2019年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A卷)
2019英语硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案
2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
2019级硕士研究生学位英语测试精读试题(A卷)
2009级硕士研究生学位英语测试试题（精读部分）I. Vocabulary (10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each one is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.1. Believe it or not, this popular novel now you see on every shelf was censored only a few years ago.A. officially examined and bannedB. despised by the general publicC. sold out soon after its publicationD. condemned by the critics2. The music of the radio distracted me from my reading.A. engrossedB. confusedC. refrainD. diverted3. High rate of unemployment and violence are deplored by many people.A. condemnedB. convincedC. declaredD. perpetuated4. I have nothing but disdain for such a person.A. respectB. hatredC. dislikeD. contempt5. They feared the plague and regarded it as a deadly scourge.A. punishmentB. illnessC. troubleD. ailment6. The retiring professor was exalted by his colleague.A. criticizedB. honoredC. driven outD. examined7. They found substantial evidence that exposure to nerve gas was responsible for the veterans’symptoms.A. contactB. betrayalC. exhibitionD. publication8. It would be a way of preserving animals that are dying out because their habitat is beingdestroyed.A. mateB. prayC. territoryD. enemy9. The vast crowd burst into spontaneous cheering at ht skillful play.A. earnestB. volcanicC. heartyD. automatic10. The majority of prospective adoptive parents use an adoption agency, while others consultadoption facilitators in the United States.A. confidentB. justifiedC. sensibleD. potentialSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each one is a sentence with something missing. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.11. It is a long time since we’ve been _____________; I hope everything goes as well as lasttime.A. united upB. brought upC. teamed upD. picked up12. In many countries now, smoking is not _____________ in public places.A. permissiveB. permissibleC. permutableD. pernicious13. These demands ______________ the agreements we have reached.A. run away fromB. go against toC. go counter toD. act counter from14. He made a _____________ speech that caused a great deal of argument.A. successfulB. touchingC. provocativeD. hostile15. He seems purposefully to _____________ the importance of the deal.A. look downB. ignoreC. overlookD. play down16. I can’t understand the ______________ of anyone who would do a terrible thing like that.A. mentalityB. powerC. intelligenceD. function17. Because of ________________ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting alongwith each other.A. incomprehensibleB. incomparableC. inconceivableD. incompatible18. New York probably has the largest number of different language _____________ in theworld.A. neighborhoodsB. communitiesC. clustersD. assemblies19. As ____________ China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.A. in the light ofB. in the event ofC. in the case ofD. in the course of20. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ____________ better thinkers thanheavy drinkers or those who never drink.A. end upB. take upC. put upD. turn upII. Reading Comprehension (10 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are two short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhere anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to the near death’s door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21st century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldn’t prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1900s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almosta decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arlan Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. “From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15-30% maximum,”says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animal’s behavior from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal’s behavior switches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a “little bit silly” at the moment but doesn’t dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. “It’ll be the difference between a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car.”21. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____A. it is possible to live a longer and healthy life.B. humans can live as long as scientists predict.C. living longer is still considered a good idea.D. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for human.22. In the 1980s, the data on people’s health expectancy____A. gave an optimistic prediction.B. showed an unclear future.C. led to a pessimistic perceptionD. turned out to be a mixed blessing.23. In the lab experiment on rats, __________A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have worked.B. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animal.C. the animals’ lifespan increases with the amount of food eatenD. different amounts of food cause a change in the animals’ behaviour24. Richardson believes that _____A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageing.B. it is worthwhile to talk about stopping ageing.C. stopping ageing is a dream that may come true.D. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing.25. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that ____A. quality life is out of reach for most people.B. quality life can slow down the process of ageing.C. how long one can live depends on the genes one carried.D. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.Passage TwoWeary after centuries of fighting the surging North Sea from gushing into this low-lying nation, the Netherlands is rethinking how to keep Dutch feet dry.The traditional method of stopping flood water has been to build dikes. But at the Second World Water Forum, a five-day conference that was 10 start today in The Hague, Dutch water experts were to explain that the best way to handle the water may be to let it in.In the Netherlands —half of which lies below sea level —the Ministry of Water Management has designated several low-lying regions as "calamity flood plains" that would be used in emergencies to divert floodwaters from populated areas, spokesman Hans Scholten said.Referring to the fable of a Dutch boy named Hans Brinker who saved the nation from disaster by plugging a hole in the sea barrier. Undersecretary for Water Management Monique de Vries said: "Hans Brinker will have to take his finger out of the dike and pull on his galoshes."Although the country has built dikes and reclaimed land since the Middle Ages, repeatedflooding of farmland in recent years and high maintenance costs have led to a rethinking about the old methods."Sometimes it doesn't make sense to ignore the processes of nature," said Bert Blase, spokesman for an association of regional water boards. "Hooding certain nature reserve areas every few years would be good for the environment."Pan of the plan involves widening river beds to allow larger volumes of water to How to the sea. Although it is still unclear how much land could eventually be allocated to the project — some inhabitants would have to be relocated — large areas of the eastern Dutch province of Gclderland have been labeled as suitable.While flooding is a serious threat to die Dutch, global warming could expose many more in this country of 15 million to drought and water pollution if governments do not take drastic measures, conference organizers have warned.More than 3.500 delegates from 150 countries will attend the conference, the follow-up to the first global water congress, which was held in Marrakech, Morocco, two years ago.With one-sixth of the world's population lacking clean drinking water, forum organizers have called for annual global spending on water problems to be more than doubled from about $70 billion or $80 billion to $180 billion.In the closing stages of the conference, ministers from more than 100 countries will meet to discuss sustainable water for the world's growing population and farmers who grow crops for mass consumption.26. What is the new idea the