黄染(stained yellow)
医学专业英语

一般检查general examination一,性别sex 男Male 女Female二,年龄age三,生命体征:vital age体温body temperaturea,口测法oral measurement b,肛测法archos measurement c,腋测法axil measurement呼吸respirations脉搏pulse血压blood pressure四,发育development体型(Habitus):无力型(asthenic type)、超力型(sthenic type)、正力型(orthosthenic type)五,营养state of nutrition: 良好well、中等moderatelty。
肥胖(Obesity)、消瘦slake六,意识consciousness: 嗜睡drowsiness、意识模糊clouding of consciousness 昏睡hyponody、昏迷coma(浅,中,深度),谵妄acute confusional state七,语调tone 语态voice八,面容facial features急性病容face of acute ill,慢性病容chronic disease face,贫血面容anemic face,甲亢面容hyperthyreosis feature,粘液性水肿面容myxedema face, 二尖瓣面容mitral facies,满月脸面容moon face,肢端肥大症面容acromegaly facies,伤寒面容typhoid face,病危面容,Hippocrates face表情expression 正常normal,淡漠indifference烦躁不安dysphoria,痛苦suffering 忧郁gloom九,体位positiona,自主体位active position b,被动体位passive position 极度意识衰竭和丧失culmination consciousness failure and lossc,强迫体位compulsive position 强迫坐位(端坐呼吸)compulsive sitting position (orthopnea) 十,姿势posture十一,步态gaitaa,蹒跚步态waddling gait b,醉酒步态drinken man gait c,共济失调步态ataxic gait d,慌张步态festinating gait e,跨閱步态steppage gait f,剪刀步态scissor gait g,间歇性跛行intermittent gait十二,皮肤skin1,颜色skin color a,苍白pallor 贫血anaemia b,发红redness发热fever c,发绀cyanosis 缺氧hypoxia d,黄染stained yellow 肝病liver disease e,色素沉着pigmentation 肝病liver disease f,色素脱失coloring material loss 白化症albinismus2,湿度moisture 干燥dry 脱水dewat 湿润moist 休克shock 3,弹性elasticity4,皮疹skin eruption a 斑疹maculate b 玫瑰疹roseola c 丘疹papules ; d 斑丘疹maculopapulate , e 荨麻疹urticaria5,脱屑scales 6赘生物vegetation 7,皮下出血subcutaneous hemorrhagea 瘀点petechia b瘀斑ecchymosis c 紫癜purpura d血肿hematome8,蜘蛛痣spider angioma 肝掌liver palms 9,水肿edema 10,皮下结节subcutaneous nodules 11,瘢痕scar 12,毛发hair 13,淋巴lymph体检(胸腹部)[Physical examination(chest and belly)]1、肋骨和软组织[ribs and soft tissure]·胸骨上切迹[suprasternal notch]·浮肋[free ribs]·胸壁[chest wall]·扁平(桶状、佝偻、漏头、鸡)胸[flat (barrel,rachitic, funnel, pigeon) chest]·皮下气肿[subcutaneous emphysema]·捻发音[Crepitus]·软组织损伤[soft tissue injury]·肋骨畸形[abnormality of the ribs(rib deformity, costal anomaly)]·肋软骨畸形[costochondral deformity]·肋软骨增生[costal cartilage hyperplasia]·肋下切口[subcostal incision]·肋间隙宽(窄)[wide (narrow) intercostal space]乳房[breast]3、肺[lung]·呼吸缓慢(急促)[bradypnea (tachypnea)]·呼吸浅慢(深快)[hypopnea (hyperpnea)]·呼吸不规则[irregular respiration]·点头呼吸[nodding breathing]·端坐呼吸[orthopnea]·三凹征[retraction sign of three fossae]·叹息样呼吸[sighing respiration]·浅快[shallow and rapid]·呼(吸)气性呼吸困难[expiratory (inspiratory) dyspnea]·呼吸道烧伤(塌陷)[burn (collapse) of respiratory tract(airway)]·呼吸道阻塞[respiratory tract obstruction]·呼吸均匀(呼吸加深或加快)[eupnea(exaggerated or acclerated respiratory)]·呼吸停止[apnea]·呼吸费力[respiration is labored]·语音(触觉)震颤[vocal (tactile) fremitus]·语颤相等(减弱、增强)[vocal fremitus is equal(diminished, accentuated)]·间接(直接)叩诊[mediate (immediate) percussion]·浊(实、鼓、清、过清、金属)音[dullness (flatness, tympany, vesicular resonance, hyperresonance, bell)] ·移动范围[range of movement]·呼吸音消失(减弱,增强)[absence (diminution, exaggeration) of breath sound]·呼吸音粗(清)[sound of breath(SOB) is rough (clear)]·支气管(支气管肺泡,肺泡)音[bronchophony (bronchovesicular sound, vesicular sound)]·管状呼吸音[tubular breath sound]·捻发音[crepitant rales]·爆裂音[crackles]·干(湿)罗音[dry (moist) rales]·细(中等、粗)罗音[fine (medium, coarse) rales]·呼(吸)气未罗音[end-inspiratory (expiratory) rales]·胸膜摩擦音[pleural friction rub]·呼(吸)气延长[prolonged inspiratory (expiratory)]·高(低)调鼾音[sibilant (sonorous) rhonchi (sonorous rales)]·哨笛音[sibilant rales]·哮鸣音[wheezing]·小(中、大)水泡音[small(middle, big) bubbles]·支气管语音[bronchophony]·耳语音[whispered]·羊鸣音[egophony]·高(低)音调[high (low)-pitched]·两肺部(右背部)[over both lung fields (right back)]·两(左)肺底[over the both (left) lower lung]·整个肺野[the whole lung field]·左(右)上(下)肺[the left (right) upper (lower) lung]·肺尖(底)[apex (base) of lung]4、心脏[Heart]心房心室室间隔房间隔主动脉瓣肺动脉瓣二尖瓣三尖瓣·用手掌(指尖)触诊心尖搏动[palpate apical area with palm numbness (fingertips)]·心前区隆起(凹陷)[precordial bulge (retraction)]·搏动弥漫(局限)[diffuse (local) pulsation]·负性搏动[inward inpulse]·心尖搏动[apex beat (apical impulse)]·剑突下搏动[xiphoideusal pulsaton]·抬举性心尖搏动[heaving apex impulse]·心尖搏动最强点[point of maximal impulse (PMI)]·锁骨中线[mid-calvicular line (MCL)]·肋间[intercostal space (ICS)]·收缩(舒张)期震颤[systolic (diastolic) thrill]·心浊音界[the border of cardiac dullnes]·心绝对(相对)浊音界扩大(缩小)[enlarged (diminished) absolute (relative) cardiac dullness]·叩诊心脏大小正常[heart size is normal on (to) percussion]·心脏向左(右)扩大[cardiac dilation (enlargement) to the left (right)]·第1(2、3、4)心音[S1(S2,S3,S4)]·第1心音增强(减弱,听不清)[first heart sound is exaggerate (decreased, muffled)]·生(病)理性杂音(分裂)[physiologic (pathological) murmur (splitting)]·生理性(固定、反常、逆)分裂[physiologic (fixed, paradoxical, reversed) splitting]·肺动脉瓣第2心音>(=,<)主动脉瓣第2心音[P2>(=,<)A2]·大炮音[connon sound]·心音消失[heart sound is absent (disapeared)]·心音增强(减弱)[accentuated (diminished) cardiac sound]·心音响亮(遥远)[cardiac sound is loud (distant)]·收缩期(舒张期,连续性)杂音[systolic (diastolic, continuous) murmur]·收缩(舒张)前(中、晚)期杂音[pre-(mid-, post) systolic (diastolic) murmur]·全收缩期的[holosystolic(pansystolic)]·全舒张期的[holodiastolic (pandiastolic)]·低(高)音调[low (high) pitched]·递减(递增,递减-递增)性杂音[decrescendo (crescendo, decrescendo-crescendo)murmur]·呈喷射型[be ejection in type]·Ⅳ级喷射型收缩期杂音[grade Ⅳ(I-Ⅳ/6) systolic ejection murmur]·吹风样杂音[murmur of puffing character]·低音调隆隆样[low-pitched rumbling quality]·柔和(粗糙)的[soft (harsh or rough)]·吹风样(喷射性、隆隆样、沙沙声样、搔抓声样、机器声样、汽笛声样、倒水声样)杂音[blowing (ejection, rumbling, rustting, scratching, machinary, whistling, pouring )murmur]·功能性(器质性)杂音[functional (organic) murmur]·血管(静脉)杂音[vascular (venous) murmur]·枪击音[pistol shot sound]·静脉营营音[venous hum]·奔马律[gallop rhythm]·胎心律[embryocardia]·心律齐(不齐)[regular (irregular) rhythm]·心律不齐[arrhythmia]·二(三)联律[bigeminy (trigeminy)]·早搏[premature (extrasystol)]·喀嗽音[click]·钟摆律[pendular rhythm]·二尖瓣开瓣音[mitral opening snap]·心包摩擦音[pericardial friction sound]·听诊[on auscultation]·二尖瓣(主瓣,肺瓣,三尖瓣)听诊区[mitral (aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid) valve area]·心包叩击音[pericardial knock]·肿瘤扑落音[tumor plop]5、腹部[abdomen]·腹膨隆[abdominal distention (prominence)]·腹平坦(凹陷)[abdominal flatness (retraction)]·蛙状(球状、舟状)腹[frog(bulbous, scaphoid) belly (abdomen)]·腹围增大[increased abdominal girth]·肠型[intestinal pattern]·胃(小肠)蠕动波[gastric (intestinal) peristaltic wave]·静脉曲张[varicosity (dilated tortuous vein)]·疤痕[scar]·腹壁紧张(松驰)[guarding (abdominal muscular