The Rise of Modern Logic
四层电梯课程设计
四层电梯的PLC控制摘要在现代社会和经济活动中，计算机技术、自动控制技术和电力电子技术得到了迅速的发展，电梯已经成为城市物质文明的一种标志。
特别是在高层建筑中，电梯是不可缺少的垂直运输设备。
随着高层建筑飞速发展的今天，电梯行业也随之进入了新的发展时期,电梯控制技术已经发展到了调频调压调速，其逻辑控制也由PLC代替原来的继电器控制，其许多功能是传统的继电器控制系统无法实现的。
本设计针对我国电梯业的现状，将可编程序控制器(PLC)应用于四层电梯进行逻辑控制，通过合理的选择和设计，不但提高了电梯可靠性、可维护性以及灵活性，同时延长了使用寿命，缩短了电梯的开发周期，并提高了电梯的控制水平，改善了电梯运行的舒适感，使电梯达到了较为理想的控制效果。
本文所设计的电梯与传统的电梯相比，在运行上具有良好的舒适感，在生活中可以节约电能，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，达到了理想的目的。
该电梯控制系统具有指层、厅召唤、选层选向、手动和自动等功能，具有集选控制的特点。
在介绍电梯基本结构的基础上，深入分析了电梯的工作原理，阐述了PLC的优点及特点，重点分析了电梯的硬件设计和软件设计，研究并提出了基于PLC电梯控制系统设计的实现方案，最后对本论文的研究内容进行了总结与展望。
关键词电梯变频器 PLC控制变频调速Four-storey Elevator PLC ControlABSTRACTIn the modern social and economic activities, computer technology, automatic control technology and power electronic technology has been rapid development, the lift has become a symbol of urban material. Especially in the high-rise building, the elevator is not a lack of vertical transportation equipment. With the rapid development of high-rise buildings of today, the lift industry also has entered a new period of development, elevator control technology has been developed to the FM speed regulator, the logic control by the PLC to replace the original relay control, many of its functions traditional relay control system can not be achieved.The design for the status quo of China's elevator industry will be a programmable logic controller (PLC) used for four-storey elevator control logic, through the rational selection and design, not only to improve the reliability of the elevator, maintainability, and flexibility, while extending the of life and shorten the development cycle of the elevator and the elevator control to raise the level of the elevator operation to improve the comfort, so that the lift to reach a more satisfactory control effect. In this paper, the design of the elevator by the elevator when compared with the traditional, in the run with good comfort, in life can save energy, and achieved good economic and social benefits to achieve the desired purpose. The elevator control system has a mean layer, the Office of calls to the layer selected, manual and automatic functions with a set of features to control the election.In introducing the basic structure of the lift on the basis of the depth analysis of the working principle of the elevator, on the merits and characteristics of PLC, the focus of an analysis of the lift hardware design and software design, research and PLC based control system designed to lift the achievement of the program, Finally, the study of this thesis are summarized and prospects.Keywords elevator PLC control VVVF inverter目录前言 (6)第1章绪论 (8)1.1电梯继电器控制系统的特点及存在问题 (8)1.1.1电梯继电器控制系统的优点 (8)1.1.2电梯继电器控制系统存在的问题1.2 PLC及在电梯控制中的应用特点1.2.1 PLC的特点1.2.2 PLC控制电梯的逻辑关系1.2.3 PLC控制电梯的优点1.3 电梯变频调速控制的特点第2章PLC控制系统硬件设计 ..........................................................2.1 四层电梯主电路.....................................................................2.1.1 四层电梯驱动电机 .......................................................2.1.2 plc外部接线图 ..............................................................2.3工/0点数的分配及机型的选择2.2.1 I/O点数的估算2.2.2输入/输出的分配2.2.3 机型的选择2.4 编码器与PLC的连接2.5系统结构框图第3章软件设计3.1四层电梯梯形图3.1.1外召唤信号登记及消除3.1.2内指令信号登记及消除3.1.2 电梯的平层信号及处理3.1.4 选层定向及反向截梯3.1.5 内指令外召唤信号的保持3.1.6 各楼层停车信号3.1.7 自动开关门3.2 STL语句表第4章软硬件的调试4.1组态王6.5的简介...................................................................4.2组态王的基本操作4.2.1 建立新工程及画面4.2.2 变量的定义及管理4.2.3 组态王的命令语言4.3 四层电梯在组态王中的仿真调试结论 .................................................................................................. 谢辞.................................................................................................... 参考文献 .............................................................................................. 附录 ..................................................................................................前言电梯是随着高层建筑的兴建而发展起来的一种垂直运输工具。
逻辑学的英文翻译PPT
C.The intensions and extensions. 概念的内涵和外延 The intension is the essential character reflected by the concept,the extension is the objects that possess the essential character reflected by the concept. 概念的内涵是指概念所反映的事物的本质属性，反映的事物质的 方面，回答的事物“是什么”的问题；概念的外延是指具有概念所反映的本质属 性的那些事物，反映事物量的方面，回答事物“有哪些”或“哪些是该事物”的 问题。
charactering judgrment infer wether another charactering judgrment is true.性质推理是指由一种已知的性质判断推断出另一种性质判断的真假的思维 形式。
B.演进过程 入oros logic 逻辑 理则学
严 复
牟宗三
3 The logical implication 逻辑含义
A 本原、本体、原初、发端。 Principle、Noumenon、Primary、inception （四词都有“原始”的意思） B一般规律、原理和规则。 The general pattern、axiom and regulation (四词都有“规范”的意思） C尺度、关系、比例、比率。 measurement、relationship、proportion、ratio （ 四词都含“数量关系”的意思) D 思维形式 和 思维规律 Thinking form and Thinking regular
B.表达形式：The representation of concept are languages、words and
什么导致了人们的非理性行为英文作文
什么导致了人们的非理性行为英文作文Irrational behavior is a phenomenon that has long puzzled psychologists and social scientists. It seems to defy logic and reason, as individuals often make decisions or take actions that appear to be against their own best interests. Understanding the underlying causes of irrational behavior is crucial, as it can have significant consequences for individuals, communities, and society as a whole.One key factor that contributes to irrational behavior is the power of emotions. Emotions can profoundly influence our decision-making, often overriding rational thought processes. When we are caught up in the grip of strong emotions, such as fear, anger, or excitement, we may make choices that we would not make under calmer circumstances. For example, someone who is experiencing intense fear may make a rash decision to flee a situation, even if the actual threat is relatively minor. Similarly, anger can lead individuals to lash out in ways that they may later regret.Another important factor is the role of cognitive biases. Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that can lead to flaweddecision-making. These biases are often the result of our brain's tendency to take mental shortcuts or rely on heuristics, which can be useful in many situations but can also lead to errors in judgment. For instance, the availability heuristic, which causes us to place more weight on information that is easily accessible or memorable, can lead to irrational decision-making. If we are bombarded with media coverage of a rare but dramatic event, we may overestimate the likelihood of it occurring, even though the actual risk is low.Another cognitive bias that can contribute to irrational behavior is the sunk cost fallacy. This refers to the tendency to continue investing resources (time, money, or effort) into a course of action, even when it is clear that the investment is not yielding the desired results. The belief that we have already invested too much to give up can lead us to make decisions that are not in our best interest.Social and cultural factors also play a significant role in shaping irrational behavior. Peer pressure and the desire to conform to group norms can lead individuals to engage in behaviors that they would not otherwise consider. This is particularly true during adolescence, when the need for social acceptance and belonging is especially strong. Additionally, cultural beliefs and values can influence our perceptions of what is rational or irrational, and these can vary widely across different societies.The rise of social media and the internet has also been linked to an increase in irrational behavior. The rapid spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories, often amplified by social media algorithms, can lead individuals to adopt beliefs and engage in behaviors that are not supported by evidence. The echo chamber effect, where people surround themselves with information that reinforces their existing beliefs, can further entrench these irrational beliefs.Finally, the role of cognitive load and mental fatigue in contributing to irrational behavior should not be overlooked. When individuals are under significant stress or cognitive demands, their ability to make rational decisions may be impaired. This can be particularly problematic in situations where quick decisions are required, such as in emergency situations or high-pressure work environments.In conclusion, the causes of irrational behavior are multifaceted and complex. Emotions, cognitive biases, social and cultural factors, the influence of technology, and cognitive load all play a role in shaping the way individuals think and behave. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of irrational behavior and promote more rational decision-making. By addressing the underlying causes, we can work towards creating a society that is better equipped to navigate the challenges of the modern world.。
对于规律和技艺的思考和感悟英文作文高中
对于规律和技艺的思考和感悟英文作文高中回答例子1:Title: Reflections on Patterns and CraftsmanshipIn the realm of human endeavors, patterns and craftsmanship serve as fundamental pillars guiding our understanding and expression. Whether in the intricate strokes of an artist's brush, the harmonious melodies of a musician's composition, or the precise calculations of a scientist's formulae, the interplay between patterns and craftsmanship unveils profound insights into our existence and the world around us. As a high school student delving into this topic, I find myself compelled to explore the depths of these concepts, unraveling their significance and implications.At its essence, patterns embody the underlying order permeating through the fabric of our reality. They manifest in various forms, from the rhythmic cycles of nature to the mathematical equations governing the universe's behavior. Patterns offer a sense of predictability, enabling us to discernregularities amidst the chaos and derive meaning from the seemingly random occurrences. Moreover, they serve as blueprints for creativity, providing a scaffold upon which innovation can flourish. Artists, scientists, and thinkers alike draw inspiration from patterns, leveraging their inherent structure to craft novel ideas and groundbreaking discoveries.Conversely, craftsmanship epitomizes the mastery and skill honed through dedicated practice and refinement. It encompasses the meticulous attention to detail, the relentless pursuit of excellence, and the unwavering commitment to one's craft. Whether it be the deft hands of a sculptor shaping marble into timeless art or the nimble fingers of a chef transforming ingredients into culinary delights, craftsmanship embodies the epitome of human achievement. It transcends mere proficiency, transcending into the realm of artistry, where each creation becomes a testament to the artisan's passion and expertise.Yet, it is at the intersection of patterns and craftsmanship that the true magic unfolds. Here, we witness the fusion of order and creativity, structure and spontaneity, giving rise toinnovation and ingenuity. Consider the architectural marvels that blend mathematical precision with artistic expression or the symphonies that weave melodic patterns into breathtaking compositions. In each instance, patterns provide the framework while craftsmanship infuses life and vitality, resulting in works of enduring beauty and significance.Moreover, the contemplation of patterns and craftsmanship extends beyond the realm of art and science, permeating into the very fabric of our daily lives. In our interactions with others, we discern patterns of behavior and communication, shaping our relationships and understanding of human