experts put forward to keep Dutch feet dry?A. To build more powerful damsB. To let the sea water in the insideC. To ignore the process of natureD. To flood certain nature reserves27. Hans Brinker is known as a national hero________.A. in Dutch history who succeeded in diverting floodwater from the populated areasB. who look his finger out of the dike and built a sea barrierC. who pulled his finger on his galoshes and saved the nation from being drownedD. a legend who saved the nation by stopping the sea flood in28. Which of the following is NOT included in the forth-coming Dutch project in saving the nation from possible sea floods?A. To designate some low-lying regions as "calamity flood plains".B. To let the sea flood certain nature reserve areas every few years.C. To broaden some river beds to allow more river water to flow to the sea.D. To expose many more areas of the country to drought or flood.29. All the following are the topics to be discussed in the Second World Water ForumEXCEPT________.A. how to divert floodwaters from the populated areas of HollandB. how to reduce water pollution and provide more healthy drinking water for the growingpopulationC. how to help farmers to keep on the sustainable agriculture by watering their crops timelyD. how to take measures to slow down the ever-accelerating global warming-up tendency30. The best way to paraphrase the sentence "Sometimes it doesn't make sense to ignore theprocess of nature" is_________.A. Sometimes it's no use ignoring the process of natureB. In some cases man can and must neglect the law of natureC. It would often be harmful for Man to go against the process of natureD. Man must always follow the way of how things are going onIII. Translation (20 points)Section A (10 points)Directions: Put the following paragraph into Chinese.Perhaps it’s not quite right to call the iPhone revolutionary. It won’t create a new market or change the entertainment industry the way the iPod did. When you get right down to it, thedevice doesn’t even have that many new features –it’s not like Jobs invented voice mail, or text messaging, or conference calling or mobile Web browsing. He just noticed that they were broken, and he fixed them.Section B (10 points)Directions: Put the following paragraph into English.没有盼头的日子是苍白不可想象的。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解共15页
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1．C解析：语义逻辑题。
第一句含义是“古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”，第二句意思是“但是一些人提出相反的意见，轻笑可能对身体健康影响极小”，两句之间是转折关系，A、B、C、D四个选项中只有C选项表转折“尽管”，故是正确选项。
2．D解析：语义辨析题。
上下文语境是“笑确实能短期的改变”。
A. reflect“反映”，B. demand“要求”，C. indicate“表明，暗示”，D. produce“产生”，只有D 选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。
3．B解析：语义搭配题。
文中提到“笑能够心律呼吸速率。
” A. stabilizing 意思是“安定，稳定”，B. boosting“促进，推进”，C. impairing“损害，削弱”，D. determining“决定”，根据语境应该是“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”，B为正确答案。
4．B解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“但是因为大笑很难，一次狂笑不可能……”，四个选项的含义分别是 A. transmit “传播”，B. sustain“维持”，C. evaluate “评估”，D. observe“观察”，根据语境，只有B. sustain符合语境。
5．A解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生益处。
” A. measurable“重大的，重要的”，B. manageable“易控制的”，C. affordable“负担得起的”，D. renewable“可再生的”，四个选项中能和“益处”搭配的只有A. measurable，故是正确答案。
6．B解析：逻辑分析题。
第二段第一句是说“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了……作用”，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，A. In turn 意思是“轮流”，C. In addition是“另外”，D. In brief 意思是“简而言之”，都不符合语境，只有B. In fact“事实上”符合上下文语境，是正确选项。
武汉科技大学2019年研究生入学考试题目及答案-液压传动
姓名： 报考专业： 准考证号码：密封线内不要写题2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试初试自命题试题科目名称：液压传动（□A 卷、□√B 卷）科目代码：818考试时间：3小时 满分150 分可使用的常用工具：□无 □√计算器 □√直尺 □√圆规（请在使用工具前打√） 注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效；考完后试题随答题纸交回。
一、选择题（共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）1、液压缸将（ ）。
A. 机械能转换为液压能；B. 液压能转换为机械能；C. 化学能转换为液压能。
2、齿轮泵作为定量泵是指其（ ）不变 。
A. 流量； B. 压力； C. 排量。
3、先导式溢流阀是（ ）测压。
A. 入口；B. 出口；C. 漏油口。
4、冷却器用于降低液压系统的温度，当系统温度高于（ ）︒C 时，就需要冷却。
A. 55； B. 80； C. 30。
5、下面符号中（ ）表示两位两通液动换向阀。
A.； B. ； C. 。
二、简答题：(共4小题，每小题8分，共32分)1、简述液压系统组成及功能。
