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C.parvum全基因组序列

DOI: 10.1126/science.1094786, 441 (2004);304Science et al.Mitchell S. Abrahamsen,Cryptosporidium parvum Complete Genome Sequence of the Apicomplexan, (this information is current as of October 7, 2009 ):The following resources related to this article are available online at/cgi/content/full/304/5669/441version of this article at:including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services,/cgi/content/full/1094786/DC1 can be found at:Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/304/5669/441#otherarticles , 9 of which can be accessed for free: cites 25 articles This article 239 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. cited by This article has been /cgi/content/full/304/5669/441#otherarticles 53 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited by This article has been/cgi/collection/genetics Genetics: subject collections This article appears in the following/about/permissions.dtl in whole or in part can be found at: this article permission to reproduce of this article or about obtaining reprints Information about obtaining registered trademark of AAAS.is a Science 2004 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Copyright American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the Science o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m3.R.Jackendoff,Foundations of Language:Brain,Gram-mar,Evolution(Oxford Univ.Press,Oxford,2003).4.Although for Frege(1),reference was established rela-tive to objects in the world,here we follow Jackendoff’s suggestion(3)that this is done relative to objects and the state of affairs as mentally represented.5.S.Zola-Morgan,L.R.Squire,in The Development andNeural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions(New York Academy of Sciences,New York,1990),pp.434–456.6.N.Chomsky,Reﬂections on Language(Pantheon,New York,1975).7.J.Katz,Semantic Theory(Harper&Row,New York,1972).8.D.Sperber,D.Wilson,Relevance(Harvard Univ.Press,Cambridge,MA,1986).9.K.I.Forster,in Sentence Processing,W.E.Cooper,C.T.Walker,Eds.(Erlbaum,Hillsdale,NJ,1989),pp.27–85.10.H.H.Clark,Using Language(Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,1996).11.Often word meanings can only be fully determined byinvokingworld knowledg e.For instance,the meaningof “ﬂat”in a“ﬂat road”implies the absence of holes.However,in the expression“aﬂat tire,”it indicates the presence of a hole.The meaningof“ﬁnish”in the phrase “Billﬁnished the book”implies that Bill completed readingthe book.However,the phrase“the g oatﬁn-ished the book”can only be interpreted as the goat eatingor destroyingthe book.The examples illustrate that word meaningis often underdetermined and nec-essarily intertwined with general world knowledge.In such cases,it is hard to see how the integration of lexical meaning and general world knowledge could be strictly separated(3,31).12.W.Marslen-Wilson,C.M.Brown,L.K.Tyler,Lang.Cognit.Process.3,1(1988).13.ERPs for30subjects were averaged time-locked to theonset of the critical words,with40items per condition.Sentences were presented word by word on the centerof a computer screen,with a stimulus onset asynchronyof600ms.While subjects were readingthe sentences,their EEG was recorded and ampliﬁed with a high-cut-off frequency of70Hz,a time constant of8s,and asamplingfrequency of200Hz.14.Materials and methods are available as supportingmaterial on Science Online.15.M.Kutas,S.A.Hillyard,Science207,203(1980).16.C.Brown,P.Hagoort,J.Cognit.Neurosci.5,34(1993).17.C.M.Brown,P.Hagoort,in Architectures and Mech-anisms for Language Processing,M.W.Crocker,M.Pickering,C.Clifton Jr.,Eds.(Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,1999),pp.213–237.18.F.Varela et al.,Nature Rev.Neurosci.2,229(2001).19.We obtained TFRs of the single-trial EEG data by con-volvingcomplex Morlet wavelets with the EEG data andcomputingthe squared norm for the result of theconvolution.We used wavelets with a7-cycle width,with frequencies ranging from1to70Hz,in1-Hz steps.Power values thus obtained were expressed as a per-centage change relative to the power in a baselineinterval,which was taken from150to0ms before theonset of the critical word.This was done in order tonormalize for individual differences in EEG power anddifferences in baseline power between different fre-quency bands.Two relevant time-frequency compo-nents were identiﬁed:(i)a theta component,rangingfrom4to7Hz and from300to800ms after wordonset,and(ii)a gamma component,ranging from35to45Hz and from400to600ms after word onset.20.C.Tallon-Baudry,O.Bertrand,Trends Cognit.Sci.3,151(1999).tner et al.,Nature397,434(1999).22.M.Bastiaansen,P.Hagoort,Cortex39(2003).23.O.Jensen,C.D.Tesche,Eur.J.Neurosci.15,1395(2002).24.Whole brain T2*-weighted echo planar imaging bloodoxygen level–dependent(EPI-BOLD)fMRI data wereacquired with a Siemens Sonata1.5-T magnetic reso-nance scanner with interleaved slice ordering,a volumerepetition time of2.48s,an echo time of40ms,a90°ﬂip angle,31horizontal slices,a64ϫ64slice matrix,and isotropic voxel size of3.5ϫ3.5ϫ3.5mm.For thestructural magnetic resonance image,we used a high-resolution(isotropic voxels of1mm3)T1-weightedmagnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo pulse se-quence.The fMRI data were preprocessed and analyzedby statistical parametric mappingwith SPM99software(http://www.ﬁ/spm99).25.S.E.Petersen et al.,Nature331,585(1988).26.B.T.Gold,R.L.Buckner,Neuron35,803(2002).27.E.Halgren et al.,J.Psychophysiol.88,1(1994).28.E.Halgren et al.,Neuroimage17,1101(2002).29.M.K.Tanenhaus et al.,Science268,1632(1995).30.J.J.A.van Berkum et al.,J.Cognit.Neurosci.11,657(1999).31.P.A.M.Seuren,Discourse Semantics(Basil Blackwell,Oxford,1985).32.We thank P.Indefrey,P.Fries,P.A.M.Seuren,and M.van Turennout for helpful discussions.Supported bythe Netherlands Organization for Scientiﬁc Research,grant no.400-56-384(P.H.).Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/1095455/DC1Materials and MethodsFig.S1References and Notes8January2004;accepted9March2004Published online18March2004;10.1126/science.1095455Include this information when citingthis paper.Complete Genome Sequence ofthe Apicomplexan,Cryptosporidium parvumMitchell S.Abrahamsen,1,2*†Thomas J.Templeton,3†Shinichiro Enomoto,1Juan E.Abrahante,1Guan Zhu,4 Cheryl ncto,1Mingqi Deng,1Chang Liu,1‡Giovanni Widmer,5Saul Tzipori,5GregoryA.Buck,6Ping Xu,6 Alan T.Bankier,7Paul H.Dear,7Bernard A.Konfortov,7 Helen F.Spriggs,7Lakshminarayan Iyer,8Vivek Anantharaman,8L.Aravind,8Vivek Kapur2,9The apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum is an intestinal parasite that affects healthy humans and animals,and causes an unrelenting infection in immuno-compromised individuals such as AIDS patients.We report the complete ge-nome sequence of C.parvum,type II isolate.Genome analysis identiﬁes ex-tremely streamlined metabolic pathways and a reliance on the host for nu-trients.In contrast to Plasmodium and Toxoplasma,the parasite lacks an api-coplast and its genome,and possesses a degenerate mitochondrion that has lost its genome.Several novel classes of cell-surface and secreted proteins with a potential role in host interactions and pathogenesis were also detected.Elu-cidation of the core metabolism,including enzymes with high similarities to bacterial and plant counterparts,opens new avenues for drug development.Cryptosporidium parvum is a globally impor-tant intracellular pathogen of humans and animals.The duration of infection and patho-genesis of cryptosporidiosis depends on host immune status,ranging from a severe but self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals to a life-threatening,prolonged infection in immunocompromised patients.Asubstantial degree of morbidity and mortalityis associated with infections in AIDS pa-tients.Despite intensive efforts over the past20years,there is currently no effective ther-apy for treating or preventing C.parvuminfection in humans.Cryptosporidium belongs to the phylumApicomplexa,whose members share a com-mon apical secretory apparatus mediating lo-comotion and tissue or cellular invasion.Many apicomplexans are of medical or vet-erinary importance,including Plasmodium,Babesia,Toxoplasma,Neosprora,Sarcocys-tis,Cyclospora,and Eimeria.The life cycle ofC.parvum is similar to that of other cyst-forming apicomplexans(e.g.,Eimeria and Tox-oplasma),resulting in the formation of oocysts1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science,College of Veterinary Medicine,2Biomedical Genom-ics Center,University of Minnesota,St.Paul,MN55108,USA.3Department of Microbiology and Immu-nology,Weill Medical College and Program in Immu-nology,Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences ofCornell University,New York,NY10021,USA.4De-partment of Veterinary Pathobiology,College of Vet-erinary Medicine,Texas A&M University,College Sta-tion,TX77843,USA.5Division of Infectious Diseases,Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine,NorthGrafton,MA01536,USA.6Center for the Study ofBiological Complexity and Department of Microbiol-ogy and Immunology,Virginia Commonwealth Uni-versity,Richmond,VA23198,USA.7MRC Laboratoryof Molecular Biology,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22QH,UK.8National Center for Biotechnology Infor-mation,National Library of Medicine,National Insti-tutes of Health,Bethesda,MD20894,USA.9Depart-ment of Microbiology,University of Minnesota,Min-neapolis,MN55455,USA.*To whom correspondence should be addressed.E-mail:abe@†These authors contributed equally to this work.‡Present address:Bioinformatics Division,Genetic Re-search,GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals,5MooreDrive,Research Triangle Park,NC27009,USA.R E P O R T S SCIENCE VOL30416APRIL2004441o n O c t o b e r 7 , 2 0 0 9 w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mthat are shed in the feces of infected hosts.C.parvum oocysts are highly resistant to environ-mental stresses,including chlorine treatment of community water supplies;hence,the parasite is an important water-and food-borne pathogen (1).The obligate intracellular nature of the par-asite ’s life cycle and the inability to culture the parasite continuously in vitro greatly impair researchers ’ability to obtain purified samples of the different developmental stages.The par-asite cannot be genetically manipulated,and transformation methodologies are currently un-available.To begin to address these limitations,we have obtained the complete C.parvum ge-nome sequence and its predicted protein com-plement.(This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the project accession AAEE00000000.The version described in this paper is the first version,AAEE01000000.)The random shotgun approach was used to obtain the complete DNA sequence (2)of the Iowa “type II ”isolate of C.parvum .This isolate readily transmits disease among numerous mammals,including humans.The resulting ge-nome sequence has roughly 13ϫgenome cov-erage containing five gaps and 9.1Mb of totalDNA sequence within eight chromosomes.The C.parvum genome is thus quite compact rela-tive to the 23-Mb,14-chromosome genome of Plasmodium falciparum (3);this size difference is predominantly the result of shorter intergenic regions,fewer introns,and a smaller number of genes (Table 1).Comparison of the assembled sequence of chromosome VI to that of the recently published sequence of chromosome VI (4)revealed that our assembly contains an ad-ditional 160kb of sequence and a single gap versus two,with the common sequences dis-playing a 99.993%sequence identity (2).The relative paucity of introns greatly simplified gene predictions and facilitated an-notation (2)of predicted open reading frames (ORFs).These analyses provided an estimate of 3807protein-encoding genes for the C.parvum genome,far fewer than the estimated 5300genes predicted for the Plasmodium genome (3).This difference is primarily due to the absence of an apicoplast and mitochondrial genome,as well as the pres-ence of fewer genes encoding metabolic functions and variant surface proteins,such as the P.falciparum var and rifin molecules (Table 2).An analysis of the encoded pro-tein sequences with the program SEG (5)shows that these protein-encoding genes are not enriched in low-complexity se-quences (34%)to the extent observed in the proteins from Plasmodium (70%).Our sequence analysis indicates that Cryptosporidium ,unlike Plasmodium and Toxoplasma ,lacks both mitochondrion and apicoplast genomes.The overall complete-ness of the genome sequence,together with the fact that similar DNA extraction proce-dures used to isolate total genomic DNA from C.parvum efficiently yielded mito-chondrion and apicoplast genomes from Ei-meria sp.and Toxoplasma (6,7),indicates that the absence of organellar genomes was unlikely to have been the result of method-ological error.These conclusions are con-sistent with the absence of nuclear genes for the DNA replication and translation machinery characteristic of mitochondria and apicoplasts,and with the lack of mito-chondrial or apicoplast targeting signals for tRNA synthetases.A number of putative mitochondrial pro-teins were identified,including components of a mitochondrial protein import apparatus,chaperones,uncoupling proteins,and solute translocators (table S1).However,the ge-nome does not encode any Krebs cycle en-zymes,nor the components constituting the mitochondrial complexes I to IV;this finding indicates that the parasite does not rely on complete oxidation and respiratory chains for synthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Similar to Plasmodium ,no orthologs for the ␥,␦,or εsubunits or the c subunit of the F 0proton channel were detected (whereas all subunits were found for a V-type ATPase).Cryptosporidium ,like Eimeria (8)and Plas-modium ,possesses a pyridine nucleotide tran-shydrogenase integral membrane protein that may couple reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)and reduced nico-tinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)redox to proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Unlike Plasmodium ,the parasite has two copies of the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase gene.Also present is a likely mitochondrial membrane –associated,cyanide-resistant alter-native oxidase (AOX )that catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen by ubiquinol to produce H 2O,but not superoxide or H 2O 2.Several genes were identified as involved in biogenesis of iron-sulfur [Fe-S]complexes with potential mitochondrial targeting signals (e.g.,nifS,nifU,frataxin,and ferredoxin),supporting the presence of a limited electron flux in the mitochondrial remnant (table S2).Our sequence analysis confirms the absence of a plastid genome (7)and,additionally,the loss of plastid-associated metabolic pathways including the type II fatty acid synthases (FASs)and isoprenoid synthetic enzymes thatTable 1.General features of the C.parvum genome and comparison with other single-celled eukaryotes.Values are derived from respective genome project summaries (3,26–28).ND,not determined.FeatureC.parvum P.falciparum S.pombe S.cerevisiae E.cuniculiSize (Mbp)9.122.912.512.5 2.5(G ϩC)content (%)3019.43638.347No.of genes 38075268492957701997Mean gene length (bp)excluding introns 1795228314261424ND Gene density (bp per gene)23824338252820881256Percent coding75.352.657.570.590Genes with introns (%)553.9435ND Intergenic regions (G ϩC)content %23.913.632.435.145Mean length (bp)5661694952515129RNAsNo.of tRNA genes 454317429944No.of 5S rRNA genes 6330100–2003No.of 5.8S ,18S ,and 28S rRNA units 57200–400100–20022Table parison between predicted C.parvum and P.falciparum proteins.FeatureC.parvum P.falciparum *Common †Total predicted proteins380752681883Mitochondrial targeted/encoded 17(0.45%)246(4.7%)15Apicoplast targeted/encoded 0581(11.0%)0var/rif/stevor ‡0236(4.5%)0Annotated as protease §50(1.3%)31(0.59%)27Annotated as transporter ࿣69(1.8%)34(0.65%)34Assigned EC function ¶167(4.4%)389(7.4%)113Hypothetical proteins925(24.3%)3208(60.9%)126*Values indicated for P.falciparum are as reported (3)with the exception of those for proteins annotated as protease or transporter.†TBLASTN hits (e Ͻ–5)between C.parvum and P.falciparum .‡As reported in (3).§Pre-dicted proteins annotated as “protease or peptidase”for C.parvum (CryptoGenome database,)and P.falciparum (PlasmoDB database,).࿣Predicted proteins annotated as “trans-porter,permease of P-type ATPase”for C.parvum (CryptoGenome)and P.falciparum (PlasmoDB).¶Bidirectional BLAST hit (e Ͻ–15)to orthologs with assigned Enzyme Commission (EC)numbers.Does not include EC assignment numbers for protein kinases or protein phosphatases (due to inconsistent annotation across genomes),or DNA polymerases or RNA polymerases,as a result of issues related to subunit inclusion.(For consistency,46proteins were excluded from the reported P.falciparum values.)R E P O R T S16APRIL 2004VOL 304SCIENCE 442 o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mare otherwise localized to the plastid in other apicomplexans.C.parvum fatty acid biosynthe-sis appears to be cytoplasmic,conducted by a large(8252amino acids)modular type I FAS (9)and possibly by another large enzyme that is related to the multidomain bacterial polyketide synthase(10).Comprehensive screening of the C.parvum genome sequence also did not detect orthologs of Plasmodium nuclear-encoded genes that contain apicoplast-targeting and transit sequences(11).C.parvum metabolism is greatly stream-lined relative to that of Plasmodium,and in certain ways it is reminiscent of that of another obligate eukaryotic parasite,the microsporidian Encephalitozoon.The degeneration of the mi-tochondrion and associated metabolic capabili-ties suggests that the parasite largely relies on glycolysis for energy production.The parasite is capable of uptake and catabolism of mono-sugars(e.g.,glucose and fructose)as well as synthesis,storage,and catabolism of polysac-charides such as trehalose and amylopectin. Like many anaerobic organisms,it economizes ATP through the use of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinases.The conver-sion of pyruvate to acetyl–coenzyme A(CoA) is catalyzed by an atypical pyruvate-NADPH oxidoreductase(Cp PNO)that contains an N-terminal pyruvate–ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO)domain fused with a C-terminal NADPH–cytochrome P450reductase domain (CPR).Such a PFO-CPR fusion has previously been observed only in the euglenozoan protist Euglena gracilis(12).Acetyl-CoA can be con-verted to malonyl-CoA,an important precursor for fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis.Gly-colysis leads to several possible organic end products,including lactate,acetate,and ethanol. The production of acetate from acetyl-CoA may be economically beneficial to the parasite via coupling with ATP production.Ethanol is potentially produced via two in-dependent pathways:(i)from the combination of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehy-drogenase,or(ii)from acetyl-CoA by means of a bifunctional dehydrogenase(adhE)with ac-etaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase activi-ties;adhE first converts acetyl-CoA to acetal-dehyde and then reduces the latter to ethanol. AdhE predominantly occurs in bacteria but has recently been identified in several protozoans, including vertebrate gut parasites such as Enta-moeba and Giardia(13,14).Adjacent to the adhE gene resides a second gene encoding only the AdhE C-terminal Fe-dependent alcohol de-hydrogenase domain.This gene product may form a multisubunit complex with AdhE,or it may function as an alternative alcohol dehydro-genase that is specific to certain growth condi-tions.C.parvum has a glycerol3-phosphate dehydrogenase similar to those of plants,fungi, and the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma,but(unlike trypanosomes)the parasite lacks an ortholog of glycerol kinase and thus this pathway does not yield glycerol production.In addition to themodular fatty acid synthase(Cp FAS1)andpolyketide synthase homolog(Cp PKS1), C.parvum possesses several fatty acyl–CoA syn-thases and a fatty acyl elongase that may partici-pate in fatty acid metabolism.Further,enzymesfor the metabolism of complex lipids(e.g.,glyc-erolipid and inositol phosphate)were identified inthe genome.Fatty acids are apparently not anenergy source,because enzymes of the fatty acidoxidative pathway are absent,with the exceptionof a3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.C.parvum purine metabolism is greatlysimplified,retaining only an adenosine ki-nase and enzymes catalyzing conversionsof adenosine5Ј-monophosphate(AMP)toinosine,xanthosine,and guanosine5Ј-monophosphates(IMP,XMP,and GMP).Among these enzymes,IMP dehydrogenase(IMPDH)is phylogenetically related toε-proteobacterial IMPDH and is strikinglydifferent from its counterparts in both thehost and other apicomplexans(15).In con-trast to other apicomplexans such as Toxo-plasma gondii and P.falciparum,no geneencoding hypoxanthine-xanthineguaninephosphoribosyltransferase(HXGPRT)is de-tected,in contrast to a previous report on theactivity of this enzyme in C.parvum sporo-zoites(16).The absence of HXGPRT sug-gests that the parasite may rely solely on asingle enzyme system including IMPDH toproduce GMP from AMP.In contrast to otherapicomplexans,the parasite appears to relyon adenosine for purine salvage,a modelsupported by the identification of an adeno-sine transporter.Unlike other apicomplexansand many parasitic protists that can synthe-size pyrimidines de novo,C.parvum relies onpyrimidine salvage and retains the ability forinterconversions among uridine and cytidine5Ј-monophosphates(UMP and CMP),theirdeoxy forms(dUMP and dCMP),and dAMP,as well as their corresponding di-and triphos-phonucleotides.The parasite has also largelyshed the ability to synthesize amino acids denovo,although it retains the ability to convertselect amino acids,and instead appears torely on amino acid uptake from the host bymeans of a set of at least11amino acidtransporters(table S2).Most of the Cryptosporidium core pro-cesses involved in DNA replication,repair,transcription,and translation conform to thebasic eukaryotic blueprint(2).The transcrip-tional apparatus resembles Plasmodium interms of basal transcription machinery.How-ever,a striking numerical difference is seenin the complements of two RNA bindingdomains,Sm and RRM,between P.falcipa-rum(17and71domains,respectively)and C.parvum(9and51domains).This reductionresults in part from the loss of conservedproteins belonging to the spliceosomal ma-chinery,including all genes encoding Smdomain proteins belonging to the U6spliceo-somal particle,which suggests that this par-ticle activity is degenerate or entirely lost.This reduction in spliceosomal machinery isconsistent with the reduced number of pre-dicted introns in Cryptosporidium(5%)rela-tive to Plasmodium(Ͼ50%).In addition,keycomponents of the small RNA–mediatedposttranscriptional gene silencing system aremissing,such as the RNA-dependent RNApolymerase,Argonaute,and Dicer orthologs;hence,RNA interference–related technolo-gies are unlikely to be of much value intargeted disruption of genes in C.parvum.Cryptosporidium invasion of columnarbrush border epithelial cells has been de-scribed as“intracellular,but extracytoplas-mic,”as the parasite resides on the surface ofthe intestinal epithelium but lies underneaththe host cell membrane.This niche may al-low the parasite to evade immune surveil-lance but take advantage of solute transportacross the host microvillus membrane or theextensively convoluted parasitophorous vac-uole.Indeed,Cryptosporidium has numerousgenes(table S2)encoding families of putativesugar transporters(up to9genes)and aminoacid transporters(11genes).This is in starkcontrast to Plasmodium,which has fewersugar transporters and only one putative ami-no acid transporter(GenBank identificationnumber23612372).As a first step toward identification ofmulti–drug-resistant pumps,the genome se-quence was analyzed for all occurrences ofgenes encoding multitransmembrane proteins.Notable are a set of four paralogous proteinsthat belong to the sbmA family(table S2)thatare involved in the transport of peptide antibi-otics in bacteria.A putative ortholog of thePlasmodium chloroquine resistance–linkedgene Pf CRT(17)was also identified,althoughthe parasite does not possess a food vacuole likethe one seen in Plasmodium.Unlike Plasmodium,C.parvum does notpossess extensive subtelomeric clusters of anti-genically variant proteins(exemplified by thelarge families of var and rif/stevor genes)thatare involved in immune evasion.In contrast,more than20genes were identified that encodemucin-like proteins(18,19)having hallmarksof extensive Thr or Ser stretches suggestive ofglycosylation and signal peptide sequences sug-gesting secretion(table S2).One notable exam-ple is an11,700–amino acid protein with anuninterrupted stretch of308Thr residues(cgd3_720).Although large families of secretedproteins analogous to the Plasmodium multi-gene families were not found,several smallermultigene clusters were observed that encodepredicted secreted proteins,with no detectablesimilarity to proteins from other organisms(Fig.1,A and B).Within this group,at leastfour distinct families appear to have emergedthrough gene expansions specific to the Cryp-R E P O R T S SCIENCE VOL30416APRIL2004443o n O c t o b e r 7 , 2 0 0 9 w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mtosporidium clade.These families —SKSR,MEDLE,WYLE,FGLN,and GGC —were named after well-conserved sequence motifs (table S2).Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)expression analysis (20)of one cluster,a locus of seven adjacent CpLSP genes (Fig.1B),shows coexpression during the course of in vitro development (Fig.1C).An additional eight genes were identified that encode proteins having a periodic cysteine structure similar to the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein;these eight genes are similarly expressed during the onset of oocyst formation and likely participate in the formation of the coccidian rigid oocyst wall in both Cryptospo-ridium and Toxoplasma (21).Whereas the extracellular proteins described above are of apparent apicomplexan or lineage-specific in-vention,Cryptosporidium possesses many genesencodingsecretedproteinshavinglineage-specific multidomain architectures composed of animal-and bacterial-like extracellular adhe-sive domains (fig.S1).Lineage-specific expansions were ob-served for several proteases (table S2),in-cluding an aspartyl protease (six genes),a subtilisin-like protease,a cryptopain-like cys-teine protease (five genes),and a Plas-modium falcilysin-like (insulin degrading enzyme –like)protease (19genes).Nine of the Cryptosporidium falcilysin genes lack the Zn-chelating “HXXEH ”active site motif and are likely to be catalytically inactive copies that may have been reused for specific protein-protein interactions on the cell sur-face.In contrast to the Plasmodium falcilysin,the Cryptosporidium genes possess signal peptide sequences and are likely trafficked to a secretory pathway.The expansion of this family suggests either that the proteins have distinct cleavage specificities or that their diversity may be related to evasion of a host immune response.Completion of the C.parvum genome se-quence has highlighted the lack of conven-tional drug targets currently pursued for the control and treatment of other parasitic protists.On the basis of molecular and bio-chemical studies and drug screening of other apicomplexans,several putative Cryptospo-ridium metabolic pathways or enzymes have been erroneously proposed to be potential drug targets (22),including the apicoplast and its associated metabolic pathways,the shikimate pathway,the mannitol cycle,the electron transport chain,and HXGPRT.Nonetheless,complete genome sequence analysis identifies a number of classic and novel molecular candidates for drug explora-tion,including numerous plant-like and bacterial-like enzymes (tables S3and S4).Although the C.parvum genome lacks HXGPRT,a potent drug target in other api-complexans,it has only the single pathway dependent on IMPDH to convert AMP to GMP.The bacterial-type IMPDH may be a promising target because it differs substan-tially from that of eukaryotic enzymes (15).Because of the lack of de novo biosynthetic capacity for purines,pyrimidines,and amino acids,C.parvum relies solely on scavenge from the host via a series of transporters,which may be exploited for chemotherapy.C.parvum possesses a bacterial-type thymidine kinase,and the role of this enzyme in pyrim-idine metabolism and its drug target candida-cy should be pursued.The presence of an alternative oxidase,likely targeted to the remnant mitochondrion,gives promise to the study of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM),as-cofuranone,and their analogs as inhibitors of energy metabolism in the parasite (23).Cryptosporidium possesses at least 15“plant-like ”enzymes that are either absent in or highly divergent from those typically found in mammals (table S3).Within the glycolytic pathway,the plant-like PPi-PFK has been shown to be a potential target in other parasites including T.gondii ,and PEPCL and PGI ap-pear to be plant-type enzymes in C.parvum .Another example is a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase catalyzing trehalose bio-synthesis from glucose-6-phosphate and uridine diphosphate –glucose.Trehalose may serve as a sugar storage source or may function as an antidesiccant,antioxidant,or protein stability agent in oocysts,playing a role similar to that of mannitol in Eimeria oocysts (24).Orthologs of putative Eimeria mannitol synthesis enzymes were not found.However,two oxidoreductases (table S2)were identified in C.parvum ,one of which belongs to the same families as the plant mannose dehydrogenases (25)and the other to the plant cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases.In principle,these enzymes could synthesize protective polyol compounds,and the former enzyme could use host-derived mannose to syn-thesize mannitol.References and Notes1.D.G.Korich et al .,Appl.Environ.Microbiol.56,1423(1990).2.See supportingdata on Science Online.3.M.J.Gardner et al .,Nature 419,498(2002).4.A.T.Bankier et al .,Genome Res.13,1787(2003).5.J.C.Wootton,Comput.Chem.18,269(1994).Fig.1.(A )Schematic showing the chromosomal locations of clusters of potentially secreted proteins.Numbers of adjacent genes are indicated in paren-theses.Arrows indicate direc-tion of clusters containinguni-directional genes (encoded on the same strand);squares indi-cate clusters containingg enes encoded on both strands.Non-paralogous genes are indicated by solid gray squares or direc-tional triangles;SKSR (green triangles),FGLN (red trian-gles),and MEDLE (blue trian-gles)indicate three C.parvum –speciﬁc families of paralogous genes predominantly located at telomeres.Insl (yellow tri-angles)indicates an insulinase/falcilysin-like paralogous gene family.Cp LSP (white square)indicates the location of a clus-ter of adjacent large secreted proteins (table S2)that are cotranscriptionally regulated.Identiﬁed anchored telomeric repeat sequences are indicated by circles.(B )Schematic show-inga select locus containinga cluster of coexpressed large secreted proteins (Cp LSP).Genes and intergenic regions (regions between identiﬁed genes)are drawn to scale at the nucleotide level.The length of the intergenic re-gions is indicated above or be-low the locus.(C )Relative ex-pression levels of CpLSP (red lines)and,as a control,C.parvum Hedgehog-type HINT domain gene (blue line)duringin vitro development,as determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR usingg ene-speciﬁc primers correspondingto the seven adjacent g enes within the CpLSP locus as shown in (B).Expression levels from three independent time-course experiments are represented as the ratio of the expression of each gene to that of C.parvum 18S rRNA present in each of the infected samples (20).R E P O R T S16APRIL 2004VOL 304SCIENCE 444 o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m。