nature. Similarly, in our pursuit of personal growth and development, we strive to cultivate craftsmanship in our endeavors, be it academics, sports, or hobbies, aiming for excellence and fulfillment.As a high school student grappling with these concepts, I am struck by their profound implications for my own journey of learning and self-discovery. I realize the importance of recognizing patterns as guiding principles while honing my craftsmanship through dedicated practice and perseverance.Whether it be in academics, extracurricular activities, or personal aspirations, I aspire to embody the principles of patterns and craftsmanship, striving for excellence and innovation in all that I do.In conclusion, the exploration of patterns and craftsmanship unveils a tapestry of insights into the human experience, illuminating the interplay between order and creativity, structure and spontaneity. As high school students, poised on the cusp of adulthood, we stand at the threshold of a vast and wondrous world, eager to unravel its mysteries and forge our paths forward. Through introspection and contemplation, may we harness the power of patterns and craftsmanship to navigate this journey with purpose, passion, and perseverance.回答例子2:Title: Reflections on Order and Craftsmanship: Insights and ContemplationsIn the realm of creation, the interplay between order and craftsmanship is a fascinating subject that delves into the essence of human ingenuity and creativity. From themeticulous strokes of a painter to the precise calculations of a mathematician, the pursuit of excellence in craftsmanship is intertwined with the underlying order that governs our universe. In this essay, we will explore the significance of order and craftsmanship, drawing insights from various disciplines and reflecting on their implications for personal growth and societal progress.Understanding OrderOrder is the fundamental principle that brings coherence and structure to the world around us. It is manifested in the symmetrical patterns of nature, the mathematical laws that govern physical phenomena, and the organizational frameworks that shape human societies. At its core, order represents a harmonious arrangement of elements, whether tangible or abstract, that facilitates understanding and predictability.In the context of creation, order serves as both a guiding principle and a creative constraint. Artists adhere to compositional rules to achieve aesthetic balance, whileengineers rely on systematic approaches to design efficient solutions. By embracing order, creators harness the inherent logic of their craft to produce works of enduring value and significance.Embracing CraftsmanshipCraftsmanship embodies the mastery of a skill or technique through dedicated practice and refinement. It encompasses a commitment to excellence, attention to detail, and a reverence for tradition. Whether expressed through the intricate artistry of handmade crafts or the precision engineering of modern technologies, craftsmanship reflects the depth of human capability and the pursuit of perfection.Central to craftsmanship is the cultivation of expertise and the cultivation of a mindset that values craftsmanship, patience, and perseverance. It is through the relentless pursuit of mastery that artisans transcend mediocrity and leave a lasting legacy of their craft. Moreover, craftsmanship fosters a sense of pride and satisfaction in one's work, enriching both the creator and the recipient with a profound appreciation forquality and authenticity.The Intersection of Order and CraftsmanshipThe convergence of order and craftsmanship represents a symbiotic relationship wherein each reinforces and enhances the other. Order provides the framework within which craftsmanship flourishes, offering guidance and structure to creative endeavors. Conversely, craftsmanship imbues order with vitality and creativity, infusing it with a human touch that transcends mere mechanistic processes.Consider, for example, the architectural marvels of ancient civilizations, where mathematical precision and artistic expression converged to create timeless monuments. Similarly, in the realm of literature, the poetic form relies on the structured interplay of rhyme and meter, yet it is the craftsmanship of the poet that breathes life into the words, evoking emotions and imagery that resonate with readers.Personal Growth and Societal ProgressThe contemplation of order and craftsmanship extends beyond the realm of creation to encompass broader implications for personal growth and societal progress. Individually, the pursuit of mastery fosters self-discipline, resilience, and a growth mindset, nurturing the innate potential within each individual. By honing their skills and refining their craft, individuals not only elevate their own abilities but also contribute to the collective advancement of society.Furthermore, the appreciation of craftsmanship instills a sense of cultural heritage and collective identity, fostering social cohesion and intergenerational continuity. Whether through traditional crafts passed down through generations or innovative technologies that push the boundaries of possibility, craftsmanship serves as a bridge between past and future, connecting us to our roots while propelling us toward new horizons.In conclusion, the contemplation of order and craftsmanship offers profound insights into the nature ofhuman creativity and the pursuit of excellence. By recognizing the symbiotic relationship between order and craftsmanship, we gain a deeper appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the world around us. Moreover, we are inspired to cultivate our own skills and talents, contributing to a society that values craftsmanship, celebrates diversity, and embraces the boundless potential of human imagination.。
