(完整word版)赖世雄美语从头学-初级篇(下)

赖世雄美语从头学-初级篇(下)

1. Light up点火(不及物动词) You can’t light up here , smoking isn’t allowed put out熄灭

2. It is no use + doing …是没有用的 It’s no use talking to her pay a heavy price付出惨痛/很大的代价

3. Stop + doing 停止正在做的事情 John stopped talking to me when his father walked in

Stop + to do停下去做另一件事 John stopped to talk to me when he saw me约翰看到我时便停下来与我说话

4. Try + doing尝试/试试… Don’t try swimming alone in the river

Try + to do设法要… I’ll try to call you later today

5. 关系代词一共有who、whom、which、that、whose五个，均视为连词，引导定语从句。该从句视为形容词，修饰之前的名词，下面分别说明各关系代词的用法(关系代词均应紧邻被代替的名词之后)：

1) Who、whom：这两个关系代词专门修饰人，换言之，who、whom之前一定有一个表示人的名词。Who在从句中作主语，whom则作宾语。

John is my good friend who never lies John is my good friend whom I trusted

2) Which：which是用以代替除人以外一切事物(如动物、植物、静物、地方、概念等)的关系代词，在所引导的定语从句中，可作主语或宾语。使用时之前一定要有可被代替(除人以外)的名词。

He doesn’t study , which makes his father angry He lives in Shanghai , which I want to visit soon

3) Whose：whose是所有格关系代词，代替his、her、their、its等人或物的所有格代词。Whose之后应置名词，即“whose + 名词”。“whose + 名词”在所引导的定语从句中可作主语或宾语。

He is John , whose father is my teacher He is John , whose son I used to teach

4) That：that亦可作关系代词，可等于who、whom或which。但that之前不可置逗号。Who、whom或which之前则视需要置逗号或不置逗号。

He is the man whom you can trust = He is the man that you can trust

6. 关系代词的限制性修饰及非限制性修饰用法：

1) 限制性修饰：关系代词引导的定语从句旨在修饰名词，使该名词有其特殊性，此时关系代词之前不置逗号，译成中文时，先译定语从句(译成“…的”)，再译被修饰的名词。这种之前无逗号的定语从句就是限制性修饰

He is a person who never lies 他是个从不说谎的人(对的) 他是个人，他从不说谎(错的)

2) 非限制性修饰：有些名词本身就具有特殊性，如gentleman、saint。或该名词之前已有形容词修饰，增加其特殊性，如a good person、a great man。此时这些名词之后若有定语从句修饰时，该从句并非必要，只是附加说明主语而已，故关系代词之前可置逗号，以减低该从句的重要性。这种之前有逗号的定语从句就是非限制性修饰。译成中文时，先译被修饰的名词，再译之后的定语从句。

He is a gentleman, who never lies 他是君子，从不说谎

以上例句也可采用限制性修饰，以更增加被修饰的名词之特殊性

He is a gentleman who never lies 他是个从不说谎的君子

3) 专有名词(如John、Peter、Shanghai)或少数的名词(如my father、his mother)本身就有普遍强烈的特殊性(即一提到这些名词，大家都知道指的是谁)，故之后的定语从句一定采用非限制性修饰，即关系代词之前一定要有逗号

Here comes Mary, who is my girlfriend 玛丽来了，她是我的女友

7. When it comes to + doing 一说到… When it comes to spelling , Sam is the best in our class

8. 名词性从句的种类及其功能：

名词性从句的种类：

1) That引导的名词性从句：这种从句乃由陈述句变化而成。我们在陈述句之前冠以that，即成名词性从句。

陈述句：He works hard 名词性从句：that he works hard

2) Whether引导的名词性从句：这种从句乃由一般疑问句(即可用yes或no回答的问句)变化而成。在一般疑问句前冠以whether，原倒装的句子结构还原成不倒装的型态即成名词性从句

①be动词：一般疑问句Is he happy? 名词性从句Whether he is happy?

