrowed with reference to the form, but their meaning are borrowed from another language. In other words, Eng lish has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in language. e.g. stupid old dump7.what is the importance of basic word stock?The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabularyaccumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. five charac teristics: all national character, stability , productivity, polysemy , collocability8.9.What are neologisms? Give one example to illustrate it.Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. Here is one example: E-mail: electronic mail,chapter 2Three modes of vocabulary development1. Creation –the formation of new words by using the existing mater ials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. (This is the most imp ortant way of vocabulary expansion.)2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing –to take in words from other languages.(particularly i n earlier time)4.Old English(450-1150)The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. after the Rom ansAfter the Romans,The Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. Old English has a vo cabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000words. It was a highly inflected la nguage just like modern German.6.Norman Conquest : the Normans invaded England from France in 1066. the Norman Conquest started a continual flow ofFrench words into Eng lish. Norman French became the polite speech. 75% of them are still in use today. The situation of 3 languages (French,English,Latin) exi sting simultaneously continued for over a century..7.Renaissance: In the early period of modern English, Europe saw a ne w upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance. Latin and Greek were recognized as th e language of the Western world's great literary heritage and of grea t scholarship.reviving archaic words: words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. They arefound mainly in older poems, legal document and religious writing or speech.8. .Why do we say" English is a heavy borrower?" Please justily it. English is a heavy borrower and has adopted words from all other majo r languages of the world. It is estimated that English borrowings con stitute 80% of the modern English vocabulary. As is stated in Encyclo pedia Americana ,"The English language has vast debts. In any diction ary some 80% of the entries are borrowed".eg. kowtou from China, long time no see from haojiubujian (China), the word "dream" originally m eant "joy" and "music" ,its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.9.Modern English(1150-1500): Modern English began with the establishm ent of printing in English. word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. Modern English is considered to be an analytic langu age.1112.In the middle English period, what made French a dominant language in England?In 1066, in the history of England, there was Norman Conquest. The Fr ench-speaking Normans were the ruling class. French was used for all state affairs and for most social and cultural matters. Therefore, th ose who were in power spoke French, those who were literate read and wrote in French; and any young man who sought to earn his living ascr ibe learned Latin or French because there was no market for such serv ices in English. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of Fren ch words into English.13.What happened in the mid-seventeenth century in England?England experienced the Bourgeoisie Revolution followed by the Indust rial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.14.What are the three main sources of new English words?Three main sources of new words.The rapid development of modern science and technology Social, economic and political changes.The influence of other cultures and languageschapter three1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a langu age. (The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.)2.Morph--- A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actua l spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words –morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph---Some morphemes are realized by more thanone morph acco rding to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality (-s) has a number of allomorphemes in di fferent sound context, e.g. in cats/s/, in bags/z/, in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root --- The morphemes have complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, e.g. cat, w alk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independ ent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes --- The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, e.g. recollection (re+collect+ion) collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound mo rphemes. (include bound root and affix) Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make word s. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". Contradict “ spea k against”. Bound roots are either Latin or Greek.Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing.8. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word e lements to modify meaning or function. Almost affixes are bound morph emes.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word,such as, pre+war, sub+sea10.Suffixes--- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for in stance, blood+y.11.Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes--- Affixes attach es to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are infl ectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflect ional affixes is small and stable.12. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 13. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be furt her analyzed without total loss of identity. (What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.) .e.g. “internationalists” removi ng inter-, -al-, -ist, -s, leaves the root nation.14. Stem --- a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.E.g. “internationalists”, nation is a root and a stem as well.a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a af fix.a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.15.What are the differences between inflectional and derivational af fixes? or How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivation al affixes?Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relation ships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Modern English is an analytic language. Most endings are lost, leaving only a few inflectional affixes, such as plural forms of nouns-s(-es), and the comparative and superlative degree forms of adjectives: -er, -est. Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to cr eate new words.Derivational affixes can be further divided into pref ixes and suffixes.16. What are the differences between root and stem? Explain with exa mples.A root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.(What remains of a word after the rem oval of all affixes.) .e.g. “internationalists” removing inter-, -a l-, -ist, -s, leaves the root nation.A stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.E.g. “i nternationalists”, nation is a root and a s tem as well.a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a af fix.a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.chapter 41.Affixation (Derivation) -- the formation of words by adding word fo rming or derivational affixes to stems. (derivative派生词) According to their position, affixation falls into: prefixation and s uffixation.1). Prefixation -- the formation of new words by adding prefixes to s tems. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its me aning2). Suffixation --Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Change the grammatical function of stems (the word class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis.2.Blending—is the formation of new words by combining parts of two w ords or a word plus a part of another word.3.Conversion (zero-derivation, functional shift) --Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one classto another cl ass. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. The most produc tive is between nouns and verbs. It is a change of grammatical functi on5.Clipping– shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the origin a nd using what remains instead. People tend to be economical in writing and speech to keep up the tempo of new life style.7.Acronymy–is the process of forming new words by joining the init ial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical terms--Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. It’s one of the word formations of acronymy. --Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of word and pron ounced as word s. . It’s one of the word formations of acronymy.8.Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by whicha word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. It is considered to be t he opposite process of suffixation.Compounding （Composition）--Compounding is a process of word-format ion by joining two or more stems.9. How do you distinguish compounds from free phrases?Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects. 1) Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is gener ally stressed if there is only one stress.2) Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in se mantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.3) Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatica l role in a sentence.10.How do you explain the difference between backformation and suff ixation? Give example to illustrate your point.Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is crea ted by the deletion of a supposed affix. It is considered to be the o pposite process of suffixation. As we know, Suffixation is the format ion of new words by adding suffixes to stems, and back-formation is t herefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffix es. For example, -er is a noun suffix, it is added to noun base engin e to produce a new word--engineer. however, people can make verbs by dropping the endings such as -or in editor, and -er in bolter. This i s how we derive edit and bolt. The removed suffixes are not true suff ixes but inseparable parts of the words.chapter 51.Reference–the relationship between language and the world. By mea ns of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (inclu ding persons) are being talked about.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction.Although reference is abstract, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.2.Concept– which beyond language is the result of human cognition re flecting the objective world in the human mind. It isn’t affected by language. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. Meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are language in the world.3.Sense-denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense.The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relat ionships with other expressions in the language.4.Motivation--accounts for the connection between the linguistic symb ol and its meaning.1）Onomatopoeic Motivation –the words whose sounds suggest their me aning. (Indicate the relationship between sound and meaning). Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. These word s were created by imitating the natural sounds or noise. For example, bang, ping-pang, crow by cocks, etc.2）Morphological Motivation--Compounds and derived words are multi-m orphemic words and the meaning of many words are the sum total of the morphemes combined. (Indicate the relationship between word meaning and each morpheme meaning). For instance, airmail means3）Semantic Motivation--refers to the mental associations suggested b y the conceptual meaning of a word. It explained the connection betwe en literal sense and figurative sense of a word).4）Etymological Motivation--The history of the word explains the mean ing of the word. (Indicate the relationship between word meaning and its origin).5。
