2019年全国医学博士外语统一考试真题仿真试卷及答案_044713

2019年全国医学博士外语统一

考试英语仿真试卷

说明：本年度考试延后，具体考试时间未知。基于版权考虑，本试卷对真题存在一定程度改编（比如词汇题保留正确选项，但对题干进行改写；部分阅读理解保留文章或主题一致而改编部分题目等）。该试卷与真题考点高度一致，以最大程度达到“从真题入手”进行复习的效果。

试卷一(Paper One)

Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)

Part II Vocabulary(10%)

S ection A

Directions:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the

sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

31.Gradually he lost his______and wasted away till he was nothing but skin and bones.

A.willing

B.appetite

C.interest

D.enthusiasm

32.There are many ways to purify water,among which distillation is the best process for water

______because the water does not contain other impurities.

A.purity

B.clearing

C.cleansing

D.purition

33.They came to the monument to pay tribute to the martyrs on such a special day,full of the

_______for their contribution in that history.

A.altitude

B.multitude

C.gratitude

D.magnitude

34.A________of more than1,000philosophers,teachers and students by the authoritative Philosophers’Magazine placed Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species as the third most important work.

A.research

B.survey

C.list

D.writing

35.It is_______because the truth will turn out and dangerous because secrecy delays the necessary remedial action.

A.exaggerating

B.futile

C.figurative

D.fugitive

36.This ensures that concurrent updates to an item do not result in_______data loss.

A.incidental

B.constant

C.accidental

D.instant

37.Hospitals,clinics and other infrastructure of health systems in many countries are_______to disasters.

A.weak

B.destroyable

C.vulnerable

D.subject

38.All information reported to or_______obtained by the commission is considered confidential.

A．directly B．similarly C.likewise D.clockwise

39.Some measures of the hospital can better serve the patients;_______,the feedback evaluation

of the patients can also improve the medical quality of the hospital.

A.in turn

B.nevertheless

C.however

D.whereas

40.Armed with this tooling,analysts no longer________diagrams for knowledge in the same way.

A.turn from

B.turn to

C.turn out

D.turn down

S ection B

Directions:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the

meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your

answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

41.The war’s impact on the population of the country was catastrophic.

A．influential B．disastrous C．apparent D．critical

42.Different congenital deformity fetuses have different effects in the development of fetus's colon.

A.malformation

B.malnutritional

C.degraded

D.reformed

43.Attempts to restrict parking in the city center have further aggravated the problems of traffic

congestion.

A.ameliorated

B.deteriorated

C.duplicated

D.increased

44.I tripped over on the pavement and my ankle was swollen.I had to soak in the ice water.

A.immerse

B.immense

C.emerge

D.merge

45.The three branches of government—the legislative,the executive,and the judicial—curb and

stabilize one another through their separated functions.

A.relate

B.restrain

C.associate

https://www.360docs.net/doc/eb5426168.html,ern

46.With the rapid development of aerial technology,aircraft security and reliability are ever increasing.However,insecure events related to aircraft up-keeping by people are on the rise.

A.maintenance

B.retaining

C.pertaining

D.entertaining

47.If you pick the high-fat fries and shake,you may feel sluggish and blow that test.

A.worried

B.inactive

C.hurried

D.anxious

48.Reading from a monotonous technical brief for hours on end,he would stray into difficult territory.

A.difficult

B.tedious

C.sophisticated

D.mountainous

49.The war’s impact on the population of the country was distinct.

A．influential B．disastrous C．apparent D．critical

50.It will be never be too slim for women,so variety of diet pills are often over-marketed.

A.slender

B.long

C.skinny

D.thin

Part III Cloze(10%)

Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter

of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

54.A.constantly B.originally C.always D.presumably

55.A.another B.other C.the other D.others

56.A.question B.object C.determine D.express

57.A.threat B.threaten C.threatening D.threatened

58.A.related B.decided C.relation D.decision

59.A.suggest B.suggested C.to suggest D.suggesting

60.A.to B.of C.at D.about

Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)

Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer

and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

P assage One

The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive"attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.

Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this.It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents.But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.

But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret.Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.For example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone---far from it.

Certainty,Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that day care had delayed effects.The possibility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime15or20years later can only explored by the use of statistics.However,statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and even if they were,the results would certainly be complicated and controversial.Secondly,common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents,care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly,in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development.

Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal

with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.

61.According to the passage,the consequence of parental separation______.

A.still needs more statistical studies

B.has been found negative

C.is obvious

D.is more serious in modern times

62.The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern______.

A.is relevant and justifiable

B.is too strong to believe

C.is utterly groundless

D.has something that deserve our attention

63.What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?

A.The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.

B.The bad effects of parental separation were had to deal with.

C.The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.

D.Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so any people nowadays.

64.According to the passage,which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?

A.They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.

B.They are too busy to care for their children.

C.They want their children to be independent as early as possible.

D.They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.

65.What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?

A.He supports most of their belief because Bowlby’s proposition is well-grounded.

B.He is sympathetic for them,for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.

C.He doesn’t totally agree with them,since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.

