建筑电气文献及外文翻译

建筑电气文献及外文翻译Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

建筑电气

电气工程设计包括两个主要的设计方面。主要是一部分的电能的转换及分配和电力的供配、照明系统、防雷接地系统。一般来说,建筑主要的变化包括:高压和低压配电系统、变压器、备用电源系统。电力系统包括配电和控制，室内和室外照明系统包括所有类型的照明，防雷系统包括入侵波防护、闪电传感器、接地、等电位连接和局部等电位连接等。辅助等电位连接等。在短短的20年里,系统在技术和产品的面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。许多的设计理念也发生了巨大的变化。开关设备如高压系统的第一个断路器油断路器，后来油断路器的逐步发展,不仅规模大,但是一般都包含油物质。由于开关设备尺寸较大,我们还必须建立独立的设备房间,占据了大量的建筑面积。现在真空断路器和六氟化硫断路器,不仅体积小,而且短路容量大，外壳尺寸远小于原来的橱柜，并且断路器没有任何油,防火性能大大提高。而且断路器和其他低压设备在一个房间里,这样即节省空间又方便管理。过去大容量的低压断路器,短路电流容量逐渐变大,规模也逐渐变小,而且更加稳定,使系统运行更加安全可靠,为设计带来了方便。向着智能化低压断路

器方向发展,断路器各种参数可以通过总线工业控制,信号直接传输到计算机。

干式变压器的出现,对建筑电气设计带来了极大的方便,因为没有变压器油泄漏和火灾的可能性,以便它可以很容易地安装在建筑本身,甚至直接到负荷中心。它还消除变压器对油的需求限制,构建大容量设备时可以使用干式变压器。在实际工程设计中曾应用

四个台湾2500kVA干式变压器。

在使用紧急发电机方面,从性能和尺寸的角度来看,比过去进步很多。除了使用柴油发电机；应急照明使用EPS备用电源；中断供电在一个毫秒以内的设备,可以使用UPS。电力设备的控制从单一元件的控制到控制继电器控制变化。除了更好的性能的各种组件的规模较小,也降低控制箱的规模。由于数字技术更多的运用于控制能达到最佳的控

制状态来控制设备。进一步提高了节能的效果。

照明系统从过去单一光源、灯具和低效率的状态向更广泛的前景发展。建筑中使用的光源可供选择的品种数量很多。光的发光效率和色调在向着高效的方向发展,灯具不

断地改进其效率和不同形式的灯具运用于不同场合。例如,普通的荧光灯镇流器由普通

的镇流器向节能型镇流器方向发展。还对谐波组件的大小进行精简,生产低谐波电子镇

流器。许多措施如配件和灯具的使用,可以满足设计要求,同时能实现不同的体系结构、照明要求的各种场所。无论照明和室内装饰照明还是道路照明和户外庭院建筑的光照明,所有的都展示了照明技术的发展和建筑照明的好处与便利。

另一个设计使用于电气设备和其他设备,如双电源开关的互投。与传统的专业生产产品相比,除了传统的功率切换外,双电源还能满足每个其他电子设备的需要,极大地提高供电的可靠性和连续性。

电力电缆和电线是被广泛使用的产品。过去的电线电缆,种类稀少。现在引入各种电缆,从普通阻燃PVC电缆到耐火、少烟无卤、防电磁干扰环境的电缆等。导线材料从普通的矿物绝缘绝缘材料到总线绝缘,高效绝缘等分支机构。电力建设中这些技术是安全、可靠、方便的,提供了一个有效的环境保护。