基于六层电梯PLC控制系统毕业设计论文
随着时代的发展，科技的进步，电梯也一直不断的发展和完善，在操纵控制方面可以说是步步出新——手柄开关操纵、按钮控制、信号控制、集选控制、人机对话等等，多台电梯还出现了并联控制，智能群控；双层轿厢电梯展示出节省井道空间，提升运输能力的优势；变速式自动人行道扶梯的出现大大节省了行人的时间；不同外形——扇形、三角形、半菱形、半圆形、整圆形的观光电梯则使身处其中的乘客的视线不再封闭。电梯越来越受到人们的欢迎。
很久很久以前，人类就学会了用升降工具来运输货物或者人员，人类的伟大奇迹金字塔在建造时就大量应用了最原始的升降系统，和如今的电梯基本原理如出一辙。但是那时的升降工具基本上是以人力为动力。直到18世纪中叶后，伟大的的科学家瓦特发明了蒸汽机，电梯的升降工具才慢慢的摆脱了人力，而以蒸汽为动力。紧随其后，威廉·汤姆逊研制出用液压驱动的升降梯，液压的介质是水。但是安全问题一直是阻碍电梯发展的顽疾，因为一旦升降梯拉升缆绳发生断裂，负载平台就一定会发生坠毁事故。而后来奥的斯先生的发明彻底改变了人们对电梯安全的恐惧感。终于在1889年，美国奥的斯电梯公司制造出了名副其实的电梯。最初是用直流电动机作为动力，通过蜗轮减速器带动卷筒上缠绕的绳索，悬挂并升降轿厢，而后采用按钮操纵装置，为操作纵方式现代化开了先河。
哲学、心理学、与教育社会学概论(英文)_OK
Plato (428-348 B.C.E)
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Plato and the Allegory of the Cave
• Plato viewed the world of appearances as an illusion • True knowledge (ideas) could not be sought through the senses • Wisdom requires us to see beyond sense experience and to learn about the underlying
• He saw the soul as not independent of the physical body • He invented the syllogism (deductive logic) as well as inductive logic
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THE DARK AGES
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Decent into The Darkness
• Translation of the Bible into German from the Latin broke Rome’s stranglehold on the “Word”
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The Renaissance
The Age of Modern Philosophy
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Empiricism
• Transcendentalism: Space and time are not part of the noumenal world, but constructs of the mind
• Descartes: “I think therefore I am”
新核心综合学术英语教程unit答案全
综合学术英语教程3 答案Unit 1 DefinitionKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with DefinitionReading1 Great Leaps in Modern Technology2. Technology, on the other hand, is more of an applied science. It is where tools and knowledgeare used for the study of a particular science. For example, the science of energy can havetechnology as its application. In the case of energy as a subject in science, solar panels can beused for a variety of technologies, an example of which are solar-powered lights.From the following website:#ixzz37toZQcugTask 2 Understanding Lectures through DefinitionListening 11. phobia, hypnophobia, cynophobia, aerophobia2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) T 5) T 6) T 7) F 8) F3.Task 3 Reading Definition Articles1. 1) Indigenous knowledge means knowledge belonging to the country, rather than beingbrought there from another country.2) All the list items will probably be included since the title is rather broad and general.3) For open discussion2. 1) International knowledge system.2) Knowledge capital, physical and financial capital.3) It contains the skills, experiences and insights of people, applied tomaintain or improve their4) Medicine and veterinary medicine.5) It is considered the social capital, meaning an essential resource forsurvival and means ofsustenance and livelihood.6) a) It is inappropriate for new challenges or it adapts too slowly; b)The introduction offoreign technologies or development concepts that promise short-term gains or solutions toproblems that they cannot sustain.7) Agriculture, animal husbandry and ethnic veterinary medicine, primaryhealth care,preventive medicine and psychosocial care, saving and lending.8) A higher variance of traits, less susceptible to the frequent droughts, reduce risks.9) a) Indigenous knowledge is vital for its bearers; b) Become fully awareof its value andcontributions to the intended objectives; c) It is an integral part of global knowledge in itsown right.10) An integration or combination of indigenous knowledge and foreign knowledge.Reading 2 Indigenous Knowledge3. 1) r. override 2) j. expertise 3) d. intimate 4) a. unanimous 5) g.intrusion6) u. dissemination 7) c. insights 8) l. susceptible 9) n. incorporating10) f. vanish11) m. interaction 12) s. scenario 13) i. detrimental 14) p. implement15) k. alleviation16) b. encompass 17) o. validate 18) h. impending 19) e. interweave 20) t. rational4. For reference:The two articles both employ definitions for the introduction of the terms and examples tovalidate each facet. Both use classifications, descriptions, comparison and contrast for furtheranalysis. One big difference lies in the perspective to view the title, with the first a ratherholistic discussion ranging from the status quo to the settlement of the existing problems andthe second a partial focus on chiefly its applications.Reading 3 Ultrasonics5. 1) component 2) accumulate 3) spherical 4) navigate 5) fatigue6) harness 7) version 8) synonymous 9) inhibit 10) integrity11) uniform 12) detect 13) incidence 14) monitor 15) probe16) intensity 17) convert 18) proceed 19) visualize 20) inspect6. Attention: there is a mistake here, the first should be Para. KPara. K—e Para. B—a Para. C—c Para. D—f Para. E—hPara. F—d Para. G—j Para. H—i Para. I—b Para. J—g7. 1) E 2) F 3) Para. E 4) E 5) F 6) Para. H 7) Para. H 8) E8. For open discussionTask 4 Writing an Essay of DefinitionReading 4 Disruptive Technologies1.5. For reference only1) Natural breathing will be provided by the robot for the patient during surgery.2) The pressure will have to be reduced by us.3) All instruments need to be sterilized.4) For us, some physical and technical factors may be considered/ taken into consideration.5) If we make sustained efforts, there is a chance that the environment will be improved.6) Some specific demands of the scientific establishment have to be made.7) The presence of the country has been felt more than ever by the wholeworld.8) It seems that other explanations are hard to be found.9) The interaction between organism and environment is being perceived.10) The tests work most effectively if what will be measured can be most precisely defined.Integrated Exercises2. 