relaxation)]·腹壁切口(创伤)[incision (wound) of abdominal wall]·腹部分区[abdominal region]·左(右)上(下)腹[left (right) upper (lower) quadrant]·脐膨出[projection of the umbilicus]·腹式呼吸[abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing]·腹壁松弛[lax abdominal wall]·肝肿大[hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver)]·脾肿大[splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen)]·右肋下5厘米[5 cm below the right costal margin]·肿块(肝)质硬[firm mass (liver)]·莫菲氏征[murphy`s sigh]·肌卫现象[muscle guarding (tension)]·反跳痛[rebound tenderness]·压痛点[tenderness point]·剑突下压痛[tenderness beneath the xiphoid process]·麦氏点压痛[McBurney`s point tenderness]·腹肌强直(板状腹,板样强直)[rigor of abdominal muscle (wooden belly, board-like rigidity)] ·柔韧感[dough kneeding sensation]·波动感[fluctuation]·腹股沟疝[inguinal femoral hernia]·腹壁反射[abdominal reflex]·腹水征[sign of ascites]·膀胱肿大[bladder expansion]·膀胱区(脊肋角)压痛[tenderness of bladder region (costovertebral angle)]·肾(肝)区叩击病[percussion tenderness on kidney (liver) region]·移动性浊音[shifting dullness]·鼓音[tympany(tampanitic resonance)]·肝(脾)浊音区[hepatic (splenic)dullness area]·肠鸣音正常(亢进、减弱、消失)[normal (hyperactive, diminished, absent) bowel sound]·气过水声[gurgling]·振水声[succusion (splashing) sound]2、常见症状·[Fever] 发热·[Pain] 疼痛·[Edema] 水肿·[Mucocutaneous hemorrhage (bleeding)] 皮肤粘膜出血·[Dyspnea (Difficuly in breathing;Respiratory difficulty;short of breath)] 呼吸困难·[Cough and expectoration (Sputum;Phlegm)] 咳嗽和咯痰·[Hemoptysis] 咯血·[Cyanosis] 紫绀·[Palpitation] 心悸·[Chest discomfort] 胸闷·[Nausea (Retch;Dry V omiting)and V omiting] 恶心和呕吐·[Hematemesis (V omiting of blood)] 呕血·[Hematochezia (Hemafecia)] 便血·[Diarrhea] 腹泻·[Constipation (Obstipation)] 便秘·[Vertigo (Giddiness; Dizziness)] 眩晕·[Jaundice (Icterus)] 黄疸·[Convulsion] 惊厥·[Disturbance of consciousness] 意识障碍·[Hematuria] 血尿·[Frequent micturition,urgent micturition and dysuria] 尿频,尿急和尿痛·[Incontinence of urine] 尿失禁·[Retention of urine] 尿潴留(1)发热的表示方法·[Infective (Septic)fever] 感染性发热·[Non-infective (Aseptic)fever] 非感染性发热·[Dehydration (Inanition)fever] 脱水热·[Drug fever] 药物热·[Functional hypothermia] 功能性低热·[Absorption fever] 吸收热·[Central fever] 中枢性发热·[Fever type] 热型▲[Continuous fever] 稽留热▲[Remittent fever] 驰张热▲[Intermittent fever] 间歇热▲[Undulant fever] 波状热▲[Recurrent fever] 回归热▲[Periodic fever] 周期热▲[Irregular fever] 不规则热▲[Ephemeral fever] 短暂热▲[Double peaked fever] 双峰热·[Fever of undetermined(unknown) origin, FUO] 不明原因发热·[Rigor (shivering;chill;shaking chill;ague)] 寒战·[Chilly Sensation (Fell chilly;cold fits;coldness)] 畏寒·[Ultra-hyperpyrexia] 超高热·[Hyperthermia (A high fever;hyperpyrexia;ardent fever)] 高热·[Moderate fever] 中度发热·[Hypothermia (Low-grade fever;slight fever;subfebrile temperature)] 低热·[Become feverish (Have a temperature)] 发热·[Crisis] 骤降·[Lysis] 渐降·[Rheumatic fever] 风湿热·[Cancerous fever] 癌性发热·[Fervescence period] 升热期·[Defervescence period] 退热期·[Persistent febrile period] 持续发热期(2)疼痛的表示方法·[Backache (Back pain)] 背痛·[Lumbago] 腰痛·[Headache] 头痛▲[Vasomotor headache] 血管舒缩性头痛▲[Migraine headache] 偏头痛·[Chest pain] 胸痛·[Precardial pain] 心前区痛·[Retrosternal pain] 胸骨后痛·[Abdominal pain (Stomachache)] 腹痛·[Acrodynia (pain in limbs)] 肢体痛·[Arthrodynia (Arthralgia)] 关节痛·[Dull pain] 钝痛·[Sharp pain] 锐痛·[Twinge pain] 刺痛·[Knife-like pain (Piercing pain)] 刀割(刺)样痛·[Aching pain] 酸痛·[Burning pain] 烧灼痛·[Colicky (Griping;cramp) pain] 绞痛·[Colic] 绞痛·[Bursting pain] 胀痛(撕裂痛)·[Hunger pain] 饥饿痛·[Tic pain] 抽搐痛·[Bearing-down pain] 坠痛·[Shock-like pain] 电击样痛·[Jumping pain] 反跳痛·[Tenderness pain] 触痛(压痛)·[Girdle-like pain] 束带样痛·[Wandering pain] 游走性痛·[Throbbing pain] 搏动性痛·[Radiating pain] 放射性痛·[Cramping pain] 痉挛性痛·[Boring pain] 钻痛·[Intense pain] 剧痛·[Dragging pain] 牵引痛·[Labor pain] 阵痛·[Cancerous pain] 癌性疼痛·[Referred pain] 牵涉痛·[Persistent pain (Unremitting pain)] 持续性痛·[Constant pain] 经常性痛·[Intermittent pain] 间歇性痛(3)水肿的表示方法·[Mucous edema (Myxedema)] 粘液性水肿·[Cardiac (Cardiogenic) edema] 心源性水肿·[Nephrotic (renal) edema] 肾源性水肿·[Hepatic edema] 肝源性水肿·[Alimentary (Nutritional) edema] 营养不良性水肿·[Angioneurotic edema] 血管神经性水肿·[Pitting] 凹陷性·[Nonpitting] 非凹陷性·[Localized (Local) edema] 局限性水肿·[Generalized edema (Anasarca)] 全身性水肿·[Hydrops] 积水·[Cerebral(Brain) edema] 脑水肿·[Pulmonary edema (Hydropneumonia0] 肺水肿·[Hydrocephalus] 脑积水·[Invisible (Recessive) edema] 隐性水肿·[Frank edema] 显性水肿·[Inflammatory edema] 炎性水肿·[Idiopathic edema] 特发性水肿·[Cyclical edema] 周期性水肿·[Ascites (Abdominal effusion;hydroperiotoneum)] 腹水·[Pleural effusion (Hydrothorax)] 胸水·[Pericardial effusion (Hydropericardium)] 心包积液·[Bronchoedema] 支气管水肿·[Slight (Mild)] 轻度·[Moderate] 中度·[Serious] 重度·[Transudate] 漏出液·[Exudate] 渗出液(4)呼吸困难的表示方法·[Cardiac dyspnea] 心原性呼吸困难·[Inspiratory] 吸气性·[Expiratory] 呼气性·[Mixed] 混合性·[Obstructive] 梗阻性·[Dyspnea at rest] 静息时呼吸困难·[Dyspnea on exertion] 活动时呼吸困难·[Dyspnea on lying down] 躺下时呼吸困难·[Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea,PND] 夜间阵发性呼吸困难·[Orthopnea] 端坐呼吸·[Asthma] 哮喘·[Cardiac asthma] 心源性哮喘·[Bronchial asthma] 支气管性哮喘·[Hyperpnea] 呼吸深快·[Periodic breathing] 周期性呼吸·[Tachypnea (Rapid or fast breathing;accelerated breathing;short of breath)]气促·[Bradypnea (Slow breathing)] 呼吸缓慢·[Irregular breathing] 不规则呼吸(5)皮肤粘膜出血的表示方法·[Bleeding spots in the skin] 皮肤出血点·[Petechia] 瘀点·[Eccymosis] 瘀斑·[Purpura] 紫癜·[Splinter hemorrhage] 片状出血·[Oozing of the blood (Errhysis)] 渗血·[Hemorrhinia (Nasal bleeding)] 鼻衄·[Ecchymoma] 皮下血肿(6)咳嗽与咯痰的表示方法·[Dry cough (Nonproductive cough;hacking cough)] 干咳·[Sharp cough] 剧咳·[Wet cough (Moist cough)] 湿咳·[Productive cough (Loose cough)] 排痰性咳·[Chronic cough] 慢性咳嗽·[Irritable cough] 刺激性咳嗽·[Paroxysmal cough] 发作性(阵发性)咳嗽·[Cough continually] 持续性咳嗽·[Spasmodic cough] 痉挛性咳嗽·[Whooping cough] 百日咳·[Wheezing cough] 喘咳·[Short cough] 短咳·[Distressed cough] 难咳·[Droplet] 飞沫·[Frothy sputum] 泡沫样痰·[Bloody sputum] 血痰·[Mucous (Mucoid) sputum] 粘液样痰·[Purulent sputum] 脓痰·[Mucopurulent sputum] 粘液脓性痰·[White (Yellow,green) sputum] 白(黄,绿)痰·[Fetid (Foul) sputum] 恶臭痰·[Iron-rust (Rusty) sputum] 铁锈色痰·[Chocolate coloured sputum] 巧克力色痰·[Thick sputum] 浓痰·[Thin sputum] 淡痰·[Viscous sputum] 粘痰·[Transparent sputum] 透明痰·[Much (Large amounts of) sputum] 大量痰·[Moderate amounts of sputum] 中等量痰·[Not much (Small amounts of ) sputum] 少量痰(7)内脏出血的表示方法·[Massive hematemesis]大量呕血·[Epistasis (Nosebleed;Nasal bleeding; Hemorrhinia;rhinorrhagia)]鼻衄·[Hematuria] 血尿·[Initial hematuria] 初血尿·[Idiopathic hematuria] 特发性血尿·[Painless