2013年各种期刊的JCR分区表

Subcategory ISSN Abbreviated Journal Title中科院分区2013年10月发TotalCitesACOUSTICS0960-7692ULTRASOUND OBST GYN2区 8490 ACOUSTICS1350-4177ULTRASON SONOCHEM2区 5008 ACOUSTICS0301-5629ULTRASOUND MED BIOL2区 7839 ACOUSTICS0041-624XULTRASONICS2区 3651 ACOUSTICS1077-5463J VIB CONTROL2区 1649 ACOUSTICS0885-3010IEEE T ULTRASON FERR3区 7469 ACOUSTICS1558-7916IEEE T AUDIO SPEECH3区 2251 ACOUSTICS0001-4966J ACOUST SOC AM3区 35754 ACOUSTICS0022-460XJ SOUND VIB3区 19012 ACOUSTICS0161-7346ULTRASONIC IMAGING3区 890 ACOUSTICS0165-2125WAVE MOTION3区 1367 ACOUSTICS0278-4297J ULTRAS MED3区 3907 ACOUSTICS0167-6393SPEECH COMMUN3区 1982 ACOUSTICS1048-9002J VIB ACOUST3区 1825 ACOUSTICS0003-682XAPPL ACOUST4区 1975 ACOUSTICS1549-4950J AUDIO ENG SOC4区 832 ACOUSTICS0137-5075ARCH ACOUST4区 242 ACOUSTICS1610-1928ACTA ACUST UNITED AC4区 1808 ACOUSTICS0091-2751J CLIN ULTRASOUND4区 1642 ACOUSTICS0031-8388PHONETICA4区 570 ACOUSTICS0218-396XJ COMPUT ACOUST4区 328 ACOUSTICS1687-4722EURASIP J AUDIO SPEE4区 59 ACOUSTICS1475-472XINT J AEROACOUST4区 190 ACOUSTICS1070-9622SHOCK VIB4区 320 ACOUSTICS1063-7710ACOUST PHYS+4区 600 ACOUSTICS1027-5851INT J ACOUST VIB4区 57 ACOUSTICS0736-2501NOISE CONTROL ENG J4区 273 ACOUSTICS0814-6039ACOUST AUST4区 49 ACOUSTICS0263-0923J LOW FREQ NOISE V A4区 79 ACOUSTICS1541-0161SOUND VIB4区 195 AGRICULTURAL ECON0306-9192FOOD POLICY2区 1736 AGRICULTURAL ECON0165-1587EUR REV AGRIC ECON2区 744 AGRICULTURAL ECON2040-5790APPL ECON PERSPECT P3区 101 AGRICULTURAL ECON0021-857XJ AGR ECON3区 829 AGRICULTURAL ECON1364-985XAUST J AGR RESOUR EC3区 473 AGRICULTURAL ECON0169-5150AGR ECON-BLACKWELL3区 1284 AGRICULTURAL ECON0002-9092AM J AGR ECON4区 4462 AGRICULTURAL ECON0008-3976CAN J AGR ECON4区 378 AGRICULTURAL ECON1068-5502J AGR RESOUR ECON4区 534 AGRICULTURAL ECON1756-137XCHINA AGR ECON REV4区 43 AGRICULTURAL ECON1559-2448INT FOOD AGRIBUS MAN4区 199 AGRICULTURAL ECON1699-6887ITEA-INF TEC ECON AG4区 54 AGRICULTURAL ECON0303-1853AGREKON4区 104 AGRICULTURAL ECON1808-2882CUST AGRONEGOCIO4区 3 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN0960-8524BIORESOURCE TECHNOL2区 44257 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN0961-9534BIOMASS BIOENERG2区 10805 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN0926-6690IND CROP PROD3区 4151 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN0144-8609AQUACULT ENG3区 1214 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN1537-5110BIOSYST ENG3区 2799 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN0733-9437J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE4区 2413 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN1611-2490PADDY WATER ENVIRON4区 2462151-0032T ASABE4区 6871 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN0100-6916ENG AGR-JABOTICABAL4区 568 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN1415-4366REV BRAS ENG AGR AMB4区 1022 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN0883-8542APPL ENG AGRIC4区 1234 AGRICULTURAL ENGIN0084-5841AMA-AGR MECH ASIA AF4区 90 AGRICULTURAL ENGINAGRICULTURE, DAIRY0999-193XGENET SEL EVOL1区 1539 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0268-9146ANIM GENET1区 3284 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0022-0302J DAIRY SCI2区 29407 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0739-7240DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN2区 1927 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0021-8812J ANIM SCI2区 23776 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0378-4320ANIM REPROD SCI2区 5803 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0916-8818J REPROD DEVELOP2区 1622 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0931-2668J ANIM BREED GENET2区 1150 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1751-7311ANIMAL2区 1894 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0377-8401ANIM FEED SCI TECH2区 6366 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0032-5791POULTRY SCI3区 13639 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0168-1591APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI3区 5989 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0936-6768REPROD DOMEST ANIM3区 2880 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0022-0299J DAIRY RES3区 2641 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0931-2439J ANIM PHYSIOL AN N3区 1202 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1871-1413LIVEST SCI3区 2542 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0043-9339WORLD POULTRY SCI J3区 1320 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0007-1668BRIT POULTRY SCI3区 3285 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0921-4488SMALL RUMINANT RES3区 4134 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1745-039XARCH ANIM NUTR3区 629 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0049-4747TROP ANIM HEALTH PRO3区 1749 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1344-3941ANIM SCI J3区 737 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0008-3984CAN J ANIM SCI3区 1829 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1212-1819CZECH J ANIM SCI3区 613 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0860-4037ANIM SCI PAP REP3区 306 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1049-5398ANIM BIOTECHNOL3区 330 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1056-6171J APPL POULTRY RES4区 1465 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1594-4077ITAL J ANIM SCI4区 676 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1230-1388J ANIM FEED SCI4区 560 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0990-0632PROD ANIM4区 263 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1346-7395J POULT SCI4区 308 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1758-1559AVIAN BIOL RES4区 43 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1011-2367ASIAN AUSTRAL J ANIM4区 1609 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1257-5011WORLD RABBIT SCI4区 269 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0906-4702ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN4区 427 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0990-0632INRA PROD ANIM4区 126 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0375-1589S AFR J ANIM SCI4区 544 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0003-9438ARCH TIERZUCHT4区 456 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1642-3402ANN ANIM SCI4区 135 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0004-9433AUST J DAIRY TECHNOL4区 360 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0044-5401ZUCHTUNGSKUNDE4区 167 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0003-9098ARCH GEFLUGELKD4区 323 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0429-2766FOURRAGES4区 251 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0972-2963ANIM NUTR FEED TECHN4区 78 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1516-635XBRAZ J POULTRY SCI4区 280 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY2007-1124REV MEX CIENC PECU4区 25 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0026-704XMLJEKARSTVO4区 90 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0120-0690REV COLOMB CIENC PEC4区 69 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0122-0268REV MVZ CORDOBA4区 56AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0367-8318INDIAN J ANIM SCI4区 733 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0971-2119J APPL ANIM RES4区 221 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY1124-4593LARGE ANIM REV4区 31 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0125-6726BUFFALO BULL4区 43 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY0367-6722INDIAN J ANIM RES4区 33 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0021-8561J AGR FOOD CHEM1区 76046 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0021-8596J AGR SCI1区 3886 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0167-8809AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON2区 10733 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0308-521XAGR SYST2区 2915 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0003-4746ANN APPL BIOL2区 3678 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0168-1699COMPUT ELECTRON AGR2区 2535 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0022-5142J SCI FOOD AGR2区 12723 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1670-567XICELAND AGR SCI2区 65 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1385-2256PRECIS AGRIC2区 703 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1473-5903INT J AGR SUSTAIN2区 275 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1537-5110BIOSYST ENG2区 2799 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0889-048XAGR HUM VALUES3区 790 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1187-7863J AGR ENVIRON ETHIC3区 494 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1573-5214NJAS-WAGEN J LIFE SC3区 528 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0552-9034PAK J AGR SCI3区 325 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1836-0939ANIM PROD SCI3区 541 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1836-0947CROP PASTURE SCI3区 537 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1742-1705RENEW AGR FOOD SYST3区 356 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0028-8233NEW ZEAL J AGR RES3区 1235 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0008-0845CALIF AGR3区 592 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1560-8530INT J AGRIC BIOL3区 1292 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0103-9016SCI AGR3区 1258 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1459-6067AGR FOOD SCI3区 363 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1044-0046J SUSTAIN AGR3区 462 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0045-6888REV CIENC AGRON3区 418 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1680-7073J AGR SCI TECH-IRAN3区 282 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0100-204XPESQUI AGROPECU BRAS3区 3338 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1695-971XSPAN J AGRIC RES3区 555 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1018-7081J ANIM PLANT SCI4区 240 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1861-3829J PLANT DIS PROTECT4区 305 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1166-7699CAH AGRIC4区 300 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1392-3196ZEMDIRBYSTE4区 138 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0718-5839CHIL J AGR RES4区 171 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0030-7270OUTLOOK AGR4区 289 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1671-2927AGR SCI CHINA4区 754 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1744-6961GRASSL SCI4区 215 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0021-3551JARQ-JPN AGR RES Q4区 421 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1413-7054CIENC AGROTEC4区 1168 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0005-9080BER LANDWIRTSCH4区 55 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0458-6859LANDBAUFORSCHUNG-GER4区 21 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0791-6833IRISH J AGR FOOD RES4区 190 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0031-7454PHILIPP AGRIC SCI4区 145 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1405-3195AGROCIENCIA-MEXICO4区 333 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0718-1620CIENC INVESTIG AGRAR4区 155 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1676-546XSEMIN-CIENC AGRAR4区 327 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1516-3725BIOSCI J4区 248 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0023-6152J FAC AGR KYUSHU U4区 205 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1594-5685NEW MEDIT4区 37 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0019-5022INDIAN J AGR SCI4区 776AGRICULTURE, MULTI0370-4661REV FAC CIENC AGRAR4区 36 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1663-7852AGRARFORSCH SCHWEIZ+4区 34 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1310-0351BULG J AGRIC SCI4区 115 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0122-1450CUAD DESARRO RURAL4区 11 AGRICULTURE, MULTI0002-1482AGR HIST4区 193 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1612-9830J AGR RURAL DEV TROP4区 45 AGRICULTURE, MULTI1300-7580TARIM BILIM DERG4区 54 AGRICULTURE, MULTI2095-3119J INTEGR AGR4区 88 AGRONOMY0065-2113ADV AGRON1区 2753 AGRONOMY1757-1693GCB BIOENERGY1区 585 AGRONOMY0040-5752THEOR APPL GENET1区 20361 AGRONOMY1774-0746AGRON SUSTAIN DEV2区 992 AGRONOMY0168-1923AGR FOREST METEOROL2区 10024 AGRONOMY1380-3743MOL BREEDING2区 3453 AGRONOMY1161-0301EUR J AGRON2区 3312 AGRONOMY0032-0862PLANT PATHOL2区 4386 AGRONOMY0032-079XPLANT SOIL2区 19896 AGRONOMY1526-498XPEST MANAG SCI2区 4883 AGRONOMY0378-4290FIELD CROP RES2区 6943 AGRONOMY0926-6690IND CROP PROD2区 4151 AGRONOMY0925-5214POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC2区 6155 AGRONOMY1939-8425RICE2区 224 AGRONOMY0342-7188IRRIGATION SCI2区 1297 AGRONOMY0378-3774AGR WATER MANAGE3区 5581 AGRONOMY0931-2250J AGRON CROP SCI3区 1411 AGRONOMY0043-1737WEED RES3区 2410 AGRONOMY0043-1745WEED SCI3区 4523 AGRONOMY0014-2336EUPHYTICA3区 7762 AGRONOMY0929-1873EUR J PLANT PATHOL3区 3736 AGRONOMY0925-9864GENET RESOUR CROP EV3区 2277 AGRONOMY0142-5242GRASS FORAGE SCI3区 1331 AGRONOMY0002-1962AGRON J3区 9966 AGRONOMY0011-183XCROP SCI3区 14370 AGRONOMY1436-8730J PLANT NUTR SOIL SC3区 2267 AGRONOMY0167-4366AGROFOREST SYST3区 2319 AGRONOMY0261-2194CROP PROT3区 4245 AGRONOMY0179-9541PLANT BREEDING3区 2696 AGRONOMY1735-6814INT J PLANT PROD3区 178 AGRONOMY0890-037XWEED TECHNOL3区 2762 AGRONOMY1214-1178PLANT SOIL ENVIRON3区 789 AGRONOMY1099-209XAM J POTATO RES3区 719 AGRONOMY0014-4797EXP AGR3区 762 AGRONOMY1344-7610BREEDING SCI3区 947 AGRONOMY0236-8722INT AGROPHYS3区 533 AGRONOMY1611-2490PADDY WATER ENVIRON3区 246 AGRONOMY0038-0768SOIL SCI PLANT NUTR3区 1724 AGRONOMY1343-943XPLANT PROD SCI4区 563 AGRONOMY0031-9465PHYTOPATHOL MEDITERR4区 640 AGRONOMY1044-0046J SUSTAIN AGR4区 462 AGRONOMY1300-011XTURK J AGRIC FOR4区 637 AGRONOMY1444-6162WEED BIOL MANAG4区 297 AGRONOMY0008-4220CAN J PLANT SCI4区 2567 AGRONOMY0906-4710ACTA AGR SCAND B-S P4区 565 AGRONOMY0251-0952SEED SCI TECHNOL4区 1101AGRONOMY1531-0353IRRIG DRAIN4区 736 AGRONOMY0971-4693ALLELOPATHY J4区 398 AGRONOMY1166-7699CAH AGRIC4区 300 AGRONOMY0014-3065POTATO RES4区 677 AGRONOMY0718-5839CHIL J AGR RES4区 171 AGRONOMY0133-3720CEREAL RES COMMUN4区 646 AGRONOMY1301-1111TURK J FIELD CROPS4区 66 AGRONOMY1984-7033CROP BREED APPL BIOT4区 307 AGRONOMY1744-6961GRASSL SCI4区 215 AGRONOMY1936-5209J PLANT REGIST4区 238 AGRONOMY0114-0671NEW ZEAL J CROP HORT4区 493 AGRONOMY0010-3624COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN4区 3685 AGRONOMY1212-1975CZECH J GENET PLANT4区 123 AGRONOMY0103-8478CIENC RURAL4区 2136 AGRONOMY0144-8765BIOL AGRIC HORTIC4区 265 AGRONOMY1370-6233BIOTECHNOL AGRON SOC4区 243 AGRONOMY0534-0012GENETIKA-BELGRADE4区 119 AGRONOMY0025-6153MAYDICA4区 498 AGRONOMY1807-8621ACTA SCI-AGRON4区 365 AGRONOMY0100-316XREV CAATINGA4区 279 AGRONOMY1527-3741J AM POMOL SOC4区 179 AGRONOMY1516-3725BIOSCI J4区 248 AGRONOMY0187-7380REV FITOTEC MEX4区 171 AGRONOMY0020-8841INT SUGAR J4区 281 AGRONOMY0367-4223GESUNDE PFLANZ4区 109 AGRONOMY1222-4227ROM AGRIC RES4区 52 AGRONOMY0971-2070RANGE MANAG AGROFOR4区 37 AGRONOMY0115-463XPHILIPP J CROP SCI4区 55 AGRONOMY0972-1665J AGROMETEOROL4区 109 AGRONOMY0378-7818REV FAC AGRON LUZ4区 92 AGRONOMY0972-3226RES CROP4区 91 AGRONOMY0250-5371LEGUME RES4区 97 ALLERGY0091-6749J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN1区 36074 ALLERGY0105-4538ALLERGY2区 12173 ALLERGY1080-0549CLIN REV ALLERG IMMU2区 1685 ALLERGY0954-7894CLIN EXP ALLERGY2区 10054 ALLERGY1081-1206ANN ALLERG ASTHMA IM3区 5372 ALLERGY1528-4050CURR OPIN ALLERGY CL3区 2255 ALLERGY0905-6157PEDIAT ALLERG IMM-UK3区 3045 ALLERGY0105-1873CONTACT DERMATITIS3区 4899 ALLERGY1529-7322CURR ALLERGY ASTHM R3区 1204 ALLERGY2092-7355ALLERGY ASTHMA IMMUN3区 229 ALLERGY0889-8561IMMUNOL ALLERGY CLIN3区 1136 ALLERGY1018-2438INT ARCH ALLERGY IMM4区 4635 ALLERGY1088-5412ALLERGY ASTHMA PROC4区 1201 ALLERGY1018-9068J INVEST ALLERG CLIN4区 1375 ALLERGY0277-0903J ASTHMA4区 2551 ALLERGY0301-0546ALLERGOL IMMUNOPATH4区 582 ALLERGY0125-877XASIAN PAC J ALLERGY4区 369 ALLERGY1642-395XPOSTEP DERM ALERGOL4区 149 ALLERGY1735-1502IRAN J ALLERGY ASTHM4区 213 ALLERGY2151-321XPEDIAT ALLER IMM PUL4区 51 ALLERGY0344-5062ALLERGOLOGIE4区 210 ALLERGY1877-0320REV FR ALLERGOL4区 253ALLERGY1609-3607CURR ALLERGY CLIN IM4区 30 ANATOMY & MORPHO1863-2653BRAIN STRUCT FUNCT2区 1259 ANATOMY & MORPHO1662-5129FRONT NEUROANAT2区 579 ANATOMY & MORPHO0301-5556ADV ANAT EMBRYOL CEL2区 352 ANATOMY & MORPHO1058-8388DEV DYNAM3区 10728 ANATOMY & MORPHO0021-8782J ANAT3区 7342 ANATOMY & MORPHO1422-6405CELLS TISSUES ORGANS3区 1951 ANATOMY & MORPHO0940-9602ANN ANAT3区 1160 ANATOMY & MORPHO1062-3345APPL IMMUNOHISTO M M3区 1373 ANATOMY & MORPHO0362-2525J MORPHOL3区 4364 ANATOMY & MORPHO1059-910XMICROSC RES TECHNIQ4区 4641 ANATOMY & MORPHO0001-7272ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM4区 783 ANATOMY & MORPHO1932-8486ANAT REC4区 7324 ANATOMY & MORPHO0897-3806CLIN ANAT4区 2046 ANATOMY & MORPHO0720-213XZOOMORPHOLOGY4区 707 ANATOMY & MORPHO0930-1038SURG RADIOL ANAT4区 1843 ANATOMY & MORPHO0340-2096ANAT HISTOL EMBRYOL4区 768 ANATOMY & MORPHO1447-6959ANAT SCI INT4区 317 ANATOMY & MORPHO0015-5659FOLIA MORPHOL4区 448 ANATOMY & MORPHO0717-9502INT J MORPHOL4区 373 ANATOMY & MORPHO0003-2778J ANAT SOC INDIA4区 130 ANDROLOGY0105-6263INT J ANDROL2区 3259 ANDROLOGY0196-3635J ANDROL3区 4717 ANDROLOGY1008-682XASIAN J ANDROL4区 1739 ANDROLOGY1939-6368SYST BIOL REPROD MED4区 257 ANDROLOGY0303-4569ANDROLOGIA4区 1463 ANDROLOGY1698-031XREV INT ANDROL4区 25 ANESTHESIOLOGY0304-3959PAIN1区 29370 ANESTHESIOLOGY0003-3022ANESTHESIOLOGY2区 22547 ANESTHESIOLOGY0007-0912BRIT J ANAESTH2区 12587 ANESTHESIOLOGY0003-2409ANAESTHESIA2区 6605 ANESTHESIOLOGY1098-7339REGION ANESTH PAIN M2区 2816 ANESTHESIOLOGY0003-2999ANESTH ANALG3区 20930 ANESTHESIOLOGY1090-3801EUR J PAIN3区 4369 ANESTHESIOLOGY0375-9393MINERVA ANESTESIOL3区 1715 ANESTHESIOLOGY0265-0215EUR J ANAESTH3区 2714 ANESTHESIOLOGY1530-7085PAIN PRACT3区 922 ANESTHESIOLOGY0749-8047CLIN J PAIN3区 4291 ANESTHESIOLOGY1155-5645PEDIATR ANESTH3区 3380 ANESTHESIOLOGY0952-7907CURR OPIN ANESTHESIO3区 1692 ANESTHESIOLOGY0001-5172ACTA ANAESTH SCAND3区 5582 ANESTHESIOLOGY0832-610XCAN J ANESTH4区 4123 ANESTHESIOLOGY0959-289XINT J OBSTET ANESTH4区 974 ANESTHESIOLOGY0898-4921J NEUROSURG ANESTH4区 914 ANESTHESIOLOGY1053-0770J CARDIOTHOR VASC AN4区 2386 ANESTHESIOLOGY0310-057XANAESTH INTENS CARE4区 2189 ANESTHESIOLOGY1471-2253BMC ANESTHESIOL4区 170 ANESTHESIOLOGY0952-8180J CLIN ANESTH4区 1843 ANESTHESIOLOGY0932-433XSCHMERZ4区 659 ANESTHESIOLOGY0913-8668J ANESTH4区 866 ANESTHESIOLOGY0003-2417ANAESTHESIST4区 1101 ANESTHESIOLOGY0750-7658ANN FR ANESTH4区 1106 ANESTHESIOLOGY1387-1307J CLIN MONIT COMPUT4区 595 ANESTHESIOLOGY0170-5334ANASTH INTENSIVMED4区 235ANESTHESIOLOGY0939-2661ANASTH INTENSIV NOTF4区 309 ANESTHESIOLOGY1011-288XDOULEUR ANALG4区 27 0066-4146ANNU REV ASTRON ASTR1区 8240 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0067-0049ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S1区 24764 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1614-4961LIVING REV SOL PHYS2区 498 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0935-4956ASTRON ASTROPHYS REV2区 973 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0084-6597ANNU REV EARTH PL SC2区 4653 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0004-637XASTROPHYS J2区 191940 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO2041-8205ASTROPHYS J LETT2区 45993 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1475-7516J COSMOL ASTROPART P2区 13656 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0035-8711MON NOT R ASTRON SOC2区 96083 