D.He doesn’t quite understand them,as they are contradictory in themselves.

P assage T wo

Less than a year ago,a new generation of diet pills seemed to offer the long sought answer to our chronic weight problems.Hundreds of thousands of pound-conscious Americans had discovered that a drug combination known as“fen-phen”could shut off voracious（贪吃的）appetites like magic,and the FDA had just approved a new drug,Redux,that did the same with fewer side effects.Redux would attract hundreds of thousands of new pill poppers within a few months.

But now the diet-drug revolution is facing a backlash.Some of the nation’s largest HMOs,including Aetna U.S.Healthcare and Prudential Healthcare have begun cutting back or eliminating reimbursement （退款补偿，报销）for both pills.Diet chains like Jenny Craig and Nutri/System are backing away from them too.Several states,meanwhile,have restricted the use of https://www.360docs.net/doc/eb5426168.html,st week the Florida legislature banned new prescriptions entirely and called on doctors to wean（使断绝）current patients from the drug within30days.It also put a90-day limit on Redux prescriptions.Even New Jersey doctor Sheldon Levine,who touted Redux last year on TV and in his book The Redux Revolution,has stopped giving it

to all but his most obese patients.The reason for all the retrenchment:potentially lethal side effects.Over the summer,the FDA revealed that82patients had developed defects in their heart values while on fen-phen,and that seven patients had come down with the same condition on Redux.

As if that weren’t bad enough,physicians reported that a woman who had been taking fen-phen for less than a month died of primary pulmonary hypertension,a sometimes fatal lung condition already associated with Redux.And an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association last month confirmed earlier reports that both fen-phen and Redux can cause brain damage in lab animals.

These findings led the New England Journal to publish editorial admonishing doctors to prescribe the drugs only for patients with severe obesity.Meanwhile,FDA asked drug makers to put more explicit warnings on fen-phen and Redux labels.Since mid-July,prescriptions for fen-phen have dropped56%, and those for Redux36%,according to IMS America,a pharmaceutical market research firm.All that really does,however,is to bring the numbers down to where they should have been all along. Manufacturers said from the start that their pills offered a short-term therapy for the obese,not for people looking to fit into a smaller bathing suit.FDA approved Redux with just such a caveat,and when limited to these patients,the drugs may still make sense—despite the risks—because morbid obesity carries its own dangers,including heart disease,diabetes and stroke.Too often,however,Redux and fen-phen were peddled to all comers,almost like candy.The current backlash,says Levine,is a“roller coaster that never should have happened”.

66.What does the phrase“pill poppers”in the first paragraph mean?

A.pill distributors

B.pill manufacturers

C.pill promoters

D.pill takers and abusers

67.The worst case that revealed the fatal dark side of the diet pills is.

A.82patients on fen-phen and seven on Redux had developed heart disease

B.a woman patient on fen-phen had died of abnormally high blood pressure

C.a woman patient on fen-phen had died of a lung disease

D.both diet pills have caused brain damage

68.New England Journal admonished doctors to.

A.give the pills only to the severely overweight persons

B.take the obese patients off the drugs completely

C.reduce prescriptions of the pills drastically

D.put clearer warnings on the drug labels

69.According to the drug manufacturers,the pills.

A.only offer temporary treatment for patients with morbid obesity

B.are meant for all the people who yearn for slimness

C.are the best cure to our chronic weight problems

D.are the most important weight-loss discoveries

70.We can infer from the last paragraph that.

A.the severe obesity carries the potential of illness

B.the pills were sold to all comers without discrimination

C.the pills may still be effective if properly administered

D.the pills shouldn’t have been hailed as miraculous cures and then discarded

P assage T hree

The bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police,perplexed scientists,and fascinated writers for centuries.There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs,solve mathematical problems,compose music,walk through plate-glass windows,and commit murder in their sleep.

How many of these stories have a basis in fact,and how many are pure fakery？No one knows,but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt,others are a matter of record. In Revere,Massachusetts,a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room,with no idea how he had got there.

There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself,made a polite bow, danced a minuet,and then undressed and went back to bed.

At the University of Iowa,a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River.He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.

The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian,Pandit Ramrakha,who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed.Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer.The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep.The farmer,in his sleep,visited a veterinarian miles away.

The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman,a physiologist at the University of Chicago.He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man,and during the last thirty-five years has lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep.Says he,"Of course,I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers.But none of my sleepers ever walked,and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment,I doubt that I'd get many takers."

Sleepwalking,nevertheless,is a scientific reality.Like hypnosis,it is one of those dramatic,eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions,what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance,and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it.Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States.Others set the figure even higher.Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record,which means that an accurate count can never be made.

The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream.The dream usually comes from guilt,worry,nervousness,or some other emotional conflict.The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth.Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder.Shakespeare said of her;"The eyes are open but their sense is shut."

The age-old question is:Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep？Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half.Like Lady Macbeth,he has weighty problems on his mind.Dr.Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject,says,"Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems.The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep.He is awake in the muscular area,partially asleep in the sensory area."In other words,a person can walk in his sleep,move around,and do other things,but he does not think about what he is doing.