hematuria] 无痛性血尿·[Terminal hematuria] 终末性血尿·[Gross (Macroscopic) hematuria] 肉眼血尿·[Microscopic hematuria] 镜下血尿·[Hematuria in the whole process of urination] 全程血尿·[Gingival bleeding (Ulaemorrhagia;gum bleeding)] 牙龈出血·[Hematochezia] 便血·[Bloody stool] 血便·[Black stool (Melena)] 黑便·[Tarry stool] 柏油样便·[Occult blood,OB] 隐血·[Hemathorax] 血胸··[Hematocoelia] 腹腔积血·[Hematoma] 血肿·[Hemopericardium] 心包积血·[Cerebral hemorrhage] 脑出血·[Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)] 蛛网膜下腔出血·[Excessive (Heavy) menstrual flow with passage of clots] 月经量多伴血块·[Mild (Moderate) menses] 月经量少(中等)(8)紫绀的表示方法·[Congenital cyanosis] 先天性紫绀·[Enterogenous] 肠源性·[Central] 中枢性·[Peripheral] 周围性·[Mixed] 混合性·[Acrocyanosis] 指端紫绀(9)恶心与呕吐的表示方法·[Vomiturition (Retching)] 干呕·[Feel nauseated] 恶心感·[Postprandial nausea] 饭后恶心·[Hiccup] 呃逆·[Sour regurgitation] 返酸·[undigested food V omiting] 吐不消化食物·[Bilious Vomiting] 吐胆汁(10)腹泻与便秘的表示方法·[Moning diarrhea] 晨泻·[Watery (Liquid)diarrhea] 水泻·[Mucous diarrhea] 粘液泻·[Fatty diarrhea] 脂肪泻·[Chronic (Acute)] 慢性(急性)·[Mild diarrhea] 轻度腹泻·[Intractable (Uncontrolled)diarrhea] 难治性腹泻·[Protracted diarrhea] 迁延性腹泻·[Bloody stool] 血梗·[Frothy stool] 泡沫样便·[Formless (Formed)stool] 不成形(成形)便·[Loose (Hard) stool] 稀(硬)便·[Rice-water stool] 米泔样便·[Undigested stool] 不消化便·[Dysenteric diarrhea] 痢疾样腹泻·[Inflammatory diarrhea] 炎症性腹泻·[Osmotic] 渗透性·[Secretory] 分泌性·[Malabsorption] 吸收不良性·[Lienteric] 消化不良性·[Pancreatic diarrhea] 胰性腹泻·[Tenesmus] 里急后重·[Pass a stool (Have a passage; open or relax the bowel)] 解大便·[Have a call of nature] 便意·[Fecal incontinence (Copracrasia)] 大便失禁·[Functional constipation] 功能性便秘·[Organic constipation] 器质性便秘·[Habitual constipation] 习惯性便秘·[Have a tendency to be constipated] 便秘倾向(11)黄疸的表示方法·[Latent (occult) jaundice] 隐性黄疸·[Clinical ejaundic] 显性黄疸·[Nuclear icterus] 核黄疸·[Physiologic icterus] 生理性黄疸·[Icterus simplex] 传染性黄疸·[Toxemic icterus] 中毒性黄疸·[Hemolytic ejaundic ] 溶血性黄疸·[Hepatocellular] 肝细胞性·[Obstructive] 阻塞性·[Congenital] 先天性·[Familial] 家族性·[Cholestatic] 胆汁淤积性·[Hematogenous] 血源性·[Malignant] 恶性·[Painless] 无痛性(12)意识障碍的表示方法·[Somnolence] 嗜睡·[Confusion] 意识模糊·[Stupor] 昏睡·[Coma] 昏迷·[Delirium] 谵妄·[Syncope (swoon; faint)] 晕厥·[Drowsiness] 倦睡(13)排尿的表示方法·[Anuria] 无尿·[Nocturia] 夜尿·[Oliguria] 少尿·[Polyuria] 多尿·[Pass water (Make water; urinate; micturition)] 排尿·[Frequent micturition (Frequency of micturition; fruquent urination;Pollakiuria)] 尿频·[Urgent micturition (Urgency of urination or micturition)] 尿急·[Urodynia (Pain on micturition; painful micturition; alginuresis; micturition pain)] 尿痛·[Dysuria (Difficulty in micturition; disturbance of micturition)] 排尿困难3.少见症状·[Weekness( Debility; asthenia; debilitating)] 虚弱(无力)·[Fatigue (Tire; lassitude)] 疲乏·[Wasting (thin; underweight; emaciation; lean)] 消瘦·[Night sweating] 盗汗·[Sweat (Perspiration)] 出汗·[Cold sweat] 冷汗·[Pruritus (Iching)] 搔痒·[Asthma] 气喘·[Squeezing (Tightness; choking; pressing) sensation of the chest] 胸部紧缩(压榨)感·[Intermittent claudication] 间歇性跛行·[Difficulty in swallowing( Dysphagia; difficult swallowing; acataposis)] 吞咽困难·[Epigastric (Upper abdominal) discomfort] 上腹部不适·[Anorexia (Sitophobia)] 厌食·[Poor appetite (Loss of appetite)] 纳差·[Heart-burn( Pyrosis)] 胃灼热·[Stomachache( Pain in stomach)] 胃部痛·[Periumbilial pain] 脐周痛·[Belching (Eructation)] 嗳气·[Sour regurgitation] 返酸·[Abdominal distention(bloating)] 腹胀·[Pass gas( Break wink)] 肛门排气·[Small(Large) stool] 大便少(多)·[Pain over the liver] 肝区痛·[Lumbago] 腰痛·[Pica(Parorexia; allotriophagy)] 异食癖·[Menoxenia (Irregular menstruation)] 月经不调·[Joint pain (Arthralgia; arthrodynia)] 关节痛·[Polydipsia (Excessive thirst)] 多饮(烦渴)·[Polyphagia (Excessive appetite; hyperorexia; bulimia)] 多食·[Cold (Heat) intolerance] 怕冷(热)·[Dwarfism (Excessive height)] 身材矮小(高大)·[Excessive sweating] 多汗·[Hands tremble] 手抖·[Obesity (Fatty)] 肥胖·[Agitation (Anxiety;nervous irritability)] 焦虑(忧虑)·[Formication] 蚁走感·[Tingling] 麻刺感·[Hyperpathia] 痛觉过敏·[Hypalgesia] 痛觉减退·[Insomnia (Poor sleepness;sleeplessness)] 失眠·[Numbness] 麻木·[Limitation of motion] 活动受限·[Tetany] 手足抽搐·[Discharge of pus] 流脓·[Blurred vision(Hazy vision;blurring of vision; dimness of vision)]视物模糊·[Burning (Dry) sensation] 烧灼(干燥)感·[Tearing (Dacryorrhea;Lacrimation)] 流泪·[Double vision (Diplopia)] 复视·[Strabismus] 斜视·[Hemianopia] 偏盲·[Foreign body sensation] 异物感·[Lose the sight (Lose of vision)] 失明·[Diminution of vision] 视力减退·[Photophobia] 畏光·[Tinnitus] 耳鸣·[Nasal obstruction (blockage)] 鼻塞·[Dryness of the nose] 鼻干燥·[Rhinorrhea (Snivel;Nasal discharge)] 流鼻涕·[Sneezing] 打喷嚏·[Snoring] 打鼾·[Hyposmia (Reduction of the sense of smell)] 嗅觉减退·[Anosmia (Complete loss of sense of smell)] 嗅觉丧失·[Dysphonia] 发音困难·[Hoarseness] 声嘶·[Pain on swallowing] 吞咽痛·[Saliva dribblies from the mouth] 流涎·[Troaty voice] 声音沙哑·[Stridor] 喘鸣·[Red and swollen] 红肿·[Apathy] 情感淡漠·[Delusion] 妄想。
美棉分级标准及与国棉对照-1031

·美棉分级标准及与国棉对照一、国际棉花贸易中品质标准的三种形式a) 美国农业部的国际“通用标准”:等级和颜色以美国农业部每年修定的标准样为贸易中品质标准,由于该标准以被国际上广泛接受,因此该标准既被叫作“美棉标准”又被称作“国际通用标准”。
b) 小样标准:此标准一般以卖方提供的小样作为品质标准。
一般小样仅代表等级,长度、细度、强力等需单独注明。
c) 美国农业部“绿卡棉”标准:该标准实际也以“国际通用标准”为依据,但品质以美国农业部原始检验的等级、强力、细度、长度结果(绿卡或FORM A、FORM R证书)作为最终结算依据。
买方不得对品质提出索赔。
由于绿卡棉在品质上更有保证,所以绿卡棉一般要比同等级棉花加一些溢价。
美国农业部分级:绿卡棉、R型、A型。
绿卡棉:是美国农业部公证检验并附有电脑打印所有指标。
R型:是对质量指标提出一定要求,如:马克隆可要求在之间。
A型:是标准合同。
进口棉大户一般都应向供应商索取HVI数据,日本、香港进口的棉花一般马克隆值都限定,并附有HVI测试数据。
一般中国企业进口棉花更偏向于以“中国出入境检验检疫局”(前身为“商检局”,现英文简称为“CIQ")的到岸品质检验作为最终结算依据以保护自身利益。
上述“A”、“B”两种形式可以按次方法结算,“C”则不可以,但“C”方式的品质经过美国农业部检验,对于对棉花质量要求比较严格的企业,“C”方法可以保证到货质量。
二、棉花分级“通用标准”及同中国棉花标准简明对照棉花分级“通用标准”初始于1907年,由美国国会授权美国农业部制订棉花标准并提供服务。
长期以来,美国农业部制订的标准已被很多产棉国采纳用于棉花分级,同时很多棉花消费国的纺织协会也作为该标准的海外会员接受并参与标准样的制作、修订。
因此美国农业部的标准既被称作“美棉标准”又被称作“国际通用标准”。
A.颜色:按照“国际通用标准”,棉花按颜色由高到低分为:白棉(White)、淡点污棉(Light Spotted)、点污棉(Spotted)、淡黄染棉(Tinged)、黄染棉(Yellow Stained)、淡灰棉(Light Gray)和灰棉(Gray)等七个颜色等级。
医学英语临床诊断学【精品】