2、液压油的代号L-HL32表示什么含义？3、单作用叶片泵与双作用叶片泵的区别有哪些？4、简述溢流阀和减压阀的功能，并比较二者不同之处。
三、计算题（本题20分）如图1所示泵、管道和马达系统。
已知：泵排量V p =45mL/r ，容积效率ηvp =0.95，机械效率ηmp =0.95，驱动电机转速n =1470 r /min ；马达的排量V m =100 mL/r 、机械效率ηmm =0.95，容积效率ηvm =0.95、其负载力矩T m =345N ⋅m ；不计泵出口至马达进口管道的能量损失。
试求：1. 马达的转速n m (r/min)？ （5分）2. 马达的输入功率N m (kW)？（5分）3. 泵轴的输入功率N i (kW)？ （5分）4. 阀的调整压力p t (MPa)？（5分）泵管道图1 泵、管道和马达系统马达T m , n mq mp p p t 泵四、元件分析（共2小题，第1题15分，第2题18分，共33分）1、如图2 所示为一液压阀结构原理示意图，试回答以下问题：（1）写出该阀的名称并在答题纸上画出其职能符号；（5分）（2）叙述其工作原理。
上海科技大学2019年攻读硕士学位研究生招生考试试题
上海科技大学2019年攻读硕士学位研究生招生考试试题科目代码：991 科目名称：数据结构与算法考生须知：1. 本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2. 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
3. 每道题的英文部分均已翻译为中文，考生可在中英文中任选一种语言作答。
1.True or False (10 problems, 2 points each) 判断题（10题，每题2分）Please indicate in the answer sheet whether each statement is true or false. Write down “T” for being true and “F” for being false.请在答题纸上写明下列每个命题的真假。
真则打“√”，假则打“⨯”。
1.In a circular linked list, some link fields may be null. （）在循环链表中，某些链接域可能为空。
（）2.Given any functions f(n) and g(n), it is possible to have both f(n) = Ω(g(n)) and f(n) = o(g(n)).（）给定任意函数f(n)和g(n)，f(n) = Ω(g(n))和f(n) = o(g(n))可能同时成立。
（）3. A good hash function of a hash table satisfies the assumption of simple uniform hashing. （）一个好的哈希函数需满足简单均匀。
（）5.The number of nodes in a tree can be more than twice the number of leaf nodes. （）一棵树的节点个数有可能大于叶节点个数的两倍。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题管理类综合能力一、问题求解：第1—15小题，每小题3分，共45分。
下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1、某车间计划10天完成一项任务，工作了3天后因故停工2天，若要按原计划完成任务，则工作效率需要提高（）A.20%B.30%C.40%D.50%E.60%【答案】C11571-2345、设圆A.(x-C.22(3)(4)2x y-++= D.22(3)(4)2x y+++=E.22(3)(4)2x y++-=【答案】E【解析】看图，不需要计算，直接观察坐标位置即可。
6、在分别记了数字1、2、3、4、5、6的6张卡片中，甲随机抽取1张后，乙从余下的卡片中再随机抽取2张，乙的卡片数字之和大于甲的卡片数字的概率为（）。
A.1160B.1360C.4360D.4760E.4960【答案】D【解析】一共有种选取方法1265C C =60种，作为分母。
分子有以下几种情形。
甲取1，乙有25C =10种，甲取2；乙有25C =10种；甲取3，乙有25C -1=9种；甲取4，乙有25C -2=8种；甲取5，乙有25C -4=6种；甲取6，乙有2+5、3+4、3+5、4+5=4种，一种有47种。
7、将一批树苗种在一个正方形花园的边上，四角都种，如果每隔3米种一颗，那么剩余10颗树苗，如果每隔2米种一颗那么恰好种满正方形的3边，则这批树苗有（）。
A.54颗B.60颗C.70颗D.82颗E.94颗 【答案】D8、10A. E 1＞E 2C. E 1＞E 2E. E 1＜E 2【答案】9【答案】，10【答案】【解析】依照海伦公式可求出整个三角形面积为，设AD =x ，三角形ABD 为整个面积的一半，代入海伦公式可得，11、某单位要铺设草坪，若甲、乙两公司合作需6天完成，工时费共计2.4万元；若甲公司单独做4天后由乙公司接着做9天完成，工时费共计2.35万元，若由甲公司单独完成该项目，则工时费共计（） A.2.25万元 B.2.35万元 C.2.4万元 D.2.45万元 E.2.5万元 【答案】E【解析】依据题意，甲乙各做6天可完成，甲4天、乙9天也可完成，相当于甲少做的2天等于乙多做的3天，故把乙6天折合成甲的天数，为4天，所以甲单独做需10天完成。
(完整版)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C orD on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of people If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At mightcan the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A]Some [B]Most [C] Few [D] All2.[A]put [B]take [C] run [D] come3. [A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D] until4. [A]Formally [B]relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B]next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B]off [C]across [D] alone7. [A] unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8.[A] site [B]point [C]way [D] place9. [A] So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D] BesideslO. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D]eventually11.[A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D]confused12.[A] problem [B]option [C]view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C]On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B] avoid [C]spot [D] separate15. [A]form [B]through [C] beyond [D] Under16. [A] posts [B]links [C] shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18. [A] Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banksbut by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies. says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children whopick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term researchor to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”．