71.The second sentence in the second paragraph means that______.

A.no one knows,but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredible

B.the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people’s life

C.sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary stories

D.the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions,yet there are still truthfully recorded stories

72.______was supposed to be the world’s champion sleepwalker.

A.The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleep

B.The man danced a minuet in his sleep

C.The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous road

D.The boy walked five hours in his sleep

73.Sleepwalking is the result of______according to the passage.

A.emotional disorder

B.a vivid dream

https://www.360docs.net/doc/eb5426168.html,ck of sleep and great anxiety

D.insanity

74.Dr.Zelda Tepltz seemed to______.

A.agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous acts

B.conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory area

C.disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injury

D.think that sleepwalking can turn into madness

75.The writer makes it obvious that______.

A.sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangers

B.most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injury

C.it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalking

D.sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosis

P assage F our

Having too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby's liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood,according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights,altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development.The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to2-3cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development,and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.

Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of300mg/day or more in women, which is approximately2to3cups coffee per day,can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes.However,the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood.A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.

In this study,Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects

of low(equivalent to2-3cups of coffee)and high doses(equivalent of6-9cups of coffee)caffeine,given to pregnant rats,on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring.Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone,insulin like growth factor(IGF-1),and higher levels of the stress hormone,corticosteroid at birth.However,liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up'phase,characterised by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.

Dr Yinxian Wen,study co-author,says,"Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother,which inhibits IGF-1activity for liver development before birth. However,compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function,as IGF-1activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases.The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1activity."

These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future.However,these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.

Dr Wen comments,"Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people,I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."

76.Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?

A.lower birth weight

B.smaller stress

C.liver development problem

D.growth problem

77.If a pregnant woman takes3cups of coffee,what will probably happen?

A.Her weight will get lower and lower.

B.The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.

C.She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.

D.Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.

78.Which of following is not correct according to the passage?

A.A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.

B.4-5cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.

C.Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.

D.The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.

79.What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?

A.lower stress hormone,lower birth weight before birth.

B.higher stress hormone,lower growth hormone before birth.

C.lower stress hormone,more accelerated growth of weight after birth.

D.lower stress hormone,less accelerated growth of liver after birth.

80.What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?

A.The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.

B.The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.

C.Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.

D.We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health problems.

P assage F ive

Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain,Freud identified two sources of psychic energy,which he called“drives”:aggression and libido.The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives,shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds;they surface, heavily disguised,only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives,focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life.But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system,a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions,the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage,panic,separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.

The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system,it also involves parts of the forebrain,the seat of higher mental functions. In the1980s,Jaak Panksepp,a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio,became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area,which in humans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse,the animal would sniff the air and walk around,as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry?No.The mouse would walk right by a plate of food,or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of.This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new.“What I was seeing,”he says,“was the urge to do stuff.”Panksepp called this seeking.

To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London,that sounds very much like libido.“Freud needed some sort of general,appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,”says Solms.“Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.”Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams.Since the1970s,neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.Accordingly,they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest.When Solms looked into it, though,it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental,the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the“seeking”emotion.Dreams,it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.

Freud’s psychological map may have been flawed in many ways,but it also happens to be the most coherent and,from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind.“Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes,”says Panksepp.“Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus.We need to talk about it,develop it,test it.”Perhaps it’s not

a matter of proving Freud wrong or right,but of finishing the job.

81.Freud believed that aggression and libido.

A．were the only two sources of psychic energy

B．could sometimes surfact in our conscious life

C．affected our behavior unconsciously

D．could appear clearly on our dreams

82.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?

A．Emotion.B．Lust.C．Seeking D．Urge.

83.Jaak Panksepp’s study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive.

A．originates in the limbic system

B．involves parts of the forebrain

C．controls how we respond to stimulus

D．exists in many other animals

84.According to Mark Solms,dreaming.

A．takes place during the whole sleeping period

B．involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pons

C．originates in the forebrain

D．just takes place in a certain period

85.It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories.

A．have long been discredited

B．provided good guide for further research

C．are placed in the same category

D．are concerned about human being

P assage S ix

You are what you eat,or so the saying goes.But a new generation of molecular biologists is starting to give that old adage a decidedly high-tech twist.

By combining the latest discoveries in human genetics with a deeper understanding of the hundreds of compounds found in food,investigators have begun to tease apart some of the more complex interactions between your diet and your DNA.In the process,they hope eventually to give consumers more personalized advice about what to eat and drink to stave off heart disease,cancer and other chronic conditions of aging.

"We are trying to put more science behind the nutrition,"says Jose Ordovas,a geneticist at the Friedman School of Nutrition at Tufts."We want to finally understand why nutrients do what they do and to whom--why a low-fat diet may not work for some but works for others."

Do you drink three cups or more of coffee a day?Genetic tests can now determine whether you--like approximately10%to20%of the population--have a specific genetic variation that makes it harder for your body to absorb calcium in the presence of caffeine,thus increasing your rate of bone loss.