诊断学第一篇:症状学致热原 pyrogen体温调节中枢 thermotaxic centre外源性致热原 exogenous pyrogen内源性致热原 endogenous pyrogen白细胞致热源 leukocytic pyrogen白细胞介素 I interleukin I体温调定点 temperature setpoint感染性发热 infective fever细菌性致热源 bacteria pyrogen非感染性发热 non-infective fever吸收热 absorption fever中枢性发热 centris fever布鲁菌病 brucellosis骤降 crisis渐降 lysis热型 fever type稽留热 continues fever弛张热 remittent fever间歇热 intermittent fever波状热 undulant fever回归热 recurrent fever霍奇金病 Hodgkin不规则热 irregular fever寒战 rigor双重痛感 double顿痛 dull pain酸痛 aching pain烧灼痛 burning pain绞痛 colicky pain牵涉痛 referred pain刺痛 stabbing pain刀割样痛 knife-like pain胀痛 bursting pain搏动性痛 throbbing pain头痛headache胸痛 chest pain放射痛radiating pain腹痛 abdominal pain急腹症 acute abdomen嗳气 belching水肿(edema)积水 dropsy象皮腿 elephantiasic crus皮肤黏膜出血 mucocutaneous hemorrhage 血小板无力症 thrombasthenia呼吸困难 dyspnea心原性哮喘 cardiac asthma咳嗽 cough咳痰 expectoration咳血 hemoptysis紫绀(cyanosis)心悸(palpitation)恶心 nausea呕吐 vomiting干呕 vomiturition呕吐中枢 vomiting center呕血 hematemesis正铁血红蛋白 hematin黑便 melena便血 hematochezia隐血便 stool with occult blood柏油便 tarry stool里急后重 tenesmus腹泻diarrhea便秘(constipation)黄疸(jaundice)隐性黄疸 latent jaundice旁路胆红素 bypass bilirubin非结合胆红素 unconjugated bilirubin 结合胆红素 conjugated bilirubin核黄疸 nuclear icterus眩晕vertigo惊厥convulsion意识障碍disturbance of consciousness 嗜睡 somnolence意识模糊 confusion昏睡 stupor昏迷 coma谵妄delirium血尿 hematuria尿频 frequent micturition 尿急 urgent micturition 尿痛odynuria 神经原性膀胱 neurogenic bladder 排尿困难dysuria尿失禁urinary incontinence尿潴留retention of urine第二篇问诊(inquiry)一般项目general data主诉 chief complaints现病史 history of present illness既往史 past history系统回顾systems review个人史 personal history婚姻史 marrital history月经史 menstrual history生育史 childbearing history家族史 family history第三篇检体诊断(physical diagnosis)第1章体格检查 physical examination 视诊 inspection触诊 palpation浅部触诊法 light palpation深部触诊法 deep palpation双手触诊法 bimanual palpation 深压触诊法 deep press palpation 冲击触诊法 ballottement叩诊 percussion间接叩诊法 indirect percussion 直接叩诊法 direct percussion 清音 resonance浊音 dullness鼓音 tympany实音 flatness过清音 hyperresonance听诊 auscultation听诊器 stethoscope嗅诊 olfactory examination 深部滑行触诊法deep slipping palpation腋臭 bromidrosis第2章性别 sex萎黄病 chlorosis年龄 age生命征 vital sign体温 temperature发育 development青春期急激成长 adolescent spurt 体型 habitus无力型(瘦长型) asthenic type超力型(矮胖型) sthenic type正力型(均称型) ortho-sthenic type 巨人症 gigantism垂体性侏儒症pituitary dwarfism 良好 well不良 poorly中等 fairly消瘦 emaciation恶病质 cachexia肥胖 obesity水牛背 buffalo hump意识状态 consciousness语调 tone语态 voice面容 facial features表情 expression肝病面容 hepatic facies肾病面容 nephritic facies二尖瓣面容 mitral facies肢端肥大症面容 acromegaly facies 伤寒面容 typhoid facies苦笑面容 sardonic feature满月面容 moon facies面具面容 masked facies病危面容critical facies/Hippocrates体位 position自主体位 active position被动体位 positive position强迫体位 compulsive position端坐呼吸 orthopnea强迫蹲位 compulsive squatting强迫停立位forced standing position辗转体位 alternative position角弓反张位 opisthotonos position 姿势 posture步态 gait蹒跚步态wadding gait醉酒步态 drinken man gait共济失调步态 ataxic gait慌张步态 festinating gait跨阈步态 steppage gait剪刀式步态 scissors gait 间歇性跛行intermittent claudication皮肤黏膜苍白 pallor皮肤发红 redness发绀 cyanosis黄染 stained yellow胡萝卜素 carotene黑色素 melanin色素沉着 pigmentation老年斑 senile plaque白癜 vitiligo白斑 leukoplakia白化症 albinismus湿度 moisture皮肤弹性 elasticity皮疹 skin eruption斑疹 maculae玫瑰疹 roseola丘疹 papules斑丘疹 maculopapulae寻麻疹 urticaria皮肤脱屑 desquamation瘀点 petechia紫癜 purpura瘀班 ecchymosis血肿 hematoma蜘蛛痣 spider angioma水肿 edema压陷性水肿pitting edema皮下结节 subcutaneous nodule 斑痕 scar毛发 hair第3章头部头发 hair头皮 scalp头颅 skull小颅 micro cephalia 尖颅 oxycephaly塔颅 tower skull 方颅 squared skull 巨颅 large skull长颅 delichocephalia 变形颅 deforming skull 震颤麻痹Parkinson颜面 face眼眉 eyebrow眼睑 eyelids睑内翻 entropion上睑下垂 ptosis结膜 conjunctiva眼球 eyeball眼球突出 exophthalmos复视 diplopia斜视 paralytic squint眼球震颤 nystagmus巩膜 sclera角膜 cornea老年环 arcus senilis肝豆状核变性 Wilson病虹膜 iris瞳孔 pupil调节反射 accommodation reflex 辐辏反射 convergence reflex视力 vision色觉 color sensation耳廓 auricle外耳道 external auditory canal 鼓膜 ear drum乳突 mastoid听力 auditus酒渣鼻 rosacea鞍鼻 saddle nose鼻翼扇动 nasal ala flap 鼻衄 epistaxis鼻窦 nasal sanus口 mouth克汀病 cretinism黏液性水肿 myxedema肢端肥大症 acromegaly麻疹黏膜斑measles mucous patch牙齿 teeth牙龈 gums舌 tongue渴感 thirst舌痛 Sore tongue地图舌 geographic tongue移行性舌炎 migratory glossitis 裂纹舌 wrinkled tongue草莓舌 strawberry tongue牛肉舌 beefy tongue镜面舌(光滑舌)smooth tongue毛舌 hairy tongue鼻咽 nasopharynx口咽 oral pharynx咽喉 laryngeal pharynx喉 larynx腮腺 parotid gland第4章颈部斜颈 torticollis静脉“翁鸣” venous hum甲状腺 thyroid 第5章胸部胸骨上切迹suprasternal notch胸骨柄 manubrium sterni胸骨角 sternal angle / Louis 胸骨下角 infrasternal angle 剑突 xiphoid process浮肋 free ribs肋间隙 intercostal space肩胛骨 scapula脊柱棘突 spinous process肋脊角 costalspinal angle前正中线 anterior midline 锁骨中线 midclavicular line胸骨线 sternal line胸骨旁线 parasternal line腋前线 anterior axillary line 腋后线 posterior axillary line 腋中线 midaxillary line肩胛线 scapular line后正中线 posterior midline腋窝 axillary fossa胸骨上窝 suprasternal fossa锁骨上窝 supraclavicular fossa 锁骨下窝 infraclavicular fossa对称性 symmetry肩胛上区 suprascapular region 肩胛下区 infrascapular region 肩胛间区 interscapular region 脏层胸膜 visceral pleura壁层胸膜 parietal pleura胸壁 chest wall皮下气肿 subcutaneous emphysema 捻发音 crepitus扁平胸 flat chest桶状胸 barrel chest佝偻病胸 rachitic chest佝偻病串珠 rachitic rosary肋膈沟 Harrison groove漏斗胸 funnel chest鸡胸 pigeon chest乳房 breast乳晕 areola乳头 nipple内翻 inversion皮肤回缩 skin retraction硬度 consistency弹性 elasticity压痛 tenderness包块 masses部位 location大小 size外形 contour活动度 mobility三凹征 three depressions sign 呼吸过速 tachypnea呼吸过缓 bradypnea胸廓扩张度 thoracic expansion 语音振颤 vocal fremitus触觉振颤 tactile fremitus空瓮音 amphorophony胸膜摩擦感pleural friction fremitus肺泡呼吸音 vesicular breath sound支气管呼吸音bronchial breath sound齿轮呼吸音 cogwheel breath sound罗音 rale附加音 adventitious sound湿性罗音 moist rales水泡音 bubble sound爆裂音 crackles干性罗音 rhonchi语音共振 vocal resonance支气管语音 bronchophony胸语音 pectoriloquy羊鸣音 egophony耳语音 whispered胸膜摩擦音 pleural friction rub 硬币扣击征 coin sign大叶性肺炎 lobar pneumonia支气管哮喘 bronchial asthma胸腔积液 pleural effusion气胸 pneumothorax心尖搏动 apical impulse振颤 thrill早搏 premature beat房颤 atrial fibrillation短绌脉 pulse deficit大炮音 cannon sound钟摆律 pendular rhythm胎心律 embryocardia心音分裂 splitting of heart sounds 生理分裂 physiologic splitting固定分裂 fixed splitting 反常分裂 paradoxical splitting 逆分裂 reversed splitting三音律 triple rhythm四音律 quadruple rhythm奔马律 gallop rhythm舒张期奔马律protodiastolic gallop舒张晚期奔马律late diastolic gallop室性奔马律 ventricular gallop收缩期前奔马律 resystolic gallop 房性奔马律 atrial gallop重叠奔马律 summation gallop开瓣音 opening snap心包扣击音 pericardial knock肿瘤扑落音 tumor plop收缩期喷射音systolic ejection sounds咯剌音 click心脏杂音 cardiac murmurs层流 lamina flow湍流 turbulent flow旋涡 vortices收缩期杂音 systolic murmur舒张期杂音 diastolic murmur连续性杂音 continuous murmur 心包摩擦音pericardial friction sound脱落脉 dropped pulse洪脉 pulsus magnus跳脉 bounding pulse细脉 small pulse丝脉 thready pulse水冲脉 water hammer pulse迟脉pulsus tardus重搏脉 dicrotic pulse交替脉 pulsus alternans奇脉 paradoxical pulse无脉病 pulseless血压 blood pressure / BP脉压 pulse pressure颈静脉嗡鸣声 