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0038-6308SPACE SCI REV2区 7134 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0004-6361ASTRON ASTROPHYS2区 101305 ASTRONOMY & ASTROASTRONOMY & ASTRO0004-6256ASTRON J3区 346680927-6505ASTROPART PHYS3区 3658 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1550-7998PHYS REV D3区 134999 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0004-6280PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC3区 9054 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0264-9381CLASSICAL QUANT GRAV3区 15025 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0038-0938SOL PHYS3区 9921 ASTRONOMY & ASTROASTRONOMY & ASTRO0019-1035ICARUS3区 157541323-3580PUBL ASTRON SOC AUST3区 925 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0922-6435EXP ASTRON3区 581 ASTRONOMY & ASTROASTRONOMY & ASTRO1531-1074ASTROBIOLOGY3区 17300001-5237ACTA ASTRONOM3区 1148 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0004-6264PUBL ASTRON SOC JPN3区 4997 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0923-2958CELEST MECH DYN ASTR3区 1982 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0032-0633PLANET SPACE SCI3区 6073 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0004-640XASTROPHYS SPACE SCI3区 5706 ASTRONOMY & ASTROASTRONOMY & ASTRO0001-7701GEN RELAT GRAVIT3区 42471384-1076NEW ASTRON4区 1442 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1387-6473NEW ASTRON REV4区 1024 ASTRONOMY & ASTROASTRONOMY & ASTRO1631-0705CR PHYS4区 12760992-7689ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY4区 5348 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1473-5504INT J ASTROBIOL4区 349 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0004-6337ASTRON NACHR4区 1887 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1539-4956SPACE WEATHER4区 469 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1674-4527RES ASTRON ASTROPHYS4区 553 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0185-1101REV MEX ASTRON ASTR4区 593 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0309-1929GEOPHYS ASTRO FLUID4区 685 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0273-1177ADV SPACE RES4区 7209 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0218-2718INT J MOD PHYS D4区 2727 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0048-6604RADIO SCI4区 3254 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1063-7737ASTRON LETT+4区 992 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1225-4614J KOREAN ASTRON SOC4区 158 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0167-9295EARTH MOON PLANETS4区 645 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0304-9523B ASTRON SOC INDIA4区 202 ASTRONOMY & ASTROASTRONOMY & ASTRO1063-7729ASTRON REP+4区 14151990-3413ASTROPHYS BULL4区 156 ASTRONOMY & ASTROASTRONOMY & ASTRO0038-0946SOLAR SYST RES+4区 3680202-2893GRAVIT COSMOL-RUSSIA4区 268 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0029-7704OBSERVATORY4区 278 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1392-0049BALT ASTRON4区 330 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0571-7256ASTROPHYSICS+4区 424 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0884-5913KINEMAT PHYS CELEST+4区 148 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1366-8781ASTRON GEOPHYS4区 130 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0250-6335J ASTROPHYS ASTRON4区 286 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO0010-9525COSMIC RES+4区 332 ASTRONOMY & ASTRO1335-1842CONTRIB ASTRON OBS S4区 62 ASTRONOMY & ASTROAUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0093-934XBRAIN LANG1区 5351 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0196-0202EAR HEARING2区 3754 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0378-5955HEARING RES2区 7746 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1058-0360AM J SPEECH-LANG PAT2区 1102 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1420-3030AUDIOL NEURO-OTOL3区 1407 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0094-730XJ FLUENCY DISORD3区 833 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1092-4388J SPEECH LANG HEAR R3区 4781 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1463-1741NOISE HEALTH3区 665 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0001-4966J ACOUST SOC AM3区 35754 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1499-2027INT J AUDIOL3区 1804 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1050-0545J AM ACAD AUDIOL4区 1418 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0021-9924J COMMUN DISORD4区 1298 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1368-2822INT J LANG COMM DIS4区 1027 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0743-4618AUGMENT ALTERN COMM4区 541 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1754-9507INT J SPEECH-LANG PA4区 287 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1084-7138TRENDS AMPLIF4区 407 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1021-7762FOLIA PHONIATR LOGO4区 848 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1059-0889AM J AUDIOL4区 326 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0023-8309LANG SPEECH4区 855 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0269-9206CLIN LINGUIST PHONET4区 798 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC0031-8388PHONETICA4区 570 AUDIOLOGY & SPEEC1401-5439LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO4区 335 AUTOMATION & CONT0278-0046IEEE T IND ELECTRON1区 17404 AUTOMATION & CONT1532-4435J MACH LEARN RES1区 6024 AUTOMATION & CONT1551-3203IEEE T IND INFORM2区 969 AUTOMATION & CONT1083-4419IEEE T SYST MAN CY B2区 5821 AUTOMATION & CONT1083-4435IEEE-ASME T MECH2区 2878 AUTOMATION & CONT0005-1098AUTOMATICA2区 15500 AUTOMATION & CONT0018-9286IEEE T AUTOMAT CONTR2区 23664 AUTOMATION & CONT1070-9932IEEE ROBOT AUTOM MAG2区 1163 AUTOMATION & CONT0016-0032J FRANKLIN I2区 2276 AUTOMATION & CONT1066-033XIEEE CONTR SYST MAG2区 2254 AUTOMATION & CONT0169-7439CHEMOMETR INTELL LAB2区 4880 AUTOMATION & CONT1063-6536IEEE T CONTR SYST T3区 4147 AUTOMATION & CONT0886-9383J CHEMOMETR3区 2658 AUTOMATION & CONT1049-8923INT J ROBUST NONLIN3区 2213 AUTOMATION & CONT0959-1524J PROCESS CONTR3区 2881 AUTOMATION & CONT1751-8644IET CONTROL THEORY A3区 1967 AUTOMATION & CONT1751-570XNONLINEAR ANAL-HYBRI3区 535 AUTOMATION & CONT1545-5955IEEE T AUTOM SCI ENG3区 871 AUTOMATION & CONT0967-0661CONTROL ENG PRACT3区 3413 AUTOMATION & CONT0167-6911SYST CONTROL LETT3区 4239 AUTOMATION & CONT0952-1976ENG APPL ARTIF INTEL3区 2085 AUTOMATION & CONT1562-2479INT J FUZZY SYST3区 284 AUTOMATION & CONT1561-8625ASIAN J CONTROL3区 853 AUTOMATION & CONT0363-0129SIAM J CONTROL OPTIM3区 4590 AUTOMATION & CONT0020-7721INT J SYST SCI3区 1996 AUTOMATION & CONT0957-4158MECHATRONICS3区 1681 AUTOMATION & CONT1367-5788ANNU REV CONTROL3区 662 AUTOMATION & CONT1292-8119ESAIM CONTR OPTIM CA3区 608AUTOMATION & CONT0947-3580EUR J CONTROL4区 636 AUTOMATION & CONT0890-6327INT J ADAPT CONTROL4区 809 AUTOMATION & CONT0268-3768INT J ADV MANUF TECH4区 7187 AUTOMATION & CONT0921-8890ROBOT AUTON SYST4区 1807 AUTOMATION & CONT0143-2087OPTIM CONTR APPL MET4区 411 AUTOMATION & CONT0020-7179INT J CONTROL4区 4282 AUTOMATION & CONT1641-876XINT J AP MAT COM-POL4区 562 AUTOMATION & CONT1598-6446INT J CONTROL AUTOM4区 774 AUTOMATION & CONT1387-2532AUTON AGENT MULTI-AG4区 500 AUTOMATION & CONT0022-0434J DYN SYST-T ASME4区 2738 AUTOMATION & CONT0265-0754IMA J MATH CONTROL I4区 303 AUTOMATION & CONT0332-7353MODEL IDENT CONTROL4区 170 AUTOMATION & CONT0924-6703DISCRETE EVENT DYN S4区 292 AUTOMATION & CONT0959-6518P I MECH ENG I-J SYS4区 567 AUTOMATION & CONT1392-124XINF TECHNOL CONTROL4区 125 AUTOMATION & CONT0142-3312T I MEAS CONTROL4区 272 AUTOMATION & CONT0144-5154ASSEMBLY AUTOM4区 252 AUTOMATION & CONT1220-1766STUD INFORM CONTROL4区 145 AUTOMATION & CONT0826-8185INT J ROBOT AUTOM4区 199 AUTOMATION & CONT1079-2724J DYN CONTROL SYST4区 239 AUTOMATION & CONT1841-9836INT J COMPUT COMMUN4区 175 AUTOMATION & CONT0932-4194MATH CONTROL SIGNAL4区 515 AUTOMATION & CONT1004-4132J SYST ENG ELECTRON4区 357 AUTOMATION & CONT1697-7912REV IBEROAM AUTOM IN4区 50 AUTOMATION & CONT0005-1144AUTOMATIKA4区 48 AUTOMATION & CONT0020-2940MEAS CONTROL-UK4区 183 AUTOMATION & CONT0178-2312AT-AUTOM4区 160 AUTOMATION & CONT1454-8658CONTROL ENG APPL INF4区 40 AUTOMATION & CONT0005-1179AUTOMAT REM CONTR+4区 812 AUTOMATION & CONT1064-2315J AUTOMAT INFORM SCI4区 41 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0140-525XBEHAV BRAIN SCI1区 64021364-6613TRENDS COGN SCI1区 15717 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0149-7634NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV R2区 12968 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCEBEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0010-9452CORTEX2区 52651662-5153FRONT BEHAV NEUROSCI2区 989 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1939-3792AUTISM RES2区 700 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1090-5138EVOL HUM BEHAV2区 2536 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1530-7026COGN AFFECT BEHAV NE2区 2402 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0018-506XHORM BEHAV2区 7968 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1601-1848GENES BRAIN BEHAV3区 2912 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0028-3932NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA3区 20370 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0301-0511BIOL PSYCHOL3区 5593 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0166-4328BEHAV BRAIN RES3区 19204 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1074-7427NEUROBIOL LEARN MEM3区 4648 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1025-3890STRESS3区 1631 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCEBEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0379-864XCHEM SENSES3区 37981045-2249BEHAV ECOL3区 7392 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0065-3454ADV STUD BEHAV3区 1119 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCEBEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0031-9384PHYSIOL BEHAV3区 170030003-3472ANIM BEHAV3区 21716 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0006-8977BRAIN BEHAV EVOLUT3区 2315 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1744-9081BEHAV BRAIN FUNCT3区 1055 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0340-5443BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL3区 10205 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1435-9448ANIM COGN3区 1820 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0735-7044BEHAV NEUROSCI4区 8038 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0091-3057PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE4区 12961 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0001-8244BEHAV GENET4区 3356 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0195-6663APPETITE4区 6200 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0097-7403J EXP PSYCHOL ANIM B4区 2311 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0955-8810BEHAV PHARMACOL4区 2896 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0096-140XAGGRESSIVE BEHAV4区 2025 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0179-1613ETHOLOGY4区 3596 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0735-7036J COMP PSYCHOL4区 2517 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1543-4494LEARN BEHAV4区 654 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCEBEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0340-7594J COMP PHYSIOL A4区 50301525-5050EPILEPSY BEHAV4区 4765 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0196-206XJ DEV BEHAV PEDIATR4区 2669 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCEBEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1095-0680J ECT4区 9040005-7959BEHAVIOUR4区 4666 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1558-7878J VET BEHAV4区 303 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0376-6357BEHAV PROCESS4区 2669 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0168-1591APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI4区 5989 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1543-3633COGN BEHAV NEUROL4区 634 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0018-7208HUM FACTORS4区 2872 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0873-9749ACTA ETHOL4区 240 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0394-9370ETHOL ECOL EVOL4区 631 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0022-5002J EXP ANAL BEHAV4区 2483 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0896-4289BEHAV MED4区 503 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE0289-0771J ETHOL4区 600 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCEBIOCHEMICAL RESEA1548-7091NAT METHODS1区 19241 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0907-4449ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D1区 12453 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1754-2189NAT PROTOC1区 16922 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0958-1669CURR OPIN BIOTECH2区 9501 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1535-9476MOL CELL PROTEOMICS2区 14201 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1473-0197LAB CHIP2区 16485 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1367-4803BIOINFORMATICS2区 51753 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0735-9640PLANT MOL BIOL REP2区 2985 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1467-5463BRIEF BIOINFORM2区 3073 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1535-3893J PROTEOME RES2区 17943 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1553-7358PLOS COMPUT BIOL2区 11758 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0021-9673J CHROMATOGR A2区 63419 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1043-1802BIOCONJUGATE CHEM2区 13900 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1615-9853PROTEOMICS2区 16435 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1874-3919J PROTEOMICS3区 3175 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1478-9450EXPERT REV PROTEOMIC3区 1343 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1552-4922CYTOM PART A3区 2910 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1618-2642ANAL BIOANAL CHEM3区 21971 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1467-3037CURR ISSUES MOL BIOL3区 534 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1046-2023METHODS3区 11612 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1860-6768BIOTECHNOL J3区 2238 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1535-3508MOL IMAGING3区 1090 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0173-0835ELECTROPHORESIS3区 16985 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1757-6180BIOANALYSIS3区 1318 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1076-5174J MASS SPECTROM3区 5573 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA2156-7085BIOMED OPT EXPRESS3区 1552 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1864-063XJ BIOPHOTONICS3区 1049 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1471-2105BMC BIOINFORMATICS3区 17337 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1862-8346PROTEOM CLIN APPL3区 1160BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1083-3668J BIOMED OPT3区 9022 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0962-8819TRANSGENIC RES3区 2675 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0003-2697ANAL BIOCHEM3区 39746 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1752-7155J BREATH RES3区 445 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0951-4198RAPID COMMUN MASS SP3区 13285 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1570-0232J CHROMATOGR B3区 20776 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0958-0344PHYTOCHEM ANALYSIS3区 1895 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1477-5956PROTEOME SCI3区 740 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0736-6205BIOTECHNIQUES4区 7614 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1093-3263J MOL GRAPH MODEL4区 5010 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1090-7807J MAGN RESON4区 10596 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0022-1759J IMMUNOL METHODS4区 11972 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1087-0571J BIOMOL SCREEN4区 2357 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0167-7012J MICROBIOL METH4区 7548 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0165-0270J NEUROSCI METH4区 11483 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1574-8936CURR BIOINFORM4区 233 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0076-6879METHOD ENZYMOL4区 25177 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1386-2073COMB CHEM HIGH T SCR4区 1453 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0269-3879BIOMED CHROMATOGR4区 2861 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0166-0934J VIROL METHODS4区 6884 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1540-658XASSAY DRUG DEV TECHN4区 835 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0890-8508MOL CELL PROBE4区 1695 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1053-0509J FLUORESC4区 2801 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1871-6784NEW BIOTECHNOL4区 765 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1045-1056BIOLOGICALS4区 1044 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1545-5963IEEE ACM T COMPUT BI4区 1027 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1748-7188ALGORITHM MOL BIOL4区 247 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1066-5277J COMPUT BIOL4区 2743 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA2211-0682JALA-J LAB AUTOM4区 379 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0009-5893CHROMATOGRAPHIA4区 5250 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1046-5928PROTEIN EXPRES PURIF4区 4668 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1536-1241IEEE T NANOBIOSCI4区 663 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0362-4803J LABELLED COMPD RAD4区 1544 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1751-8741IET NANOBIOTECHNOL4区 118 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1480-9222BIOL PROCED ONLINE4区 331 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1570-1646CURR PROTEOMICS4区 218 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1976-0280BIOCHIP J4区 159 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0021-9665J CHROMATOGR SCI4区 1775 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1532-1819J IMMUNOASS IMMUNOCH4区 219 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1082-6076J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T4区 2292 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1744-3091ACTA CRYSTALLOGR F4区 1097 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0712-4813SPECTROSC-INT J4区 340 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA0580-9517METHOD MICROBIOL4区 682 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1082-6068PREP BIOCHEM BIOTECH4区 331 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA1554-0014HYBRIDOMA4区 517 BIOCHEMICAL RESEA2161-5063ACS SYNTH BIOL4区 51 0092-8674CELL1区 178762 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOL0066-4154ANNU REV BIOCHEM1区 19420 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOL1078-8956NAT MED1区 57350 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOL1097-2765MOL CELL1区 47818 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOL1359-4184MOL PSYCHIATR1区 12686 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLBIOCHEMISTRY & MOL1088-9051GENOME RES1区 288560907-4449ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D1区 12453 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOL0968-0004TRENDS BIOCHEM SCI1区 15642 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOL。