②助动词(can、will、have等)：一般疑问句Will he come? 名词性从句Whether he will come

③do、does、did等助动词引导的疑问句变成名词性从句时，先冠以whether，次将do、does、did去除，疑问句中的动词原形再按do、does、did及主语还原成应有的时态

一般疑问句Do they like it? 名词性从句Whether they like it

3) 疑问词(what、where、when、how、why、who、whom、which、whose等)引导的名词性从句，这种从句乃由特殊疑问句(即不能用yes或no回答的问句)变化而成。我们保留原疑问词，原来倒装的句子结构还原成不倒装的型态而成名词性从句

①be动词：特殊疑问句who is he? 名词性从句Who he is

②助动词：特殊疑问句When will he come? 名词性从句When he will come

③含有do、does、did的疑问句：此类疑问句变成名词性从句时，先保留句首的疑问词，次将do、does、did去除，疑问句中的动词原形按do、does、did及主语还原成应有的时态

特殊疑问句How did he do it 名词性从句How he did it

注意：特殊疑问句中，若疑问代词who、what、which作主语，该疑问句变成名词性从句时，句子结构不变

特殊疑问句Who will come/what happened 名词性从句Who will come/what happened

名词性从句的功能：名词性从句可以说是一种用作名词的句子，所不同的是：

1) 从句之前一定要 有that、whether或疑问词

2) 从句不能做句子使用，换言之，从句不能独立存在

3) 名词性从句与名词一样，在句中可用作主语、及物动词的宾语、或置于be动词之后作主语补足语

①作主语：That he is a good student is true Whether he’ll come is not known yet

注意：名词性从句作主语时，往往会形成主语过大的毛病，故一般接用代词It代替这些从句

It is true that he is a good student It is not known yet whether he’ll come

②作宾语：I believe that he can do it I don’t know whether he’ll come

注意：that引导的名词性从句作及物动词的宾语时，that可省略I believe (that) he can do it

注意：whether引导的名词性从句作及物动词的宾语时，whether可被if取代，if仍译成“是否”而非“如果”

I don’t know whether he’ll come = I don’t know if he’ll come

③作主语补足语：The truth is that he has no money The question is that whether he’ll come

9. They say that = it is said that据说… 有人说… get along well with… 与…相处的很好

10. Society使用此单词时通常不与冠词连用 Kill Carl is a danger to society

11. Suffer from遭受… be stressed out饱受压力 Jack is stressed out because he has too much work

12. Do exercise做运动(美式用法) take exercise做运动(英式用法)

13. More and more可作形容词或副词，多用于进行时的句子中，用法如下：

1) 作形容词：more and more译成“越来越多的”，之后接复数名词或不可数名词

More and more students are learning English He is making more and more money

2) 作副词：more and more译成“越来越多的”，之后接副词或形容词

He is doing things more and more carefully She is getting more and more beautiful

被修饰的形容词或副词若属单音节(偶有两个音节)，则通常直接将该形容词或副词变成比较级，形成下列用法：

比较级+and+比较级 His English is getting better and better He is walking faster and faster

14. People must , therefore , learn to deal with his new kind of problem

The best way , however , is to keep a good sense of humor

以上两句中的therefore及however均为插入在句中的副词。它们亦均可置于句首，即：

Therefore , people must learn to deal with his new kind of problem

However , the best way is to keep a good sense of humor

注意：therefore或however插入在句中时，这两个单词两旁应各置一逗号，习惯的用法是，它们多插于主语与动词之间，助动词(will、can、may)与动词之间，主语与助动词之间

1) 主语与动词之间：He is nice. I , therefore , like him

2) 助动词与动词之间/主语与助动词之间：

Father gave me money. I can , therefore , buy a pen = Father gave me money. I therefore , can buy a pen

15. What’s the matter with you? = what’s wrong with you? = what happened to you?你怎么了

16. Be under a lot of pressure受到很大的压力

17. be about the size of约…一样大 Bill’s living room is about the size of my house

18. 必须使用that取代关系代词who、whom、which：

1) 在有最高级形容词修饰的名词之后

He is the best student whom I’ve ever taught(错的) He is the best student (that) I’ve ever taught(对的)

2) 在有the only修饰的名词之后

He is the only boy who knows the answer(错的) He is the only boy that knows the answer(对的)