venous hum射枪音 pistol shot毛细血管搏动 capillary pulsation 心包积液 pericardial effusion毛细血管楔嵌压 pulmonary capillary wedge pressure / PCWP 第6章腹部左季肋部 left hypochondrium 左腰部 left lumber region左髂部 left iliac region上腹部 epigastric region脐部 umbilical region下腹部hypogastric region腹部膨隆 abdominal bulge腹水 ascites蛙腹 frog belly尖腹 apical belly气腹 pneumoperitoneum舟状腹 scaphoid abdomen腹部凹陷 abdominal retraction 恶病质 cachexia腹壁静脉曲张abdominal wall varicosis海蛇神头 caput medusae胃肠型gastral or intestinal pattern蠕动波 peristalsis板状腹 board-like rigidity揉面感dough kneading sensation压痛 tenderness反跳痛 rebound tenderness波动感 fluctuation肝震颤 liver thrill液波震颤 fluid thrill振水音 succussion胃泡鼓音区 Traube区移动性浊音 shifting dullness 尺压实验 ruler pressing test 肠鸣音 borborygmus搔弹音 scratch sound急性腹膜炎 acute peritonitis 肝硬化 liver cirrhosis蜘蛛志 spider肝掌 liver palms 蛙腹 frog belly肠梗阻 intestinal obstruction第七章生殖器、肛门、直肠阴茎 penis勃起 erection包皮 prepuce阴囊 scrotum精索 spermatic cord睾丸 testis会阴 perineum隐睾症 cryptorchism附睾 epididymis腹股沟斜疝indirect inguinal hernia前列腺 epididymis精囊 seminal vesicle阴阜 mons veneris大阴唇 labium majus pudendi 小阴唇 labium minus pudendi 阴蒂 clitoris 阴道前庭 vestibulum vaginae 阴道 vagina处女膜 hymen子宫 uterus输卵管 oviduct卵巢 ovary直肠 rectum肛门 anus肛管 anal canal肛门闭锁 proctatresia肛裂 anal fissure痔 hemorrhoid内痔 internal hemorrhoid外痔 external hemorrhoid混合痔 mixed hemorrhoid肛瘘 archosyrinx直肠脱垂 proctoptosis脱肛 hedrocele直肠息肉 proctopolypus第8章脊柱与四肢脊柱 spine驼背 gibbus脊柱前凸 lordosis姿势性侧凸 posture scoliosis 器械性侧凸 organic scoliosis 四肢 four limbs关节 articulus匙状甲 koilonychia杵状指 acropachy 肢端肥大症 acromegaly膝内翻 genua varus膝外翻 genua valgus肌肉萎缩 muscle atrophy淋巴性水肿 lymphedema象皮肿 elephant edema爪行手 claw hand浮髌现象floating patella phenomenon第9章神经系统检查嗅神经 olfactory nerve视神经 optic nerve视力 vission视野 visual feild动眼神经 oculomotor nerve 滑车神经 trochlear nerve 三叉神经 trigeminus展神经 abduct nerve 面神经 facial nerve位听神经 auditory nerve舌咽神经glossopharyngeal nerve迷走神经 Vagus nerve副神经 accessory nerve舌下神经 hypoglossal nerve 偏瘫 hemiparalysis单瘫 monoplegia皮肤划纹征 dermographism 截瘫 paraplegia交叉瘫 crossed paralysis肌力 myodynamia肌张力 muscular tone痉挛性 spasticity强直性 rigidity齿轮强直 cogwheel rigidity震颤 tremor震颤麻痹 Parkinson disease舞蹈样运动 chorea手足徐动 athetosis手足搐搦 tetany助产士手 obstertrician hand摸空症 carphology共济失调 ataxia指鼻实验 finger nose test指指实验 ringer finger test轮替动作 alternate motion跟-膝-胫实验 heel-knee-tibia best痛觉 analgia温度觉 thalposis触觉 thigmesthesia关节觉 arthresthesia震动觉 seismesthesia复合感觉 synaesthesia反射 reflex角膜反射 corneal reflex腹壁反射 abdomenal wall reflex提睾反射 cremasteric reflex跖反射 plantar reflex肱二头肌反射 biceps reflex肱三头肌反射 triceps reflex桡骨骨膜反射radioperiosteal reflex膝反射 knee jerk跟腱反射 Achilles jerk阵挛 clonus踝阵挛 ankle clonus髌阵挛 patells clonus眼心反射 oculo-cardiac reflex竖毛反射 pilomotor reflex第四篇器械检查第1章:心电图除极化 depolarization动作电位 action potential复极化 repolarization心电综合向量resultant vector希氏束 His’ bundle缺血性改变 myocardial ischemia损伤性改变 myocardial injury单相曲线 monophasic curve肢体导联limb leads胸导联chest leads顺钟向电位clokwise rotation逆钟向转位counterclockwise rotation起搏点 pacemaker绝对不应期 absolute refractory period有效不应期 effective refractory period相对不应期 relative refractory period心电生理检查 transesophageal atrial pacing / TEAP动态心电图 ambulatory eletrocardiography心电图运动负荷试验ECG exercise test平板运动试验 treadmill test踏车运动试验 bicycle ergometer test第2章:肺功能检查肺容积 basal lung volume基础肺容量 basal lung capacity潮气容积tidal volume, TV补呼吸容积 expiratory reserve volume,ERV深吸气量 inspiratory capacity,IC肺活量 vital capacity,VC功能残气量 functional residual capacity肺总量total lung capacity,TLC残气容积 residual volume,RV每分钟静息通气量 minute ventilation,MV最大通气量maximal voluntary ventilation,MVV用力肺活量 forced vital capacity,FVC最大呼气中段流量 maximal mid-expiratory flow curve,MMEF 肺泡通气量 alveolar ventilation生理无效腔 dead space ventilation最大呼气中段时间maximal mid-expiratory time最大呼气流量 peak expiratory flow,PEF通气/血流比值 ventilation/perfusion ratio弥散量 diffusing capacity闭合容积 closing volume最大呼气流量-容积曲线 maximum expiratory flow-volume curve,MEFV 静态肺顺应性static lung compliance动态肺顺应性dynamic lung compliance实际碳酸氢actual bicarbonate,AB标准碳酸氢standard bicarbonate,SB缓冲碱 buffer bases剩余碱 bases excess血浆CO2含量 total plasma CO2 contentCO2结合力carbon dioxide combining power, CO2-CP阴离子间隙anion gap,AG高碳酸血症后碱中毒posthypercapnic alkalosis支气管灌洗 bronchial lavage(BL)支气管肺泡灌洗 bronchial-alveolar lavage(BAL)第三章:临床技术修正诊断 diagnosis correcting导尿术 catheterization胸膜腔穿刺术 thoracentesis胸膜活检术 pleura biopsy心包腔穿刺术 pericardiocentesis肝穿刺活检术 liver biospy肝穿刺抽脓术 liver abscess puncture肾穿刺活检术 renal biospy骨髓穿刺术 bone marrow puncture淋巴结穿刺术 lymphnode puncture腰椎穿刺术 lumbar puncture中心静脉压 central venous pressure胃液采集术 gastric juice collection最大胃酸分泌量 maximal acid output峰胃酸排泌量 peak acid output十二指肠引流术 duodenal drainage荟萃分析 meta-analysis心血管造影 agiocardiography血管通透性 vasopermeability第四章:11。
关于yellow的用法总结大全

关于yellow的用法总结大全(最新版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制学校:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后,系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。
英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。
而且,英语语法是一套完整的语言知识体系。
如果你想英语能够更进一步,英语语法就是其中的主要一环。
Download tips: English grammar is a series of language rules that are systematically summarized after studying the English language. The essence of English grammar lies in mastering the use of language. Moreover, English grammar is a complete language knowledge system. If you want English to go further, English grammar is the main link.正文内容yellow的意思adj. 黄色的,黄皮肤的,黄种人的,胆怯的vt.& vi. (使某物)变黄或发黄n. 黄色,黄种人,黄色颜料变形:过去式: yellowed;现在分词:yellowing;过去分词:yellowed;yellow用法yellow可以用作形容词yellow的基本意思是“黄色的”,指某物体呈现出黄颜色,或指人的皮肤是黄色的,即“黄皮肤的”,此时常含有轻蔑的意味。
yellow还可指“胆怯的”。
yellow修饰press, newspaper, journal, journalist, editor等词时,表示“故意制造耸人听闻而常常歪曲事实的”意思,但“黄色电影〔小说、书刊〕”等不可用yellow修饰,而用blue。
诊断学一般检查

分布部位、形态大小、颜色、压之是 否退色、平坦或隆起、有无瘙痒及脱 屑。
1. 斑疹:局部皮肤发红、不凸出皮肤表面。 斑疹伤寒
2. 玫瑰疹:2-3mm的鲜红色圆形斑疹、压 之能褪色。伤寒
3. 丘疹:发红、凸出皮肤表面。药物疹、 麻疹
冲击触诊法
注意事项
1. 消除病人的紧张情绪; 2. 手要温暖、眼要观察病人表情; 3. 病人取适当体位; 4. 嘱病人排尿或排便后进行; 5. 注意病变的部位、特点和毗邻关系。
第三节 叩诊
用手指叩击身体表面某一部位,使之 震动而产生音响,根据震动和声响的 特点来判断被检查部位的脏器状态有 无异常的一种方法。
(1)强迫仰卧位 (2)强迫俯卧位 (3)强迫侧卧位 (4)强迫坐位(端坐呼吸) (5)强迫蹲位 (6)强迫停立位 (7)辗转体位 (8)角弓反张位
十、 姿 势(posture)
指举止的状态。 依靠骨骼结构和各部分肌肉的紧张度
来保持。 亦受肌体健康状态及精神状态的影响。
十一、步态(gait)
五、营养状态
营养状态的好坏是鉴定健康和疾病程 度的标准之一。
前臂曲侧或上臂背侧下1/3处。
营养状况:
1. 良好 2. 不良 3. 中等 营养状态的评价:皮肤、皮下
脂肪、肌肉、指甲、毛发等。
营养异常:
1. 营养不良: 消瘦:体重减轻至低于理想体重的10%以上 恶病质:极度消瘦 理想体重(kg)= 身高(cm)-105 原因:摄食障碍、消化障碍、消耗增多
下肢:腹股沟部(上群、下群)、膕窝 部淋巴结。