苏彦庆 - 哈尔滨工业大学材料学院

主要学术成果
奖励 1) 2008 年获黑龙江省科技进步（自然科学）一等奖 2) 2003 年获教育部科技进步(自然科学)奖一等奖 3) 2007 年《Melting throughout time and energy consumption for TiAl alloys during ISM process》论文获第五届中国科协期刊优秀学术论文奖 4) 2007 年《Ti-45Al 合金的定向凝固组织》论文获第五届中国科协期刊优秀学术论文奖
Ti-47Ni-9Nb, METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A, 2001, 32A(11):2idified Fe–Ni peritectic system. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89, 231918 (2006) （SCI、EI） [4] Yanqing Su, Chang Liu, Xinzhong Li, Jingjie Guo, Bangsheng Li, Jun Jia, Hengzhi Fu. Microstructure selection
using hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 34(2009) 8958–8963（SCI、EI） [2] Y.Q. Su, L.S. Luo, J.J. Guo, X.Z. Li, H.Z. Fu. Spacing selection of cellular peritectic coupled growth during
材料科学与工程学院
苏彦庆
工学博士教授/博士生导师
+86-451-86417395 suyq@
主要研究方向

电子产品采购商名录

Country Mail Time Company Name埃及22-May-11D&MMARTETING Mr Suni Bhat澳大利亚Focus Products Ms Melody Yu澳大利亚Repairs Only Mr Richard Smithers巴基斯坦AGRICO Mr Bilal Ahmed巴基斯坦daynight pharmacy Mr Shakeel Suleman巴基斯坦waqas enterprises Mr Agha Ibrar波兰Poltronic Joint Stock Company M r Greg波兰Poltronic Joint Stock Company M r Piotr Chrobak丹麦FaceTme Advertising Mr Billy Botha德国Christoph Durschlag N/A德国23-May-11Editronic GmbH Mr Martin Krauss德国Mytum Max Wiedemann德国N/A N/A德国Power Supply Systems G Dietmar Papentfort俄罗斯LEDART Ltd Mr Nikita Kononov法国SABB Ary荷兰N/A Aschwin Rutgers加拿大Samra Imports Inc Mr Joe Shen肯尼亚Abson Motors Ltd Chris Tay马来西亚PROZA UTORA SERVICES Mr Khairul Yusuf马来西亚xiscom group Mr Elvis Lee美国abc123Mr Michael Hazen美国Aireagle Mr Bob Gym美国ALS corp Mr Dave Don美国Basharel Enterprises Inc.Mr Izzy Basharel美国Datanet Products Mr. Richard Ashworth 美国jackieshen Mr Jackie Shen美国Lucia Living LLC Ms Lucy Waldhuetter美国Luis Gonzalez Mr Luis Gonzalez美国MKA Worldwide Mr Michael Kramer美国N/A Larry Weber孟加拉国PixArt Mr Mashuk Rahman尼日利亚Bola Dimeji Miss Bola Dimeji日本tokyostone Mr George Schellhammer 瑞典Tom Strommare Mr Tom Strommare斯里兰卡Brio Ventures Ltd Mr Wijesekara Ravinadr 斯洛文尼亚izid Mr Tomas Vengar西班牙PRIMANOS, S.L.Ms Internacional Prima 希腊Perrakiscarpets Mr George Perrakis新加坡PROMAX PCB DESIGN AND ENGINEER Mohan Gunasekaran牙买加Firm21Mr Reynolds Raldane也门ALAZIZ TRADING Mr Alaziz Ali伊拉克Al-Muhandis Co Mr Baqer Majeed Aliakb 以色列Development sys.Mr Moshe Hazan以色列joanne ayoub Mr Joanne Ayoub印度22-May-11Abbey International Mr Abhisek Anchal印度abcpl Mr Nag Babu印度ANANDTRADERS Mr Anand Sharma印度AnuRang Mr Raman Bajaj印度e-mac infotech pvt. ltd.Mr Harish Patel印度Generic Designs Mr A.N. Suresh印度Global Mr Jitendra Joshi印度GLOBALVISION CORPORATION Ms Ekta Narula印度Gospell Import Management Inc.Mr John Baker印度Insta Display Systems Ms Payal Shah印度KAMAL AND CO.Mr Sriram Lakshiminara 印度kant advertisers Mr Ayush Shukla印度kohinoor texo fab Mr raj sharma印度krishna electronic Mr Manish Laddha印度KUMAR ENTERPRISE Mr J.K Kumar印度LEGEND COMMUNICATION PVT LTDMs Ana Paul印度lights divine Mr Sumeet Sachdeva印度Lloyds Steel Industries Ltd.N/A印度METALIC SIGNS CO.Mr Masood Kashif印度N/A Jay Sheth印度N/A Mr Jairaj Surve印度N/A Mr kapil gupta印度N/A N/A印度N/A N/A印度N/A N/A印度N/A N/A印度N/A N/A印度N/A Rajeev印度New Century Marketing AMIT BAHL印度One Stop Lights Mr Jitendra Sakhrani 印度p.p.patel & co.Mr Prashant Patel印度POPULAR STEEL INDUSTRIES Mr Sumeet Chawla印度PRECISION ELECTRONIC INSTRUMEN Mr Rajnish Aggarwal印度PRECISION ELECTRONIC INSTRUMEN Mr Rajnish Aggarwal印度PUTHUR INFOTECH PVT LTD Mr Jayprakas Tp印度SAPTRONICS INDIA Mr Ashwani Sapra印度Shree Packaging Mr Dhawal Shah印度signkraft Mr Vickie Pahwa印度syatech Mr Soukat Hussain印度TechnoDynamics Mr Philip PREM印度u.p. sanchar sewa ltd Mr Sunil Shahlot印度Vibgyor Solutions Mr Sanjay Gera印度Vignani Mr Shyam S印度VISHAL TRADERS Mr Ajay Agrawal印度WOODEN FLOORING Mr Harish Kumar印度尼西亚UD.SINAR ELECTRONICS GEMILANG M r Lian Lian英国PDS Design Solutions LTD Mr Colin Watkins英国Rnr Digital World Ltd Mr Robin Kharel中国AET TECHNICAL INTERNATIONAL CO Mr Alex Lin中国digidock development inc.Mr Ben Chen中国oricon Ms Richard SunN/A lightsolutions LightsolutionsN/A N/A Chris TayN/A N/A N/AN/A N/A N/AN/A N/A N/A标注红色表示对方邮箱满无法接收。

苹果公司触摸屏相关美国专利

7,768,462,"手持电子装置的多波段天线","苹果","Zhang; Zhijun | Schlub; Robert W. | Hill; Robert J. | Caballero; Ruben","343/70 2","H01Q001/24 " 7,764,493,"coo ling electronic devices采用气流两脚规的系统和方法","苹果 ","Ali; Ihab A. | Mathew; Dinesh | Wilson, Jr.; Thomas W. | Hendren; Keith","361/67 9.51","G06F001 /20" 7,764,274,"电容传感安排"," 苹果 ","Westerman; Wayne Carl | Elias; John G.","345/173", "G06F003/41" 7,764,236,"手持装置的宽带天线","苹果 ","Hill; Robert J. | Caballero; Ruben","343/70 2","H01Q001/24 "
7,773,139,"具有感光薄膜晶体管的像传感器 ","苹果","den Boer; Willem | Nguyen; Tin | Green; Patrick J.","348/302", "H04N003/14" 7,773,041,"天线系统","苹果 ","Wang; ShuLi","343/741", "H01具有天线传感器的电子仪器","苹果","Degner; Brett William | Ligtenberg; Chris | Kough; Douglas Blake | Gojenola; Paul Andrew","343/7 02","H01Q001/2 4" 7,769,187,"电子仪器和配件的通信电路","苹果","Farrar; Douglas M. | Sander; Wendell B.","381/74"," H04R001/10"

简历 - 中国科学院先进制造技术研究所

简历个人信息: 姓名：朱锟鹏职位：研究员联系方式: 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院先进制造技术研究所地址：江苏省常州市常武中路801号 Email: zhukp@教育背景: 新加坡国立大学机械工程系, 工学博士 (PhD, 2007)研究兴趣:制造自动化，超精密加工过程建模与监控，设计与制造信息学主要研究经历2013/11月- 至今中国科学院先进制造技术研究所，中科院百人计划（A 类）研究方向：创新制造（3D打印）与超精密加工，制造信息学2011/7月-2013/9月德国慕尼黑工业大学自动化与信息系统研究所，洪堡学者，洪堡基金研究方向：精密制造，智能传感与信息处理2013/3月-2013/6月英国Cranfield大学振动与声学研究中心访问学者研究方向：航空发动机的振动测试与过程监控2007/8月-2011/6月新加坡国立大学机械工程系博士后，新加坡教育部一等科研基金、工程学院院长基金研究方向：设计与制造工程信息学，精密加工过程监控与建模2003/1月-2007/7月新加坡国立大学机械工程系博士生，导师：Hong G. S. 副教授, Wong Y. S.教授研究方向：超精密铣削加工过程建模与智能监控，动力学分析学术职务1) 期刊编委(Editorial Board)：International Journal of Information Engineering, International Journal ofMechanic Systems Engineering, International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering, Journal of Current Development in Theory and Applications of Wavelets,2) 副编辑（Associate Editor）：IEEE/RSJ Inter. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2008-2010.3) IEEE会议分会主席（Program Chair）：Intelligent and adaptive learning session, IEEE (IROS), 2010, Taipei.4)审稿：CAD, Computers in Industry, IJAMT, IJIM, MSSP, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electronics, IEEE Trans Ind.Informatics, IEEE Trans. Instrument and Measurement, Wear, Neural Networks, J. of Algorithms etc.主要学术论文专著Zhu K.P., Tool Condition Monitoring in High Precision Machining （超精密加工过程中的刀具监测，德国出版）, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2011.期刊论文[1] Zhu K.P., Hong G.S., Wong Y.S. Wang W.H., Cutting Force Denoising in Micro-milling Tool Condition Monitoring,International Journal of Production Research, 46(16):4391-4408, 2008. (影响因子: 1.460; 引用次数: 18)[2] Wang W.H., Hong G.S., Wong Y.S., and Zhu K.P., Sensor Fusion for On-line Tool Condition Monitoring in Milling,International Journal of Production Research, 45(21): 5095–5116, 2007. . (影响因子: 1.460; 引用次数: 25)[3] Zhu K.P., Wong Y.S., Hong G.S., Multi-category Micro-milling Tool Wear Classification with Continuous HiddenMarkov Models, Mechanical System and Signal Processing, 23 (2009) 547– 560.( 影响因子:1.913; 引用次数: 35)[4] Zhu K.P., Hong G.S., Wong Y.S., Discriminate Feature Selection for Hidden Markov Models in Micro-milling ToolWear Classification, Machining Science and Technology, 12(3): 348-369, 2008. (影响因子: 0.840; 引用次数: 13)[5] Zhu K.P., Wong Y.S., Hong G.S., Wavelet Analysis of Sensor Signals for Tool Condition Monitoring: some new results,International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 49(4): 537–553, 2009. (影响因子: 2.169; 引用次数: 82)[6] Zhu K P, Wong Y.S., Lu W.F., Fuh J Y H, A Wavelet Diffusion Approach for 3-D Model Matching, Computer-AidedDesign, 41 (2009), pp. 28-36. (影响因子: 1.264; 引用次数:10)[7] Zhu K P, Wong Y S, Lu W. F., Loh H.T., 3D CAD Model Matching with 2D Affine Invariant Features, Computer inIndustry, 61 (2010) 432–439. (影响因子: 1.709; 引用次数: 6)[8] Zhu K.P., Hong G.S., Wong Y.S., Multi-Scale Singularity Analysis of Cutting Forces for Micro-Milling Tool WearMonitoring, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 58(2):2512-2521, 2011. (影响因子: 5.16; 引用次数: 8)[9] Zhu K P, Wong Y.S., Loh H. T., Lu W.F., 3D CAD Model Matching with Perturbed Laplacian Spectra, Computer inIndustry, 63(2012) 1-11. (影响因子:1.709; 引用次数: 2)[10] Zhu K.P., Vogel B.H., Compressive sampling in the time-frequency domain and its application to precisionmanufacturing monitoring, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing, 68(2013) 1-17. (影响因子: 1.234; 引用次数: 0)。

Suwon University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea SPONSORED BY