1) component 2) integrity 3) mobilize 4) option 5) monitor 6) navigate7) encompass8) compromise 9) incorporate 10) implement 11) impending 12) scenario 3. 1) The survey encompasses social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.2) In some countries power is synonymous with corruption.3) The strike shut down many airports, but international f lights were unaffected.4) The scenery is beautiful but inaccessible to most ordinary travelers.5) The conflict deprived him of the means of livelihood.6) Such animals can withstand the extremes of weather.7) The rise in the time spent on the Internet is concomitant with the massive loss ofsociability.8) Many inventions such as gunpowder and the compass originated in China.9) The frequency of mining accidents has decreased over the past 10 years.10) The maximum number of places offered by the medical school for theapplicants is 15.5. 1) Scientists should warn people about PM 2.5 and the need to restrict their children’soutdoor activities to avoid even the minimal damage.2) The local government has implemented a development program for the mountain climbersto leave the surrounding region unaffected.3) We can reduce the risks to zero since we are sure of what risks they are running.4) To combat your anxiety, you should compel yourself to visualize apromising future in which a problem has already been settled.5) He holds that developed countries should be held accountable foreconomic growth on a global scale.6) Trash is not yet fully utilized, leading to overlooking the potential in it.7) A large number of females choose the option of personal finance toachieve control of their own lives.8)The university has decided to invest in the project because it has manytechnical advantages over other similar ones.9) Trees can provide shelter for both man and animals, which we tend to overlook.10) We are trying to achieve a sound understanding of liberal arts courses,which encompasses a wide range of subjects.Listening 2A. (1) F (2) T (3) T (4) F (5) T (6) T (7) TB. (1) Clouding computing is about the provision of computer resources likeSaaS, PaaS, and infrastructure provision while private computingisn’t.(2) 67.(3) Because the Industrial Revolution is not a thing, and it cannot bedefined by some specific products. It is a transformation or atransition involving concepts, ideas, ways of production, changingattitudes, etc.(4) Because it is more than just technology, as the speaker furthercompares it to electricity, which has transformed from an innovationto much more of a utility service.(5) Ubiquitous.Listening 3A. (1) C (2) B (3) A (4) C (5) DB. compressed, whisper, external, pockets, panic, assembly, psychological,reflection, simultaneous, architecture, figure out, legitimate, instantaneous, clicking, addictedC. (1) B, C (2) CUnit 2 ClassificationKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Classification1. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), theproduction of CO2 ( the increase of population, the demolition of trees, etc.).3) CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.4) Classification helps us to determine and understand the relationshipof the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition.5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to followa principle of classification and go on with a system consistently.For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed.Reading 1 Causes for Global Warming2. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel resource. It provides aboutone-quarter of the total energy the world uses, and 40 percent of the electricity generated worldwide is powered by coal. The steel industry also is greatly dependent upon this fossil fuel. Like other depleting sources of global energy, coal reserves are also on a steep decline.Moreover, coal is a greenhouse gas nightmare. Natural gas is comprised mostly of methane, although it also contains ethane, propane and butane.It is a convenient and efficient energy source. The major consumers of natural gas are the residential, commercial and industrial sectors. It is also used to generate electricity. Unlike other fossil fuels, naturalgas is cleaner and causes less pollution. Like other fossil fuels, this resource is depleting rapidly.Task 2 Understanding Lectures through ClassificationListening 11. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc.2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F3. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivationIdea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict4. There are two interesting ideas in Freud’s theory: first, the existenceof unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict.Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name, calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes going on in the head, namely, id, ego and superego, which are in violent internal conflict. Id functions on “the Pleasure Principle”, while egoworks on “the Reality Principle” and superego is the internalized rules of a society. Ego is in between id and superego.Task 3 Reading Classification ArticlesReading 2 Renewable Energy Sources—A Brief Summary1. 1) Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources suchas sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).2)□√ The purpose of using renewable energy sources.□√ The classification of renewable energy sources.□√ The examples of different types of renewable energy sources.□√ The advantages and disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.