Are you getting enough folic acid,found in beans,peas and fortified grains?Researchers have learned that many people have a genetic predisposition that puts them at greater risk of developing heart disease because they need more folic acid than the average person to maintain normal blood chemistry.

Would a high-fat diet be particularly damaging to your health,given your genetic makeup?About 15%of folks are born with a form of a liver enzyme that causes their HDL,or good cholesterol,level to go down in response to dietary fat.In most people the HDL level goes up,counterbalancing some of the bad effects of dietary fat on LDL--the dangerous cholesterol.

None of those genetic variations are immediately life threatening.In fact,most of them have no apparent effect.The variants are not like the mutations most of us learned about in school--alterations that cause entire genes or series of genes to malfunction and that result in diseases like sickle-cell anemia and

cystic fibrosis.

Instead the changes nutritional geneticists are looking for are more like normal variations in the correct spelling of a word--say,theatre or theater,depending on whether you speak the Queen's English or American."We all have these variants in our genes,"says Ray Rodriguez,a geneticist at the University of California at Davis."And they affect how we absorb,utilize and store various nutrients."

Researchers now have a good reference guide for the25,000or so genes of the human genome and the more than3million common variants that lurk within those genes.They still need to figure out how all those genetic variables relate to health and disease.

Add the fact that food is full of hundreds of bioactive compounds,each of which varies depending on where plants are grown or animals are raised,and you've got quite a lot of information to puzzle out.In the end,you'll probably find out you still need to eat your broccoli.But at least you'll have a better understanding of why.

86.What does the passage want to verify?

A.You are what you eat.

B.You are not what you eat.

C.the relationship between cancer and eating habit.

D.the relationship between technology and eating.

87.What does Jose Ordovas mean by saying“put more science behind the nutrition?”

A.The nutritionists worked on the unscientific basis before.

B.There is a more scientific explanation how nutrients works on individuals.

C.It has been a total mystery why the same nutrients have different functions.

D.The nutritionists find it difficult to give accurate diets to all the people.

88.Which of the following is CORRECT according to the passage?

A.Genetic features decide what you should eat for the sake of health.

B.More than3cups of coffee must be bad for your health.

C.Everyone needs a lot of folic acid to purity their own blood.

D.High-fat diet does harm to all the people.

89.What is the genetic variation mentioned in the passage like?

A.it will never be life threatening nor effective.

B.it will develop into the gene mutation if untreated properly.

C.it makes people differ from each other confronting the same nutrients.

D.it can lead to some terrible diseases like sickle-cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.

90.If you find out you still need to eat your broccoli,that’s because______.

A.the scientist have spotted out your gene variation

B.the nutritionist have figure out all the variations including yours

C.it is decided by your genetic feature

D.there is a lot of information in the broccoli

试卷二(Paper Two)

Part V Writing(20%)

Directions:In this part there is an essay in Chinese.Read it carefully and then write a summary of200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET.Make sure that your summary covers the major

points of the passage.

我国食品安全的现状、问题及对策

民以食为天，食以安为先。进入21世纪以来，我国食品安全事件多发、频发，不仅对产业发展造成影响，也给人民身体健康和安全带来威胁，成为社会关注的重大民生问题。随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高，我国民众的生活方式在悄然发生转变，由吃到饱、吃到好奔向要吃出健康。那么，舌尖上的美食究竟是否安全呢?

具体而言，我国食品安全水平不断提高。2009年至2013年我国蔬菜、水果、畜禽、水产品质量安全合格率分别在96%、95%、99%和94%以上，总体保持较高水平。2009至2012年我国加工食品监督抽查合格率从91.1%上升至95.6%，质量安全水平逐年提高。这些都与我们国家《食品安全法》的颁布和实施有着密切关系，也与社会各方面的努力分不开。

尽管我们在食品安全方面取得了很大成就，但食品安全治理仍然任重道远。我国凸显四类主要食品安全风险。第一，病原微生物污染是造成食品中毒死亡的主要原因，因此，防控病原微生物的污染是食品安全的刚性需求；第二，农兽药滥用则是当前食品安全源头污染的主要来源，我国农兽药的使用仍然处于无序状态；第三，重金属、真菌毒素等污染物对粮食和食品安全构成长远隐患第四，非法添加(addition)和掺假(adulteration)仍是我国现阶段突出的食品安全问题。

对于食品安全的治理要实施“两步走”的战略。第一步，通过完善法律法规、标准和监管体系，强化过程控制和风险分析等技术支撑，优化产销环境，强化企业主体责任，建立诚信体系和契约机制。第二步，通过产地环境的进一步治理，高效种植、养殖业得到健康发展，到2030年，产地环境污染治理初见成效，食源性(foodborne)疾病实现主动预防和控制，食品营养失衡引发的慢性非传染病高发态势得到遏制。

答案：

31.B32.D33.C34.B35.B36.C37.C38.C39.A40.B 41.B42.A43.D44.A45.B46.A47.B48.B19.C20.A 51.A52.C53.B54.B55.C56.C57.C58.A29.B30.D 61.A62.D63.C64.D65.C66.D67.C68.A69.A70.D 71.D72.C73.A74.C75.C76.B77.D78.A79.B80.C 81.C82.C83.B84.C85.B86.A87.B88.A89.C90.C

参考范文：

The Present Situation,Problems and Countermeasures about Chinese Food Safety

Food safety is always the priority of all people’s livelihood issues.With the frequent food safety incidents occurring,it has become the focus of the whole society.People’s living standards are rising,and the lifestyle is changing from eating to be full to be healthy.The question comes:is the food safe or not?