FINAL PROGRAMTHE 2007 ACM SIGAPPSYMPOSIUM ON APPLIED COMPUTING/conferences/sac/sac2007Seoul, Korea March 11 - 15, 2007Organizing CommitteeRoger L. Wainwright Hisham M. Haddad Sung Y. ShinSascha Ossowski Ronaldo MenezesLorie M. Liebrock Mathew J. Palakal Jaeyoung Choi Tei-Wei Kuo Jiman HongSeong Tae Jhang Yookun Cho Yong Wan KooH OSTED BYSeoul National University, Seoul, Korea Suwon University, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaSPONSORED BYSAC 2007 I NTRODUCTIONSAC 2007 is a premier international conference on applied com-puting and technology. Attendees have the opportunity to hear from expert practitioners and researchers about the latest trends in research and development in their fields. SAC 2007 features 2 keynote speakers on Monday and Wednesday, from 8:30 to 10:00. The symposium consists of Tutorial and Technical programs. The Tutorial Program offers 3 half-day tutorials on Sunday March 11, 2007, starting at 9:00am. The Technical Program offers 38 tracks on a wide number of different research topics, which run from Monday March 12 through Thursday March 15, 2007. Regular sessions start at 8:30am and end at 5:00pm in 4 parallel sessions. Honorable ChairsYookun Cho, Honorable Symposium ChairSeoul National University, KoreaYong Wan Koo, Honorable Program ChairUniversity of Suwon, KoreaOrganizing CommitteeRoger L. Wainwright, Symposium ChairUniversity of Tulsa, USAHisham M. Haddad, Symposium Chair, Treasurer, Registrar Kennesaw State University, USASung Y. Shin, Symposium ChairSouth Dakota State University, USASascha Ossowski, Program ChairUniversity Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, SpainRonaldo Menezes, Program ChairFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FloridaJaeyoung Choi, Tutorials ChairSoongsil University, KoreaTei-Wei Kuo, Tutorials ChairNational Taiwan University, ChinaMathew J. Palakal, Poster ChairIndiana University Purdue University, USALorie M. Liebrock, Publication ChairNew Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, USAJiman Hong,Local Organization ChairKwangwoon University, KoreaSeong Tae Jhang,Local Organization ChairUniversity of Suwon, KoreaSAC 2007 Track OrganizersArtificial Intelligence, Computational Logic, and Image Analysis (AI)C.C. Hung, School of Computing and Soft. Eng., USAAgostinho Rosa, LaSEEB –ISR – IST, PortugalAdvances in Spatial and Image-based Information Systems (ASIIS)Kokou Yetongnon, Bourgogne University, FranceChristophe Claramunt, Naval Academy Research Institute, France Richard Chbeir, Bourgogne University, FranceKi-Joune Li, Prusan National University, KoreaAgents, Interactions, Mobility and Systems (AIMS)Marcin Paprzycki, SWPS and IBS PAN, PolandCostin Badica, University of Craiova, RomaniaMaria Ganzha, EUH-E and IBS PAN, PolandAlex Yung-Chuan Lee, Southern Illinois University, USAShahram Rahimi, Southern Illinois University, USAAutonomic Computing (AC)Umesh Bellur, Indian Institute of Technology, IndiaSheikh Iqbal Ahamed, Marquette University, USABioinformatics (BIO)Mathew J. Palakal, Indiana University Purdue University, USALi Liao, University of Delaware, USAComputer Applications in Health Care (CACH)Valentin Masero, University of Extremadura, SpainPierre Collet, Université du Littoral (ULCO), France Computer Ethics and Human Values (CEHV)Kenneth E. Himma, Seattle Pacific University, USAKeith W. Miller, University of Illinois at Springfield, USADavid S. Preston, University of East London, UKComputer Forensics (CF)Brajendra Panda, University of Arkansas, USAKamesh Namuduri, Wichita State University, USAComputer Networks (CN)Mario Freire, University of Beira Interior, PortugalTeresa Vazao, INESC ID/IST, PortugalEdmundo Monteiro, University of Coimbra, PortugalManuela Pereira, University of Beira Interior, PortugalComputer Security (SEC)Giampaolo Bella, Universita' di Catania, ItalyPeter Ryan, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UKComputer-aided Law and Advanced Technologies (CLAT) Giovanni Sartor, University of Bologna, ItalyAlessandra Villecco Bettelli, University of Bologna, ItalyLavinia Egidi, University of Piemonte Orientale, ItalyConstraint Solving and Programming (CSP)Stefano Bistarelli, Università degli studi "G. D'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, ItalyEric Monfroy, University of Nantes, FranceBarry O'Sullivan, University College Cork, IrelandCoordination Models, Languages and Applications (CM) Alessandro Ricci, Universita di Bologna, ItalyBernhard Angerer, Michael Ignaz Schumacher, EPFL IC IIF LIA, SwitzerlandData Mining (DM)Hasan M. Jamil, Wayne State University, USAData Streams (DS)Jesus S. Aguilar-Ruiz, Pablo de Olavide University, SpainFrancisco J. Ferrer-Troyano, University of Seville, SpainJoao Gama, University of Porto, PortugalRalf Klinkenberg, University of Dortmund, GermanyDatabase Theory, Technology, and Applications (DTTA) Ramzi A. Haraty, Lebanese American University, LebanonApostolos N. Papadopoulos, Aristotle University, GreeceJunping Sun, Nova Southeastern University, USADependable and Adaptive Distributed Systems (DADS)Karl M. Göschka, Vienna University of Technology, AustriaSvein O. Hallsteinsen, SINTEF ICT, NorwayRui Oliveira, Universidade do Minho, PortugalAlexander Romanovsky, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Document Engineering (DE)Rafael Dueire Lins, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil Electronic Commerce Technologies (ECT)Sviatoslav Braynov, University of Illinois at Springfield, USADaryl Nord, Oklahoma State University, USAFernando Rubio, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Embedded Systems: Applications, Solutions and Techniques (EMBS)Alessio Bechini, University of Pisa, ItalyCosimo Antonio Prete, University of Pisa, ItalyJihong Kim, Seoul National University, KoreaEvolutionary Computation (EC)Bryant A. Julstrom, St. Cloud State University, USA Geoinformatics and Technology (GT)Dong-Cheon Lee, Sejong University, KoreaGwangil Jeon, Korea Polytechnic University, KoreaGeometric Computing and Reasoning (GCR)Xiao-Shan Gao, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChinaDominique Michelucci, Universite de Bourgogne, FrancePascal Schreck, Universite Louis Pasteur, FranceHandheld Computing (HHC)Qusay H. Mahmoud, University of Guelph, CanadaZakaria Maamar, Zayed University, UAEInformation Access and Retrieval (IAR)Fabio Crestani, University of Strathclyde, UKGabriella Pasi, University of Milano Bicocca, ItalyMobile Computing and Applications (MCA)Hong Va Leong, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongAlvin Chan, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongModel Transformation (MT)Jean Bézivin, University of Nantes, FranceAlfonso Pierantonio, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, ItalyAntonio Vallecillo, Universidad de Malaga, SpainJeff Gray, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USAMultimedia and Visualization (MMV)Chaman L. Sabharwal, University of Missouri-Rolla, USAMingjun Zhang, Agilent Technologies, USAObject-Oriented Programming Languages and Systems (OOP) Davide Ancona, DISI - Università di Genova, ItalyMirko Viroli, Università di Bologna, ItalyOperating Systems and Adaptive Applications (OSAA)Jiman Hong, Kwangwoon University, KoreaTei-Wei Kuo, National Taiwan University, TaiwanOrganizational Engineering (OE)José Tribolet, Technical University of Lisbon, PortugalRobert Winter, University of St. Gallen, SwitzerlandArtur Caetano, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Programming for Separation of Concerns (PSC)Corrado Santoro, Catania University, ItalyEmiliano Tramontana, Catania University, ItalyIan Welch, Victoria University, New ZealandYvonne Coady, Victoria Univeristy, CanadaProgramming Languages (PL)Chang-Hyun Jo, California State University at Fullerton, USAMarjan Mernik, University of Maribor, SloveniaBarrett Bryant, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USAReliable Computations and their Applications (RCA)Martine Ceberio, University of Texas at El Paso, USAVladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, USAMichael Rueher, Universite de Nice ESSI, FranceSemantic Web and Application (SWA)Hyoil Han, Drexel University, USASemantic-Based Resource Discovery, Retrieval and Composition (SDRC)Eugenio Di Sciascio, SinsInfLab Politecnico di Bari, ItalyFrancesco M. Donini, University of Tuscia, ItalyTommaso Di Noia, SinsInfLab Politecnico di Bari, ItalyMassimo Paolucci, DoCoMo Euro-Labs, GermanySoftware Engineering (SE)W. Eric Wong, University of Texas at Dallas, USAChang-Oan Sung, Indiana University Southeast, USASoftware Verification (SV)Zijiang Yang, Western Michigan University, USALunjin Lu, Oakland University, USAFausto Spoto, Universita di Verona, ItalySystem On Chip Design and Software Supports (SODSS) Seong Tae Jhang, Suwon University, KoreaSung Woo Chung, Korea University, KoreaTrust, Recommendations, Evidence and other Collaborative Know-how (TRECK)Jean-Marc Seigneur, University of Geneva, SwitzerlandJeong Hyun Yi, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, South Korea Ubiquitous Computing: Digital Spaces, Services and Content (UC)Achilles Kameas, Hellenic Open University, GreeceGeorge Roussos, University of London, UKWeb Technologies (WT)Fahim Akhter , Zayed University, UAEDjamal Benslimane, University of Lyon, FranceZakaria Maamar, Zayed University, UAEQusay H. Mahmoud, University of Guelph, CanadaLocal SupportLocal support for SAC 2007 is provided by the Seoul National University in Seoul, Suwon University in Gyeonggi-do, Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, Samsung, mds technology, KETI, MIC, CVB, and ETRI. The SAC organizing committee acknowledges and thanks the local supporters for their generous contributions to SAC 2007. Their support has been essential to the success of Symposium, and is greatly appreciated. ACM SIGAPPThe ACM Special Interest Group on Applied Computing is ACM's primary applications-oriented SIG. Its mission is to further the interests of the computing professionals engaged in the development of new computing applications and applications areas and the transfer of computing technology to new problem domains. SIGAPP offers practitioners and researchers the opportunity to share mutual interests in innovative application fields, technology transfer, experimental computing, strategic research, and the management of computing. SIGAPP also promotes widespread cooperation among business, government, and academic computing activities. Its annual Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC) provides an international forum for presentation of the results of strategic research and experimentation for this inter-disciplinary environment. SIGAPP membership fees are: $30.00 for ACM Non-members, $15.00 for ACM Members, and $8.00 for Student Members. For information contact Barrett Bryant at bryant@. Also, checkout the SIGAPP website at /sigapp/M ESSAGE FROM THE S YMPOSIUM C HAIRSRoger WaiwrightUniversity of Tulsa, USAHisham M. HaddadKennesaw State University, USASung Y. ShinSouth Dakota State University, USAOn behalf of the Organization Committee, it is our pleasure to welcome you to the 22nd Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2007). This year, the conference is hosted by Seoul National University and Suwon University in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Many thanks for your participation in this international event dedicated to computer scientists, engineers, and practitioners seeking innovative ideas in various areas of computer applications. The sponsoring SIG of this Symposium, the ACM Special Interest Group on Applied Computing, is dedicated to further the interests of computing professionals engaged in the design and development of new computing applications, interdisciplinary applications areas, and applied research. The conference provides a forum for discussion and exchange of new ideas addressing computational algorithms and complex applications. This goal is reflected in its wide spectrum of application areas and tutorials designed to provide variety of discussion topics during this event. The conference is composed of various specialized technical tracks and tutorials. As in past successful meetings, talented and dedicated Track Chairs and Co-Chairs have organized SAC 2007 tracks. Each track maintains a program committee and group of highly qualified reviewers. We thank the Track Chairs, Co-Chairs, and participating reviewers for their commitment to making SAC 2007 another high quality conference. We also thank our invited keynote speakers for sharing their knowledge with SAC attendees. Most of all, special thanks to the authors and presenters for sharing their experience with the rest of us and to all attendees for joining us in Seoul, Korea.The local organizing committee has always been a key to the success of the conference. This year, we thank our local team from Seoul National University and Suwon University. In particular, we thank Dr. Jiman Hong, from Kwangwoon University, and Dr. Seong Tae Jhang, from Suwon University, for chairing the local organization effort. We also thank Dr. Jaeyoung Choi, from Soongsil University, and Dr. Tei-Wei Kuo, from National Taiwan University, for organizing the Tutorials Program. Other committee members we also would like to thank are Lorie Liebrock for her tremendous effort putting together the conference proceedings, Mathew Palakal for coordinating another successful Posters Program, and Sascha Ossowski and Ronaldo Menezes for bringing together the Technical Program. Finally, we extend outthanks and gratitude to our honorable Symposium and Program Chairs Drs. Yookun Cho of Seoul National University and Dr. Yong Wan Koo of Suwon University. Many thanks for hosting the conference and coordinating governmental and local support. Again, we welcome you to SAC 2007 in the lively city of Seoul. We hope you enjoy your stay in Seoul and leave this event enriched with new ideas and friends. Next year, we invite you to participate in SAC 2008 to be held in the costal city of Fortaleza, Brazil. The symposium will be hosted by the University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) and the Federal University of Ceará (UFC). We hope to see there!M ESSAGE FROM THE P ROGRAM C HAIRSSascha OssowskiUniversity Rey Juan Carlos, SpainRonaldo MenezesFlorida Institute of Technology, USAWelcome to the 22nd Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2007). Over the past 21 years, SAC has been an international forum for researchers and practitioners to present their findings and research results in the areas of computer applications and technology. The SAC 2007 Technical Program offers a wide range of tracks covering major areas of computer applications. Highly qualified referees with strong expertise and special interest in their respective research areas carefully reviewed the submitted papers. As part of the Technical Program, this year the Tutorial Program offers several half-day tutorials that were carefully selected from numerous proposals. Many thanks to Jaeyoung Choi from the Soongsil University and Tei-Wei Kuo from the National Taiwan University for chairing the Tutorial Program. Also, this is the fourth year for SAC to incorporate poster papers into the Technical Program. Many thanks to Mathew Palakal from Indiana University Purdue University for chairing the poster sessions. SAC 2007 would not be possible without contributions from members of the scientific community. As anyone can imagine, many people have dedicated tremendous time and effort over the period of 10 months to bring you an excellent program. The success of SAC 2007 relies on the effort and hard work of many volunteers. On behalf of the SAC 2007 Organizing Committee, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all of those who made this year's technical program a reality, including speakers, referees, track chairs, session chairs, presenters, and attendees. We also thank the local arrangement committee lead by Jiman Hong from the Kwangwoon University and Seong Tae Jhang from Suwon University. We also want to thank Hisham Haddad from Kennesaw State University for his excellent job again as the SAC Treasurer, Webmaster, and Registrar.SAC's open call for Track Proposals resulted in the submission of 47 track proposals. These proposals were carefully evaluated by the conference Executive Committee. Some proposals were rejected on the grounds of either not being appropriate for the areas that SAC covers traditionally or being of rather narrow and specialized nature. Some others tracks were merged to form a single track. Eventually, 38 tracks were established, which then went on to produce their own call for papers. In response to these calls, 786 papers were submitted, from which 256 papers were strongly recommended by the referees for acceptance and inclusion in the Conference Proceedings. This gives SAC 2007 an acceptance rate of 32.5% across all tracks. SAC is today one of the most popular and competitive conferences in the international field of applied computing.We hope you will enjoy the meeting and have the opportunity to exchange your ideas and make new friends. We also hope you will enjoy your stay in Seoul, Korea and take pleasure from the many entertainments and activities that the city and Korea has to offer. We look forward to your active participation in SAC 2008 when for the first time SAC will be hosted in South America, more specifically in Fortaleza, Brazil. We encourage you and your colleagues to submit your research findings to next year's technical program. Thank you for being part of SAC 2007, and we hope to see you in sunny Fortaleza, Brazil for SAC 2008.O THER A CTIVITIESReview Meeting: Sunday March 11, 2007, from 18:00 to 19:00 in Room 311A. Open for SAC Organizing Committee and Track Chairs and Co-Chairs.SAC 2008 Organization Meeting: Monday March 12, 2007, from 18:00 to 19:00 in Room 311A. Open for SAC Organizing Committee.SAC Reception: Monday March 12, 2007 at 19:00 to 22:00. Room 402. Open for all registered attendees.Posters Session: Tuesday March 13, 2007, from 13:30 to 17:00 in the Room 311C. Open to everyone.SIGAPP Annual Business Meeting: Tuesday March 13, 2007, from 17:15 to 18:15 in Room 311A. Open to everyone.SAC Banquet: Wednesday March 14, 2007. Rooms 331-334. Open for Banquet Ticket holders. See your tickets for full details. Track-Chairs Luncheon: Thursday April 27, 2006, from 12:00 to 13:30. Hosu (Lake) Food-mall. Open for SAC Organizing Committee, Track Chairs and Co-Chairs.SAC 2008SAC 2008 will be held in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, March 16 – 20, 2008. It is co-hosted by the University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) and the Federal University of Ceará (UFC). Please check the registration desk for handouts. You can also visit the website at /conferences/sac/sac2008/.M ONDAY K EYNOTE A DDRESSA New DBMS Architecture for DB-IRIntegrationDr. Kyu-Young WhangDirector of Advanced Information Technology Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute ofScience and Technology, Daejeon, Korea M ONDAY M ARCH 12, 2007, 9:00 – 10:00ROOM 310 A, B AND CABSTRACTNowadays, there is an increasing need to integrate the DBMS (for structured data) with Information Retrieval (IR) features (for unstructured data). DB-IR integration becomes one of major challenges in the database area. Extensible architectures provided by commercial ORDBMS vendors can be used for DB-IR integration. Here, extensions are implemented using a high-level (typically, SQL-level) interface. We call this architecture loose-coupling. The advantage of loose-coupling is that it is easy to implement. But, it is not preferable for implementing new data types and operations in large databases when high performance is required. In this talk, we present a new DBMS architectureapplicable to DB-IR integration, which we call tight-coupling. In tight-coupling, new data types and operations are integrated into the core of the DBMS engine in the extensible type layer. Thus, they are incorporated as the "first-class citizens" within the DBMS architecture and are supported in a consistent manner with high performance. This tight-coupling architecture is being used to incorporate IR features and spatial database features into the Odysseus ORDBMS that has been under development at KAIST/AITrc for over 16 years. In this talk, we introduce Odysseus and explain its tightly-coupled IR features (U.S. patented in 2002). Then, we demonstrate excellence of tight-coupling by showing benchmark results. We have built a web search engine that is capable of managing 20~100 million web pages in a non-parallel configuration using Odysseus. This engine has been successfully tested in many commercial environments. In a parallel configuration, it is capable of managing billons of web pages. This work won the Best Demonstration Award from the IEEE ICDE conference held in Tokyo, Japan in April 2005.W EDNESDAY K EYNOTE A DDRESS The Evolution of Digital Evidence asa Forensic ScienceDr. Marc RogersChair of the Cyber Forensics Program,Department of Computer and InformationTechnology, Purdue University, USAW EDNESDAY M ARCH 14, 2007, 9:00 –10:00ROOMS 310 A, B AND CABSTRACTThe field of Digital Evidence while garnering significant attention by academia, the public, and the media, has really just begun its journey as a forensic science. Digital Forensic Science (DFS) in general is an immature discipline in comparison to the other more traditional forensic sciences such as latent fingerprint analysis. Digital Evidence, which falls under the larger umbrella of DFS, truly encompasses the notion of being an applied multi-disciplinary science. The areas of Computer Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Law, Sociology, Psychology, Criminal Justice etc. all have played and will continue to play a very large role in maturing and defining this scientific field. The presentation will look at the history of Digital Forensic Science and Digital Evidence, the current state of the field, and what might be in store for the future.S EOUL R EPRESENTATIVE A DDRESSKoran IT policy - IT839Dr. Jung-hee SongAssistant MayorChief of Information OfficerInformation System Planning DivisionSeoul Metropolitan Government, KoreaW EDNESDAY M ARCH 14, 2007, 18:30 – 19:00ROOMS 331-334(DURING BANQUET)ABSTRACTKorean IT policy initiated by Ministry of Information and Communication called IT839 Strategy will be introduced. By defining government role in the u-Korea vision pursuit, it removes uncertainties for IT industry and increases its active participation. As capital of Korea, Seoul presented a grand plan to be u-Seoul. An overview of u-Seoul masterplan will be delivered with introduction of 5 specific projects.SAC 2007 S CHEDULES UNDAY M ARCH 11, 200709:00 – 17:00 L OBBYR EGISTRATION09:00 – 10:30 R OOMS 310 A AND BAM T UTORIALS IT1: Introduction to Security-enhanced Linux(SELinux)Dr. Haklin Kimm, Professor, omputer Science Department, ast Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, USAT2: Similarity Search - The Metric Space Approach Pavel Zezula, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech RepublicGiuseppe Amato, ISTI-CNR, Pisa, ItalyVlastislav Dohnal, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic10:30 – 11:00 L OBBYC OFFEE B REAK11:00 – 12:30 R OOMS 310 A AND BAM T UTORIALS IIT1: Introduction to Security-enhanced Linux(SELinux)Dr. Haklin Kimm, Professor, omputer Science Department, ast Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, USAT2: Similarity Search - The Metric Space Approach Pavel Zezula, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech RepublicGiuseppe Amato, ISTI-CNR, Pisa, ItalyVlastislav Dohnal, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 12:00 – 13:30 H OSU (L AKE) F OOD-MALL,1ST F LOORL UNCH B REAK13:30 – 15:00 R OOM 310 APM T UTORIAL IT3: Introduction to OWL Ontology Developmentand OWL ReasoningYoung-Tack Park, Professor, School of Computing, SoongsilUniversity,Seoul, Korea15:00 – 15:30 L OBBYC OFFEE B REAK15:30 – 17:00 R OOM 310 APM T UTORIAL IIT3: Introduction to OWL Ontology Developmentand OWL ReasoningYoung-Tack Park, Professor, School of Computing, SoongsilUniversity,Seoul, Korea18:00 – 19:00 R OOM 311A SAC 2007 R EVIEW M EETINGM ONDAY M ARCH 12, 200708:00 – 17:00 L OBBYR EGISTRATION08:30 – 09:00 R OOM 310O PENING R EMARKS09:00 – 10:00 R OOM 310K EYNOTE A DDRESSA New DBMS Architecture for DB-IRIntegrationDr. Whang, Kyu-YoungDirector of Advanced Information TechnologyResearch CenterKorea Advanced Institute of Science andTechnologyDaejeon, Korea10:00 – 10:30 L OBBYC OFFEE B REAK10:30 – 12:00 R OOM 310A(DS) Data StreamsJoao Gama, University of Porto (UP), Portugal RFID Data Management for Effective ObjectsTrackingElioMasciari, CNR, ItalyA Priority Random Sampling Algorithm for Time-based Sliding Windows over Weighted StreamingDataZhang Longbo, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China Li Zhanhuai, Northwestern Polytechnical University, ChinaZhao Yiqiang, Shandong University of Technology, ChinaMin Yu, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China Zhang Yang, Northwest A&F University, ChinaOLINDDA: A Cluster-based Approach forDetecting Novelty and Concept Drift in DataStreamsEduardo Spinosa, University of Sao Paulo (USP), BrazilAndré Carvalho, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil Joao Gama, University of Porto (UP), PortugalA Self-Organizing Neural Network for DetectingNoveltiesMarcelo Albertini, Universidade de Sao Paulo, BrazilRodrigo Mello, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil10:30 – 12:00 R OOM 310B (AI) Artificial Intelligence, ComputationalLogic and Image AnalysisChih-Cheng Hung, Southern Polytechnic State University, USA Toward a First-Order Extension of Prolog'sUnification using CHRKhalil Djelloul, University of Ulm, GermanyThi-Bich-Hanh Dao, University d'Orléans, FranceThom Fruehwirth, University of Ulm, GermanyA Framework for Prioritized Reasoning Based onthe Choice EvaluationLuciano Caroprese, University of Calabria, ItalyIrina Trubitsyna, University of Calabria, ItalyEster Zumpano, University of Calabria, ItalyA Randomized Knot Insertion Algorithm for Outline Capture of Planar Images using CubicSplineMuhammad Sarfraz, King Fahd University of Petroleum andMinerals, Saudi ArabiaAiman Rashid, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,Saudi ArabiaEstraction of Arabic Words from Complex ColorImagesRadwa Fathalla, AAST, EgyptYasser El Sonbaty, AAST College of Computing, Egypt Mohamed Ismail, Alexandria University, Egypt10:30 – 12:00 R OOM 310C (PL) Programming LanguagesMarjan Mernik, University of Maribor, Slovenia Implementing Type-Based Constructive Negation Lunjin Lu, Oakland University, USATowards Resource-Certified Software: A Formal Cost Model for Time and its Application to anImage-Processing ExampleArmelle Bonenfant, University of St Andrews, UKZehzi Chen, Heriot-Watt University, UKKevin Hammond, Univestiy of St Andrews, UKGreg Michaelson, Heriot-Watt University, UKAndy Wallace, Heriot-Watt University, UKIain Wallace, Heriot-Watt University, UK。