□√ The history of the use of different energy sources.□ How energy is obtained from various sources.3) I would write:(1) The definition of the renewable energy.(2) The classification of the renewable energy.(3) The advantages and the disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.2. 1) The signing of the Kyoto Treaty.2) It converts the sun’s rays into energy.3) The main demerit is that it is limited.4) Sailors, farmers and architects.5) The main advantage is that this doesn’t produce any by-products thatcan be harmful to the environment.6) Because the Earth’s crust continuously decays, replenishing the heat.7) They use the force of the water to push the turbine which in turn powersa generator thus generating electricity.8) It poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam.9) They contain no petroleum, and they are nontoxic and biodegradable.10) The Environmental Protection Agency.3. 1) j. evolution 2) s. solar 3) a. architect 4) l. geothermal 5) p. preserve6) b. biodegradable 7) r. radioactive 8) f. crusade 9) h. distribute 10) q. radiant11) i. domestic 12) t. validation 13) k. generator 14) d. capture 15)g. definitely16) n. install 17) e. consumption 18) m. harness 19) o. internal 20) c. bladeReading 3 Types of Pollution5. 1) voluntary 2) construction 3) contamination 4) eruption 5) regulation6) deforestation 7) yield 8) irrigation 9) confine 10) sewage11) hazardous 12) residential 13) vapor 14) decay 15) erosion16) disrupt 17) particulate 18) underground 19) concentration 20) combat6.7.8. My summary is: Even if solar energy is limited, it enjoys a long historyand has been advancing constantly, thus enabling us to convert heat into electricity, which can be stored, ready for use.Task 4 Writing an Essay of ClassificationReading 4 Types of Sustainability1.5. 1) Declarative sentences are mostly employed in academic writing, despitethe occasional utilizations of interrogative sentences.2) To support the truths, reliable evidence is quoted by scholars in all disciplines.3) Much importance should be attached to the comprehension of thedifference between education and training.4) A person who exposes himself to the sunlight for excessive time issusceptible to malignant melanoma.5) Students doing temporary jobs display a better performance in their academic studies.6) American frontier is deeply rooted in many aspects of American character.7) The direct involvement of many a foreign country is evident in theprocess of US territorial expansion.8) Parents need to equipped with much care and knowledge while raising a kid.9) Environment plays a vital role in the growth of plants.10) In the past, Beijing was ravaged by dust storms for 20 days annually. Integrated Exercises2. 1) motivation 2) demolish 3) symptom 4) combat 5) capture 6) distribute7) assert 8) yield9) internal 10) emergence 11) adherence 12) disrupt3. 1) Internet access is available in the students’ dormitory.2) If you can harness your energy, you’ll be rewarded with huge accomplishments.3) It has been confirmed that foul weather is highly hazardous for sea navigation.4) The governmental nuclear waste disposal plan aroused fierce protestsfrom the local residents.5) Extinction of this rare species of bird is foreseeable if effective measures are not taken.6) While delivering a public speech, a speaker must articulate his/her arguments.7) I highly esteem his current research on stem cells.8) A speaker cannot always secure the cooperation of the audience.9) The car industry of this country is sheltered by its government from foreign competition.10) Even a moderate elevation of blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancys.5. 1) The effective disposal of the recognized sources of pollutiondemonstrates to be of great aid in the elevation of people’s quality of life.2) Since the rapid evolution of technology, the lifestyles of thegenerations ahead of us will witness a revolutionized change.3) Tapping heat from the Earth enables the residents of resource-poorregions to combat the poor conditions.4) The downside of the practice of fertilizing the soil by burning strawsis the fact that the released dusts and particles pose a serious problem for the health of the respiratory system.5) This campaign, organized by environmentally conscious individuals,has a measurable effect on the general improvement of all the people’s environmental protection awareness.6) The history of deforestation can date back to two millenniums ago,which has deteriorated constantly in the modern times, leading to a huge loss of wildlife habitat.7) During the visit to Huangshan (Yellow Mountain), the tourists wereamazed at how nature works wonders, realizing that beauty is only sustainable if all of us care for the environment around us.8) Drug abuse is a general degradation of lifestyle, causing immediate health effects.9) Oil leakage in the mainstream river considerably decreases thequantity of drinkable water; what’s worse, the adverse effects are not confined to areas near the source.10) Luckily, the pollution inflicted by this accident will be effectivelyremoved through natural cycles, not having a negative impact on the environment.Listening 2A. (1) T (2) F (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) FB. (1) The individual’s potential and the importance of growth and self-actualization.(2) The lower one.(3) By providing lunch breaks, rest breaks and sufficient wages to purchase essentials.(4) The love and belonging needs.