针对特殊需求分布、建设的一些新设备得到了广泛的应用。例如大型医院手术室医疗机构漏电保护、漏电监测系统等。

技术的发展强大在很多地方都有显现如实际工程和技术人员,以及我们自己的经验。如此巨大的发展为中国的电力建设和电力建设安全使用奠定了良好的基础也创造了条件。

随着建筑智能化技术的深入应用,一些设备、系统控制和控制系统已逐渐成为一个专业性的监控,并具有开放建筑设备监控系统通信协议、互联网和通信系统。建筑物内如自动功率控制系统,采用现场总线技术的数据采集和处理,集中控制变量分配系统实现远程监控和远程控制以及远程无人变电站的实现。连续收集和分析系统能提前给出建议或警告,以方便系统的安全运行。自动功率控制系统利用计算机技术、信息技术、控制技术、传感器技术、通信网络技术、电力电子技术等综合技术,它基本上可以取代传统的二次回路而且接线简单、性能可靠、易于维护。与此同时,根据建筑的能耗进行的第二次重大节能照明控制系统也会逐步实现。专业照明控制系统已经广泛应用于许多建筑物。照明控制由一个实时传感器控制定时控制。此外,现场控制、远程控制和控制多种灵活的控制现场,达到最大的能量利用,同时实现功能和人性化的舒适的照明系统。

各种建筑标准也相应出台，如1980年代末《标准建筑设计防火规范》GBJ16-87；1990年代《民用建筑照明设计标准》GBJ133-90；《民用建筑电气设计规范》JGJ/ T16 - 92；《工业企业照明设计标准》GB50034 - 92；《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》

GB50045 - 95；《供配电系统设计规范》GB50052 - 95；《l0kV及以下变电所设计规范》GB50053 - 94；《低压配电设计规范》GB50054 - 95；《通用用电设备设计规范》GB50055 - 93；《建筑物防雷设计规范》GB50057-94等等。紧随后的是建筑电气设计基础建设电气设计的标准化。

智能建筑技术只是一种手段，配备智能功能、强调效率、能耗低、更干净,真正实现以人为本。在实现节能的前提下,提高建筑的功能、环境保护和可持续发展的目标。构建可持续发展的实现从战略的角度来看,注重环境保护，保持生态系统稳定。可持续发

展是一个永恒的主题，经过多年的实践,在一个理性和务实的态度下,以实际需要和实际应用为标准,不是盲目地追随片面而是追求全面、先进的智能系统,在技术上做到领先。设计需做了合理的投资,使用不同的功能。根据投资和管理需求的具体情况来确定先进的、可靠的、经济合理的和最优的方案，这个概念现在已经成为智能建筑行业的共识。建筑智能技术使所有的学院和大学的建设开辟了这一技术相应的专业课程和促进了相关专业学生的发展。

智能建筑技术包括:建筑设备自动控制系统、安全系统、停车场管理系统、火灾自动报警和消防系统、通信和计算机网络系统、综合布线系统、广播系统、有线电视系统、视频会议系统等,超过10个子系统的集成。是我国第一个独立于国内建筑智能技术系统集成子系统的开发。

1、20世纪的建筑设备监控系统的发展由1980年代的集中监控开始,由于可靠性差、速度慢，1990年代后已经很少使用,并取代了分布式控制。在1990年代末,随着计算机技术、控制技术、网络和通信技术开发和集成,监控施工设备技术发展迅速。

2、安全技术和安全措施也逐步发展,包括中央监控、入侵警报、访问控制(门)、巡逻削减等更多的周边防御和其他子系统。安全系统从最初的子系统相互独立的到各子系统之间相互联系。大大增加了安全性、可靠性和实时为人们的工作、学习和生活安全保障。闭路电视监控系统从模拟到数字的方向发展,整个安全系统的规模也在运动数字系统、

集成的方向发展。

3、运用通信网络技术的智能建筑通信网络,包括计算机网络、双向有线电视传输网络和电话通讯网络。前两个智能网络作为一个宽带主干网络把几乎所有的信息技术和信息资源管理的几乎所有的用户连接到一起。在1990年代中期之前，有一个为所有类型的网

络和用户的市场。但在1990年代末,由于以太网连接的灵活性和优越的性能、易于维护和使用等优点,ICT网络逐渐在列表中。以太网传输速率,从最初的10Mbps,100Mbps 到1 Gbps,10Gbps甚至更高的利率。智能建筑电话网络(ISDN,SL)目前用于语音通信、数据和图像的窄带宽数据通信,它让人们通过通信网络、电视、电话会议等功能实现相互交