光材料学英文文献(1)

Mid-Infrared Fiber LasersMarkus Pollnau1and Stuart D.Jackson21Advanced Photonics Laboratory,Institute for Biomedical Imaging,Optics and Engineering,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology1015Lausanne,Switzerlandmarkus.pollnau@epfl.ch2Optical Fibre Technology Centre,Australian Photonics CRC.The University of Sydney206National Innovation Centre,Australian Technology ParkEveleigh NSW1430,Australias.jackson@.auAbstract.The current state of the art in mid-infraredﬁber lasers is reviewed in this chapter.The relevantﬁber-host materials such as silicates,ﬂuorides,chalco-genides,and ceramics,theﬁber,pump,and resonator geometries,and the spectro-scopic properties of rare-earth ions are sers at transitions ranging from1.9to4µm occurring in the rare-earth ions Tm3+,Ho3+,and Er3+and their population mechanisms are discussed on the basis of the fundamental spectroscopic properties of these ions.Continuous-wave,fundamental-mode power levels ranging from a few mW near4µm up to≈10W near2µm have been demonstrated in recent years.Power-scaling methods and their limitations,the possibilities to op-timize the population mechanisms and increase the eﬃciencies of these lasers,as well as the prospects of future mid-infraredﬁber lasers in a number of rare-earth ions at transitions in the wavelength range beyond3µm and extending to5µm are described.1IntroductionSince the introduction of the double-cladﬁber more than a decade ago and with the recent technological advances in theﬁelds ofﬁber fabrication and beam-shaped high-power diode lasers,the performance of diode-pumpedﬁber lasers has steadily improved.Today,ﬁber lasers can compete with their cor-responding bulk crystalline systems in certain applications,especially when transverse-fundamental-mode,continuous-wave(CW)laser operation at out-put powers in the milliwatt to multiwatt range is required.The increased recent interest inﬁber lasers emitting at mid-infrared wavelengths between 2and3µm primarily relates to the high potential of these wavelengths for applications in laser microsurgery.Due to the high absorption of water in the spectral region at2.7–3.0µm,high-quality laser cutting or ablation has been demonstrated in biological tissues.In addition,laser wavelengths near 2µm could be suitable for tissue welding.A number of other potential laser applications in the mid-infrared spectral region,e.g.environmental trace-gas I.T.Sorokina,K.L.Vodopyanov(Eds.):Solid-State Mid-Infrared Laser Sources,Topics Appl.Phys.89,219–255(2003)c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2003220Markus Pollnau and Stuart D.Jacksondetection,are currently becoming increasingly important.In all these appli-cations ﬁber lasers may ﬁnd their niches.The high development costs of fabricating ﬁbers with suﬃciently low losses in the mid-infrared spectral region has impeded the necessary research eﬀorts in the ﬁeld of mid-infrared ﬁber lasers.The currently available ﬁber materials that are suitable as host materials for speciﬁc rare-earth-doped ﬁber lasers in the spectral region 2–5µm will be introduced in Sect.2.More than any other idea,the invention of the double-clad ﬁber geometry has accelerated the output-power scaling and hence the success of ﬁber lasers.The various aspects of the ﬁber,pump,and resonator geometries will be de-scribed in Sect.3.A signiﬁcant number of spectroscopic investigations has led to a better understanding of the population mechanisms of rare-earth-doped laser systems.The fundamental spectroscopic properties of rare-earth ions in solid-state host materials will be reviewed in Sect.4.Equipped with this general information,the performance of the most important mid-infrared ﬁber laser transitions in the wavelength range 2–3µm can be understood in detail.Sect.5will be devoted to the Tm 3+ﬁber lasers at 1.9and 2.3µm,whereas the Ho 3+ﬁber lasers at 2.1and 2.9µm will be discussed in Sect.6.An impressive example of the variety of population mechanisms and operational regimes in a single system is the Er 3+2.7µm ﬁber laser transition that will be investigated in Sect.7.At wavelengths beyond 3µm,it becomes increasingly diﬃcult to ﬁnd suitable host materials for actively doped laser systems.This statement holds true for glass ﬁbers in the same way as for crystalline materials.The prospects of future mid-infrared ﬁber lasers in this wavelength range will be discussed in Sect.8.Besides general introductions to the diﬀerent topics of lasers [1,2]that include many aspects relevant also to mid-infrared ﬁber lasers,a comprehen-sive introduction to the ﬁeld of rare-earth-doped ﬁber lasers can be found in [3].2Fiber MaterialsThe choice of the ﬁber material involves a number of considerations:the maximum phonon energy,the environmental durability,the draw ability,the rare-earth solubility,and the purity of the starting materials.The maximum phonon energy of the glass sets the overall infrared transparency range of the ﬁber and the multiphonon relaxation rates which inﬂuence the quantum eﬃciency.The multiphonon relaxation rates for the common ﬁber glasses as a function of the energy gap between energy levels are shown in Fig.1.The optical transparency range relates to both the size of the band gap and also the infrared absorption cut-oﬀ,hence to the vibrational frequency νof the anion–cation bonds of the glass.For an ordered structure,ν=(1/2π) k/M ,(1)Mid-Infrared Fiber Lasers221101010M u l t i p h o n o n R e l a x a t i o n R a t e (s -1)Energy Gap (cm )Fig.1.Calculated and measured multiphonon relaxation rates as a function of the energy gap between energy levels for glasses with diﬀerent maximum phonon energies.(Data taken from [4,5])where M =m 1m 2/(m 1+m 2)is the reduced mass for two bodies m 1,m 2vibrating with an elastic restoring force k .While for disordered structures like glass,this is not an accurate expression,nevertheless,it does highlight the important contributions to the glass transparency.The relative cation–anion bond strength is intimated by the ﬁeld strength Z /r 2,where Z is the valence state of the cation or anion and r is the ionic radius.Generally,glasses composed of large anions and cations with low ﬁeld strengths display high transparency in the mid-infrared spectral region.The important physical properties of the popular glasses used for optical ﬁbers are shown in Table 1.Table 1.Properties of popular ﬁber materialsFibermaterialMax.phonon energy (cm −1)Infrared transparency (µm)Propagation losses (λat minimum)(dB/km)Thermal conductivity (W/K m)Silica1100[4]<2.50.2(1.55µm) 1.38[6]ZBLAN550[7]<6.00.05(2.55µm)0.7–0.8[8]GLS 425[5]<8.00.5(3.50µm)0.43–0.5[9]2.1SilicatesThis glass is perhaps the most important material used for optical ﬁber pro-duction [3,10],however,the maximum phonon energy is high (≈1100cm −1)and has so far limited the emission wavelength of mid-infrared ﬁber lasers us-ing this material to ≈2.2µm [11].Silica is robust and involves the very eﬀec-222Markus Pollnau and Stuart D.Jacksontive modiﬁed chemical vapor deposition(MCVD)technique forﬁber fabrica-tion.Reducing the OH−content in the glass,which has two main absorption peaks in the range1.3–2.0µm[12],improves the near-to-mid-infrared utility. Rare-earth ions such as Nd3+and Er3+which have highﬁeld strengths have low solubility in silicate glass which can lead to clustering and micro-scale phase separation.2.2FluoridesThe use ofﬂuoride glasses,especially the heavy-metalﬂuorides[13,14],as host materials for mid-infraredﬁber lasers has found wide acceptance.The most common form of heavy-metalﬂuoride glass is theﬂuorozirconate(ZrF4) composition and the most widespreadﬂuorideﬁber material is ZBLAN[15], a mixture of53mol.%ZrF4,20mol.%BaF2,4mol.%LaF3,3mol.%AlF3, and20mol.%NaF.Since it can be readily drawn into single-mode optical ﬁber[16]it is particularly important to mid-infraredﬁber lasers[17].The large atomic weight of the zirconium atom combined with relatively weak bonding provides a maximum phonon energy for ZBLAN of≈550cm−1and allows for high infrared transparency up to≈6µm.Multiphonon relaxation, however,becomes signiﬁcant for transitions at wavelengths longer than≈3µpared to silica,ZBLAN has a lower damage threshold and a lower level of inhomogeneous spectral-line broadening(Sect.4.1)because the rare-earth ion is placed in sites of a less perturbed network.The crystal-ﬁeld strength is also comparatively weaker[18].An overview of the spectroscopic properties of rare-earth ions doped into ZBLAN has been given in[7].2.3ChalcogenidesChalcogenides are composed of the chalcogen elements S,Se and Te[19,20,21]. They are environmentally durable,have a low toxicity and have reasonably large glass forming regions.When the rare-earth ions are doped into these glasses[22],the radiative transition probabilities and,therefore,the absorp-tion and emission cross-sections are high as a result of the high refractive in-dex(≈2.6)of the glass and the high degree of covalency of the rare-earth ion with the surrounding medium.Maximum phonon energies of300–450cm−1 produce low rates of multiphonon relaxation,see Fig.1,and therefore high quantum eﬃciencies.The low thermal conductivity,see Table1,is however an important factor to be considered in the design of chalcogenide-based lasers. Of the large number of rare-earth chalcogenides studied for luminescent emis-sion,the most important glasses are the sulﬁde glasses GaLaS(GLS)[23]and GeGaS[24]because of the reasonably high rare-earth solubility.2.4CeramicsStudies into the use of ceramics as host materials for the rare earths have recently made a lot of progress[25].These ceramics are composed of nano-Mid-Infrared Fiber Lasers223 crystallites of materials such as Y3Al5O12(YAG)and can be produced ina simple and cost-eﬃcient process at relatively low temperatures.This allows the fabrication of materials with very high melting points[26]that are diﬃcultto grow by other techniques such as the Czochralski method[27].This class ofmaterials is also available inﬁber geometry[28].Ceramicﬁbers combine the characteristics of crystalline materials such as high absorption and emissioncross-sections,large thermal conductivity,and even the possibility of doping with transition-metal ions[28]with the convenience of guiding the pump andsignal light in aﬁber.Currently,the losses of theseﬁbers are comparativelyhigh,but further improvement can be expected.3Fiber,Pump,and Resonator GeometriesThe light oscillating in aﬁber-laser resonator can be either free running or deliberately modulated depending on whether CW or pulsed output,re-spectively,is desired.Consequently,a large number of techniques for pulsedoperation including Q-switching and mode locking ofﬁber lasers have been explored.These techniques have been investigated intensively for the commonlaser transitions at1µm in Nd3+and Yb3+and at1.5µm in Er3+,and are usually described in combination with these lasers.The smallﬁber size limitsthe peak power through the damage-threshold intensity(propagating powerper core area)and,hence,crystalline lasers in bulk geometries or optical parametric processes are often preferred when high-energy short pulses areneeded.This argument accounts especially for mid-infrared ZBLAN-basedﬁber lasers,because theseﬁbers possess a lower damage threshold compared to silicaﬁbers.The description of mid-infraredﬁber lasers is,therefore,con-ﬁned to CW operation and speciﬁc techniques for pulsed operation ofﬁber lasers are not discussed in this chapter.In an analogous way to the optical excitation of bulk gain media,dopedopticalﬁbers can be either end pumped(core pumped)or side pumped (cladding pumped).The former method is less scalable since it relies onthe use of expensive high-beam-quality pump sources because core areas areusually<100µm2.On the other hand,the larger cladding area(>104µm2) allows for high-power diode-array pumping[29,30,31,32,33].The obvious sim-plicity of the core-pumping method negates further explanation and we will concentrate on the cladding-pumping technique:one of the most important developments inﬁber-laser technology.3.1Fiber Designs for Cladding PumpingIn the design ofﬁbers for cladding pumping,the core of theﬁber is gener-ally made to guide a single-transverse LP01mode.The shape of the mul-timode pump cladding,see Fig.2,however,remains somewhatﬂexible and can be shaped with a number of considerations in mind.The pump cladding,224Markus Pollnau and Stuart D.Jackson (a)(b)(d)CorePump cladding Outer cladding Jacket Fig.2.Principal double-clad ﬁber geometries which include (a )circular shaped pump cladding with axially positioned core,(b )circular shaped pump cladding with oﬀ-axially positioned core,(c )rectangular shaped pump cladding and (d )D-shaped pump claddingwhich in turn is surrounded by a low-refractive-index transparent polymer or glass,provides a high numerical aperture (NA)of 0.3–0.55for the pump cladding.There are three main double-clad-ﬁber layouts:circular,circular with oﬀset core,and rectangular as shown schematically in Fig.2.Maxi-mum pump-light absorption sees the core near the outer edge of the circular pump cladding [34]because a portion of the launched light is skew to the ﬁber axis and produces an inner caustic and never crosses the central re-gion of the pump cladding.Scrambling these skew rays by bending [35]or by using a graded and slightly elliptical pump cladding [36]increases the pump-absorption eﬃciency as does spatially varying refractive-index ﬂuctuations in inhomogeneous pump claddings [37].Inner caustics can be avoided by rectilinearly shaping the pump cladding [38]which has the ancillary advantage of matching the shape of diode-array output.The overall absorption coeﬃcient of the ﬁber is reduced by the ratio of the core area to the area of the pump cladding [34].The propagation losses for the rectangular-shaped pump cladding are higher and the eﬀective numerical aperture lower as compared to the circular shape [39];however,in certain cases higher dopant concentrations can provide shorter ﬁber lengths that also lead to reduced nonlinear eﬀects.A D-shaped or trun-cated circular pump cladding [40],see Fig.2d,is also eﬀective while be-ing easier to make than rectangular preforms.The circular-multimode pump cladding may also have the gain medium distributed in a ring around the edge of the pump cladding either discretely or continuously in multi-core [41]and M-proﬁle [42]arrangements,respectively.The eﬀective absorption coef-ﬁcient is now further increased while maintaining high-beam-quality output.A large-mode-area core [43]can also increase the eﬀective absorption coeﬃ-cient of the ﬁber.Recently,double-clad pump schemes have been demonstrated also with holey ﬁbers [44].These structures oﬀer the additional advantage of single-mode guiding over a broad spectral range [45].Mid-Infrared Fiber Lasers 2253.2Fiber-Laser ResonatorsTypical free-running ﬁber-laser resonators are shown schematically in Fig.3.In the simplest resonator,see Fig.3a,the pump light passes through a dichroic mirror that is highly reﬂective for the oscillating laser light.Fresnel reﬂection at the cleaved output end facet of the ﬁber can provide suﬃcient feedback for laser oscillation;however,with an output-coupler mirror –and pump retro-reﬂector –placed at the output end of the ﬁber the optical eﬃciency can be maximized.In an alternative arrangement,the pump light can be launched into the output end of the ﬁber,see Fig.3b.A dichroic mirror oriented at 45◦to the ﬁber axis extracts the laser output and a broadband highly reﬂecting mirror is placed at the rear ﬁber end.To scale the output power,each end of the ﬁber can be pumped,see Fig.3c.Periodic V-grooves [46]or prism coupling [47]along the ﬁber to distribute the pump access allow one to further scale the output power and are useful for pumping ﬁber ring resonators.Spectrally combining the output from a number of separate ﬁber lasers is also a promising power-scaling technique [48,49,50].The highest reported ﬁber-laser output powers of 110W in a singly Yb 3+-doped ﬁber [51]and 150W in a Nd 3+,Yb 3+-codoped ﬁber [52]have been obtained using arrangements as shown schematically in Fig.3c.Bragg gratings can substitute the ﬁber-butted mirror if spectrally well-deﬁned output is required.PumpPump Pump Pump Output Output OutputMM M MMFiberFiberFiber(a)(b)(c)Fig.3.Schematic diagram of resonators used for free-running ﬁber lasers with (a )a single-end co-propagating pump,(b )a single-end counter-propagating pump and (c )dual end pumps.M represents the mirror226Markus Pollnau and Stuart D.Jackson3.3Thermal IssuesAs higher pump powers become available from laser-diode systems,it is gen-erally recognized that thermal and thermo-optical issues set limitations to the power scalability of end-pumped bulk-laser systems.Owing to the unfavor-able temperature dependence of thermal and thermo-optical parameters[53], the large heat load in the crystal leads,ﬁrstly,to a signiﬁcant temperature increase in the rod,secondly,to strong thermal lensing with pronounced spherical aberrations,and ultimately,to rod fracture in a high-average-power end-pumped system.Due to its geometry,theﬁber provides potentially high pump-and signal-beam intensities without the drawbacks of signiﬁcant thermal and thermo-optical eﬀects.Its large surface-area-to-volume ratio means that the heat generated from multiphonon relaxation in the core is dissipated eﬀectively by radiation and convection from the outer surface of theﬁber.This is es-pecially true for single-clad,core-pumped single-modeﬁbers where this ratio is highest[54].Double-cladﬁbers have a relatively smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio and thermal issues need to be taken into account[6,55,56]. Thermal management will be required when very high output powers are desired.In particular,for high-power mid-infrared operation,thermal man-agement may be very important because of the decreased quantum eﬃciency and the consequently higher amount of heat dissipation.4Spectroscopic and Laser Propertiesof Rare-Earth IonsThe structure of a glass is less well deﬁned as compared to a crystalline mate-rial.The local variation of the chemical environment of active ions in a glass has a number of consequences.Most important,the active ions may undergo chemical reactions during the fabrication process and be incorporated in the host in several oxidation states with diﬀerent spectroscopic properties.Oxi-dation states other than the desired one may act as impurities that introduce undesired optical eﬀects such as parasitic pump absorption,the reabsorption of oscillating laser light,the lifetime quenching of the laser ion,and the trap-ping of the excitation energy.A stable oxidation state of the optically active ion is thus highly desirable.The necessity of a stable oxidation state excludes a number of transition-metal ions from the list of suitable dopants in glass environments.This is one of the possible reasons why examples of transition-metal-ion-doped lasers in glass hosts are rare.On the other hand,most of the rare-earth ions prefer to stabilize in the trivalent oxidation state and are, therefore,suitable candidates as glass andﬁber dopants.This chapter will, therefore,concentrate on the rare-earth ions as active dopants ofﬁber lasers.Mid-Infrared Fiber Lasers227 4.1Spectra of Rare-Earth Ions in GlassesThe optical transitions of lanthanide(rare-earth)ions in the visible and in-frared spectral region occur within the4f subshell.This subshell is shielded by the outer5s and5p subshells and the inﬂuence of the host material isrelatively small compared to,e.g.,the3d transitions in transition-metal ions.The electronic structure of trivalent rare-earth ions derives from the perturba-tion of the4f energy level in the central-ﬁeld approximation by the noncen-trosymmetric electron–electron interaction,the spin–orbit interaction,andthe crystal-ﬁeld splitting(Stark eﬀect);see the example of the energy-level scheme of Er3+in Fig.4.The spin–orbit multiplets are commonly denotedby their2S+1L J terms in Russell–Saunders coupling,although the4f elec-trons of lanthanide ions exhibit intermediate coupling and the total angularmomenta J of the spin–orbit multiplets are linear combinations of the totalorbital angular momenta L and total spins S.Single crystal-ﬁeld(Stark)tran-sitions between two spin–orbit multiplets cannot be distinguished in glasses at ambient temperature,because inhomogeneous spectral-line broadening oc-curs due to the local variation of the ligand electricﬁeld.Also homogeneous (lifetime)broadening mechanisms are relevant in a number of glasses.This spectral-line broadening makes glasses the preferred hosts when broadband,Fig.4.Energy-level scheme of triva-lent erbium indicating the splitting ofthe4f11conﬁguration in the central-ﬁeld approximation by the noncen-trosymmetric electron–electron inter-action,the spin–orbit interaction,andthe Stark splitting by the local elec-tricﬁeld of the host material(indi-cated only for selected spin–orbit mul-tiplets)228Markus Pollnau and Stuart D.Jacksoncontinuous tunability of lasers is desired.On the other hand,the spectral-line broadening leads to lower absorption and emission cross-sections for the same transition in glasses compared to single-crystalline hosts.The reducedcross-sections lead to generally higher pump threshold of laser transitions inglasses,a fact that is compensated inﬁber geometry because a high pump conﬁnement is achieved over the wholeﬁber length.4.2Intraionic ProcessesGenerally,the probability of an allowed electric-dipole transition is seven or-ders of magnitude larger than that of an allowed magnetic-dipole transition.Since electric-dipole transitions within the4f subshell are parity forbidden,the intensities of radiative transitions in rare-earth ions are weak and the radiative lifetimes of the emitting states are long,typically in the ms range.Mixing of the4f states with higher-lying(typically5d)electronic states of opposite parity at ion sites without inversion symmetry,however,means thatelectric-dipole transitions become partially allowed and are usually the dom-inant transitions between4f electronic states.The oscillator strengths f and integrated absorption and emission cross-sectionsσof these spin–orbit mul-tiplet-to-multiplet transitions can be calculated with the help of the semi-empirical Judd–Ofelt theory[57,58].If the degree of inhomogeneous spectral-line broadening is relatively small and the absorption and emission spectraremain structured,as is the case for ZBLAN,the cross-sectionsσ(λ)at in-dividual wavelengths that are relevant to pump absorption and stimulatedemission of narrow laser lines must be determined experimentally.Besides ground-state absorption(GSA),excited-state absorption(ESA) of pump photons,see Fig.5a,can play a signiﬁcant role inﬁber lasers,specif-ically in the case of high-intensity core pumping.An experimental examplewill be given later in Sect.7.1.Since the absorption increases exponentially with the absorption coeﬃcientα(λP)=Nσ(λP),ESA becomes relevant forthe population dynamics of a laser when(a)the ESA and GSA cross-sectionsσ(λP)are comparable at the pump wavelengthλP and(b)the population density N of the excited state in which the second pump-absorption steporiginates becomes a signiﬁcant fraction of the density of ions in the ground state,i.e.,a large degree of ground-state bleaching must be present for ESA to play a signiﬁcant role.A radiative transition from an excited state i to a lower-lying state j is characterized by the radiative rate constant A ij.If the decay occurs to sev-eral lower-lying states,the overall radiative rate constant A i is the sum of all individual rate constants.The branching ratio of each radiative transition is deﬁned asβij=A ij/A i.Radiative decay of excited states is in competition with nonradiative decay by interaction with vibrations of the host material, called multiphonon relaxation.The rate constant of a multiphonon relaxation process decreases exponentially with the energy gap to the next lower-lying state and with the order of the process,i.e.,the number of phonons required(a)Ion (b)12Donor Ion Acceptor IonAcceptor Ion (c)Sensitizing Ion ALaser Ion B(d)1Laser Ion AQuenching Ion B (e)Donor Ion Acceptor Ion(f)1Donor Ion Acceptor Ion Fig.5.Intra-and interionic processes inﬁber lasers:(a)excited-state absorption (ESA);(b)energy migration;(c)sensitization and(d)quenching of a laser ion by an ion of a diﬀerent type;(e)cross-relaxation and(f)energy-transfer upconversionto bridge the energy gap[59,60].This fact is illustrated in Fig.1for diﬀer-ent glasses.The rate constant of multiphonon relaxation increases with host temperature.The measurable luminescence lifetimeτi of an excited state i is the inverse of the sum of the overall radiative rate constant A i and the rate constant of multiphonon relaxation,W i.The radiative quantum eﬃciency is deﬁned asη=A i/(A i+W i).The inﬂuence of multiphonon relaxations is stronger in oxides as com-pared toﬂuorides because of the smaller atomic mass m2of the anion and the larger elastic restoring force k,see(1),due to stronger covalent bonds in oxides[3],both resulting in larger maximum phonon energies in oxides.A brief example:The luminescence lifetime of the4I11/2upper laser level of the erbium3µm laser(Sect.7)is partly quenched by multiphonon relaxation. Typically,nonradiative decay becomes dominant ifﬁve or less phonons are required to bridge the energy gap.With an energy gap between the4I11/2and the next lower lying4I13/2levels of≈3400–3500cm−1,radiative decay pre-vails for phonon energies below≈600cm−1,roughly the maximum phonon energy of ZBLAN,see Table1.Fluorides are,therefore,preferred over oxides as host materials for most of the mid-infrared laser transitions.Like absorption,the strength of a stimulated-emission process is char-acterized by the emission cross-sectionσ(λL)of the laser transition.From a simple analysis,for one resonator round-trip of oscillating laser photons, the productτσ(λL)withτthe luminescence lifetime of the upper laser level, is identiﬁed as a“ﬁgure of merit”for a possible laser transition.The larger this product,the lower is the expected pump threshold of the laser transition. This“ﬁgure of merit”,however,does not take into account the numerous par-asitic eﬀects that can occur in the population dynamics of a laser system,such as pump ESA,reabsorption of laser photons,and energy-transfer processes. It is often these parasitic processes that lead to surprising performance char-acteristics–as likely in the negative as in the positive sense–and make the interpretation of rare-earth-doped solid-state lasers challenging.Examples will be discussed in Sects.5–7.4.3Interionic ProcessesIn addition to intraionic excitation and decay mechanisms,radiative en-ergy transfer due to reabsorption of emitted photons by other active ions in the sample and nonradiative energy-transfer processes due to multipole–multipole or exchange interactions between neighboring active ions can occur. Radiative energy transfer leads to an increase in the luminescence lifetime. Among the nonradiative energy-transfer processes,most common is the elec-tric dipole–dipole interaction,which can occur as a direct[61]or phonon-assisted[62]energy transfer.A direct energy transfer requires spectral reso-nance between the involved emission and absorption transitions whereas an indirect transfer can also be nonresonant,i.e.,an existing energy gap between the emission and absorption transitions involved in the transfer is bridged by。