Despite the food getting safer and safer,which is due to the implementation of law,and the coordinated efforts of the whole society,there is still a long way to go.The following four kinds of risks are pushed into the front,including the pathogenic microbial contamination, the abuse of agricultural and veterinary drugs,the disorderly use of pollutants and illegal addition and adulteration.They are all urgent problems concerning food safety.

To address the above problems,“a two-step”strategy should be taken.The first step is to optimize the environment of production and marketing,strengthen the responsibility of enterprises,and establish a credit system and contract mechanism.The second one is to develop the efficient planting and breeding industry through the further management of the environment of production.

2019年全国医学博士外语统一考试答案与解析

试卷一(Paper One)

Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)

略

Part II Vocabulary(10%)

S ection A

31.【D】我们怎么可能让欺骗在我们眼皮子底下猖獗呢？obvious“显而易见的”，significant“明显

的，重要的”，necessary“必需的”，widespread“蔓延的，宽泛的”，根据题意，widespread是正确答案，obvious和significant是近义词，一个正确则两者都正确，因此不能做选。

32.【D】句意：现在，一篇科技论文认为岩石里的有机化学物质大部分来自地球污染而不是来自

火星的细菌。configuration“构造，结构”，constitution“宪法，宪章”，condemnation“谴责”，contamination“污染”。

33.【A】丹麦的研究表明，丹麦肥胖人数的增加大致相当于大气中二氧化碳的增加。equivalent

to“相当于，等同于”，temporary“暂时的”，permanent“永恒的”，relevant“相关的”。根据题意，本题正确答案为A。

34.【B】泰德得了一次严重的中风，平衡受到影响，连话都难以说清楚了。bluntly“迟钝地”，intelligibly“清

晰地”，reluctantly“不情愿地”，ironically“讽刺地”。根据题意，正确答案为B。

35.【A】我们更快地做出回应，而基于愤怒的回应则更是不假思索。vent“发泄”，impulse“脉搏”，

temper“脾性”，offence“防卫”。根据题意，正确答案为A。

36.【B】风湿病学家建议，那些持续疼痛和痛苦的人首先应该借助医疗来缓解问题。affiliate“接

纳，为……工作”，alleviate“减少，减缓”，aggravate“增加”，accelerate“加速”。根据题意，正确答案为B。

37.【D】糖尿病是世界上最普遍的潜在危险疾病之一。crucial“至关重要的”，virulent“有毒的”，

colossal“庞大的”，prevalent“流行的，常见的”，本题正确答案为D。

38.【C】一般来说，疫苗制造者可以在受精的鸡蛋中产生病毒，这个过程会持续四到六个月。

penetrate“穿透”，designate“指定”，generate“生产，产生”，exaggerate“夸张”。根据题意，正确答案为C。

39.【A】维生素A的慢性高剂量摄入被证明对骨骼有不利影响。adverse“不利的”，prevalent“流

行的”，instant“立刻的，即时的”，purposeful“有目的的，故意的”。根据题意，本题选择adverse。

40.【C】《日内瓦公约》不允许虐待战犯。A项custom“习俗，海关（复）”；B项congress“国会”；

C项convention“公约”；D项routine“程序”。

S ection B

41C。然后，一个强大的电子电流从云到地面，那条路线就是照亮我们所看到的闪电的那个电流。Illuminate“照亮”，与light同义，因此本题答案为C。

42.B。她接受激素替代治疗已经4年了，看起来容光焕发。Alternate意思是“替换，代替”，与replacement含义最相近。

43.C.这里有2000多个公寓楼，一个大型超市，很多工厂，一个行政中心，一些大型的宗教性建筑，一个错落有致的街道和建筑网络。Massive的意思是“大型的”，与C选项是同义替换。44.C。限制市中心的停车场的尝试进一步加剧了交通挤塞问题。划线单词aggravate“增加”。Ameliorate“改善”，aggregate“合计”，deteriorate“恶化”，duplicate“复制”。“增加了问题”即是使得问题变得更严重，正确答案为C。

45.C。尽管急诊室里都是医生和护士，但是这对焦急的父母依然十分关注受伤的孩子。Vigilant“警惕的，关注的”。Preoccupied“全神贯注的”，unwary“粗心的”，watchful“关心的”，dozing“打盹的”，C选项与划线单词含义相近。

46.A。这个医生在疾病预防技术上如此摇摆不定，以至于他的同事都指责他变化无常。V acillate“摇摆，犹豫”，A选项waver与其同义。Instigate“教唆，煽动”，experiment“实验”，rely“依赖”。47.C。自昨晚开始，病人的情况就恶化了。Improve“好转，改善”。Return“回归”，deteriorate“恶化”，changed“改变”，根据题意，正确答案为C。