流。智能访问技术的关键是与外界建立联系,它使世界变得越来越小。人们的工作、生

活发生了剧大的变化。智能建筑访问网络或互联网,越来越多的高带宽需求的接收,满足日益增长的用户需求数据通信。在有线电视网络的发展同时,无线网络由于其灵活性,也进入了一个快速发展阶段。从2003年的基于最初的路线的轮询策略的研究到现在超过100兆赫。移动互联网正为人们提供很大的方便,并在许多领域发展潜力巨大，网络正在成为趋势。

4、综合布线技术PDS是智能建筑数据、语音和多媒体的通信平台。综合布线技术进入

中国市场以来,因其优异的性能,并且对于智能建筑的国内市场来说是一个新概念、新技术,在建筑业立即引起了巨大的反响。该技术已广泛应用于所有类型的智能建筑。为了

满足网络传输带宽和新产品的开发速度，PDS引入3线、5线到6线,甚至提高标准到七线系统的产品,以满足千兆网络的需求。提高网络的传输速率,以适应已经投入10G网络市场的发展。新的多模和单模光纤传输媒介作为一个很好的材料将被广泛使用。从铜线、光纤电缆、技术和产品的不断更新，PDS充分反映了智能建筑的快速发展,新技术的应用和广阔的发展前景。

5、智能建筑系统集成技术一般连接各个子网络。每个子系统的操作预计将完成他们的

工作,但尚未达到共享信息资源。为了实现有效的管理,各个子系统之间的信息资源共享、系统集成。在系统集成过程中,选择平台集成、网络结构、集成子系统的范围是不

同的、集成模型也是不同的。随着计算机技术、网络技术、控制技术、显示技术的发展,建筑设备监控系统和其他系统通过计算机网络连接。完成基于建筑设备监控系统的系统集成模式。平等的在各自的系统集成,建立一个网络管理系统集成。作为一个子系统可

以降低现场控制网络集成。实时数据子系统、开放、行业标准接口,转换成统一的格式

存储在数据库或服务器系统集成。综合网络管理系统实现统一管理子系统程序、监控和信息交换系统集成,

系统集成实现协议的各个子系统之间的联系有关控制和信息共享。提高管理效率,增强处理突发事件的能力和节约能源的目的、节省人力。这是建筑设备管理系统(BMS)。

系统集成不是我们的目的,而是为了增强建筑的功能和技术手段,提高管理效率,整合内

容不是更好,但根据使用和管理的需要,以及成熟的技术,该系统是可靠和合理的投资。

有效管理的前提是集成的需求。

(6)智能住宅区

1990年代国际电子智能住宅提出的理念。智能建筑技术逐渐蔓延到居民区,在最初

几个经济较发达的沿海城市已经成功。智能技术开始建设居住小区的住宅和公共建筑。智能建筑智能技术迅速扩展,已成为智能建筑发展的一个重要市场。公共建筑和住宅智

能化,这是市场的需求,也是实际的发展需求。智能设计研究所将中国住宅将放在一个重要位置,为住宅提供一个智能平台。住宅的智能设计是先进的和具有挑战性的领域。住

宅小区智能化技术的发展可以分为以下方面:系统设计强调以人为本的设计理念,应该迎合居民所有级别的方便、安全、舒适和处理功能的要求，处理好先进和实用之间的关系和合理的投资。安全系统从一个单独的安全子系统为家庭和社区结合防御到国防安全的技术体系。从单个运营商宽带访问信息、通信模式选项、xD-SL宽带接入网络、一个双

向有线电视网络,形成地区计算机网络发展。当地居民可以享受信息和通讯服务从一个

宽带互联网服务地区接收更多的局域网的延伸增值服务。机电设备的自动监控、电子水位远程复制、音频和视频系统、信息技术和其他物业管理系统，区域居民的生活环境和生活质量大大提高。智能家居的应用,当地居民实际生活经验的信息时代,各种各样的便利和各种各样的家庭办公室,网络概念已成为一个现实的生活。