In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker useof information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"a substantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax codeand quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives tonew rule is think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’ｓa reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short termbut for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates. When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-orat least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments’ needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questionsto be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans?What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the wayhumans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robotsthat would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popularsci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there areno good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimemake split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes.input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginabledriving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethicalquestions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain issetting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "orto develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisionsmade by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair.To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchasesunder a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usuallycollect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where theyhadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hatcollecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass lawsout.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the stale Retail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement "Smallbusinesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are requiredto reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There isonly one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments iscommon, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for ourpersonal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight orcompetition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy toconvince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorantthey are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues thatdivide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wagein our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "neither of us learns anything. Weneither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. Incontrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live inpoverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will forcebusinesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positionsand recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41-42-F-43-44-C-45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and begread scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medicalliterature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind ofpaper that purports to show that people who est more than one kilo of broccoli a weekwere 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life frompernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medicaljournals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both healthscores and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Naturalopen science website,published on the Royal Society’sSelection of Bad Science”,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem isnot merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth, but inflationaryprocess at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to havepublished twice the number of papers than would have been required for the samepost only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attemptshave been made to curd this tendency,for example by trying to incorporate somemeasure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has beenquoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an importantpaper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselvesin their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.output to simple metrics, such as number of Boiling down an individual’spublications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics toassess r esearcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious aboutensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure thatour institutions encourage that king of science.Section III: WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you are working for the “aiding Rural Primary School”project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEETDo not use your own name in the email , use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay of 160-270 words based on the picture below. In your essay, youshould:(1)describe the picture briefly(2)Interpret the implied meaning, and(3)Give your commentsWrite your answer on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)途中。
上海应用技术大学808生物化学基础考研真题试题2019年
()
A.3′→5′，N 端→C 端
B. 3′→5′，C 端→N 端
C. 5′→3′，N 端→C 端
D. 5′→3′，C 端→N 端
9、三羧酸循环中哪一个化合物前后各放出一个分子 CO2：（ ）
A．柠檬酸 B．乙酰 CoA C．琥珀酸 D．α-酮戊二酸
10、三碳糖、六碳糖与七碳糖之间相互转变的糖代谢途径是：( )
三、单项选择题（选出最符合题意的一项，每题 1.5 分，共 1.5×10=15 分）
1、某一溶液中蛋白质的百分含量为 55%，此溶液的蛋白质氮的百分浓度为（ ）。
A、8.8% B、8.0% C、8.4% D、9.2%
2、蛋白质分子中的氨基酸属于下列哪一项？ （ ）
A、L-β-氨基酸
B、D-β-氨基酸 C、L-α-氨基酸
3、在 pH3.0 的柠檬酸缓冲液中有 Asp，Thr，Leu，Lys，将此溶液加到 732 阳离子交换柱上，然后
用 适 当 的 pH 梯 度 （ 由 低 到 高 ） 缓 冲 液 洗 脱 ， 问 四 种 氨 基 酸 的 洗 脱 顺 序 由 前 到 后 是
（3）
。
4、如果某一酶催化的反应的速度达到 Vmax 的 80%，此时反应体系中的底物浓度是_____（4）______
武汉科技大学2019年研究生命题A
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A.利于呼吸 B.减轻切口张力 C.预防粘连
D.利于腹腔引流 E.腹腔渗液集聚盆腔
57.肌内注射时，运用联线法进行体表定位，注射部位为 （ ）
A.幼儿期
B.学龄前期
C.学龄期
D.青春期
E.青年期
31.有传染性、需隔离的外科感染性疾病是（ ）
A．指头炎 B．淋巴管炎 C．痈 D．丹毒 E．急性蜂窝组织炎
32.按照罗依适应模式，外科手术后病人的疼痛为（ ）
A.主要刺激 B.相关刺激
C.固有刺激
D.条件刺激
E.一般刺激
33.护士在执行医嘱时，如对医嘱内容有怀疑应( )
6.急性胰腺炎时，慎用（ ）
A、抗胆碱能药物 B、吗啡止痛 C、补充血容量 D、给予钙盐 E、胃肠减压
7.下列哪项不属于护士的专业素质（ ）
A.有护理专业知识
B.有较高的慎独修养
C.有协调管理能力
D.有运用护理程序解决病人健康问题的能力
E.良好的沟通能力
8.下列关于排痰的措施，不妥的是（ ）
A．多饮水以利于痰液稀释
D.美国精神病学家拉赫
E.美国生理心理学家沃尔特•坎农
15.成长与发展的心理社会领域内容不包括（ ）
A.道德 B.认知 C.情感 D. 生理 E.社会
16.（ ）是诊断早期胃癌的有效方法。
A.内镜检查 B.X 线钡餐检查 C.B 超检查 D.CT 检查 E.病理检查
17.艾瑞克森的人格发展亲密对孤独的危机在哪期（ ）
A.0.02%呋喃西林溶液
B.1%～3%过氧化氢溶液
C. 2%～3%硼酸溶液
D.0.1%醋酸溶液
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(二)真题及解析
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题一、选择题：1~8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的1.当0→x 时，若x x tan -与k x 是同阶无穷小，则=k A.1 B.2 C.3D.42.曲线y=xsinx+2cosx （-＜x ＜2π）的拐点是A.⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛2,2ππ B.()2,0C.()2,πD.⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-23,23ππ 3.下列反常积分收敛的是（） A.dx xe x⎰+∞-0B.dx xe x ⎰+∞-02C.dx xx⎰+∞+021arctan D.dx x x ⎰+∞+0214.c ,b ,a ,x C C y ce by y a y x -x x 则的通解为已知e )e (21++==+'+''的值为（ ）A.1,0,1B.1,0,2C.2,1,3D.2,1,45.已知积分区域⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧≤+=2πy x |y ,x D ）（，dxdy y x I D ⎰⎰+=221，dxdy y x I D⎰⎰+=222sin，(dxdy y x I D)cos 1223⎰⎰+-=，试比较321,,I I I 的大小A.123I I I <<B.321I I I <<C.312I I I <<D.132I I I <<6.设函数ƒ(x)，g(x)的2阶导函数在x=a 处连续，则0)()()(lim 2=--→a x x g x f ax 是两条曲线y= ƒ(x)，y= g(x)在x=a 对应的点处相切及曲率相等的A.充分不必要条件B.充分必要条件C.必要不充分条件D.既不充分也不必要条件7.设A 是四阶矩阵，*A 是A 的伴随矩阵，若线性方程组0=Ax 的基础解系中只有2个向量，则r(*A )的秩是 A.0 B.1 C.2D.38.设A 是3阶实对称矩阵，E 是3阶单位矩阵，若E A A 22=+，且4=A ，则二次型Ax x T 的规范形为A.232221y y y ++B.232221y y y -+C.232221y y y --D.232221y y y ---二、填空题：9-14小题，每小题4分，共24分。
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年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（卷）
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招生专业与代码：食品科学、粮食油脂及蛋白质工程、食品工程
考试科目名称及代码：食品化学（）
考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。
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一、名词解释（每题分，共分）
、氨基酸等电点
、淀粉的老化
、乳化剂
、胶凝作用
二、 选择题（题，多选，每题分；题，单选，每题分，共分）
、结合水的作用力有（ ）。
.配位键 .氢键 .部分离子键 .毛细管力
、维持蛋白质三级结构的化学键为( )。
. 肽键 . 二硫键 . 氢键 . 疏水键
、高于冰点时，影响水分活度的因素有（ ）。
.食品的重量 .颜色 .食品组成 .温度
、蛋白质变性后( )。
.溶解度下降 . 粘度下降 .失去结晶能力 .消化率提高
、淀粉糊化后( )。
.结晶结构被破坏 .粘度降低 .易于消化 .粘度增大
、下列元素属于必需微量元素的有( )。
.钾 .钠 .铁 .锌
7、一块蛋糕和一块饼干同时放在一个密闭容器中，一段时间后饼干的水分含量
（ ）。
.不变 .增加 .降低 .无法直接预计
、下列氨基酸中不属于必需氨基酸的是( )。
.蛋氨酸 .半胱氨酸 .缬氨酸 苯丙氨酸
、维持蛋白质二级结构的化学键为( )。
.肽键 .二硫键 .氢键 .疏水键
、赖氨酸为碱性氨基酸，已知、 、 ，则赖氨酸的等电点为（ ）。