48.C。北京电视台转播塔在夜幕中灯火通明的时候很是壮观。Decorate“装饰”，illustrate“展示”，illuminate“点亮”，entertainment“娱乐”。根据题意，本题正确答案为C。

49.D。公元前3000年到1000年，铜器使用很为频繁，那个年代常常被称为铜器时代。Common“平常，常见”，与widespread含义相通，因此本题答案为D。

50.B。基因工程的应用繁多，要从中为这个案例选择一种是很困难的。划线单词abundant意思是“充分的，富裕的”，与plenty of含义相同。Sufficient“充足的”，adequate“合适的，充分的”，countable“可计算的”，sufficient和adequate的含义重在“（数量）合适”，不能作为正确答案。

Part III Cloze(10%)

51.【A】文章主题是眼神交流时，面部表情对孩子心理状态的影响。空格前讲的是adults（成年人）会决策如何应对。空格后讲到对children（儿童）的眼镜模式还知之甚少，空格前后在语义上形成转折和对比关系，因此填入but是最合适的。

52.【C】承接前文：因为对儿童眼睛模式知之不多，因此多做研究有助于更多地了解孩子的社会学习（social learning）发展。名次分形式development是正确答案。

53.【B】考查连接词。Measure（测量）为动词，后面跟宾语从句，从句中的谓语were looking，因此连接词应该是副词性关联词where。如果用what连接，谓语应该是were looking at。

54.【B】考查复词。该句的大意为“他们______会被展示两个女人的照片，一共展示4次。”constantly“持续地”，和always意思相近。Presumably“可能地，预想地”，originally“原本，最初”。B是符合句子含义的。

55.【C】考查固定搭配。前文提到two，后文为one…the other是正确搭配。Another是三者以上的范围。

56.【C】考查句意和动词。空格前讲到“当面部表情没有表达出任何情绪时，我们会查看参与者的眼神交流”，并以此来确定孩子们是否会与坏事关联的人有更多的眼神接触。Question“质疑”，object“反对”，determine“确定”，express“表达”，根据题意，正确答案为C。

57.【C】考查动词形式。这里有一个并列结构bad or______。根据并列结构的语义要求，空格处应填入的单词词性和语义与bad相近，因此threatening是正确答案。

58.【A】考查固定搭配。Be related to“与……有关联”，句子大意为：我们也会观察孩子们的焦虑程度是否与更多的眼神交流有关联。

59.【D】考查非谓语动词。该句有完整的主谓宾结构，逗号后需要非谓语动词来承担伴随状语的功能，suggesting是正确答案。

60.【B】考查介词。Be afraid of“惧怕……”是固定搭配。

Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)

P assage O ne

参考译文

英国精神分析学家约翰·鲍尔比（John Bowlby）认为（maintain：insisit），从出生到三岁的敏感“依恋”时期，父母的分离可能会伤害（scar：impair）孩子的性格，并导致孩子在以后的生活中易患（predispose to：be vulnerable to）情绪问题。

有些人从Bowlby的工作中得出的结论是，由于父母的分离，孩子们不应该在三岁之前接受（be subject to：limit to）日托，很多人都相信这一点。但也有人反对这样一个强有力的结论。

但传统社会与现代社会如此不同，仅仅基于一个因素的比较难以解释。首先，人类学家指出，在现代社会中发现的儿童与父母之间的绝缘情况在传统社会中并不存在。例如，在一些部落社会，如Ngoni，一个孩子的父亲和母亲没有单独抚养（rear：foster）他们的婴儿——连抚养都谈不上。

确定无疑，Bowlby的分析提出了日间护理有可能产生延迟（delayed：postponed）影响。这种护理可能导致更多精神疾病或15或20年后的犯罪，这种可能性只能通过使用统计数据来探索。然而，这种统计研究尚未开展，即便开展了，结果肯定会是复杂和有争议的。其次，常识告诉我们，如果父母和照顾者发现孩子有问题，今天的日托就不会那么普遍。第三，在过去十年中，美国对日托儿童进行了一些细致的研究，他们一致（uniformly：unanimously）报告说，护理对儿童的发育有中性或略微积极的影响。

无论长期影响如何，父母有时会发现难以处理的直接影响。三岁以下的孩子可能会抗议离开父母并表现出不快乐。在三到三岁半的时候，几乎所有的孩子都能轻松过渡到幼儿园，这无疑是为什么越来越多的父母在这个时候会使用托儿所。然而，这个问题远非明确，尽管经验和现有证据表明早期护理对婴儿来说是合理的。

61.A。根据第四段第二句：The possibility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime 15or20years later can only be explored by the sue of statistic可见，作者认为上句所说的负面效应还

有待数据证明。

62.D。根据第四段第一句：Certainly,Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day care had delayed effect可见，作者认为孩子早期送去入托，可能会对其发展产生影响，作者一定程度上还是赞成John Bowlby。

63.C。根据第四度最后一句in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care…可知，日托的影响是中立的，或者说或多或少有些积极的影响，C选项是其同义改写。