Building Electrical

Electrical construction including two strong design elements include : a part of the transformation and distribution system. power and lighting systems, mine grounding general, building key changes include : high-voltage and low-voltage distribution systems, transformers, standby power system. power systems including power distribution and control; indoor and outdoor lighting system include all types of lighting; Lightning Protection System including mine waves penetrated, lightning sensors, grounded,equipotential bonding and local equipotential bonding. Auxiliary equipotential bonding and so on. In such a short span of 20 years, the system has undergone enormous changes in technology and products. Many of the design concept has also undergone tremendous changes. Swichgear such as high pressure system, the first circuit breaker to the oil circuit breakers. After the progressive development of the oil circuit breakers, is not only large in size, but did not fire. Swichgear are larger allocation, we must also set up independently in heir own rooms, occupied a lot of the construction area. Now a vacuum circuit breaker andSF6 circuit breakers, is not only small size but also high-capacity short-circuit. enclosure size is a lot smaller than the original cabinets, circuit breakers without any oil, fire performance greatly improved. with a total of home and other low-voltage equipment in a room, saving both space and convenience of management. The large volume of low-voltage circuit breaker from the past, the development of small to large short-circuit current capacity, the ability to continue to score small in size, stable, which makes the system more secure and reliable, and designed to bring the convenience. Intelligent direction toward another recent low voltage circuit breaker, breaker various parameters can be controlled through the bus industry, Signals transmitted to the computer directly.

The emergence of dry-type transformers, electrical design for the building posed a great convenience, Because there is no possibility of transformer oil spills and fires, so that it can be easily installed in the building itself, even go directly to the load center. It also eliminated restrictions on capacity building in the transformer oil, building greater capacity for dry-type transformers can be used. In the designs of the project, on the application of four

Taiwan2500kVA dry-type transformers.

Used emergency power generators, from the performance and size perspective,there is a lot of progress than in the past. In addition to the use of diesel generators works, as emergency lighting, we use EPS. Allowing a millisecond interruption in the supply of equipment, we can use UPS.

Power equipment controlled from a single control to the control relay. Apart from the better performance of various components that are smaller in size and so reduce the volume control box, As a result of the digital technology is more controlled and controlled state control equipment at its best. further the energy saving effect.

Lighting Project is a single source from the past, light lamps and the low efficiency of state toward even broader prospects. The light source used in the building are a number of varieties to choose from, toward a luminous efficiency of light, light color, develop in the direction of high color-rendering index, and lamps have been continuously improved its efficiency and allocation-form so that the application of different example, the fluorescent lamp ballasts Inductance ballasts from the ordinary inductance ballasts to energy-saving electronic ballasts. but also against the size of the harmonic components, to produce low harmonic electronic ballasts. Many technologies, accessories and lamps, can satisfy the design and design options, and fully meet the varied architecture, Lighting requirements for the various sites. Regardless of the lighting or indoor decorative or road lighting and outdoor courtyard of the building of light illumination, all of the show lighting technology to the development of the architectural lighting benefits and convenience.

Another design used in electrical devices and other equipment, such as co-switching power supply switch of mutual investment. from the traditional production of specialized products,in addition to the conventional power switching meet, also a dual power supply can meet each other electronic equipment investment, greatly increasing the reliability and continuity of supply.

Electric power supply cables and wires is widely used products. Look past the wire and cable samples, the species is scarce, and now, introducing various cable, From ordinary to the flame-retardant PVC cables, fire resistance, Low-smoke halogen-free cable-radiation environment; Insulation materials to the mineral insulated from the ordinary; Bus Bus closed to regular insulation, pre-cable, etc. branches. Electrical construction of these technologies are safe, reliable, convenient, providing an effective environmental protection.

Targeting special needs of the construction of distribution, some new device has been widely applied. For example, large hospital operating room medical establishments leakage protection, residual current monitoring system.