三、淋巴结肿大病因和表现
1.局限性淋巴结肿大: (1)非特异性淋巴结炎 (2)淋巴结结核 (3)恶性肿瘤淋巴结转移 2.全身性淋巴结肿大:
美棉分级标准及与国棉对照

美棉分级标准及与国棉对照一、国际棉花贸易中品质标准的三种形式a) 美国农业部的国际“通用标准”:等级和颜色以美国农业部每年修定的标准样为贸易中品质标准,由于该标准以被国际上广泛接受,因此该标准既被叫作“美棉标准”又被称作“国际通用标准”。
b) 小样标准:此标准一般以卖方提供的小样作为品质标准。
一般小样仅代表等级,长度、细度、强力等需单独注明。
c) 美国农业部“绿卡棉”标准:该标准实际也以“国际通用标准”为依据,但品质以美国农业部原始检验的等级、强力、细度、长度结果(绿卡或FORM A、FORM R证书)作为最终结算依据。
买方不得对品质提出索赔。
由于绿卡棉在品质上更有保证,所以绿卡棉一般要比同等级棉花加一些溢价。
一般中国企业进口棉花更偏向于以“中国出入境检验检疫局”(前身为“商检局”,现英文简称为“CIQ")的到岸品质检验作为最终结算依据以保护自身利益。
上述“A”、“B”两种形式可以按次方法结算,“C”则不可以,但“C”方式的品质经过美国农业部检验,对于对棉花质量要求比较严格的企业,“C”方法可以保证到货质量。
二、棉花分级“通用标准”及同中国棉花标准简明对照棉花分级“通用标准”初始于1907年,由美国国会授权美国农业部制订棉花标准并提供服务。
长期以来,美国农业部制订的标准已被很多产棉国采纳用于棉花分级,同时很多棉花消费国的纺织协会也作为该标准的海外会员接受并参与标准样的制作、修订。
因此美国农业部的标准既被称作“美棉标准”又被称作“国际通用标准”。
A.颜色:按照“国际通用标准”,棉花按颜色由高到低分为:白棉(White)、淡点污棉(Light Spotted)、点污棉(Spotted)、淡黄染棉(Tinged)、黄染棉(Yellow Stained)、淡灰棉(Light Gray)和灰棉(Gray)等七个颜色等级。
由于国内的等级差价远远大于国际市场,国内企业一般只进口白棉中的中高等级,而很少进口颜色差的棉花。
医学专业英语

一般检查generalexamination一, 性别sex男Male女Female二,年龄age三,生命体征:vital age体温body temperaturea,口测法oral measurementﻩb,肛测法archos measurementc,腋测法axil measurement呼吸respirations脉搏pulse血压blood pressure四,发育development体型(Habitus):无力型(asthenic type)、超力型(sthenictype)、正力型(orthosthenic type)五,营养state of nutrition:良好well、中等moderatelty.肥胖(Obesity)、消瘦slake六,意识consciousness: 嗜睡drowsiness、意识模糊clouding ofconsciousness昏睡hyponody、昏迷coma(浅,中,深度),谵妄acute confusionalstate七,语调tone 语态voice八,面容facial features急性病容faceof acuteill,慢性病容chronic disease face,贫血面容anemic face,甲亢面容hypert hyreosis feature,粘液性水肿面容myxedema face, 二尖瓣面容mitralfacies,满月脸面容moon face,肢端肥大症面容acromegaly facies,伤寒面容typhoidface,病危面容,Hippocrates face表情expression 正常normal,淡漠indifference烦躁不安dysphoria,痛苦suffering忧郁gloom九,体位positiona,自主体位active position b,被动体位passive position 极度意识衰竭和丧失culmination consciousness failureandlossc,强迫体位compulsiveposition强迫坐位(端坐呼吸)compulsivesitting position (orthopnea)十,姿势posture十一,步态gaitaa,蹒跚步态waddling gaitb,醉酒步态drinken man gaitc,共济失调步态ataxicgait d,慌张步态fe stinating gait e,跨閱步态steppage gaitf,剪刀步态scissorgait g,间歇性跛行intermittent gait十二,皮肤skin1,颜色skincolor a,苍白pallor 贫血anaemiab,发红redness发热fever c,发绀cyanosis 缺氧ﻩhypoxia d,黄染stainedyellow 肝病liverdisease e,色素沉着pigmentation 肝病li verdisease f,色素脱失coloringmaterialloss 白化症albinismus2,湿度moisture 干燥dry脱水dewat湿润moist休克shock 3,弹性elasticity4,皮疹skin eruptiona斑疹maculate b玫瑰疹roseola c 丘疹papules; d 斑丘疹maculopapulate ,e荨麻疹urticaria5,脱屑scales6赘生物vegetation 7,皮下出血subcutaneous hemorrhagea 瘀点petechiab瘀斑ecchymosis c 紫癜purpura d血肿hematome8,蜘蛛痣spiderangioma肝掌liver palms 9,水肿edema 10,皮下结节subcutaneous nodules 11,瘢痕scar12,毛发hair 13,淋巴lymph体检(胸腹部)[Physical examination(chestand belly)]1、肋骨和软组织[ribs andsoft tissure]·胸骨上切迹[suprasternalnotch]·浮肋[freeribs]·胸壁[chest wall]·扁平(桶状、佝偻、漏头、鸡)胸[flat (barrel,rachitic,funnel,pigeon)chest]·皮下气肿[subcutaneousemphysema]·捻发音[Crepitus]·软组织损伤[soft tissue injury]·肋骨畸形[abnormality of the ribs(rib deformity,costal anomaly)]·肋软骨畸形[costochondral deformity]·肋软骨增生[costal cartilage hyperplasia]·肋下切口[subcostal incision]·肋间隙宽(窄)[wide (narrow) intercostal space]乳房[breast]3、肺[lung]·呼吸缓慢(急促)[bradypnea (tachypnea)]·呼吸浅慢(深快)[hypopnea (hyperpnea)]·呼吸不规则[irregular respiration]·点头呼吸[noddingbreathing]·端坐呼吸[orthopnea]·三凹征[retractionsign ofthree fossae]·叹息样呼吸[sighing respiration]·浅快[shallow and rapid]·呼(吸)气性呼吸困难[expiratory(inspiratory) dyspnea]·呼吸道烧伤(塌陷)[burn (collapse) ofrespiratorytract(airway)]·呼吸道阻塞[respiratory tractobstruction]·呼吸均匀(呼吸加深或加快)[eupnea(exaggerated or accleratedrespiratory)]·呼吸停止[apnea]·呼吸费力[respirationis labored]·语音(触觉)震颤[vocal(tactile)fremitus]·语颤相等(减弱、增强)[vocal fremitusis equal(diminished,accentuated)]·间接(直接)叩诊[mediate (immediate) percussion]·浊(实、鼓、清、过清、金属)音[dullness(flatness, tympany, vesicular resonance, hyperresonance, bell)]·移动范围[rangeofmovement]·呼吸音消失(减弱,增强)[absence(diminution,exaggeration) ofbreath sound]·呼吸音粗(清)[sound ofbreath(SOB)isrough (clear)]·支气管(支气管肺泡,肺泡)音[bronchophony (bronchovesicular sound,vesicular sound)]·管状呼吸音[tubular breath sound]·捻发音[crepitant rales]·爆裂音[crackles]·干(湿)罗音[dry (moist)rales]·细(中等、粗)罗音[fine(medium, coarse) rales]·呼(吸)气未罗音[end-inspiratory(expiratory)rales]·胸膜摩擦音[pleuralfriction rub]·呼(吸)气延长[prolongedinspiratory (expiratory)]·高(低)调鼾音[sibilant(sonorous) rhonchi(sonorous rales)]·哨笛音[sibilant rales]·哮鸣音[wheezing]·小(中、大)水泡音[small(middle, big) bubbles]·支气管语音[bronchophony]·耳语音[whispered]·羊鸣音[egophony]·高(低)音调[high(low)-pitched]·两肺部(右背部)[over both lung fields (rightback)]·两(左)肺底[over theboth (left)lowerlung]·整个肺野[the whole lung field]·左(右)上(下)肺[theleft (right)upper (lower) lung]·肺尖(底)[apex (base) oflung]4、心脏[Heart]心房心室室间隔房间隔主动脉瓣肺动脉瓣二尖瓣三尖瓣·用手掌(指尖)触诊心尖搏动[palpate apical areawith palm numbness (fingertips)]·心前区隆起(凹陷)[precordial bulge (retraction)]·搏动弥漫(局限)[diffuse(local) pulsation]·负性搏动[inwardinpulse]·心尖搏动[apex beat (apicalimpulse)]·剑突下搏动[xiphoideusal pulsaton]·抬举性心尖搏动[heaving apex impulse]·心尖搏动最强点[point of maximalimpulse (PMI)]·锁骨中线[mid-calvicularline (MCL)]·肋间[intercostalspace(ICS)]·收缩(舒张)期震颤[systolic (diastolic) thrill]·心浊音界[theborderof cardiac dullnes]·心绝对(相对)浊音界扩大(缩小)[enlarged (diminished)absolute(relative) cardiac dullnes s]·叩诊心脏大小正常[heart sizeis normal on(to) percussion]·心脏向左(右)扩大[cardiacdilation (enlargement) to the left(right)]·第1(2、3、4)心音[S1(S2,S3,S4)]·第1心音增强(减弱,听不清)[first heartsound is exaggerate (decreased, muffled)]·生(病)理性杂音(分裂)[physiologic (pathological)murmur (splitting)]·生理性(固定、反常、逆)分裂[physiologic(fixed, paradoxical,reversed) splitting]·肺动脉瓣第2心音>(=,<)主动脉瓣第2心音[P2>(=,〈)A2]·大炮音[connonsound]·心音消失[heart sound is absent (disapeared)]·心音增强(减弱)[accentuated(diminished)cardiacsound]·心音响亮(遥远)[cardiac sound is loud (distant)]·收缩期(舒张期,连续性)杂音[systolic (diastolic, continuous)murmur]·收缩(舒张)前(中、晚)期杂音[pre-(mid—,post) systolic(diastolic)murmur]·全收缩期的[holosystolic(pansystolic)]·全舒张期的[holodiastolic (pandiastolic)]·低(高)音调[low (high)pitched]·递减(递增,递减—递增)性杂音[decrescendo (crescendo, decrescendo—crescendo)murmur]·呈喷射型[beejectionin type]·Ⅳ级喷射型收缩期杂音[gradeⅣ(I-Ⅳ/6)systolic ejectionmurmur]·吹风样杂音[murmurof puffing character]·低音调隆隆样[low-pitched rumbling quality]·柔和(粗糙)的[soft(harshor rough)]·吹风样(喷射性、隆隆样、沙沙声样、搔抓声样、机器声样、汽笛声样、倒水声样)杂音[blowing (ejection, rumbling, rustting,scratching, machinary, whistling, pouring)murmur]·功能性(器质性)杂音[functional (organic) murmur]·血管(静脉)杂音[vascular(venous)murmur]·枪击音[pistol