64.D。根据第五段第二句：At the age of three or three and a half almost all children face the transition to nursery easy,and this is…可知，D选项是正确答案。

65.C。作者态度题。通过阅读全文，我们知道作者对小于三岁的孩子不该送去日托的观点还存于疑虑，因为日托的长久影响还不能确定。

P assage T wo

参考译文

然而，这些全球趋势在不同的国家和地区有着迥然不同的（starkly different：surprisingly different）表现。在世界31个国家经营着自己的网络公司，并对部分网络公司拥有所有权的沃丰达总裁Wittorio Colao表示：越往南走，使用手机的人越多，甚至穿越了赤道：那里的生活并不是那么井然有序（organized：in order），比如人们需要一个工具来调整约会时间。文化影响生活方式，同时生活方式影响交流方式，他说：在意大利，如果开会期间关机的话，你很可能错过下一个会议。

还有一些世俗的（mundane：worldly）因素也影响电话的使用方式。比如：在一些国家，大部分人都有度假屋。到度假屋时，他们很可能向外界公布自己的手机号，这一手机号就成了外界联系他们的默认方式，因此削弱了（undermine：damage）固话的使用，曾经与他人合著过一本有关日本移动通信亚文化著作的作者、加州大学欧文分校人类学家伊藤瑞子写道：科技总是具有建设性的作用，然而它也是历史、文化和社会的产物。

确实，日本就是一个很好的例子，它见证了类似的亚文化是怎么产生的。早在20世纪90年代，美国人和斯堪的纳维亚人就开始使用手机了。但是在接下来的十年，普遍认为日本是未来移动文化的典范，因为它较早地接受了移动互联网。一段时间以来，一本面向科技爱好者的杂志《连线》推出了一档栏目叫做“日本女孩看世界”，该杂志向读者介绍了一系列的移动电话使用怪癖（oddity：bizarreness）。言外之意就是日本女学生头一天做了什么，就成了第二天另外一个人所效仿的。

这个国家移动市场的繁荣（boom：prosperity）可以认为是该国基本（underlying：fundamental）社会条件鼓励的成果。长久以来大部分青少年都曾习惯使用寻呼机来保持联系。1999年，日本的主要运营商一一日本电信电话公司推出了针对移动互联网的，i-mode服务平台。它使得网络间廉价发送e-mail成为现实。因此日本人立即注册了大量的移动互联网。伊藤瑞子还指出：日本是一个极其拥挤的国家，而且有许多规矩，尤其是青少年们为此大为头疼，他们少有机会进行私人谈话，在公共场合用电话进行交谈虽说并非法律所禁止，但却被认为是不妥行为。因此日本的移动互联网大受欢迎。

感受日本移动文化的最佳途径就是乘坐一次拥挤的通勤列车。车上有许多标志提示你不要使用手机。每隔几分钟会有同样的公告提醒你。如果你打电话了，你会遭遇人们投来的不赞许的目光。乘客也许会叫保安过来，他会平静且坚定地说：夫人一一禁止打电话。一些研究暗示：在火

车上打电话比在剧院打电话更遭人烦。相反，那些安静的乘客会在手机上不停地打字或是阅读。（在手机屏幕上，日语能比罗马字母表达更多的信息。）

66．【A】细节题。题目的问题是意大利人在会议期间手机开机的原因是什么。文章第一段最后一句：If you don’t leave your phone on in a meeting in Italy,you me likely to miss the next one.据此可以知道害怕失去商机，所以A项符合题意。

67．【C】归纳题。题目的问题是下面哪种陈述能在文中找到最有力的证据。文章第二段第三句：Technologies are always“both constructive and constructed by historical,social,and cultural contexts,据此可以知道文化影响科技进步，所以C项符合题意。

68．【C】细节题。题目的问题是作者暗示日本引领世界移动电话文化的原因是什么。文章第三段第三句：But in the next decade Japan was widely seen as the model for the mobile future,given its early embrace of the mobile internet.据此可以知道日本人很早就使用移动互联网，所以C项符合题意。

69．【D】细节题。题目的问题是日本青少年热衷于移动数据服务的原因是什么。文章第四段最后一句：Harried teenagers,in particular,have few chances for private conversations and talking on tile phone in public is frowned ttpoil,if not outlawed.Hence tile appeal of mobile data services.据此可以知道数据服务让他们和朋友联系起来更方便，所以D项符合题意。

70．【B】主旨题。题目的问题是依据文章内容，下列哪项为最佳标题。纵观全文可知本文通过介绍一些国家的手机文化主要阐述了文化和技术之间的联系。所以B项文化与技术符合题意。

P assage T hree

参考译文

几个世纪以来，梦游者的奇异（bizarre：weird）举动让警察、困惑的（perplexed：confused，puzzled）科学家和着迷的作家感到疑惑不解。有关梦游者的故事情节无穷无尽。据说人们爬上陡峭的屋顶，解决数学问题，谱写音乐，走过平板玻璃窗，并在睡梦中谋杀他人。

这些故事中有多少是事实，有多少是纯粹的伪造品（fakery：untrue）？没有人知道，但如果一些最耸人听闻的（sensational）故事应该被付之一笑（be taken with a barrel of salt:be suspicious），其他故事就是记录。