The development of the technology for strong, and it is obvious to the engineering and technical personnel, as well as our own experience. Such a great development for China's construction of electrical construction and laying a good foundation also created the conditions for the construction of safe use of electricity

Along with the deepening of building intelligent technology applications, some of the equipment or system control, The control system has gradually become a professional monitor, and open its construction equipment monitoring and control system communication protocol. reach of the Internet and communications systems. Buildings such as the automatic power control system, using field bus technology data acquisition and processing, centralized control Variable distribution system to reach the remote monitoring, remote control that remote control and remote, unmanned substation achieve. Continuous collection and analysis systems, the necessary advice or warning is given in advance to facilitate the safe operation of the system. Automatic power control system using computer technology, information technology, control technology, sensor technology, communications networking technology,Power electronics technologies, it can basically replace the traditional secondary loop is the wiring simple, reliable performance and easy maintenance. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of buildings in the second major energy-efficient lighting control system will also be paying. professional lighting control systems have been widely used in many buildings. Lighting control from a single real-time sensors to control the timing control,reduced-control development. In addition,

scene control, remote control, and control a variety of flexible control of the scene, to achieve the maximum energy, while also achieving a comfortable lighting systems, functional and humane

For example, the late 1980s "compiled by the architectural design of fire safety regulations," GBJl6-87; 1990s, the "civil Lighting Design Standards" GBJl33-90; JGJ/16-92;"civil Electrical Design Standards" "Lighting design standards of industrial enterprises"GB50034-92; "Architectural Design Standards" GB50045-95; "Supply and Distribution System Design Standards" GB50052-95; "l0kV substation design and below"

GB50053-94;"Low Voltage Distribution Design Standards" GB50054-95; "Universal design of electricity distribution equipment," GB50055-93; GB50057-94 "Building mine design," and so on. To be followed by the construction of electrical design basis for the construction of electrical taken as olid step toward standardization

Intelligent technology is only a means of building is equipped with intelligent functions,stressing efficiency, low energy consumption. Cleaner, in the true realization of people-centered, under the premise of achieving energy conservation, enhance building's function, protection of the environment and sustainable development goals. Building the implementation of sustainable development from a strategic perspective, ecosystem, emphasis on environmental protection. Sustainable development is an eternal theme. Through years of practice, in a rational and pragmatic attitude, from the actual needs, and practical application of the standards, not blindly follow the one-sided pursuit of a comprehensive and advanced intelligent systems, but technically ahead. The design also done a reasonable investment, the use of different functions. investment and management requirements of the specific situation,identify advanced, reliability, Economic rationality and the optimal point of this concept now has become the intelligent building industry consensus. Building Intelligent technology,which will enable the construction of all colleges and universities have opened up this technology corresponding professional courses and the development of relevant professional students.

Intelligent Building Technology include : construction equipment automatic control system, security system, the car park management system, automatic fire alarm and fire system that communications and computer network systems, integrated wiring system,broadcasting system, cable systems, video conferencing systems and the number of meetings，more than 10

sub-system integration. The first independent from the domestic building intelligent technology to the development of systems integration subsystem.

(1) Construction equipment monitoring technology 20th century mainly concentrated monitoring of the 1980s, due to poor reliability, speed slow After the 1990s has been rarely used, and have been replaced by the Distributed Control. In the late 1990s, as computer technology, control technology, network and communications technology development and integration, Monitoring construction equipment technology has been developing rapidly

(2)security technology Safety precautions, including CCTV, intrusion alarm, access control (doors), patrolling,cuts more perimeter defense and other subsystems. Security systems from the initial subsystem independent of each other, to present the linkage between the various increased the tight security, reliability and real-time for the people's work, studying and living with a security guarantee. CCTV Surveillance System from analog to digital

direction of the past, size of the entire security system is also moving system, digital,integrated direction

(3)communication network technology Intelligent Building communications networks, including computer networks, two-way cable TV transmission networks and telephone communications network. The first two intelligent building as a broadband backbone network to focus almost all of its information technology and information resource management Almost all of the users are connected to the station. Before the mid-1990s, in the 20th century, there is a market for all types of networks and users. But in the late 1990s, with reasonable investment Ethernet wiring flexibility, and superior performance, ease of maintenance and use of such advantages, ICT networks gradually in the list. Ethernet transmission rate, from the initial