(5) They are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concernedwith the opinions of other people, and interested in fulfilling their potential.C. This lecture is about Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, namelyphysiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic and instinctive ones, which must be satisfied first. Safety needs refer tothe needs for safety and security, also important for survival. Social needs include the needs for belonging, love and affection, the deprivation of which leads to unhappiness. Esteem needs reflect on personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment; if unmet, it may lead to inferiority complex. Self-actualization needs are at the highest level, meaning to realize a person’s full potential, capacities and talents.Listening 3A. (1) A (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) BB. classically, runny nose, sore throat, intrigued, initially, clinically,alludes to, building up, immune, alongside, shuffling, rip through, hospitalizationsC. (1) B C E(2) ① A B C ② A B ③ A B ④ A B ⑤ A B C ⑥ C ⑦ A ⑧ A ⑨ A ⑩ A CUnit 3 Comparison and ContrastKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Comparison and Contrast1. 1) Electric vehicles and gas vehicles.2) The energy they used, the distance, the cost and convenience.3) The electric vehicles and gas vehicles share some similarities: theappearance of muscle cars, all the standard features and they even perform similarly. The differences are listed below:4) The writer compares and contrasts both vehicles item after item. Insuch a pattern, the writer structures his paragraph around points of comparison, moving back and forth between the subjects.5) The former one—list all similarities of the two subjects, then their differences.Reading 1 Electric Vehicles and Gas Vehicle2. What’s more, there is a health factor that affects both of them. Cannedfood loses some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, and also has to be tinned with many preservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food but could becometoxic if consumed too often. Fresh food, on the other hand, often comes straight from a farm and has all the nutrients Mother Nature intended for it. As we can see, fresh food offers many benefits that canned food lacks. Therefore, an informed diner should always choose to eat fresh.After all, we could all use to improve our health.Task 2 Understanding Lectures Through Comparison and ContrastListening 12. 1) T. What I’m just beginning to realize right now, is that we pay ahuge price for the speed that we claim is a big advantage of these computers.2) F. And they consume one and a half megawatts of power. So that wouldbe really great, if you could add that to the production capacity in Tanzania. It would really boost the economy.3) F. Now, how much computation does the brain do? I estimate 10 to the16 bits per second, which is actually about very similar to what BlueGene does. So that’s the question.4) T. So what we are doing right now with computers with the energyconsumed by 1,200 houses, the brain is doing with the energy consumed by your laptop.5) F. How does that compare with the way computers work? In the computer,you have all the data going through the central processing unit, and any piece of data basically has to go through that bottleneck, whereas in the brain, what you have is these neurons.6) T. This is something that we’ve been working on for the last couple of years.3. 120,000 processors10 to the 16 bits per second1.5 megawatts10 quadrillion bits per second10 watts4. Although computers have strong power to process data, they still cannotcompare to the brain of human beings in which an unbelievable number of neurons connect and react with each other so that a real net could be accomplished perfectly. The research on how the computer could be as powerful as a brain will continue going on.Task 3 Reading Comparison and Contrast Articles2. 1) Consumer perceptions of organic processes and products and thoseinvolving biotechnology.2) Health, environment, risk and ethics.3) No study has directly elicited comparable attitudes about organicand GM products and processes.4) The average participant slightly, but not strongly, agreed with thepositively worded health attributes (e.g., organic food ishealthier), and disagreed with the negatively worded healthattributes (e.g., organic food is less healthy). The averageresponse about the healthfulness of GM foods was generally neutral.5) Both were thought to have higher levels of nutrients than traditional food.6) Generally, consumers perceive organic food production as environmentally friendly.7) Respondents perceived GM foods as possessing a higher level of riskthan other classes of food.8) Social acceptability is one motive driving the purchase of organic food.9) Respondents did not have major ethical objections to GM food.10) Forty-five percent.Reading 2 Perceptions of Genetically Modified and Organic Foods and Processes3. 1) p. prevalent 2) a. perception 3) i. moderate 4) f. construct 5) q.advantageous 6) k. attribute 7) c. organic 8) h. volume 9) l. nutrient10) d. elicit 11) g. explicitly 12) b. warrant13) m. inherent 14) t. respondent 15) e. empirical 16) j. contradict 17)o. obesity18) n. cure 19) s. neutral 20) r. motiveReading 3 A Comparative Report of Organic Food vs. Genetically Modified Food5. 1) synthetic 2) manure 3) botanical 4) alter 5) regulation 6) compost7) recommendation8) mineral 9) federal 10) potent 11) organism 12) network 13)transformation 14) normal\15) chemical 16) trace 17) negative 18) poll 19) facilities 20) modification6.7. 