在马萨诸塞州的里维尔，一百名警察在一个海滨社区搜寻（comb：look for carefully）一个失踪的男孩，这个男孩在睡梦中离开了他的家，五个小时后在一个陌生的起居室的一个奇怪的沙发上醒来，对他是怎么到那里的毫无记忆。

早期曾有梦游者在睡梦中写了一本小说的医疗记载。伟大的法国作家伏尔泰知道一个梦游者，曾经起床打扮自己，做了一个礼貌的领结，跳了一个小步舞，然后脱了衣服，又回到了床上。

据报道，在爱荷华大学，一名学生习惯于半夜起床，步行四分之三英里到达爱荷华河，游完泳后回到自己的房间睡觉。

梦游者冠军应该是印第安人Pandit Ramrakha，他沿着一条危险的道路走了十六英里而没有意识到他已经离开了床。排在第二位的可能是维也纳家庭主妇或英国农民。这个女人在睡梦中完成了繁忙街道上的购物。农夫则在睡梦中去了几英里远的兽医。

美国睡眠方面的权威（leading：major）专家声称他从未见过梦游者。他是芝加哥大学生理学家Nathaniel Kleitman博士。据说他比任何其他活着的人都更了解睡眠，在过去的三十五年里，他牺牲了很多睡眠时间去观察别人的睡眠。他说，“当然，我知道梦游者，因为我在报纸上看过。但我的睡眠者都没有梦游，如果我要招募梦游实验者，估计应聘者会不少。“

然而，梦游是一种科学现实。就像催眠一样，它是戏剧性的，令人毛骨悚然和敬畏的现象之一，接近于魔幻一般的现实（border on：be close to）。它引发争议（controversy：disagreement）和误解（misconception：misunderstanding），梦游的一个确定因素是情绪障碍的症状，治愈它的唯一方法就是消除引起症状的焦虑率。医生们说梦游症比一般人认为的更常见。有人估计美国有四百万梦游者。其他人则认为更高。许多梦游者不寻求帮助，因此永远不会记录在案，这意味着永远不能估计准确。

梦游的最简单的解释是走出了梦里。梦通常来自内疚、担忧、紧张或其他情绪冲突。经典的梦游者是莎士比亚笔下的麦克白夫人。她夜间的徘徊是由于她犯下谋杀罪的良心谴责造成的。莎士比亚评论：“她眼睛是睁开的，但感觉却被关闭了。”

这个古老的问题是：梦游者到底醒着还是睡着了？科学家们认为大概一半一半。像麦克白夫人一样，她心事重重（weighty：occupied）。Zeida Teplitz博士对这个问题进行了为期十年的研究，他说：“有些人整晚都在保持清醒，思考问题。梦游者在梦中叩问（thrash：beat）这些问题，肌肉区域醒着，感觉区域仍然沉睡。”换句话说，一个人可以在睡梦中四处走动，做着各种事情，但他并没有意识他在做什么。

71.D。语义题。被解释的句子为：No one knows,but of some fo the most sensational stories should be……are a matter of record.其中take…with a barrel of是对take…with a grain（对……半信半疑）的杜撰，意思是“对……存在不少怀疑。”从上下文分析，作者的意思是那些最耸人听闻的故事不应全信，但有些故事是真实的记载。Taken with a barrel of salt是个固定搭配，意思是“值得怀疑”。

72.C。细节题。见第五段：梦游者冠军应该是印第安人Pandit Ramrakha，他沿着一条危险的道路走了十六英里而没有意识到他已经离开了床。

73.A。细节题。根据第八段中what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance,and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause

it可知，A为正确答案。

74.C。推理题。根据文章最后一句可知C为正确答案。该句讲到：换句话说，一个人可以在睡梦中四处走动，做着各种事情，但他并没有意识他在做什么。言下之意即梦游者因对自己所从事的事毫无意识，是有可能伤害自己的。

75.C。推理题。根据文章最后一段可推理得知，有关梦游者的各种情况，研究十年的专家都未必有明确的答案，因此找出其中原因，明确发生机制，是非常重要的。

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参考译文

过去，美国的大学创立有双重（dual：double）目的——促进（advance：promote）学习，并提供一个机会，让他们熟悉已被发现的知识体系，并将其传播给渴望的人。创造和传播（impart：spread），这些是20世纪最近动荡的（tumultuous：exciting and confusing）几十年之前美国高等教育的标志(hallmark:feature)。成功的高等教育机构从来不是一个可以用提供职业技能或解决社会问题战略来确定其使命的机构。美国人以微妙的（subtle：not obvious）方式相信高等教育是有用的，但不一定立即使用。

美国大学的使命现在又分配了一个的目标。高等院校，无论公立或私立的，通常面临着以这样一种方式来界定他们面临的挑战，即为社区服务作出贡献。

这个服务角色有各种各样的应用（application：use）。最常见的是满足区域就业市场需求的教学方案，提供向上的社会和经济流动机会，实现种族、族裔或社会的融合（integration：combination），