英语词汇学第八单元测试2
C8 Test-2I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answer. Choose the one that would bestcomplete the statement.1. Context is of paramount importance for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influencedimmediately by the environment, and in many cases by the whole as well.A. linguistic, speech situationB. grammatical, lexical contextC. lexical, linguistic contextD. lexical, extra-linguistic context2. Context in its narrow sense refers to context, and in its broad sense, it refers to both linguistic andnon-linguisitic context.A. lexicalB. non-linguisticC. linguisticD. grammatical3. With context there is generally no danger of , for meaning lives in context and the context throws lighton .A. misinterpretation, conceptB. misinterpretation, meaningC. interpretation, meaningD. understanding, reference4. The role of context manifests itself in the following ways except_____.A. elimination of ambiguityB. provision of rhetorical colouringC. indication of referentsD. provision of' clues for inferring word-meaning5. and are the common causes of ambiguity.A. Synonymy, hyponymyB. Antonymy, homonymyC. Synonymy, antonymyD. Homonymy, polysemy6. Linguistic context may cover the following except .A. the participantsB. the entire bookC. a whole chapterD. a paragraph7. Factors of word-meaning change in extra-linguistic aspect include .A. class reasonB.psychological reasonC. historical reasonD. all the above8. “Landlord” has different interpretations in Western countries and China. The reason is due to .A. cultural backgroundB. linguistic contextC. lexical contextD. grammatical context9. The meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call_______.A. Linguistic contextB. Lexical contextC. Grammatical contextD. Cultural context10. The ambiguity of the sentence, "He is a hard businessman.”, is due to .A. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy11. Ambiguity arises due to the following except .A. homonymyB. antonymyC. polysemyD. grammatical structure12. The ambiguity of the sentence, "The ball was attractive." is caused by .A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. grammatical structureD. homonymy13. ‘Do get me a clop,’ she sad, smacking her lips, but her brother, with a scornful glance up at the branches, saidthat there were none ripe yet. We can infer the meaning of ‘clop’ by .A. explanationB. examplificationC. relevant detailsD. hyponymy14. The clue for understanding “intestate” in the sentence “ He died intestate. In the absence of a will his propertywas divided among his heirs according to the l aws of the state.” is .A. synonymyB. explanationC. relevant detailsD. definition15. In “do the flowers”, “do” means “arrange”, the understanding of “do” depends on .A. grammatical contextB. relevant detailsC. lexical contextD. extra-linguistic contextII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. helps to determine the meaning of the word that the speaker intends to convey.2. Context can be divided into ______ and ______ context.3. The extra-linguistic context refers to the _______ situation, which may extend to embrace the entire _________.4. Linguistic context can be subdivided into _____ context and context.5. Lexical context refers to the words before and after the word in question. The meaning of the word is oftenaffected and defined by the words.6. In some cases, the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what wecall _______context.7. often arises due to pelysemy and homonymy.8. The roles of context include________, indication of referents and provision of clues for inferring wordmeaning.9. Context clues for inferring word-meaning vary a great deal. The major ones include definition, explanation,________, synonymy, antonymy, ______, relevant details and word structure.10. When a word with multiple meanings is used in inadequate context, it creates _______.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( )1. The meaning of “paper” in “a white paper” is determined by grammatical context.( )2. The ambiguity in “They saw her duck.”is due to polysemy.( ) 3. The clue for t he meaning of “jetty” in “The harbour is protected by a jetty –a wall built out into the water.”is definition.( )4. The clue for the meaning of “indecisive” in “He is indecisive, that is, she can’t make up her mind” is synonymy. ( )5. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context.( )6. In terms of importance, linguistic context is primary while non-linguistic context is secondary.( )7. Different contexts give a word different meanings.( )8. Antonymy helps to determine the meaning of “reticent” in “Jim was talkative while Lisa was reticent.”( )9. Ambiguity can be caused by polysemy and homonymy, but not by grammatical structure.( )10. Word structure as well as grammatical structure can help to eliminate ambiguity.IV. Guess the word meaning and write out the clue.1. John had left his wet clothes in the dark closest for over a week. Of course they had begun to mildew. ()2. A nomadic life is simple but happy. That’s why a lot of people appreciate the life style of gypsies.()3. His uncle was a roamer, an incurable wanderer who never could stay in one plane.( )4. The Asian chimpanzee, like other apes, is specially adapted for life in trees.( )5. After a day of hunting, Harold is ravenous. Yesterday, for example, he ate two bowls of soup, salad, a largechicken, and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied. ( )6. Most dentists’ offices are drab places, but Emilio’s new office is bright, cheerful place. （）7. It is difficult to list all of my father’s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities. （）8. Consensus decision-making, a process by which action is taking only after everyone is in agreement, is veryimportant to the Japanese businessman.（）V. Answer the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1. What are the major types of context? Can any of their be subdivided?2. What usually causes ambiguity?3. In what way does context provide clues for inference of word-meaning?VI. Analyze and comment on the following statements.1. She likes white roses and lilies.Is there anything wrong with the sentence? If yes, explain the reasons and improve the sentence.2. Context can provide clues for inferring word meaning by means of definition, explanation, exemplification,synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and relevant details. Using examples to illustrate how relevant details help to infer word meaning.答案：I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answer. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.A2.C3.B4.B5.D6.A7.D8.A9.C 10.A11.B 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.CII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. Context2. linguistic, extra-linguistic/non-linguistic3. physical, cultural background4. lexical, grammatical5. neighbouring6. grammatical7. Ambiguity8. elimination of ambiguity9. example/exemplification, hyponymy10. ambiguityIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Put T or F in the bracket after the statement. 1. F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T6.F7.T8.T9.F 1 0TIV. Guess the word meaning and write out the clue.1. relevant details2. exemplification/example3. synonymy/ synonyms4. hyponymy/subordinate5. exemplification/ example6. antonymy/antonym7. hyponymy/ superordinate8. synonymy/synonymV. Answer the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1. What are the major types of context? Can any of them be subdivided?Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context, which may extend to embrace a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which includes the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.。
英语词汇学复习-题
Key to chapter 11 .What is a word? 1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2.In what way are words related to vocabulary?V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.3.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples .Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/ (树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and form of english wordsThere are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme. ⑵ The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spellingEarly scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.6.What are the characteristics of basic word stockWords of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.7.choose the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the leftA tart loose woman b. bloke fellow c.gat pistol d. swell great e. chicken cowardF .blue fight g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl8.given the modern equivalents for the following archaic wordshaply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it seems to me eke= also bade= bidsmooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the sea9.Explain neologisms with examplesNeologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元), e-book(电子书), SARS(非典), netizen(网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.10.What is the fundamental difference between content and functional wordsBy notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words.11.How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ?Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens , aliens translation loans and semantic loans Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans kettle confrere chopsticks dream die pro patria black humour skirt parvenu long time no see wall Wunderkind typhoon husband Mikado Key to chapter 21. Why should students of english lexicology study the In-European language family?The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern language given below3. W hat are the fundamental differences between the vocabularies of the 3 periods of development ? Do you think we can divide the historical development in other ways ? Defend your argument.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. Old English has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.Yes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost.4. what characteristics of english make the english language heterogeneous ?it is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other majorIndo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Lithuanian Prussian Polish Slavenian Russian BulgarianIndo-Iranian Hindi PerianCeltic Breton Scottish IrishItalic Spanish French Italian PortugueseRoumanianHellenic GreekGermanic English Swedish German Icelangic Danish Dutchlanguages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.5.Account for the popularity of english in the present world from a linguistic perspective.The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6 course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume powersseparate equal station nature entitledecent respect opinions requires declarecauses impel separationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.7.Give a brief account of the 4 phases of Latin borrowing with 2 or 3 examples for each period.Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and (4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; Words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status, nucleus, minimum.8.tell the difference elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ] Saxophone [German +Greek ] heirloom [French +English ] Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ] 9.put the following French loan word into 2 groups , one being early borrowings and the other late ones .amateur (late) finace (late) Empire (late) peace (early) Courage (early) garage (late) Judgement (early) chair (early) Chaise (late) grace (early) Servant (early) routine (late) Jealous (early) savate (late) Genre (late) gender (early)Debut (late) morale (late) State (early) chez (late) Ballet (late)ment on Jespersen's remark on Scandinavian element in english "An englishman cannot thrive or be ill or die without Scandinavian words, they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare.Jespersen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in E nglish. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitionsallegro f. 轻快Alto i. 女低音Andante j 行板Crescendo b. 渐强Diminuendo g. 渐弱Forte e. 强Largo d. 缓慢Piano h. 轻Pianoforte a. 轻转慢Soprano c. 女高音12.Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which each has been borrowedcherub（Hebrew）chipmunk(American Indian ) Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi) Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek) Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi) Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi) Snorkel (German) ttamale (Mexican)Tepee (American) tulip (Turkish) V oodoo (African) kibitz (German) Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources . Choose a word to fill in each space .a. alligatorb. Lococ. rodeod.. Bonanzae. igloof. Blitzkriegg. wigwamh. Canoei. hurricanej. Boomerangk. poncho14.Describe the characteristics of contemporary vocabularythe characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous;(2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes andinfluence of other cultures and languages.15. What are the major modes of vocabulary development in contemporary english ?the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary are creation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.Key to chapter 31.write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions a. morpheme b. allomorph c. bound morpheme d. free morpheme e. affix f. inflectional affix g. derivational affix h. root i. stem j. base2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes,and inflectional and derivational morphemes .give examples to illustrate their relationshipsInflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as –s(-es), -ed, -ing and –est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes 3. Analyse the words in terms of root, stem ,base Individualisticindividualist + ic [stem , base] individual + ist [stem, base ] individu + al [stem, base ] in + dividu [root, stem, base ] undesirablesun +desirable [stem, base ] desir + able [root, stem, base ] anizethefollowingtermsinatreediagramtoshowtheirlogicalrelationshipsKey to chapter 4Enumerate the three important means of word formation and explain their respective role in the expansion of English vocabulary.morphemefree morpheme =free rootbound morphemeBound rootaffixinflectional affixderivational affixprefixsuffixThe three means of word formation are affixation, which creates 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ;compounding ,which brings 28% to 30% of all the new words; and conversion, which provides English with 26% of the new words.Affixation1.What is affixation? What is its alternative name ?Affixation, also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems. Affixation Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words.2.What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base.3.What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?Generally speaking, prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases.4.What is the best way to classify prefixes ? Why ?The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general.5. Form negatives with each of following words by using one of these prefixes dis~,il~.im~ , in~,ir~ ,non~, un~,non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenient non-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizeb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. to fattenf. falsify/hardeng. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding1.Why are the criteria by which to differentiate compounds from free phrases? What do you think of these criteria?The three criteria are(1)stress pattern, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, e.g. '- -(compound), - ' -(free phrase);(2)meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of thecomponent parts, but the free phrase is, e.g. hot line(compound: busy line),hot potato(free phrase: potato which is hot);(3)grammatical unity, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g. easy chair(compound: a special arm chair),easier chair(free phrase: a less easy chair).However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules.2. heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V.-er] baking powder [ adv+n.]far- reaching [Adv+v.-ing] dog-tired [adv + adj]lion-hearted [adv + n.-ed] love-sick [adv + adj]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ adj+ n]on-coming [adv+v] tax-free [adv +adj]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single(adj.)→single(v.）.3.Wh at are the usual methods to form compound words ? Give examples.There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name (v. from first name) and honeymoon (v. from honeymoon) are words created by means of conversion: words such as proofread (v. from proofreading)and chain-smoke (v. from chain smoker)are formed by means of backformation.4.well-bred 有教养的well-behaved 守规矩的culture-bound 含文化的homebound 回家的needle work 针织品homework 家庭作业praiseworthy 值得表扬的respectworthy 值得尊敬的bar-woman 吧女sportswoman 女运动员nationwide 全国的college-wide 全校的clear-minded 头脑清晰的strong-minded 意志坚强的military-style 军事风格的newstyle 新款self-control 自制self-respect 自尊budget-related 有预算的politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof 防水fire-proof 防火once-fashionable 曾经流行的once-powerful 曾经强大的news-film 新闻片news-letter 时事通讯mock-attack 演习mock-sadness 假悲伤sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law 岳父/公公home-baked 自家烤的home-produced 自制的half-way 半途的/半路的half-done 半生不熟的ever-lasting 永久的ever-green 常青的age-conscious 年龄敏感的status-conscious 身份敏感的campus-based 以校园为基地的market-based 基于市场的Conversion1.What is conversion? What do you think of the alternatives functional shift and zero-derivation?Conversion is the formation of new words by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion, i.e. change of the functions of words .the term zero-derivation approachesconversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes, hence zero derivation.2.In what way is conversion different from suffixation?Although both are called derivation ,suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, such as simple (adj.)→simplify（v.)3 what causes of words are most frequently converted ?The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs.4 in what way are verbs converted from nouns semantically related to original nouns and vice versa ?Verbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways. The new nouns converted from verbs refer to （1）state of mind or sensation, e.g .desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity, e.g. swim (the activity of swimming );(3) result of the action, e.g. buy (the result of buying);(4) doer of the action, e.g. bore (the person whom bores); (5) tool or instrument, e,g, paper (doing something with paper ) and (6) place, e.g. turn(the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever different ways . The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun, e. g. peel (to remove the peel from );(4) to do with the noun, e.g. Shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act as the noun, e. g. tutor (to be the tutor) ;(6) to make or change into the noun, e.g. cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to send by ship).5.Explain partial conversion and full conversion with examplesWhen adjectives are converted into nouns, some are completely changed, thus known as full conversation, and others are partially changed, thus known as partial conversion. Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, i. e. having all the characteristics of nouns. That means they can take a / an shorts, finals. Adjectives which are partially converted still keep adjective features. They should always be used with the, and they cannot take -s/-es to show plural forms. Moreover, the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor, the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.6.What changes are occasionally involved in the process of conversion?The changes occasionally involved are (1) change of spelling accompanied by pronunciation ,e. G. Life/laIf/→live/liv/ , breat h /breɚ/→breathe /bri:ỏ/ and blood /blʌd/→ bleed / bli:d/ ;(2) change of pronunciation and stress ,e. g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and so on.7.a .stomach [n.→v.] b. Room [n.→ v.] c.wolf [n → v] e/go [v → n] e.familiar [a → n] f.innocent [a → n]g.flat [a → n] h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i.warm [a → n]j.has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k.Hamlet [proper n → v]l.buy [v → n]m.smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence) 情报advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft + port 气垫船码头chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真音响cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影演员Clippingcopter (helicopter) front clipping dorm (dormitory) back clipping lab (laboratory) back clippingprefab (prefabricated house) phrase clipping gas (gasoline) back clipping prof (professor) back clippingscope (telescope) front clipping champ (champion) back clipping sarge (sergeant) back clippingmike (microphone) back clipping ad (advertisement) back clipping tec (detective) ront and back clippingAcronymy1.both initialisms and acronyms are formed to a certain extent from initial letters. Is there any difference between them ? Illustrate your point with examplesYes, there is a difference between them. The difference lies in the formation and pronunciation. Initialisms are formations pronounced letter by letter, e.g. UFO(unidentified flying object), BBC(B ritish B roadcasting C orporation), VIP(very important person) and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is, the words look and sound like ordinary words, e.g. AIDS/eidz/(acquired immune deficiency syndrome), MAD(mutually assured destruction), radar(radio detecting and ranging).2.what do the short forms stand for ?kg =k ilogram ft=f oot cf =c onfer cm=c entimeter $=d ollar ibid = i bide etc. = e t cetera VIP=v ery i mportant p erson OPEC=O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL=t est of E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALT b. radar c. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonar h. G-manBackformation1. Both back-formation and back-clipping are ways of making words by removing the endings of words . How you account for coexistence of the 2 ?can you illustrate the difference ?It is true that both are means of making new words by removing the end part of the words. But they have differences. For a back-formed word , what is removed is the supposed suffix ,e.g. auth------author , donate------donation , loaf-----loafer , the forms –-or,--ion , --er coincide with the their suffixes . For back clipping , however , what is removed is usually different from the existing suffixes ,e.g. ad------advertisement , gas-------gasoline , exam------examination , etc.2.Cive the original words from which the following words are back-formedLase (laser) escalate(escalator) Babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) Orate (orator) commute (commuter)Communization of proper namesa.Tantalize -------Tantalus : to tease or torment by keeping sth. wanted out of reachb.b Argus-eyed--------Argus : to be extremely watchfula.narcissim--------Narcissus : excessive admiration of oneself or one’s appearanceb.sabotage-------Sabots : (1) to destroy or damage deliberately(2) deliberate damage or destructione. martinet--------Martinet : strict /stern (military) trainerf . yahoo-------Yahoo : a lout or ruffiang. Shylock--------Shylock: a ruthless money lenderh. hovering-------Hoover: cleaning by using a vacuum cleanerKey to Chapter 51. What is reference ?Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world. (or: Reference is the relationship between language and the world.)2. What is concept ?Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world.3. What is sense ?The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the language. It is often used to substitute meaning.4.What is motivation? Does this theory contradict the theory of "arbitrariness" and "conventionality' concerning the relationshipbetween linguistic symbols and their senses ?Motivation explains the relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, or the logical reason why a certain word has a certain meaning.As mentioned earlier, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. Motivation seems to contradict the theory. The answer is ―yes and no‖. By ―yes‖, we mean all the mono-morphemic words in a language are non-motivated except a few onomatopoeic words which imitate the natural sounds or noises. By ―no‖, we mean many multi-morphemic words are motivated, for in many cases the meaning of the whole word is the combination of the morphemes. The morphemic structure explains the meaning.5. What are the 4 types of motivation? Explain them with examplesThe four types of motivation are onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation. Onomatopoeic motivation explains onomatopoeic words whose meaning is based on the pronunciation of the words such as miaow, thump, peng, etc. ; morphological motivation explains the words whose morphological structure throws light on their meaning, such as profiteer(profit+eer), darkroom(dark+room), deconstruction (de+construct+ion), etc. ; semantic motivation explains the figurative meaning of words whose literal meaning suggests the figurative meaning such as the tongue of fire, the mouth of the river, the face of the earth; etymological motivation explains the words whose meaning is closely related to their origins such as banting(therapy for keeping slim by going on a diet discovered by Doctor Banting) and Brille(language used by the blind created by Brille).6. apes-gibber birds-sing/twitter cattle-low crickets-chirp doves-coo foxes-yelpgeese-gabble sheep-bleat wolves-howl monkeys-chatter pigs- grunt hyenas-laugh turkeys-gobble swans-cry7. What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?Grammatical meaning refers to the part of meaning which shows grammatical relationship such as part of speech of words, plural forms of nouns, tense of verbs, etc. and lexical meaning includes all the rest of the meanings of a word apart from the grammatical meaning, i.e. conceptual meaning and associative meaning.8. What ar ethe characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is fundamental, universal and stable whereas associative meaning is secondary, contextual, open-ended or indeterminate, thus changing.9. What connotations do you think we word atomic might have for each of the following people ?a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with atomic, such as ―benefit‖, ―energy‖, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War Ⅱ, might have all the negative associations with atomic, such as ―suffering‖, ―killing‖,―death‖, ―horror‖, etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, atomic might be associated with ―mystery‖, ―science‖, ―knowledge‖, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly and expressively (positive)gabby: inclined to chatter (negative)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorativea. particular fastidious/fussyb. critical fault-finding/picky。
词汇学复习
第一单元英语词汇概说1.词是语音、形态和意义的统一体，音和形是词的物质外壳，意义是词的物质内容。
Word is the combination of pronunciation, morphology and meaning.2.词是在口语和书面语中能独立、自由使用的并具备完整意义的语言最小单位。
Word is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its own in oral and written language.3.词汇（vocabulary, lexicon）: collection of words4.词汇是语言（language）的基本要素（语音、语法、词汇）之一。
Pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary5.Active vocabulary（积极性词汇）: speaking/writing vocabularyPassive vocabulary（消极性词汇）: reading/guessing vocabulary6.词汇学（lexicology）: the science of wordsLexicology is the branch of linguistics that investigates, describes and theorizes about vocabulary. 作为语言学的一个分支，词汇学对词汇进行调查研究、描述并予以理论化。
第二、三单元英语基本构词法1.词素（morpheme）是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体。
Morpheme is the minimum unit of meaning.2.构词法（1）词缀法（affixation/derivation派生法）Prefixation 前缀法；Suffixation 后缀法Prefix do not generally change the world-class(词性) of the stem but only modify its meaning.(except “en-”, ”be-”, ”a-”) 三个可以决定词性的前缀Suffix mainly change the word-class ( except “less”)（2）复合法（compounding或composition）→复合词compound（3）转化法（conversion）也叫功能转换法（functional shift）或转移法（transmutation）（4）缩略法（abbreviation或shortening）·截短词clipped wordsapocope截除词尾，aphaeresis 截除词首front and back clipping截除首尾，syncope截除词腰·首字母缩略词initialisms·首字母拼音词acronyms·拼缀词blending e.g. stagflation = stagnation + inflation注：Acronym differ from initialism in that they are pronouncedas words rather than as sequences of letter.（5）逆生法（back formation）e.g. laser为首字母拼音词，因词尾形似后缀-er，则逆生出动词lase。
英语词汇学试题
英语词汇学试题英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarilythrough the use of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. rootis traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. StylisticsEnglish is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semanticis the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. placeshares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policemanare words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology,______,etymology, stylistics, ________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______./doc/1e10021887.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words 4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. uponwords( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) ( )35. bottom line ( ) ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans VI. Answer the following Questionsthe relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:I. 1. historical, usages 18. semantics, . vocabularyII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocabilitybasic word stock; argotword stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminologyword stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternativeanswers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, whichcan be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in greatnumbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again byNorwegian and Danish Vikings. With theinvaders, many ________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modernEnglish.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continualflow of ______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the lawcourts, and government and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which arederived from the dead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian allbelong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern EuropeanLanguages: Norwegian, Icelandic,Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or socialpower and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10th D. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) tothe present _____ language.上一页下一页。
英语词汇学第五单元测试2
C 5 Test-2I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bestcomplete the statement.1. A word is the combination of and .A. spelling, soundB. form, meaningC. spelling, meaningD. sound, meaning2. By form we refer to .A. its symbolsB. its spellingC. its pronunciationD. both its pronunciation and spelling3. Reference is the relationship between language and .A. the worldB. the conceptC. the senseD. the motivation4. A word has meaning only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign anda .A. referenceB. referentC. conceptD. sense5. The connection between the reference of a word and the thing outside the language is the result ofand .A. generalization, specificationB. generalization, abstractionC. abstraction, specificationD. generalization, convention6. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of , it can refer to somethingspecific.A. conceptB. senseC. motivationD. context7. Concept which reflects the objective world in the human mind is the result of human .A. acquisitionB. recognitionC. cognitionD. abstraction8. Concept is beyond language, while sense denotes the relationships .A. outside the languageB. with the languageC. inside the languageD. with the meaning9. is universal to all men alike.A. SenseB. ConceptC. MotivationD. Reference10. Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic symbol and its .A. referenceB. referentC. conceptD. meaning11. The words like “bow-wow”, “bang”, “tick-tuck” are motivated.A. morphologically B semanticallyC. etymologicallyD. onomatopoeically12. “” is not a morphologically motivated word.A. LaconicB. AirmailC. MiniskirtD. Hopeful13. Of the four types of motivation, ________ motivation is supposed to be the oldest, and motivationis the most productive.A. onomatopoeic, etymologicalB. semantic, morphologicalC. onomatopoeic, morphologicalD. etymological, morphological14. The word meaning can be divided into two types, they are .A. conceptual meaning and associative meaningB. grammatical meaning and associative meaningC. grammatical meaning and lexical meaningD. connotative meaning and affective meaning15. Lexical meaning comprises _______ meaning and _______ meaning.A. conceptual, associativeB. conceptual, grammaticalC. connotative, stylisticD. affective, collocative16. meaning surfaces only in use, but________ meaning is constant in all the content words withinor without context.A. Grammatical, lexicalB. Associative, conceptualC. Conceptual, associativeD. Lexical, grammatical17. Conceptual meaning, also known as meaning, is the meaning given in the dictionary andforms the core of word meaning.A. designativeB. cognitiveC. denotativeD. all above18. Associative meaning falls into four types, and they are_______.A. grammatical, lexical, stylistic, and affectiveB. lexical, conceptual, connotative, and collocativeC. connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocativeD. conceptual, connotative, affective, and stylistic19. meaning is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and theexperience of the individual.A. LexicalB. CollocativeC. ConnotativeD. Stylistic20. “f ather”, “dad”, “daddy”, and “papa” all have the same meaning, but they differ inmeaning.A. conceptual, affectiveB. conceptual, stylisticC. connotative, affectiveD. affective, stylistic21. “g entle”, “fragile”, “emotional” are the meanings of “woman”.A. connotativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. associative22. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: or .A. lexical, grammaticalB. associative, conceptualC. appreciative, pejorativeD. stylistic, affective23. The words “empty” and “vacant” share the same meaning, but they are different in .A. conceptual, styleB. conceptual, collocationC. lexical, emotive valuesD. associative, connotation24. In componential analys is, the meaning of “boy” can be expressed by _______.A. [+ HUMAN + ADULT+ MALE]B. [+ HUMAN – ADULT – MALE]C. [+ HUMAN + ADULT – MALE]D. [+ HUMAN – ADULT + MALE]25. In making componential analysis, the defining feature between “water”, “gas” and “stone”, tree” can be________.A. [±CONCRETE]B. [±COUNTABLE]C. [±DYNAMIC]D. [±ANIMATE]II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. Every word that has meaning has sense but not every word has __________.2. The relationship between the word form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary, and most words can besaid to be .3. “foot” in “the foot of a page” is motivated.4. “pen” is a/an motivated word.5. There are a lot of words whose structures are , i. e. their meanings are not the combinations of theseparate parts.6. Semantic motivation explains the connection between the literal sense andsense of the word.7. Part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs all belong tomeaning.8. Lexical meaning is made up of conceptual meaning and meaning.9. meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.10. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by themeaning traditionally known as connotations.11. Martin Joos (1962) in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of_________: “frozen”, “formal”,“consultative”, “casual” and “intimate”.12. Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s towards the person or thing in question.13. In the sentence, “Knowledge of inequality has stimu lated envy, ambition and g reed.”, “ambition” has aconnotation.14. “commence”, which has the same meaning with “begin”, is in style.15. Unlike conceptual meaning, meaning is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influenceof such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc.16. Componential analysis, according to Leech, is the process of breaking down the sense of a word into its__________ components.Ⅲ. Study the following words or expressions and identify either their types of motivation or their types of meaning.1. quack ( )2. the cradle of Chinese civilization ( )3. a laconic answer ( )4. airmail (to mail by air) ( )5. mother (love) ( )6. handsome (good-looking) ( )7. abode (poetic) ( )8. forget, forgot, forgets ( )9. accuse …of/charge…with ( )10. slender/skinny ( )IV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What is the relationship between reference, concept and sense?2. How is word meaning classified?3. What is the relationship between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?4. How do we generally classify styles?V. Analyze and comment on the following sentences by using what we have learned in this chapter.1. East or west, home is best.Study the above sentence and analyze the conceptual meaning and connotative meaning of “home”. Can we use “house” in this sentence to replace “home”? why or why not？2. (1) They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot.(2) After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.Study the differences of the two sentences. Are all the words in the sentences used appropriately? Give your reasons.3. (1) The reactionary’s chief ambition is to become the emperor.(2) One who is filled with ambition usually works hard.Study and analyze the affective meaning of the word “ambition” in the two sentences. What can you learn from it?答案：T -2I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bestcomplete the state-merit.1.B2.D3.A4.B5.B6.D7.C8.C9.B 10.D11.D 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.A16.A 17.D 18.C 19.C 20.B21.A 22.C 23.B 24.D 25.BII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 1. reference 2. non-motivated3. semantically4. etymologically5. opaque6. figurative7. grammatical 8. associative9. Conceptual 10. conceptual11. formality 12. attitude13. pejorative/negative 14. formal15. associative 16. minimalⅢ. Study the following words or expressions and identify either their types of motivation or their types of meaning.1. onomatopoeic motivation2. semantic motivation3. etymological motivation4. morphological motivation5. connotative meaning6. conceptual meaning7. stylistic meaning 8. grammatical meaning9. collocative meaning 10. affective meaningIV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.· 1.What is the relationship between reference, concept and sense?Reference is the relationship between language and the world. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike, so a concept can be expressed by different words and different words can express the same concept. Sense denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense, but not every word has reference.· 2.How is word meaning classified?The word meaning can be classified into grammatical meaning and lexical meaning. Lexical meaning itself embraces two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning. Associative meaning can be further divided into four types: connotative, stylistic, affective and collocative.3. What is the relationship between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Lexical meaning is made up of conceptual meaning and associative meaning. Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, etc.4. How do we generally classify styles?Generally speaking, styles are classified into three types: formal, neutral, and informal.V. Analyze and comment on the following sentences by using what we havelearned in this chapter.1. East or west, home is best.Study the above sentence and analyze the conceptual meaning and connotative meaning of “home”. Can we use “house” in this sentence to replace “home”? why or why not ？The conceptual meaning of “home” is “a dwelling place/a place to live in”. In this saying, the connotative meaning of "home” is: family, warmth, safety, love, convenience, etc.We cannot use “house” to replace “home” in this sentence. Although they have the same conceptual mea ning, they differ in connotative meanings. The connotative meaning of “house” is: coldness, indifference, lacking of love. Such kinds of connotations are not appropriate in the context of this saying.2. (1) They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot.(2) After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.Study the differences of the two sentences. Are all the words in the sentences used appropriately? Give your reasons.Apart from the structural difference, the two sentences are quite different in stylistic features of words. The words in both sentences are used appropriately in style. Sentence (1) could be said by two criminals, talking casually about the crime afterwards, so slang words like “chucked”, “cops”, “did a bunk”, “loot” are used. While sentence (2) might be said by the chief inspector in making his official report, thus the words used are literary (“casting”, “abscond”) or neutral (“police”, “money”).3. (1) The reactionary’s chief ambition is to become the emperor.(2) One who is filled with ambition usually works hard.Study and anal yze the affective meaning of the word “ambition” in the two sentences. What can you learn from it?Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing inquestion. Words that have emotive values can fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative. In sentence (1), “ambition” conveys a pejorative overtone; while “ambition” is used in appreciative sense in sentence (2). From the above examples we can see that to a large extent the affective meaning of the word depends on the circumstances under which it is used. Either the appreciative or pejorative meaning of the word is brought out only by the speakers in the context.。
英语词汇学复习 题。。。。
Key to chapter 11 .What is a word? 1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2.In what way are words related to vocabulary?V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.3.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples .Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/ (树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and form of english wordsThere are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme. ⑵ The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spellingEarly scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.6.What are the characteristics of basic word stockWords of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.7.choose the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the leftA tart loose woman b. bloke fellow c.gat pistol d. swell great e. chicken cowardF .blue fight g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl8.given the modern equivalents for the following archaic wordshaply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it seems to me eke= also bade= bidsmooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the sea9.Explain neologisms with examplesNeologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元), e-book(电子书), SARS(非典), netizen(网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.10.What is the fundamental difference between content and functional wordsBy notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words.11.How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ?Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens , aliens translation loans and semantic loans Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans kettle confrere chopsticks dream die pro patria black humour skirt parvenu long time no see wall Wunderkind typhoon husband Mikado Key to chapter 21. Why should students of english lexicology study the In-European language family?The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern language given below3. W hat are the fundamental differences between the vocabularies of the 3 periods of development ? Do you think we can divide the historical development in other ways ? Defend your argument.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. Old English has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.Yes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost.4. what characteristics of english make the english language heterogeneous ?it is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other majorIndo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Lithuanian Prussian Polish Slavenian Russian BulgarianIndo-Iranian Hindi PerianCeltic Breton Scottish IrishItalic Spanish French Italian PortugueseRoumanianHellenic GreekGermanic English Swedish German Icelangic Danish Dutchlanguages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.5.Account for the popularity of english in the present world from a linguistic perspective.The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6 course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume powersseparate equal station nature entitledecent respect opinions requires declarecauses impel separationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.7.Give a brief account of the 4 phases of Latin borrowing with 2 or 3 examples for each period.Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and (4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; Words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status, nucleus, minimum.8.tell the difference elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ] Saxophone [German +Greek ] heirloom [French +English ] Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ] 9.put the following French loan word into 2 groups , one being early borrowings and the other late ones .amateur (late) finace (late) Empire (late) peace (early) Courage (early) garage (late) Judgement (early) chair (early) Chaise (late) grace (early) Servant (early) routine (late) Jealous (early) savate (late) Genre (late) gender (early)Debut (late) morale (late) State (early) chez (late) Ballet (late)ment on Jespersen's remark on Scandinavian element in english "An englishman cannot thrive or be ill or die without Scandinavian words, they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare.Jespersen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in E nglish. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitionsallegro f. 轻快Alto i. 女低音Andante j 行板Crescendo b. 渐强Diminuendo g. 渐弱Forte e. 强Largo d. 缓慢Piano h. 轻Pianoforte a. 轻转慢Soprano c. 女高音12.Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which each has been borrowedcherub（Hebrew）chipmunk(American Indian ) Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi) Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek) Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi) Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi) Snorkel (German) ttamale (Mexican)Tepee (American) tulip (Turkish) V oodoo (African) kibitz (German) Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources . Choose a word to fill in each space .a. alligatorb. Lococ. rodeod.. Bonanzae. igloof. Blitzkriegg. wigwamh. Canoei. hurricanej. Boomerangk. poncho14.Describe the characteristics of contemporary vocabularythe characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous;(2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes andinfluence of other cultures and languages.15.What are the major modes of vocabulary development in contemporary english ?the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary are creation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.Key to chapter 31.write the terms in the blanks according to the definitionsa. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes,and inflectional and derivational morphemes .give examples to illustrate their relationshipsInflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as –s(-es), -ed, -ing and –est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes3.Analyse the words in terms of root, stem ,baseIndividualisticindividualist + ic [stem , base]individual + ist [stem, base ]individu + al [stem, base ]in + dividu [root, stem, base ]undesirablesun +desirable [stem, base ]desir + able [root, stem, base ]anize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationshipsKey to chapter 4Enumerate the three important means of word formation and explain their respective role in the expansion of English vocabulary.The three means of word formation are affixation, which creates 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ;compounding ,which brings 28% to 30% of all the new words; and conversion, which provides English with 26% of the new words.Affixation1.What is affixation? What is its alternative name ?Affixation, also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems. Affixation Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words.2.What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base.3.What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?Generally speaking, prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases.4.What is the best way to classify prefixes ? Why ?The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general.5. Form negatives with each of following words by using one of these prefixes dis~,il~.im~ , in~,ir~ ,non~, un~,non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenient non-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizeb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. to fattenf. falsify/hardeng. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding1.Why are the criteria by which to differentiate compounds from free phrases? What do you think of these criteria?The three criteria are(1)stress pattern, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, e.g. '- -(compound), - ' -(free phrase);(2)meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of thecomponent parts, but the free phrase is, e.g. hot line(compound: busy line),hot potato(free phrase: potato which is hot);(3)grammatical unity, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g. easy chair(compound: a special arm chair),easier chair(free phrase: a less easy chair).However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules.2. heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V.-er] baking powder [ adv+n.]far- reaching [Adv+v.-ing] dog-tired [adv + adj]lion-hearted [adv + n.-ed] love-sick [adv + adj]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ adj+ n]on-coming [adv+v] tax-free [adv +adj]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single(adj.)→single(v.）.3.Wh at are the usual methods to form compound words ? Give examples.There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name (v. from first name) and honeymoon (v. from honeymoon) are words created by means of conversion: words such as proofread (v. from proofreading)and chain-smoke (v. from chain smoker)are formed by means of backformation.4.well-bred 有教养的well-behaved 守规矩的culture-bound 含文化的homebound 回家的needle work 针织品homework 家庭作业praiseworthy 值得表扬的respectworthy 值得尊敬的bar-woman 吧女sportswoman 女运动员nationwide 全国的college-wide 全校的clear-minded 头脑清晰的strong-minded 意志坚强的military-style 军事风格的newstyle 新款self-control 自制self-respect 自尊budget-related 有预算的politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof 防水fire-proof 防火once-fashionable 曾经流行的once-powerful 曾经强大的news-film 新闻片news-letter 时事通讯mock-attack 演习mock-sadness 假悲伤sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law 岳父/公公home-baked 自家烤的home-produced 自制的half-way 半途的/半路的half-done 半生不熟的ever-lasting 永久的ever-green 常青的age-conscious 年龄敏感的status-conscious 身份敏感的campus-based 以校园为基地的market-based 基于市场的Conversion1.What is conversion? What do you think of the alternatives functional shift and zero-derivation?Conversion is the formation of new words by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion, i.e. change of the functions of words .the term zero-derivation approachesconversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes, hence zero derivation.2.In what way is conversion different from suffixation?Although both are called derivation ,suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, such as simple (adj.)→simplify（v.)3 what causes of words are most frequently converted ?The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs.4 in what way are verbs converted from nouns semantically related to original nouns and vice versa ?Verbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways. The new nouns converted from verbs refer to （1）state of mind or sensation, e.g .desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity, e.g. swim (the activity of swimming );(3) result of the action, e.g. buy (the result of buying);(4) doer of the action, e.g. bore (the person whom bores); (5) tool or instrument, e,g, paper (doing something with paper ) and (6) place, e.g. turn(the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever different ways . The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun, e. g. peel (to remove the peel from );(4) to do with the noun, e.g. Shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act as the noun, e. g. tutor (to be the tutor) ;(6) to make or change into the noun, e.g. cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to send by ship).5.Explain partial conversion and full conversion with examplesWhen adjectives are converted into nouns, some are completely changed, thus known as full conversation, and others are partially changed, thus known as partial conversion. Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, i. e. having all the characteristics of nouns. That means they can take a / an shorts, finals. Adjectives which are partially converted still keep adjective features. They should always be used with the, and they cannot take -s/-es to show plural forms. Moreover, the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor, the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.6.What changes are occasionally involved in the process of conversion?The changes occasionally involved are (1) change of spelling accompanied by pronunciation ,e. G. Life/laIf/→live/liv/ , breat h /breɚ/→breathe /bri:ỏ/ and blood /blʌd/→ bleed / bli:d/ ;(2) change of pronunciation and stress ,e. g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and so on.7.a .stomach [n.→v.] b. Room [n.→ v.] c.wolf [n → v] e/go [v → n] e.familiar [a → n] f.innocent [a → n]g.flat [a → n] h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i.war m [a → n]j.has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k.Hamlet [proper n → v]l.buy [v → n]m.smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence) 情报advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft + port 气垫船码头chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真音响cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影演员Clippingcopter (helicopter) front clipping dorm (dormitory) back clipping lab (laboratory) back clippingprefab (prefabricated house) phrase clipping gas (gasoline) back clipping prof (professor) back clippingscope (telescope) front clipping champ (champion) back clipping sarge (sergeant) back clippingmike (microphone) back clipping ad (advertisement) back clipping tec (detective) ront and back clippingAcronymy1.both initialisms and acronyms are formed to a certain extent from initial letters. Is there any difference between them ? Illustrate your point with examplesYes, there is a difference between them. The difference lies in the formation and pronunciation. Initialisms are formations pronounced letter by letter, e.g. UFO(unidentified flying object), BBC(B ritish B roadcasting C orporation), VIP(very important person) and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is, the words look and sound like ordinary words, e.g. AIDS/eidz/(acquired immune deficiency syndrome), MAD(mutually assured destruction), radar(radio detecting and ranging).2.what do the short forms stand for ?kg =k ilogram ft=f oot cf =c onfer cm=c entimeter $=d ollar ibid = i bide etc. = e t cetera VIP=v ery i mportant p erson OPEC=O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL=t est of E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALT b. radar c. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonar h. G-manBackformation1. Both back-formation and back-clipping are ways of making words by removing the endings of words . How you account for coexistence of the 2 ?can you illustrate the difference ?It is true that both are means of making new words by removing the end part of the words. But they have differences. For a back-formed word , what is removed is the supposed suffix ,e.g. auth------author , donate------donation , loaf-----loafer , the forms –-or,--ion , --er coincide with the their suffixes . For back clipping , however , what is removed is usually different from the existing suffixes ,e.g. ad------advertisement , gas-------gasoline , exam------examination , etc.2.Cive the original words from which the following words are back-formedLase (laser) escalate(escalator) Babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) Orate (orator) commute (commuter)Communization of proper namesa.Tantalize -------Tantalus : to tease or torment by keeping sth. wanted out of reachb.b Argus-eyed--------Argus : to be extremely watchfula.narcissim--------Narcissus : excessive admiration of oneself or one’s appearanceb.sabotage-------Sabots : (1) to destroy or damage deliberately(2) deliberate damage or destructione. martinet--------Martinet : strict /stern (military) trainerf . yahoo-------Yahoo : a lout or ruffiang. Shylock--------Shylock: a ruthless money lenderh. hovering-------Hoover: cleaning by using a vacuum cleanerKey to Chapter 51. What is reference ?Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world. (or: Reference is the relationship between language and the world.)2. What is concept ?Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world.3. What is sense ?The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the language. It is often used to substitute meaning.4.What is motivation? Does this theory contradict the theory of "arbitrariness" and "conventionality' concerning the relationshipbetween linguistic symbols and their senses ?Motivation explains the relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, or the logical reason why a certain word has a certain meaning.As mentioned earlier, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. Motivation seems to contradict the theory. The answer is “yes and no”. By “yes”, we mean all the mono-morphemic words in a language are non-motivated except a few onomatopoeic words which imitate the natural sounds or noises. By “no”, we mean many multi-morphemic words are motivated, for in many cases the meaning of the whole word is the combination of the morphemes. The morphemic structure explains the meaning.5. What are the 4 types of motivation? Explain them with examplesThe four types of motivation are onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation. Onomatopoeic motivation explains onomatopoeic words whose meaning is based on the pronunciation of the words such as miaow, thump, peng, etc. ; morphological motivation explains the words whose morphological structure throws light on their meaning, such as profiteer(profit+eer), darkroom(dark+room), deconstruction (de+construct+ion), etc. ; semantic motivation explains the figurative meaning of words whose literal meaning suggests the figurative meaning such as the tongue of fire, the mouth of the river, the face of the earth; etymological motivation explains the words whose meaning is closely related to their origins such as banting(therapy for keeping slim by going on a diet discovered by Doctor Banting) and Brille(language used by the blind created by Brille).6. apes-gibber birds-sing/twitter cattle-low crickets-chirp doves-coo foxes-yelpgeese-gabble sheep-bleat wolves-howl monkeys-chatter pigs- grunt hyenas-laugh turkeys-gobble swans-cry7. What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?Grammatical meaning refers to the part of meaning which shows grammatical relationship such as part of speech of words, plural forms of nouns, tense of verbs, etc. and lexical meaning includes all the rest of the meanings of a word apart from the grammatical meaning, i.e. conceptual meaning and associative meaning.8. What ar ethe characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is fundamental, universal and stable whereas associative meaning is secondary, contextual, open-ended or indeterminate, thus changing.9. What connotations do you think we word atomic might have for each of the following people ?a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with atomic, such as “benefit”, “energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War Ⅱ, might have all the negative associations with atomic, such as “suffering”, “killing”, “death”, “horror”, etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, atomic might be associated with “mystery”, “science”, “knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly and expressively (positive)gabby: inclined to chatter (negative)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorativea. particular fastidious/fussyb. critical fault-finding/picky。
英语词汇学chapter2
and
vowels
Exercises
Decentralization Specialize Individualistic Half-hearted A man of letters de-, center, -al, -ize, -ation
species, -al, -ize
in-, divide, -al, -ist, -ic half, heart, -ed a, man, of, letter, -s down, fall
(3) Allomorphs Morphs refer to certain phonological and orthographical forms. The linguistic phenomenon that the same functional unit varies in form from one context to another, for example, -(e)s of cats, horses, classes has the regular meaning “more than one”, yet has three different phonological forms:/-s.-z.iz/. The morpheme of plurality {-s}: /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/; /z/ after /d, b, g, l/; /iz/ after /s, z, …/ Allomorphs refers to the variants of the same morpheme(-s, for example)
2) Reversative or privative
Centralize Plane Infect Zip Regulate Possess Pollute Decentralize Deplane Disinfect Unzip Deregulate Dispossess Depollute
英语词汇学期末考试复习资料
1.A word will cover the following points:1) A minimal free form of a language2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.(A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence);3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing.2.Classification of words:1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words3.What is involved in knowing a word?1) Form;/ structure;/2) meanings and semantic features associated with that word;3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5) limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function and situation;6) the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print.4.Morpheme can be classified as following:5.English word-formation英语构词法6.Derivation / Affixation派生法/词缀negative: a- dis- non- un-privative: de-dis-un- pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Prefixes are frequently used to form new words.7.Conversion 转类法Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant（伴随的）change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. (零位派生) eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is a native(a-n)Functions of conversion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy and specificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.8.Backformation逆生法Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in thelanguage. This process is considered to be the opposite process of affixation. eg:bookkeeper<bookkeeping babysit<babysitting burgle<burglar lase<laser9.Abbreviation: 缩略法Abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping, initialism and acronym. These short forms are quicker and more convenient in use and for this reason they are becoming more and more popular.Clipping截短法Word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end of the word and at both ends of the word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal. eg: phone(telephone), copter(helicopter), quake(earthquake) taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix)Initialism首字母缩略词Words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. VOA(Voice of America), p.c.(post card), VIP(very important person), BP(beautiful people)Acronym首字母拼音词ROM(read only memory), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization), OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries )10.Blending 混词法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends. Blends tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers of journalism, advertising and technical field. Eg: head+tail：flaunt:flout+vaunt, blunt:blind+stunt, H-bomb:hydrogen+bomb, squash:squeeze+crash, hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:telephone+quiz,//word+tail:workfare:work+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile11.Imitation 基本拟声Zap! Crunch! Swoosh! The world is Whoa!12.Borrowing 外来语Coinage 新生词Invention 创造法poundingis a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct a new word. Compounding are useful to express the same meaning shortly and briefly and it can help writer to avoid repeating. E.g. The boy who catches attention is my son. The eye-catching boy is my son. The latter one expresses the same meaning more briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards. 14.Kinds of meaningConceptual meaning refers to the meaning of a word or lexical item that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.Associative meaning Reflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaningand social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning than with conceptual meaning, they all have the same open-ended, variable character. They can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, or the mental content attached to the core meaning. These associations show people’s emotions and attitudes towards what the word refers to.Stylistic meaning Many words have stylistic features, which form the variation in meaning from casual to formal according to the type of situation, the addresser or person addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. These distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.Affective meaning reflects the speaker’s emotions, feelings and attitudes towards the person or thing in question. This meaning is often expressed in terms of the conceptual, connotative or stylistic content of the right word or by using proper intonation, tone of voice, and interjections.15.types of affective meaning:pejorative/derogatory; appreciative/commendatory16.How to express affective meaning? Explain with examples.The reflected meaning of a word is the total of all the other meanings a person thinks when hearing the word. The word has its suggestive power.Collocative meaning: Words may share the same meanings, but may be distinguished by the range of lexical terms they collocate with.Thematic meaning It is about what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.Analyzing meaning Meanings of words can be analyzed into a number of features or components, such approach is called componential analysis or semantic features analysis.17.English euphemisms formation1)Compounding, Clipping, Acronym: gents (gentlemen’s room)2) .backslang, respelling of initials, phonetic distortion: elly-bay (belly)3) . Borrowing, substitution of synonyms, use of fuzzy word: nude (naked)4) . Metaphor, understatement, periphrases, etc.: to sleep forever, adjustment downward, landscape architect, smelly18.Five major mechanisms in semantic changes语义转化Broadening/widening/extending/generalization of meaningNarrowing/restriction/reduction/specializationAmelioration/elevationPejoration/degradationTransfer of meaning19.The polysemy of the word一词多义a word having two or more closely relatedmeanings.20.Semantic relations语义关系Words do not exist in isolation. Their meanings are defined through their relations to other word, and it is through understanding these connections that we arrive at our understanding of words.A. Synonymy Words which have the same or nearly the same meanings as other words are called synonyms and the relationship between them is one of synonymy. Absolute and relative synonyms 绝对同义词和相对同义词B.Antonyms Words opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms. Gradable antonyms 层级反义词Complementary or contradictory antonym互补反义词Converse antonyms 逆行Three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms, complementary or contradictory antonyms, and converses.C. Hyponymy and meronymy 上下义关系和部分整体关系Hyponymy--the kind of’ relation The relation of hyponymy serves to structure large parts of a language’s vocabulary. The organization of a work like Roget’s Thesaurus suggests that it is perhaps an all-pervasive structuring relation.meronymy--the part of relation can similarly be represented by a hierarchy of superordinate and subordinate termsD. Homonymy 同形同音异义词Homonyms refer to words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings. They can be classified into two categories: homographs and homophones.a. Homographs: 同形异义词words that have the same spelling but differ in sound and meaning.b. Homophones: 同音异义词words that have the same phonological form but differ in spelling and meaning.20.Semantic/lexical field:It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another.The semantic field arrangement brings together words that share the same semantic space. It is a record of the vocabulary resources available for an area of meaning, and it enables a user of the language to appreciate often elusive meaning differences between words.21.The major features of idioms1)Compositeness: 复合性idioms consist of more than one word; They are multiword lexical items as in bread and butter, spill the beans, let the cat out the bag, etc.2)Structural stability: 稳定性idioms are fixed collocations by long usage. Unlike free phrases, idioms are frozen and conventionalized collocations whose components cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. 3)Semantic unity: 统一性idioms are semantically opaque. Unlike free phrase, the meaning of an idiom is not the sum of its constituents. In other words, the meaning of idiom is not transparent in most cases.Transformation/creativity in idiom: Replacement/substitution, addition, permutation, deletionThe application of idioms:Idioms from the speech of soldiers, every-day life of Englishmen, health, illness and death, business and the stock exchange, popular sports and games, books and stories22.Cohesive device 衔接手段(links in meaning) conjunction连词,substitution替代,ellipsis省略, reference指代, lexical cohesion词汇衔接Discourse is any passage spoken or written of whatever length that forms a unified corn. It may be a product of a single writer, speaker or several persons.23.