The chemistry and applications of metal organic framworks

DOI: 10.1126/science.1230444, (2013);341 Science et al.Hiroyasu Furukawa The Chemistry and Applications of Metal-Organic FrameworksThis copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only.clicking here.colleagues, clients, or customers by , you can order high-quality copies for your If you wish to distribute this article to othershere.following the guidelines can be obtained by Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles): May 10, 2014 (this information is current as of The following resources related to this article are available online at/content/341/6149/1230444.full.html version of this article at:including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, /content/suppl/2013/08/29/341.6149.1230444.DC1.html can be found at:Supporting Online Material /content/341/6149/1230444.full.html#ref-list-1, 13 of which can be accessed free:cites 358 articles This article /content/341/6149/1230444.full.html#related-urls 2 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see:cited by This article has been/cgi/collection/chemistry Chemistrysubject collections:This article appears in the following registered trademark of AAAS.is a Science 2013 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Copyright American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the Science o n M a y 10, 2014w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m/10.1126/science.1230444Cite this article as H. FurukawaScienceDOI: 10.1126/science.1230444 liations is available in the full article online.*Corresponding author. E-mail: yaghi@30 AUGUST 2013 VOL 341 SCIENCE Published by AAASThe Chemistry and Applications of Metal-Organic FrameworksHiroyasu Furukawa,1,2Kyle E.Cordova,1,2Michael O’Keeffe,3,4Omar M.Yaghi1,2,4* Crystalline metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are formed by reticular synthesis,which creates strong bonds between inorganic and organic units.Careful selection of MOF constituents can yield crystals of ultrahigh porosity and high thermal and chemical stability.These characteristics allow the interior of MOFs to be chemically altered for use in gas separation,gas storage,and catalysis,among other applications.The precision commonly exercised in their chemical modification and the ability to expand their metrics without changing the underlying topology have not been achieved with other solids.MOFs whose chemical composition and shape of building units can be multiply varied within a particular structure already exist and may lead to materials that offer a synergistic combination of properties.T he past decade has seen explosive growth in the preparation,characterization,andstudy of materials known as metal-organic frameworks(MOFs).These materials are con-structed by joining metal-containing units[sec-ondary building units(SBUs)]with organic linkers, using strong bonds(reticular synthesis)to create open crystalline frameworks with permanent po-rosity(1).The flexibility with which the metal SBUs and organic linkers can be varied has led to thousands of compounds being prepared and studied each year(Figs.1and2).MOFs have ex-ceptional porosity and a wide range of potential uses including gas storage,separations,and ca-talysis(2).In particular,applications in energy technologies such as fuel cells,supercapacitors, and catalytic conversions have made them ob-jects of extensive study,industrial-scale produc-tion,and application(2–4).Among the many developments made in this field,four were particularly important in advanc-ing the chemistry of MOFs:(i)The geometric principle of construction was realized by the link-ing of SBUs with rigid shapes such as squares and octahedra,rather than the simpler node-and-spacer construction of earlier coordination net-works in which single atoms were linked by ditopic coordinating linkers(1).The SBU approach not only led to the identification of a small number of preferred(“default”)topologies that could be targeted in designed syntheses,but also was cen-tral to the achievement of permanent porosity in MOFs(1).(ii)As a natural outcome of the use of SBUs,a large body of work was subsequently reported on the use of the isoreticular principle (varying the size and nature of a structure without changing its underlying topology)in the design of MOFs with ultrahigh porosity and unusuallylarge pore openings(5).(iii)Postsynthetic mod-ification(PSM)of MOFs—incorporating organicunits and metal-organic complexes through re-actions with linkers—has emerged as a powerfultool for changing the reactivity of the pores(e.g.,creating catalytic sites)(6).(iv)Multivariate MOFs(MTV-MOFs),in which multiple organic function-alities are incorporated within a single framework,have provided many opportunities for designingcomplexity within the pores of MOFs in a con-trolled manner(7).Below,we focus on these aspects of MOFchemistry because they are rarely achieved in oth-er materials and because they lead to the previous-ly elusive synthesis of solids by design.Unlikeother extended solids,MOFs maintain their under-lying structure and crystalline order upon expan-sion of organic linkers and inorganic SBUs,aswell as after chemical functionalization,whichgreatly widens the scope of this chemistry.Wereview key developments in these areas and dis-cuss the impact of this chemistry on applicationssuch as gas adsorption and storage,catalysis,andproton conduction.We also discuss the conceptof MTV-MOFs in relation to the sequence of func-tionality arrangement that is influenced by theelectronic and/or steric interactions among thefunctionalities.Highly functional synthetic crys-talline materials can result from the use of suchtechniques to create heterogeneity within MOFstructures.Design of Ultrahigh PorosityDuring the past century,extensive work was doneon crystalline extended structures in which metalions are joined by organic linkers containing Lewisbase–binding atoms such as nitriles and bipyridines(8,9).Although these are extended crystal struc-tures and not large discrete molecules such as poly-mers,they were dubbed coordination“polymers”—a term that is still in use today,although we preferthe more descriptive term MOFs,introduced in1995(10)and now widely accepted.Becausethese structures were constructed from long or-ganic linkers,they encompassed void space andtherefore were viewed to have the potential to be1Department of Chemistry,University of California,Berkeley,CA94720,USA.2Materials Sciences Division,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,CA94720,USA.3Department of Chemistry,Arizona State University,Tempe,AZ87240,USA. 4NanoCentury KAIST Institute and Graduate School of Energy,Environment,Water,and Sustainability(World Class Univer-sity),Daejeon305-701,Republic of Korea.*Corresponding author.E-mail:yaghi@ln(No.ofstructures)YearDoubling time9.3 years5.7 years3.9 years2010200520001995199019851980197512108642No.ofMOFstructures7000600050004000300020001000Year2122222199199199199199198198198198198197197197197Total (CSD)Extended (1D, 2D, 3D)MOFs (3D)Fig.1.Metal-organic framework structures(1D,2D,and3D)reported in the Cambridge Struc-tural Database(CSD)from1971to2011.The trend shows a striking increase during this period for all structure types.In particular,the doubling time for the number of3D MOFs(inset)is the highest among all reported metal-organic structures. SCIENCE VOL34130AUGUST20131230444-1BAZn 4O(CO 2)6M 3O 3(CO 2)3 (M = Zn, Mg, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Cu)Ni 4(C 3H 3N 2)8In(C 5HO 4N 2)4Zr 6O 4(OH)4-(CO 2)12Zr 6O 8(CO 2)8M 3O(CO 2)6 (M = Zn, Cr, In, and Ga)M 2(CO 2)4(M = Cu, Zn, Fe, Mo, Cr, Co, and Ru)Zn(C 3H 3N 2)4Na(OH)2(SO 3)3Cu 2(CNS)4H 2BDCH 4DOTH 2BDC-X (X = Br, OH, NO 2, and NH 2)H 2BDC-(X)2(X = Me, Cl, COOH, OC 3H 5, and OC 7H 7)H 4ADBFumaric acidOxalic acidH 4ATC H 3THBTSH 3ImDCDTOAADPH 3BTPTIPA Gly-AlaH 4DH9PhDC H 4DH11PhDCH 3BTCIr(H 2DPBPyDC)(PPy)2+H 6BTETCADCDPBN BPP34C10DAH 3BTB (X = CH)H 3TATB (X = N)H 3BTE (X = C ≡C)H 3BBC (X = C 6H 4)H 6TPBTM (X = CONH)H 6BTEI (X = C ≡C)H 6BTPI (X = C 6H 4)H 6BHEI (X = C ≡C−C ≡C)H 6BTTI (X = (C 6H 4)2)H 6PTEI (X = C 6H 4−C ≡C)H 6TTEI (X = C ≡C-C 6H 4-C ≡C)H 6BNETPI (X = C ≡C−C 6H 4−C ≡C−C ≡C)H 6BHEHPI (X = (C 6H 4−C ≡C)2)COOHCOOHCOOHCOOH COOHCOOHOH HOCOOHCOOHXCOOHCOOHX XCOOHHOOCCOOHHOOC OHOO OHNCOOHHOOCNHOOCCOOHN NH HOOCCOOHNNH N HNNHN SO 3H SO 3HHO 3SOHHOOH NH 2H 2NSSN NNN NNNCOOHHOOCCOOHH N H 2NOCOOHOHCOOHHOCOOHOHHOCOOHCOOHHOOCCOOHX XXCOOHHOOCCOOHNN OH OHClClCOOHHOOCCOOHCOOHCOOHHOOCOOOOOCOOHCOOH OOOOONNCOOHCOOHIr NN+COOHHOOCCOOHXXXCOOHCOOHHOOCCOOHHOOCCOOHXXX Al(OH)(CO 2)2 VO(CO 2)2Fig.2.Inorganic secondary building units (A)and organic linkers (B)referred to in the text.Color code:black,C;red,O;green,N;yellow,S;purple,P;light green,Cl;blue polyhedra,metal ions.Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.AIPA,tris(4-(1H -imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)amine;ADP,adipic acid;TTFTB4–,4,4′,4′′,4′′′-([2,2′-bis(1,3-dithiolylidene)]-4,4′,5,5′-tetrayl)tetrabenzoate.30AUGUST 2013VOL 341SCIENCE 1230444-2REVIEWpermanently porous,as is the case for zeolites.The porosity of these compounds was investigated in the1990s by forcing gas molecules into the crev-ices at high pressure(11).However,proof of per-manent porosity requires measurement of reversible gas sorption isotherms at low pressures and tem-peratures.Nonetheless,as we remarked at that time(12),it was then commonplace to refer to materials as“porous”and“open framework”even though such proof was lacking.The first proof of permanent porosity of MOFs was obtained by mea-surement of nitrogen and carbon dioxide isotherms on layered zinc terephthalate MOF(12).A major advance in the chemistry of MOFs came in1999when the synthesis,x-ray single-crystal structure determination,and low-temperature, low-pressure gas sorption properties were reported for the first robust and highly porous MOF,MOF-5 (13).This archetype solid comprises Zn4O(CO2)6 octahedral SBUs each linked by six chelating 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate(BDC2–)units to give a cubic framework(Fig.2,figs.S2and S3,and tables S1and S2).The architectural robustness of MOF-5allowed for gas sorption measurements, which revealed61%porosity and a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)surface area of2320m2/g (2900m2/g Langmuir).These values are substan-tially higher than those commonly found for zeo-lites and activated carbon(14).To prepare MOFs with even higher surface area(ultrahigh porosity)requires an increase in storage space per weight of the material.Longer organic linkers provide larger storage space and a greater number of adsorption sites within a given material.However,the large space within the crys-tal framework makes it prone to form interpen-etrating structures(two or more frameworks grow and mutually intertwine together).The most effec-tive way to prevent interpenetration is by making MOFs whose topology inhibits interpenetration because it would require the second framework to have a different topology(15).Additionally, it is important to keep the pore diameter in the micropore range(below2nm)by judicious se-lection of organic linkers in order to maximize the BETsurface area of the framework,because it is known that BET surface areas obtained from isotherms are similar to the geometric surface areas derived from the crystal structure(16).In2004, MOF-177[Zn4O(BTB)2;BTB=4,4′,4′′-benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoate]was reported with the high-est surface area at that time(BET surface area= 3780m2/g,porosity=83%;Figs.3A and4)(15), which satisfies the above requirements.In2010, the surface area was doubled by MOF-200and MOF-210[Zn4O(BBC)2and(Zn4O)3(BTE)4(BPDC)3, respectively;BBC3–=4,4′,4′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tribenzoate;BTE= 4,4′,4′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl)) tribenzoate;BPDC=biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylate] to produce ultrahigh surface areas(4530m2/g and6240m2/g,respectively)and porosities(90% and89%)(17).An x-ray diffraction study performed on a sin-gle crystal of MOF-5dosed with nitrogen or argon gas identified the adsorption sites within the pores(18).The zinc oxide SBU,the faces,and,sur-prisingly,the edges of the BDC2–linker serve asadsorption sites.This study uncovered the originof the high porosity and has enabled the design ofMOFs with even higher porosities(Fig.4and ta-ble S3).Moreover,it has been reported that ex-panded tritopic linkers based on alkyne rather thanphenylene units should increase the number ofadsorption sites and increase the surface area(19).NU-110[Cu3(BHEHPI);BHEHPI6–=5,5′,5′′-((((benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))-tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))triisophthalate],whose organiclinker is replete with such edges,displayed a sur-face area of7140m2/g(Table1)(7,17,20–32).For many practical purposes,such as storinggases,calculating the surface area per volumeis more relevant.By this standard,the value forMOF-5,2200m2/cm3,is among the very bestreported for MOFs(for comparison,the value forNU-110is1600m2/cm3).Note that the externalsurface area of a nanocube with edges measuring3nm would be2000m2/cm3.However,nano-crystallites on this scale with“clean”surfaceswould immediately aggregate,ultimately leavingtheir potential high surface area inaccessible.Expansion of Structures by a Factor of2to17A family of16cubic MOFs—IRMOF-1[alsoknown as MOF-5,which is the parent MOF ofthe isoreticular(IR)series]to IRMOF-16—withthe same underlying topology(isoreticular)wasmade with expanded and variously functionalizedorganic linkers(figs.S2and S3)(1,5).This de-velopment heralded the potential for expandingand functionalizing MOFs for applications in gasstorage and separations.The same work demon-strated that a large number of topologically iden-tical but functionally distinctive structures can bemade.Note that the topology of these isoreticularMOFs is typically represented with a three-lettercode,pcu,which refers to its primitive cubic net(33).One of the smallest isoreticular structuresof MOF-5is Zn4O(fumarate)3(34);one of thelargest is IRMOF-16[Zn4O(TPDC)3;TPDC2–=terphenyl-4,4′′-dicarboxylate](5)(fig.S2).In thisexpansion,the unit cell edge is doubled and itsvolume is increased by a factor of8.The degreeof interpenetration,and thus the porosity and den-sity of these materials,can be controlled by chang-ing the concentration of reactants,temperature,orother experimental conditions(5).The concept of the isoreticular expansion isnot simply limited to cubic(pcu)structures,asillustrated by the expansion of MOF-177to giveMOF-180[Zn4O(BTE)2]and MOF-200,whichuse larger triangular organic linkers(qom net;Fig.3A and fig.S4)(15,17).Contrary to the MOF-5type of expanded framework,expanded structuresof MOF-177are noninterpenetrating despite thehigh porosity of these MOFs(89%and90%forMOF-180and MOF-200,respectively).Theseresults highlight the critical role of selectingtopology.Another MOF of interest is known as HKUST-1[Cu3(BTC)2;BTC3–=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate](35);it is composed of Cu paddlewheel[Cu2(CO2)4]SBUs(Fig.2A)and a tritopic organic linker,BTC3–.Several isoreticular structures have been madeby expansion with TA TB3–[4,4′,4′′-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tribenzoate],TA TAB3–[4,4′,4′′-((1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(azanediyl))tribenzoate],TTCA3–[triphenylene-2,6,10-tricarboxylate],HTB3–[4,4′,4′′-(1,3,3a1,4,6,7,9-heptaazaphenalene-2,5,8-triyl)tribenzoate],and BBC3–linkers(tbonet;Fig.3B,fig.S1and S5,and tables S1andS2)(21,36–39).The cell volume for the largestreported member[MOF-399,Cu3(BBC)2]is17.4times that of HKUST-1.MOF-399has thehighest void fraction(94%)and lowest density(0.126g/cm3)of any MOF reported to date(21).Cu paddlewheel units are also combined withvarious lengths of hexatopic linkers to form an-other isoreticular series.The first example of oneof these MOFs is Zn3(TPBTM)[TPBTM6–=5,5′,5′′-((benzene-1,3,5-tricarbonyl)tris(azanediyl))triisophthalate],which has a ntt net(40).Shortlyafter this report,several isoreticular MOF struc-tures were synthesized(Fig.3C and fig.S6)(19,20,24,41–48):Cu3(TPBTM),Cu3(TDPA T),NOTT-112[Cu3(BTPI)],NOTT-116[also knownas PCN-68;Cu3(PTEI)],PCN-61[Cu3(BTEI)],PCN-66[Cu3(NTEI)],PCN-69[also known asNOTT-119;Cu3(BTTI)],PCN-610[also knownas NU-100;Cu3(TTEI)],NU-108[Cu3(BTETCA)],NU-109[Cu3(BNETPI)],NU-110,and NU-111[Cu3(BHEI)]TDPA T6–=5,5′,5′′-((1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(azanediyl))triisophthalate;BTPI6–=5,5′,5′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))triisophthalate;PTEI6–=5,5′,5′′-((benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))triisophthalate;BTEI6–=5,5′,5′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))triisophthalate;NTEI6–=5,5′,5′′-((nitrilotris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))triisophthalate;BTTI6–=5,5′,5′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(biphenyl-4,4′-diyl))triisophthalate;TTEI6–=5,5′,5′′-(((benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))triisophthalate;BTETCA6–=5′,5′′′′,5′′′′′′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))tris(([1,1′:3′,1′′-terphenyl]-4,4′′-dicarboxylate));BNETPI6–=5,5′,5″-(((benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))tris(benzene-4,1-diyl))tris(buta-1,3-diyne-4,1-diyl))triisophthalate;BHEI6–=5,5′,5″-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(buta-1,3-diyne-4,1-diyl))triisophthalate].Isoreticularmaterials are not necessarily expansions of theoriginal parent MOF,as exemplified by NU-108,because the ntt family has a linker(BTETCA6–)with two branching points and two kinds of links(figs.S1B and S7).A wide variety of metal ions form metal-carboxylate units,and isostructural MOFs can besynthesized by replacing the metal ions in theinorganic SBUs.Indeed,after the appearance ofHKUST-1[Cu3(BTC)2],an isostructural series ofHKUST-1[M3(BTC)2,where M=Zn(II),Fe(II),Mo(II),Cr(II),Ru(II)]was prepared by sever-al groups(fig.S5)(49–53).In the same way as SCIENCE VOL34130AUGUST20131230444-3REVIEWABDCZn 4O(CO 2)6Cu 2(CO 2)4Cu 2(CO 2)4Zn 4O(BTB)2MOF-177 (qom )Cu 3(BTC)2, HKUST -1MOF-199 (tbo )Cu 3(BBC)2,MOF-399 (tbo )Cu 3(TATB)2, PCN-6’ (tbo )Zn 4O(BTE)2MOF-180 (qom )Zn 4O(BBC)2MOF-200 (qom )× 1.820 Å× 2.7Tritopic linker20 Å× 5.5× 17.4Hexatopic linker30 Å× 2.2× 6.0× 6.5× 16.130 ÅTetratopic linkerCu 3(TDPAT) (ntt )Cu 3(NTEI),PCN-66 (ntt )Cu 3(BHEHPI),NU-110 (ntt )Mg 3O 3(CO 2)3Mg 2(DOT), Mg-MOF-74(IRMOF-74-I) (etb )Mg 2(DH11PhDC),IRMOF-74-XI (etb )Mg 2(DH5PhDC),IRMOF-74-V (etb )Tritopic linkerFig. 