10Mbps,100Mbps to even higher rate. Intelligent Building Telephone Network (ISDN, xI) SL), currently used for voice communication, also both data and images narrowband data communications,it makes people through communication networks, TV, telephone conference and other functions. Smart Access technology is the key to building links with the outside, it makes visible the world is becoming smaller and smaller. people's work, life has undergone a drastic change. Intelligent Building Access Network or the Internet, more and more high-bandwidth requirements of the receiving, to meet the increasing demand for user data the development of the cable network, a wireless network with the flexibility of receiving,entered a rapid development stage. From 2003 through the Study of Polling Strategy Based on the original Route to now, over to 100 megahertz. Mobile Internet access for people with a great convenience, and in many areas with great potential for development. network is becoming the trend

(4) integrated wiring technology PDS is intelligent building data, voice and multimedia communications platform. Since the technology into China's market, because of its excellent performance, Intelligent Building to the domestic market, a new concept, new technology, and immediately aroused tremendous repercussions in the construction industry. has been widely used in all types of intelligent building. To meet the network transmission bandwidth and speed the development of new products PDS fresh from the first three lines, Category 5 to 6 lines, or even in advance of the standard seven Cabling System products to meet the demand for gigabit networks. With a transmission rate of the network upgrade, in order to adapt to its fiber network has already been put into the development of the 10G market, The new multi-mode and single-mode fiber transmission medium as a good will be widely used. Copper from five to three over the five,six or even higher categories, from copper wire to fiber optic cable, technology and products continuously updated. Ting fully reflects the rapid development of the intelligent building and the application of new technologies and broad prospects.

(5)System Integration Technology Intelligent Building of each subsystem in general linking their respective networks, The operation is expected to complete their work stations, but has not yet reached the sharing of information resources. In order to achieve efficient management, sharing of information resources between the various subsystems, and system integration. In the systems integration process, the choice of platform integration, network structure,The scope of integrated subsystems are different, with different integration models. With computer technology, network technology, control technology, the development of display technology, Building equipment monitoring and control system and other systems linked through computer networks. The resulting construction equipment monitoring system based systems integration mode. There is equality in their respective systems integration, and

establish a network management system integration. as a subsystem to lower the scene control network integration and equal manner. Real-time data subsystem, open, industry-standard interface, converted into a uniform format stored in the database or server system network management system to achieve unified management subsystem procedures, monitoring and information exchange

Systems integration, in order to achieve agreement on the opening of the linkage between the various subsystems related to the control and information sharing. improved management efficiency, enhance capacity to deal with emergencies, and the purpose of saving energy and manpower savings. This is the construction equipment management system (BMS). System integration is not our aim, but to enhance the building's function and the technical means to improving management efficiency, Integrated content is not the better, but according to the use and management of the needs of the mature technology, the system is reliable and reasonable investment. Efficient management of the premise that demand integration

(6) intelligent residential areas

20th century and the 1990s by the international electronic smart residential housing ideas,Intelligent Building Technology gradually spread to residential areas, in the first few economies in the more developed coastal cities has been successful. Intelligent Technology began construction of residential and public buildings to residential quarter, Intelligent building intelligent technology to rapidly extend, which has become an important market for the development of intelligent buildings. From public buildings to residential intelligent intelligent, which is the demand of the market, as well as practical development Design Institute is the country will put on an important position in the residential,residential to provide a platform for intelligent, Residential and intelligent design is cutting-edge and challenging area. Residential District intelligent technology development can be categorized into the following areas : system design emphasizes people-oriented design concepts, residents should cater to all levels of convenience, safety and comfort and handling the relationship between advanced and practical relationship Function Deployment and reasonable investment. Security system from a separate Security Subsystem for family and neighborhood Combining the technologies of defense and defense Security Access information communications from a single operator mode for more options, xD-SL broadband access network, a two-way cable network to form district computer network development, Area residents can enjoy the information and communication services from a single broadband Internet service to the district receiving more LAN extension of the kind of value-added services. Automatic monitoring of electrical and mechanical equipment,electrical water table remote copy, audio and video systems, information technology and other property management systems, Area residents to make the living environment and quality of life improved greatly. The application of intelligent home, Area residents make a real life experience to bring the information age to all kinds of convenience and variety of family office, Network concept has become a reality of life