词汇衔接手段reiteration（复现）and collocation(共现)Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Under this heading includes a variety of kinds of semantic relationship that can exist between lexical items. Halliday and Hasan cluster them into two broad sub-classes: reiteration and collocation, which contribute to the creation and organization of discourse.Reiteration 复现or repetition is the occurrence of one or more items in a sentence that by themselves tell the reader or listener nothing new but reinstate some element(s) from the earlier sentences so that something new can be said about. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym, Equivalence 等价Naming 命名Semblance/Analogy 同义词/类比Metonymy 借喻etc. They serve to show the relatedness of ideas in the discourse.Collocation搭配is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment.24.General approaches to lexical learning in EFL1.) guessing/inferring from context2.)using mnemonic techniques3.) using word parts4.) learning from word cards5.) using dictionary25.Kinds of Context Clue Linguistic clues:cues based on knowledge of English language. e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, grammar, punctuations, word parts, pronunciation, intonation, stress, etc.Logical clues: cues based on relationships among the various parts of the information.e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, generalization and examples,restatements, definitions, etc.World knowledge clues: cues based on the informant’s experience and knowledge of the topic.Non-verbal clues: cues based on tables, images, diagrams, etc.ing mnemonic techniques1) Repeating (verbal and oral): Repetition is the key to learning. Only by saying, writing, listening and using words again and again can one make them part of his active vocabulary.2) Linking with prior knowledge: Integrating the new word with the familiar one, connecting the new word with already known words through associating, semantic mapping and charting semantic features, etc.3) Forming word association: Getting words together on account of their semantic relations or logical connections. e.g. grass – green, school – students, hit – ball, swim – pool, apple – fruit, irritated – annoyed, dead – alive, baby – mother, etc.4) Building up semantic mapping: Brainstorming associations a word has with other words and then diagramming the results.27.What is lexical cohesion? What are the general features of it?Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Cohesion means formal links between element links in form. There are 2 types of lexical cohesion,reiteration and collocation. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym. Collocation reflects rules of the conventions and co-occurence tendency in the use of word in discourse. Collocation is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment. For example, in a talk about football game, words like shoot, goalkeeper, penalty and kick are more likely to appear than other words in the talk.28.Learning from word cardsStep 1 Choosing words to learnSept 2 Making word cardsStep 3 Using the cardsing DictionariesWhat are the major purposes for dictionary use?Comprehension/ Look up unknown words met while listening, reading, or translating./ Confirm the meanings of partly known words./ Confirm guess from context./ Production/ Look up unknown words needed to speak, write, or translate. / Look up the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammar, constraints on use, collocations, inflections and derived forms of partly known words needed to speak, write or translate. /Confirm the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc. of known words. /Check that a word exists./Find a different word to use instead of a known one./Correct an error./Learning /Choose unknown words to learn./Enrich knowledgeof partly known words, including etymology.。
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英语词汇学复习题2英语词汇学复习题(二)I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Circle T or F as you see fit on your answer sheet. (10%)1.All the words in a language together constitute what is known as its basic wordstock.2.Greek borrowings in English are mostly words about things in daily life.3.The English vocabulary is extremely homogeneous.4.Content words as a class are used more frequently than function words.5.Inflectional affixes have only grammatical meanings.6.Root, stem and base refer to the same thing.7.The prefix “de-“ is polysemic.8.There is an intrinsic connection between the sound symbol and the sense of allEnglish words.9.“Impossible” expresses a stronger negation than “not possible”.10.When an idiom is reworded, its sense is usually destroyed.II. Choose the correct answer. Mark your choice on the answer sheet. (20%)11.Middle English began with the _________ conquest of England in 1066.a. Greekb. Normanc. Danishd. Roman12.New words in a language are also referred to as __________.a. archaismsb. neologismsc. colloquialismsd. euphemisms13.The word “stretched” is made up of two __________.a. vowelsb. morphemesc. syllablesd. phonemes14.The suffix “-ling” as in “hireling” and “weakling” has a _______ shade ofmeaning.a. poeticb. euphemisticc. commendatoryd. derogatory15.Which of the following is an acronym?a. OPECb. CIAc. ISBNd. FBI16.“Bank” has the meaning of “land along the side of a river” and “a place in whichmoney is kept and paid out”. This is an example of ___________.a. polysemyb. homonymyc. hyponymyd. homophony17.“Sow” (put seeds in soil) and “sow” (a fully grown female pig) are _________.a. homophonesb. homographsc. hyponymsd. perfect synonyms18.“Journey” originally meant “a day?s walk”. Now it means “distance traveled”.This is a case of _________.a. generalizationb. specializationc. pejorationd. amelioration19.The branch of linguistics treating of word origins is called _______.a. grammatologyb. phraseologyc. lexicologyd. etymology20.The root “-tain” as in maintain, “retain”and “detain” means ___________.a. to holdb. to givec. to getd. to putIII. Examines the following words and decide whether each of them is a: (A) simple word, (B) derived word, (C) compound word or, (D) shortened word. (10%)21. memo 26. radish22. lady 27. tiger23. workman 28. childhood24. worker 29. teapot25. reddish 30. uglifyIV. Explain the following terms, giving appropriate examples. Write your answer on the answer sheet. (15%)31. conversion32. bound morpheme33. elevation of meaningV. Give a brief answer to the following questions. Write it on your answer sheet. (20%)34. What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy?35. Say something about the motivation of English words.VI. Expound the following question in about 200 words. Write it in the space provided on your answer sheet. (25%) Grammatical Meaning and Lexical Meaning英语词汇学参考答案(二)I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Circle T or F as you see fit on your answer sheet. (10%)1. F2. F3. F4. F5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. TII. Choose the correct answer. Mark your choice on the answer sheet. (20%)11. B 12. B 13. B 14. D 15. A16. B 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. AIII. Examines the following words and decide whether each of them is a: (A) simple word, (B) derived word, (C) compound word or, (D) shortened word. (10%)21. D 26. A22. A 27. A23. C 28. B24. B 29. C25. B 30. BIV. Explain the following terms, giving appropriate examples. Write your answer on the answer sheet. (15%)31.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb “attack” (as in “The enemy attacked us at night.”) corresponds to the noun “attack” (as in “The enemy launched an attack on us at night.”); and the relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb “invade”(as in “T he enemy invaded us at night.”) and the noun “invade” (as in “The enemy launched an invasion on us at night.”).32.A bound morpheme is one which cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. For example, “un-“ in “unkind”.33.Elevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance, or a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time. For example, the word “marshal” originally meant “a horse tender”, but it now means “officer of highest rank”.V. Give a brief answer to the following questions. Write it on your answer sheet. (20%)34. What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy?Polysemy refers to the phenomenon of one lexical item having two or more meanings. For example, the word “board” has the senses of “meal supplied” and “a committee”, depending on the particular context it is used in. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon of two or more words having the same spelling and pronunciation,though different in meaning. For example, “lie” meaning “deliberately make an untrue statement” and “lie” meaning “put oneself flat on a horizontal surface” are homonyms. The difference between the two cases lies in whether such a pair is etymologically one and the same word or two different words of different origins. 35. Say something about the motivation of English words.Motivation refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense. The great majority of English words are nonmotivated, since they are conventional, arbitrary symbols. However, there is a small group of words that can be described as motivated.Motivation can arise in three major ways: 1. Phonetic motivation: words phonetically motivated are called echoic or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. E.g. woof of a dog, miaow of a cat; 2. Morphological motivation: A word is morphologically motivated when a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its m eaning. E.g. readable means “that can be read”, modernize means “ to make sth modern”; 3. Semantic motivation: refers to motivation based on semantic factors, it is a kind of mental association. E.g.a stony heart, the leg of a table, etc.VI. Expound the following question in about 200 words. Write it in the space provided on your answer sheet. (25%) Grammatical Meaning and Lexical MeaningWord meaning can first be divided into two major types: grammatical meaning and lexical meaning. Grammatical meaning is the grammatical role a word plays, e.g. The number nouns (the singular “cat” as against the plural “cats”, etc), the tense of verbs ( the present tense “write” as against the past tense “wrote” etc. ), the degree of some adjectives and adverbs (“fast, faster, fastest” etc). Obviously the total number of grammatical meanings in English is very limited, and the same grammatical meaning is shared by a great number of words.On the contrary, lexical meaning is the meaning proper, the word as a lexical item. In other words, every word may have similar ones. The lexical meaning may be subdivided into:1) Denotative meaning. Also called conceptual meaning, it is the definition given in a dictionary, e.g. “water---liquid made up of hydrogen and oxygen”.2) Connotative meaning. This is the emotional association a word suggests in one?s mind. For instance, “mother? connotes …love, care and tenderness”.3) Social/stylistic meaning. This has to do with the social relations between the speakers (e.g. “sir? suggest that the two persons have a superordinate-subordinate relationship), the occasion (e.g. …adjourn” suggests a formal meeting), the subject matter (e.g. “upheaval” suggests that politics is being talked about), and the mode of discourse (e.g. “peruse” suggests that the discourse is a written one.)4) Affective meaning. This is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or wri ter. For instance,“thrifty” show the speaker?s approval of the quality n question and “stingy” shows the speake r?s negative view on the same quality.。