3.Isoreticular expansion of metal-organic frameworks with qom,tbo,ntt,and etb nets.(A to D )The isoreticular (maintaining same topology)expansion of archetypical metal-organic frameworks resulting from discrete [(A),(B),and (C)]and rod inorganic SBUs (D)combined with tri-,hexa-,and tetratopic organic linkers to obtain MOFs in qom (A),tbo (B),ntt (C),and etb (D)nets,respectively.Each panel shows a scaled comparison of the smallest,medium,and largest crystalline structures of MOFs representative of these nets.The large yellow and green spheres represent the largest sphere that would occupy the cavity.Numbers above each arrow represent the degree of volume expansion from the smallest framework.Color code is same as in Fig.2;hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.30AUGUST 2013VOL 341SCIENCE1230444-4REVIEWdiscrete inorganic SBUs,the infinite inorganic rod-type SBUs were also used to synthesize isostructural MOF-74[Zn 2(DOT);DOT =dioxidoterephthalate](54)using divalent metal ions such as Mg,Co,Ni,and Mn (fig.S8)(55).Exceptionally Large Pore AperturesPore openings of MOFs are typically large enough (up to 2nm)to accommodate small molecules,but rarely are they of appropriate size to permit inclusion of large molecules such as proteins.The best way to increase pore apertures is to use infinite rod-shaped SBUs with linkers of arbitrary length providing periodicity in the other two di-mensions,which does not allow for interpene-trating structures.This strategy was implemented by expanding the original phenylene unit of MOF-74[M 2(DOT);M 2+=Zn,Mg]structure (54)to 2,3,4,5,6,7,9,and 11phenylene units [DH2PhDC 4–to DH11PhDC 4–,respectively;Fig.2B,Fig.3D,and figs.S1B and S8](22).Crystal structures revealed that pore apertures for this series of MOF-74struc-tures (termed IRMOF-74-I to IRMOF-74-XI)ranged from 14to 98Å.The presence of the large pore apertures was also confirmed by transmission elec-tron microscopy (TEM)and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)observation as well as argon adsorption measurements of the guest-free mate-rials.As expected,the pore aperture of IRMOF-74-IX is of sufficient size to allow for green fluorescent protein (barrel structure with diameter of 34Åand length of 45Å)to pass into the pores without unfolding.More important,the large pore aperture is of benefit to the surface modification of the pores with various functionalities without sacrificing the porosity (22).An oligoethylene glycol –functionalized IRMOF-74-VII [Mg 2(DH7PhDC-oeg)]allows in-clusion of myoglobin,whereas IRMOF-74-VII with hydrophobic hexyl chains showed a negli-gible amount of inclusion.High Thermal and Chemical StabilityBecause MOFs are composed entirely of strong bonds (e.g.,C-C,C-H,C-O,and M-O),they show high thermal stability ranging from 250°to 500°C (5,56–58).It has been a challenge to make chem-ically stable MOFs because of their susceptibility to link-displacement reactions when treated with solvents over extended periods of time (days).The first example of a MOF with exceptional chemical stability is zeolitic imidazolate framework –8[ZIF-8,Zn(MIm)2;MIm –=2-methylimidazolate],which was reported in 2006(56).ZIF-8is unaltered after immersion in boiling methanol,benzene,and water for up to 7days,and in concentrated sodium hydroxide at 100°C for 24hours.201220102008200620041999010002000300040005000600070008000Typical conventionalporous materialsMOFsZ e o l i t e s (0.30)S i l i c a s (1.15)C a r b o n s (0.60)MIL-101(2.15)MIL-101 (2.00)MOF-177 (1.59)NOTT-119 (2.35)MOF-210 (3.60)NU-100 (2.82)NU-110(4.40)UMCM-2(2.32)DUT-49(2.91)MOF-5(1.04)MOF-5 (1.20)MOF-5(1.56)MOF-177 (2.00)IRMOF-20 (1.53)MOF-5 (1.48)U M C M -1 (2.24)P C N -6 (1.41)M I L -100 (1.10)M O F -200 (3.59)B i o -M O F -100 (4.30)N O T T -112 (1.59)D U T -23(C o ) (2.03)Fig.4.Progress in the synthesis of ultrahigh-porosity MOFs.BET surface areas of MOFs and typical conventional materials were estimated from gas adsorption measurements.The values in parentheses represent the pore volume (cm 3/g)of these materials.Table 1.Typical properties and applications of metal-organic frameworks.Metal-organic frameworks exhibiting the lowest and highest values for the indicated property,and those reported first for selected applications,are shown.Property or applicationCompound Achieved value or year of reportReference Lowest reported value DensityMOF-3990.126g/cm 3(21)Highest reported value Pore apertureIRMOF-74-XI 98Å(22)Number of organic linkers MTV-MOF-58(7)Degrees of interpenetration Ag 6(OH)2(H 2O)4(TIPA)554(23)BET surface area NU-1107140m 2/g (20)Pore volumeNU-110 4.40cm 3/g (20)Excess hydrogen uptake (77K,56bar)NU-1009.0wt%(24)Excess methane uptake (290K,35bar)PCN-14212mg/g (25)Excess carbon dioxide uptake (298K,50bar)MOF-2002347mg/g (17)Proton conductivity (98%relative humidity,25°C)(NH 4)2(ADP)[Zn 2(oxalate)3]·3H 2O8×10−3S/cm (26)Charge mobilityZn 2(TTFTB)0.2cm 2/V·s (27)Lithium storage capacity (after 60cycles)Zn 3(HCOO)6560mAh/g(28)Earliest reportCatalysis by a MOFCd(BPy)2(NO 3)21994(29)Gas adsorption isotherm and permanent porosity MOF-21998(12)Asymmetric catalysis with a homochiral MOF POST-12000(31)Production of open metal site MOF-112000(30)PSM on the organic linkerPOST-12000(31)Use of a MOF for magnetic resonance imagingMOF-732008(32) SCIENCE VOL 34130AUGUST 20131230444-5REVIEWMOFs based on the Zr(IV)cuboctahedral SBU (Fig.2A)also show high chemical stability;UiO-66[Zr 6O 4(OH)4(BDC)6]and its NO 2-and Br-functionalized derivatives demonstrated high acid (HCl,pH =1)and base resistance (NaOH,pH =14)(57,58).The stability also remains when tetratopic organic linkers are used;both MOF-525[Zr 6O 4(OH)4(TpCPP-H 2)3;TpCPP =tetra-para -carboxyphenylporphyrin]and 545[Zr 6O 8(TpCPP-H 2)2]are chemically stable in methanol,water,and acidic conditions for 12hours (59).Furthermore,a pyrazolate-bridged MOF [Ni 3(BTP)2;BTP 3–=4,4′,4″-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(pyrazol-1-ide)]is stable for 2weeks in a wide range of aqueous solutions (pH =2to 14)at 100°C (60).The high chemical stability observed in these MOFs is expected to enhance their per-formance in the capture of carbon dioxide from humid flue gas and extend MOFs ’applications to water-containing processes.Postsynthetic Modification (PSM):Crystals as MoleculesThe first very simple,but far from trivial,example of PSM was with the Cu paddlewheel carboxylate MOF-11[Cu 2(A TC);A TC 4–=adamantane-1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylate](30).As-prepared Cu atoms are bonded to four carboxylate O atoms,and the co-ordination shell is completed typically with coor-dinated water (Fig.2A).Subsequent removal of the water from the immobilized Cu atom leaves a coordinatively unsaturated site (“open metal site ”).Many other MOFs with such sites have now been generated and have proved to be exceptionally favorable for selective gas uptake and catalysis (61–63).The first demonstration of PSM on the or-ganic link of a MOF was reported in 2000for a homochiral MOF,POST-1[Zn 3(m 3-O)(D-PTT)6;D-PTT –=(4S ,5S )-2,2-dimethyl-5-(pyridin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylate](31).It involved N -alkylation of dangling pyridyl func-tionalities with iodomethane and 1-iodohexane to produce N -alkylated pyridinium ions exposed to the pore cavity.More recently,PSM was applied to the dan-gling amine group of IRMOF-3[Zn 4O(BDC-NH 2)3]crystals (6).The MOF was submerged in a dichloromethane solution containing acetic anhy-dride to give the amide derivative in >80%yield.Since then,a large library of organic reactions have been used to covalently functionalize MOF backbones (table S4)(64,65).UMCM-1-NH 2[(Zn 4O)3(BDC-NH 2)3(BTB)4]was also acylated with benzoic anhydride to produce the corresponding amide functionality within the pores (66).The structures of both IRMOF-3and UMCM-1-NH 2after modification showed increased hydrogen uptake relative to the parent MOFs,even though there was a reduction in overall surface area (66).PSM has also been used to dangle catalytically active centers within the pores.In an example reported in 2005,a Cd-based MOF built from 6,6′-dichloro-4,4′-di(pyridin-4-yl)-[1,1′-binaphthalene]-2,2′-diol (DCDPBN),[CdCl 2(DCDPBN)],used orthogonal dihydroxy functionalities to coordinate titanium isopropoxide [Ti(O i Pr)4],thus yielding a highly active,enantio-selective asymmetric Lewis acid catalyst (67).UMCM-1-NH 2was also functionalized in such a manner to incorporate salicylate chelating groups,which were subsequently metallated with Fe(III)and used as a catalyst for Mukaiyama aldol reac-tions over multiple catalytic cycles without loss of activity or crystallinity (68).Indeed,the remarkable retention of MOF crystallinity and porosity after undergoing the transformation reactions clearly dem-onstrates the use of MOF crystals as molecules (69).Catalytic Transformations Within the Pores The high surface areas,tunable pore metrics,and high density of active sites within the very open structures of MOFs offer many advantages to their use in catalysis (table S5).MOFs can be used to support homogeneous catalysts,stabi-lize short-lived catalysts,perform size selectiv-ity,and encapsulate catalysts within their pores (70).The first example of catalysis in an ex-tended framework,reported in 1994,involved the cyanosilylation of aldehydes in a Cd-based frame-work [Cd(BPy)2(NO 3)2;BPy =4,4′-bipyridine]as a result of axial ligand removal (29).This study also highlighted the benefits of MOFs as size-selective catalysts by excluding large sub-strates from the pores.In 2006,it was shown that removal of solvent from HKUST-1exposes open metal sites that may act as Lewis acid catalysts (71).MIL-101[Cr 3X(H 2O)2O(BDC)3;X =F,OH]and Mn-BTT {Mn 3[(Mn 4Cl)3(BTT)8]2;BTT 3–=5,5′,5″-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(tetrazol-2-ide)}have also been iden-tified as Lewis acid catalysts in which the metal oxide unit functions as the catalytic site upon lig-and removal (62,72).In addition,alkane oxida-tion,alkene oxidation,and oxidative coupling reactions have also been reported;they all rely on the metal sites within the SBUs for catalytic ac-tivity (73–75).The study of methane oxidation in vanadium-based MOF-48{VO[BDC-(Me)2];Me =methyl}is promising because the catalytic turnover and yield for this oxidation far exceed those of the analogous homogeneous catalysts (73).One early example of the use of a MOF as a het-erogeneous catalyst is PIZA-3[Mn 2(TpCPP)2Mn 3],which contains a metalloporphyrin as part of the framework (76).PIZA-3is capable of hydrox-ylating alkanes and catalyzes the epoxidation of olefins.Schiff-base and binaphthyl metal complexes have also been incorporated into MOFs to achieve olefin epoxidation and diethyl zinc (ZnEt 2)addi-tions to aromatic aldehydes,respectively (67,77).The incorporation of porphyrin units within the pores of MOFs can be accomplished during the synthesis (a “ship-in-a-bottle ”approach that cap-tures the units as the pores form),as illustrated for the zeolite-like MOF rho -ZMOF [In(HImDC)2·X;HImDC 2–=imidazoledicarboxylate,X –=coun-teranion](78).The pores of this framework accom-modate high porphyrin loadings,and the pore aperture is small enough to prevent porphyrin fromleaching out of the MOF.The porphyrin metal sites were subsequently metallated and used for the oxidation of cyclohexane.The same approach has been applied to several other systems in which polyoxometalates are encapsulated within MIL-101(Cr)and HKUST-1for applications in the oxidation of alkenes and the hydrolysis of esters in excess water (79,80).Integration of nanoparticles for catalysis by PSM has been carried out to enhance particle stability or to produce uniform size distributions.Palladium nanoparticles were incorporated with-in MIL-101(Cr)for cross-coupling reactions (81,82).Most recently,a bifunctional catalytic MOF {Zr 6O 4(OH)4[Ir(DPBPyDC)(PPy)2·X]6;DPBPyDC 2–=4,4′-([2,2′-bipyridine]-5,5′-diyl)dibenzoate,PPy =2-phenylpyridine}capable of water-splitting reactions was reported (83).This MOF uses the organic linker and an encapsulated nanoparticle to transfer an electron to a proton in solution,leading to hydrogen evolution.Gas Adsorption for Alternative Fuels and Separations for Clean AirMuch attention is being paid to increasing the storage of fuel gases such as hydrogen and meth-ane under practical conditions.The first study of hydrogen adsorption was reported in 2003for MOF-5(84).This study confirmed the potential of MOFs for application to hydrogen adsorption,which has led to the reporting of hydrogen ad-sorption data for hundreds of MOFs (85).In gen-eral,the functionality of organic linkers has little influence on hydrogen adsorption (86),whereas increasing the pore volume and surface area of MOFs markedly enhances the gravimetric hydro-gen uptake at 77K and high pressure,as exem-plified by the low-density materials:NU-100and MOF-210exhibit hydrogen adsorption as high as 7.9to 9.0weight percent (wt%)at 56bar for both MOFs and 15wt%at 80bar for MOF-210(17,24).However,increasing the surface area is not always an effective tool for increasing the volumetric hydrogen adsorption,which can be accomplished by increasing the adsorption enthalpy of hy-drogen (Q st )(87).In this context,open metal sites have been suggested and used to enhance the hydrogen uptake capacity and to improve Q st (61,85).Two MOFs with this characteristic,Zn 3(BDC)3[Cu(Pyen)][Pyen 2–=5,5′-((1E ,1′E )-(ethane-1,2-diyl-bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(3-methylpyridin-4-ol)]and Ni-MOF-74,have the highest reported initial Q st values:15.1kJ/mol and 12.9kJ/mol,respectively (58,88).Metal impreg-nation has also been suggested by computation as a method for increasing the Q st values (89).Experiments along these lines show that dop-ing MOFs with alkali metal cations yields only modest enhancements in the total hydrogen up-take and Q st values (90,91).Although some chal-lenges remain in meeting the U.S.Department of Energy (DOE)system targets (5.5wt%and 40g/liter at –40°to 60°C below 100bar)for hy-drogen adsorption (85),Mercedes-Benz has al-ready deployed MOF hydrogen fuel tanks in a30AUGUST 2013VOL 341SCIENCE1230444-6REVIEW。

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