shotsound]·静脉营营音[venous hum]·奔马律[galloprhythm]·胎心律[embryocardia]·心律齐(不齐)[regular (irregular) rhythm]·心律不齐[arrhythmia]·二(三)联律[bigeminy (trigeminy)]·早搏[premature (extrasystol)]·喀嗽音[click]·钟摆律[pendular rhythm]·二尖瓣开瓣音[mitralopening snap]·心包摩擦音[pericardial frictionsound]·听诊[on auscultation]·二尖瓣(主瓣,肺瓣,三尖瓣)听诊区[mitral (aortic,pulmonary,tricuspid)valve area]·心包叩击音[pericardial knock]·肿瘤扑落音[tumorplop]5、腹部[abdomen]·腹膨隆[abdominaldistention(prominence)]·腹平坦(凹陷)[abdominal flatness(retraction)]·蛙状(球状、舟状)腹[frog(bulbous, scaphoid) belly (abdomen)]·腹围增大[increased abdominal girth]·肠型[intestinal pattern]·胃(小肠)蠕动波[gastric (intestinal) peristalticwave]·静脉曲张[varicosity(dilated tortuousvein)]·疤痕[scar]·腹壁紧张(松驰)[guarding (abdominal muscular relaxation)]·腹壁切口(创伤)[incision(wound) of abdominal wall]·腹部分区[abdominal region]·左(右)上(下)腹[left(right) upper(lower)quadrant]·脐膨出[projection ofthe umbilicus]·腹式呼吸[abdominal(diaphragmatic)breathing]·腹壁松弛[lax abdominal wall]·肝肿大[hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver)]·脾肿大[splenomegaly(enlargement of thespleen)]·右肋下5厘米[5cmbelowtheright costalmargin]·肿块(肝)质硬[firm mass(liver)]·莫菲氏征[murphy`ssigh]·肌卫现象[muscle guarding(tension)]·反跳痛[reboundtenderness]·压痛点[tenderness point]·剑突下压痛[tendernessbeneath the xiphoidprocess]·麦氏点压痛[McBurney`s point tenderness]·腹肌强直(板状腹,板样强直)[rigorofabdominal muscle(wooden belly, board—like rigidity)]·柔韧感[doughkneedingsensation]·波动感[fluctuation]·腹股沟疝[inguinalfemoralhernia]·腹壁反射[abdominalreflex]·腹水征[signof ascites]·膀胱肿大[bladder expansion]·膀胱区(脊肋角)压痛[tenderness of bladder region(costovertebral angle)]·肾(肝)区叩击病[percussion tenderness onkidney(liver) region]·移动性浊音[shiftingdullness]·鼓音[tympany(tampanitic resonance)]·肝(脾)浊音区[hepatic (splenic)dullness area]·肠鸣音正常(亢进、减弱、消失)[normal (hyperactive,diminished, absent) bowel sound]·气过水声[gurgling]·振水声[succusion(splashing)sound]2、常见症状·[Fever] 发热·[Pain]疼痛·[Edema] 水肿·[Mucocutaneoushemorrhage(bleeding)]皮肤粘膜出血·[Dyspnea(Difficulyin breathing;Respiratory difficulty;short of breath)] 呼吸困难·[Coughand expectoration(Sputum;Phlegm)]咳嗽和咯痰·[Hemoptysis] 咯血·[Cyanosis]紫绀·[Palpitation]心悸·[Chest discomfort] 胸闷·[Nausea(Retch;DryV omiting)and V omiting]恶心和呕吐·[Hematemesis(V omitingof blood)]呕血·[Hematochezia (Hemafecia)]便血·[Diarrhea] 腹泻·[Constipation (Obstipation)]便秘·[Vertigo (Giddiness;Dizziness)]眩晕·[Jaundice(Icterus)] 黄疸·[Convulsion]惊厥·[Disturbance of consciousness] 意识障碍·[Hematuria] 血尿·[Frequentmicturition,urgentmicturition and dysuria]尿频,尿急和尿痛·[Incontinenceof urine] 尿失禁·[Retention of urine]尿潴留(1)发热的表示方法·[Infective (Septic)fever] 感染性发热·[Non-infective(Aseptic)fever]非感染性发热·[Dehydration(Inanition)fever] 脱水热·[Drugfever]药物热·[Functional hypothermia]功能性低热·[Absorption fever]吸收热·[Centralfever] 中枢性发热·[Fever type] 热型▲[Continuous fever]稽留热▲[Remittentfever]驰张热▲[Intermittent fever]间歇热▲[Undulant fever] 波状热▲[Recurrentfever]回归热▲[Periodic fever]周期热▲[Irregularfever]不规则热▲[Ephemeralfever]短暂热▲[Doublepeaked fever]双峰热·[Feverof undetermined(unknown) origin,FUO]不明原因发热·[Rigor(shivering;chill;shakingchill;ague)] 寒战·[ChillySensation(Fell chilly;coldfits;coldness)]畏寒·[Ultra-hyperpyrexia]超高热·[Hyperthermia(A high fever;hyperpyrexia;ardentfever)]高热·[Moderate fever] 中度发热·[Hypothermia (Low—grade fever;slight fever;subfebrile temperature)] 低热·[Becomefeverish(Have a temperature)]发热·[Crisis]骤降·[Lysis]渐降·[Rheumatic fever]风湿热·[Cancerous fever] 癌性发热·[Fervescenceperiod]升热期·[Defervescence period]退热期·[Persistent febrile period] 持续发热期(2)疼痛的表示方法·[Backache(Backpain)] 背痛·[Lumbago] 腰痛·[Headache] 头痛▲[Vasomotor headache]血管舒缩性头痛▲[Migraine headache] 偏头痛·[Chest pain]胸痛·[Precardial pain] 心前区痛·[Retrosternal pain]胸骨后痛·[Abdominal pain(Stomachache)] 腹痛·[Acrodynia(pain in limbs)] 肢体痛·[Arthrodynia (Arthralgia)] 关节痛·[Dull pain]钝痛·[Sharp pain]锐痛·[Twingepain]刺痛·[Knife-likepain (Piercing pain)] 刀割(刺)样痛·[Achingpain]酸痛·[Burningpain] 烧灼痛·[Colicky (Griping;cramp)pain] 绞痛·[Colic] 绞痛·[Bursting pain]胀痛(撕裂痛)·[Hunger pain] 饥饿痛·[Ticpain] 抽搐痛·[Bearing—down pain]坠痛·[Shock—like pain] 电击样痛·[Jumping pain]反跳痛·[Tenderness pain] 触痛(压痛)·[Girdle—like pain]束带样痛·[Wandering pain]游走性痛·[Throbbing pain] 搏动性痛·[Radiating pain] 放射性痛·[Crampingpain] 痉挛性痛·[Boring pain]钻痛·[Intensepain]剧痛·[Dragging pain]牵引痛·[Labor pain]阵痛·[Cancerous pain]癌性疼痛·[Referred pain]牵涉痛·[Persistent pain(Unremittingpain)] 持续性痛·[Constantpain]经常性痛·[Intermittent pain]间歇性痛(3)水肿的表示方法·[Mucous edema (Myxedema)] 粘液性水肿·[Cardiac (Cardiogenic) edema]心源性水肿·[Nephrotic (renal)edema] 肾源性水肿·[Hepatic edema]肝源性水肿·[Alimentary (Nutritional)edema] 营养不良性水肿·[Angioneurotic edema] 血管神经性水肿·[Pitting] 凹陷性·[Nonpitting]非凹陷性·[Localized (Local) edema] 局限性水肿·[Generalized edema (Anasarca)]全身性水肿·[Hydrops]积水·[Cerebral(Brain)edema] 脑水肿·[Pulmonary edema(Hydropneumonia0] 肺水肿·[Hydrocephalus]脑积水·[Invisible (Recessive) edema]隐性水肿·[Frankedema]显性水肿·[Inflammatoryedema]炎性水肿·[Idiopathic edema] 特发性水肿·[Cyclical edema] 周期性水肿·[Ascites (Abdominal effusion;hydroperiotoneum)]腹水·[Pleural effusion(Hydrothorax)]胸水·[Pericardialeffusion(Hydropericardium)] 心包积液·[Bronchoedema] 支气管水肿·[Slight(Mild)]轻度·[Moderate] 中度·[Serious]重度·[Transudate] 漏出液·[Exudate] 渗出液(4)呼吸困难的表示方法·[Cardiacdyspnea] 心原性呼吸困难·[Inspiratory]吸气性·[Expiratory] 呼气性·[Mixed] 混合性·[Obstructive] 梗阻性·[Dyspnea at rest] 静息时呼吸困难·[Dyspneaon exertion] 活动时呼吸困难·[Dyspneaonlying down]躺下时呼吸困难·[Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea,PND]夜间阵发性呼吸困难·[Orthopnea] 端坐呼吸·[Asthma] 哮喘·[Cardiac asthma] 心源性哮喘·[Bronchial asthma]支气管性哮喘·[Hyperpnea]呼吸深快·[Periodicbreathing]周期性呼吸·[Tachypnea(Rapid orfast breathing;accelerated breathing;short ofbreath)]气促·[Bradypnea(Slowbreathing)] 呼吸缓慢·[Irregularbreathing] 不规则呼吸(5)皮肤粘膜出血的表示方法·[Bleeding spots intheskin]皮肤出血点·[Petechia] 瘀点·[Eccymosis]瘀斑·[Purpura] 紫癜·[Splinter hemorrhage] 片状出血·[Oozing of the blood (Errhysis)] 渗血·[Hemorrhinia (Nasalbleeding)]鼻衄·[Ecchymoma] 皮下血肿(6)咳嗽与咯痰的表示方法·[Drycough (Nonproductive cough;hacking cough)] 干咳·[Sharp cough] 剧咳·[Wetcough(Moistcough)] 湿咳·[Productive cough (Loose cough)] 排痰性咳·[Chronic cough] 慢性咳嗽·[Irritable cough] 刺激性咳嗽·[Paroxysmalcough] 发作性(阵发性)咳嗽·[Cough continually] 持续性咳嗽·[Spasmodic cough]痉挛性咳嗽·[Whooping cough]百日咳·[Wheezingcough]喘咳·[Short cough] 短咳·[Distressed cough]难咳·[Droplet]飞沫·[Frothy sputum] 泡沫样痰·[Bloodysputum]血痰·[Mucous(Mucoid) sputum] 粘液样痰·[Purulent sputum]脓痰·[Mucopurulentsputum]粘液脓性痰·[White (Yellow,green)sputum]白(黄,绿)痰·[Fetid(Foul) sputum] 恶臭痰·[Iron—rust (Rusty)sputum]铁锈色痰·[Chocolatecoloured sputum]巧克力色痰·[Thick sputum]浓痰·[Thinsputum]淡痰·[Viscous sputum] 粘痰·[Transparent sputum]透明痰·[Much (Largeamounts of)sputum]大量痰·[Moderate amounts of sputum]中等量痰·[Not much (Small amounts of) sputum]少量痰(7)内脏出血的表示方法·[Massivehematemesis]大量呕血·[Epistasis (Nosebleed;Nasal bleeding;Hemorrhinia;rhinorrhagia)]鼻衄·[Hematuria]血尿·[Initial hematuria] 初血尿·[Idiopathic hematuria] 特发性血尿·[Painless hematuria]无痛性血尿·[Terminal hematuria]终末性血尿·[Gross (Macroscopic) hematuria] 肉眼血尿·[Microscopic hematuria]镜下血尿·[Hematuria in the whole processofurination] 全程血尿·[Gingivalbleeding (Ulaemorrhagia;gum bleeding)]牙龈出血·[Hematochezia]便血·[Bloodystool] 血便·[Black stool(Melena)]黑便·[Tarry stool] 柏油样便·[Occult blood,OB] 隐血·[Hemathorax]血胸··[Hematocoelia]腹腔积血·[Hematoma]血肿·[Hemopericardium] 心包积血·[Cerebral hemorrhage]脑出血·[Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)] 蛛网膜下腔出血·[Excessive(Heavy) menstrual flowwith passage ofclots]月经量多伴血块·[Mild (Moderate)menses] 月经量少(中等)(8)紫绀的表示方法·[Congenital cyanosis]先天性紫绀·[Enterogenous]肠源性·[Central]中枢性·[Peripheral]周围性·[Mixed]混合性·[Acrocyanosis] 指端紫绀(9)恶心与呕吐的表示方法·[Vomiturition(Retching)]干呕·[Feel nauseated] 恶心感·[Postprandialnausea] 饭后恶心·[Hiccup] 呃逆·[Sour regurgitation]返酸·[undigested food V omiting]吐不消化食物·[BiliousVomiting] 吐胆汁(10)腹泻与便秘的表示方法·[Moning diarrhea]晨泻·[Watery (Liquid)diarrhea] 水泻·[Mucous diarrhea] 粘液泻·[Fatty diarrhea]脂肪泻·[Chronic (Acute)] 慢性(急性)·[Milddiarrhea] 轻度腹泻·[Intractable(Uncontrolled)diarrhea]难治性腹泻·[Protracted diarrhea] 迁延性腹泻·[Bloody stool]血梗·[Frothy stool] 泡沫样便·[Formless(Formed)stool] 不成形(成形)便·[Loose (Hard)stool]稀(硬)便·[Rice—water stool]米泔样便·[Undigested stool]不消化便·[Dysenteric diarrhea] 痢疾样腹泻·[Inflammatorydiarrhea] 炎症性腹泻·[Osmotic] 渗透性·[Secretory]分泌性·[Malabsorption] 吸收不良性·[Lienteric]消化不良性·[Pancreatic diarrhea]胰性腹泻·[Tenesmus]里急后重·[Pass a stool (Have apassage;open orrelax the bowel)] 解大便·[Have a call ofnature] 便意·[Fecal incontinence(Copracrasia)] 大便失禁·[Functional constipation] 功能性便秘·[Organic constipation] 器质性便秘·[Habitualconstipation] 习惯性便秘·[Have atendency to be constipated] 便秘倾向(11)黄疸的表示方法·[Latent (occult)jaundice] 隐性黄疸·[Clinicalejaundic] 显性黄疸·[Nuclear icterus]核黄疸·[Physiologic icterus] 生理性黄疸·[Icterus simplex]传染性黄疸·[Toxemicicterus]中毒性黄疸·[Hemolytic ejaundic ] 溶血性黄疸·[Hepatocellular]肝细胞性·[Obstructive]阻塞性·[Congenital]先天性·[Familial] 家族性·[Cholestatic]胆汁淤积性·[Hematogenous]血源性·[Malignant] 恶性·[Painless]无痛性(12)意识障碍的表示方法·[Somnolence]嗜睡·[Confusion] 意识模糊·[Stupor]昏睡·[Coma]昏迷·[Delirium] 谵妄·[Syncope (swoon;faint)]晕厥·[Drowsiness] 倦睡(13)排尿的表示方法·[Anuria]无尿·[Nocturia] 夜尿·[Oliguria]少尿·[Polyuria]多尿·[Pass water (Make water; urinate; micturition)]排尿·[Frequentmicturition(Frequency of micturition;fruquent urinatio n;Pollakiuria)]尿频·[Urgent micturition (Urgencyof urinationor micturition)]尿急·[Urodynia (Pain on micturition; painful micturition; alginuresis;micturition pain)]尿痛·[Dysuria(Difficulty in micturition;disturbance of micturition)]排尿困难3.少见症状·[Weekness(Debility; asthenia;debilitating)]虚弱(无力)·[Fatigue (Tire;lassitude)] 疲乏·[Wasting(thin;underweight; emaciation; lean)] 消瘦·[Night sweating] 盗汗·[Sweat (Perspiration)]出汗·[Cold sweat] 冷汗·[Pruritus (Iching)]搔痒·[Asthma] 气喘·[Squeezing (Tightness;choking;pressing)sensationof the chest] 胸部紧缩(压榨)感·[Intermittent claudication]间歇性跛行·[Difficulty in swallowing(Dysphagia;difficultswallowing;acataposis)]吞咽困难·[Epigastric (Upper abdominal)discomfort]上腹部不适·[Anorexia(Sitophobia)] 厌食·[Poor appetite (Loss of appetite)]纳差·[Heart—burn(Pyrosis)]胃灼热·[Stomachache(Painin stomach)] 胃部痛·[Periumbilial pain] 脐周痛·[Belching (Eructation)]嗳气·[Sour regurgitation] 返酸·[Abdominaldistention(bloating)]腹胀·[Pass gas(Breakwink)] 肛门排气·[Small(Large)stool]大便少(多)·[Painover the liver]肝区痛·[Lumbago]腰痛·[Pica(Parorexia;allotriophagy)]异食癖·[Menoxenia (Irregular menstruation)]月经不调·[Jointpain(Arthralgia; arthrodynia)]关节痛·[Polydipsia (Excessive thirst)] 多饮(烦渴)·[Polyphagia(Excessive appetite; hyperorexia;bulimia)] 多食·[Cold(Heat) intolerance]怕冷(热)·[Dwarfism(Excessiveheight)]身材矮小(高大)·[Excessive sweating] 多汗·[Handstremble] 手抖·[Obesity(Fatty)]肥胖·[Agitation(Anxiety;nervous irritability)]焦虑(忧虑)·[Formication]蚁走感·[Tingling]麻刺感·[Hyperpathia]痛觉过敏·[Hypalgesia] 痛觉减退·[Insomnia(Poor sleepness;sleeplessness)]失眠·[Numbness]麻木·[Limitation of motion]活动受限·[Tetany]手足抽搐·[Dischargeofpus]流脓·[Blurred vision(Hazyvision;blurring ofvision; dimnessof vision)]视物模糊·[Burning (Dry) sensation] 烧灼(干燥)感·[Tearing (Dacryorrhea;Lacrimation)]流泪·[Doublevision (Diplopia)]复视·[Strabismus]斜视·[Hemianopia] 偏盲·[Foreign bodysensation]异物感·[Lose the sight(Loseof vision)]失明·[Diminution ofvision]视力减退·[Photophobia] 畏光·[Tinnitus]耳鸣·[Nasal obstruction(blockage)]鼻塞·[Dryness of thenose] 鼻干燥·[Rhinorrhea(Snivel;Nasal discharge)] 流鼻涕·[Sneezing]打喷嚏·[Snoring]打鼾·[Hyposmia(Reduction of thesenseof smell)] 嗅觉减退·[Anosmia (Completeloss of sense of smell)]嗅觉丧失·[Dysphonia]发音困难·[Hoarseness]声嘶·[Pain on swallowing]吞咽痛·[Saliva dribblies from the mouth]流涎·[Troaty voice]声音沙哑·[Stridor]喘鸣·[Redand swollen]红肿·[Apathy]情感淡漠医学专业英语·[Delusion]妄想11 / 11。
第三讲 家庭药箱及就医基本常识(学生版本)

药物继发感染(或二重感染)
主要表现在长期、大剂量使用广谱抗菌药,敏感的细菌被杀灭了, 不敏感的细菌、真菌大量繁殖,从而引起新的感染,如霉菌引起的鹅 口疮,葡萄球菌引起的肠炎等。正因为如此,在选择应用抗生素时尽 量避免全身用药或大剂量用药及联合用药。
药品的不良反应
4.毒性作用
药物在常用剂量时,不会产生毒性反应,只有在过量、
男性患者多: 甲型血友病
AS
某些疾病对性征的影响
肾上腺肿瘤/使用皮质激素,女性患者男性化 肝硬化-睾丸功能受损 肾上腺皮质肿瘤 某些支气管肺癌可使男
性患者乳房发育
性染色体异常对性别和性征的影响
性染色体的数目结
构异常均可影响性发育和性征,导致两性畸形。
年龄(age)
年龄(age)的增长,机体出现生长发育、成熟、衰老等
常见的呼吸类型及特点
呼吸过速(tachypnea) 大于20次/分 呼吸过缓(bradypnea) 小于12次/分 呼吸深度的变化
发热 贫血 甲亢 高颅压 麻醉剂镇静剂过量
呼吸浅快 呼吸深快
脉搏的测量
触诊 脉率
动脉 60~ 100次/分 3岁以下>100次/分
脉律与心律 脉搏强弱与心搏出量、脉压、外周血管阻力
介绍急救技巧的书籍
酒精、体温计、血压计、听诊器等医用物品
常用药:内服和外用两种
特备药
其他药物和急救用品可根据个人需要添置
药品储存注意事项
按照说明书规定保存 内服和外用药品分开保存
药品要经常检查
服药前要检查
胶囊:开裂、异味 片剂:变色、开裂 糖浆:澄清、沉淀
中药:霉变、生虫
栓剂:熔化、异味
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黄染(stained yellow)皮肤粘膜发黄称为黄染,常见的原因有:(1)黄疸(jaundice):由于血清内胆红素浓度增高而使皮肤粘膜乃至体液及其他组织黄染的现象为黄疸。
血清总胆红素浓度超过34μmol/L时临床上可见黄疸。
黄疸引起皮肤粘膜黄染的特点是:①黄疸首先出现于巩膜、硬腭后部及软腭粘膜上,随着血中胆红素浓度的继续增高粘膜黄染更明显时,才会出现皮肤黄染;②巩膜黄染是连续的,近角巩膜缘处黄染轻、黄色淡,远角巩膜缘处黄染重、黄色深。
(2)胡萝卜素(carotene)增高:过多食用胡萝卜、南瓜、橘子、橘子汁等可引起血中胡萝卜素增高,当超过2.59/L时,也可使皮肤黄染。
其特点是:①黄染首先出现于手掌、足底、前额及鼻部皮肤;②一般不出现巩膜和口腔粘膜黄染;③血中胆红素不高;④停止食用富含胡萝卜素的蔬菜或果汁后,皮肤黄染逐渐消退。
(3)长期服用含有黄色素的药物,如阿的平、呋喃类等药物也可引起皮肤黄染。
其特点是:①黄染首先出现于皮肤,严重者也可出现于巩膜。
②巩膜黄染的特点是角巩膜缘处黄染重,黄色深;离角巩膜缘越远,黄染越轻,黄色越淡,这一点是与黄疸的重要区别。