1) Para. A 2) E 3) F 4) E 5) Para. F 6) Para. I 7) Para. J 8)F8. My summary is: Fueled by health concerns, people have focused more onthe origin of food over the past decade; so to answer their questions, this report shows that organic foods are the best choice compared with genetically modified food.Task 4 Writing an Essay of Comparison and ContrastReading 4 Fast Food Restaurant: McDonald’s vs. Wendy’s1. B. Wendy’s1) the Ultimate Chicken Grill2) small order of chiliMcDonald’s1) fruit yogurt parfait2) green apple slices (kid’s menu)3) healthier sandwich choices (such as McVeggie Burger, ChickenFajitas, and Whole Wheat Chicken McGrill)C. Presentation of food: At Wendy’s, not only are the meal optionsexcellent, the presentation of healthy menu choices is superior.Wendy’s salads a re large and fresh with only one hindrance: excess water at the bottom of the bowl.McDonald’s salads lack in appearance and freshness. These salads appear thrown together and often look wilted.D. Wendy’s:the first major fast food chain to offer fast food salad as a meal’s main course.McDonald’s: n ow also offers salads as a main course menu choice, in reaction to the popularity of Wendy’s salads.E. Meal variety, good presentation and several salad choices are allconsidered when evaluating a fast food restaurant. With fast food restaurants such as Wendy’s and McDonald’s available, it is considerably easier for people to make healthier food choices.5. 1) None of his speech is imperfect in organization and wording.2) The manager will not miss the opportunity to accept the students’ proposals.3) Kevin did not deny he took risky bets and lied to cover them up butclaimed his superiors were not ignorant of his doing.4) It was told that their work needed to be improved as it wasn’t done well.5) I t is not avoidable that the public won’t miss such scandals in the business world.6) Never will my parents be unready to help me out.7) Hardly did the idea of returning to his hometown stop recurring in his dreams.8) The islands failed to find that they were ready to fight against the outside intruders.9) It was not until failing to catch the last bus to the city late onenight did Mike not know what to do next.10) Never does he lose the optimistic confidence for life even thoughthings don’t always go smoothly.Integrated Exercise2. 1) accommodate 2) exhibition 3) consistent 4) negative 5) considerably6) response7) version 8) regulation 9) capacity 10) alter 11) trace 12) involve3. 1) Older people are less likely to perceive situations negativelybecause they’re typically more tolerant.2) In most cases, the major reason for conducting an analysis, althoughnot often explicitly stated, appears to be to justify taxpayer spending.3) The organization of the novel allowed readers to reconstruct the storyby adding missing elements and arranging the sequence of the events.4) These skills are easy to learn and can add considerably to the overallenjoyment of spending time out-of-doors.5) He was asked to refine his draft headline to make it clearer and more exact.6) It is inevitable that success in most work is evaluated by income.7) The rejection of the parents’ political and religious beliefs puttheir children in a difficult position.8) It is well-known that the government will be consistent in itspositions on civil rights legislation.9) The public figures who are seeking to further their careers cannotmake selections about the publicity they desire.10) Considerable modification of the existing system is needed to increase efficiency.5. 1) An appropriate use of limited natural resources is advantageous forthe Earth environment where human beings live.2) The uncertainty over this region continues to grow; what is moreunfortunate, people may need some time to adapt.3) Conventional notions holds that organic food is much healthier thangenetically modified food.4) The brand gown designed by Marina comes to accommodate the need fora number of occasions, including churches, dinners, business and otherspecial occasions.5) There is a more prevalent concern that the shortage of this researchis due to the overall lack of knowledge of AIDS groups and the difficulty of access to those groups.6) After being exposed to and weighing the information about those risks,US researchers suggested that childhood obesity prevention should occur/happen as early as possible, as much as possible before birth.7) If this change is made, you are likely to run the risk of losing theaudience and your reputation.8) In the modern society, in rejection of the traditional stereotype thatwomen need more care and tendance, many women assume/undertake theresponsibility of raising a family.9) Since the 21st century, the short-term certificates are rapidlygaining popularity, especially for non-white students.10) The research found that 75 percent of American teenagers always boasta healthy self-image.Listening 2A. (1) F (2) T (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) TB. (1) When the speaker was 15 years old, he first discovered the good waste problem.(2) He grabbed hold of it, sat down, and ate his breakfast with pigs.(3) It gave him faith that the people do have the power to stop this tragicwaste of food resources and bring about that change.。
新核心综合学术英语教程3unit1-6答案全之欧阳史创编
综合学术英语教程3 答案Unit 1 DefinitionKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Definition Reading1 Great Leaps in Modern Technology2. Technology, on the other hand, is more of an applied science. It is where tools and knowledgeare used for the study of a particular science. For example, the science of energy can havetechnology as its application. In the case of energy as a subject in science, solar panels can be used for a variety of technologies, an example of which are solar-powered lights.From the following website:/science/difference -between-science-and-technology/#ixzz37toZQcugTask 2 Understanding Lectures through Definition Listening 11. phobia, hypnophobia, cynophobia, aerophobia2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) T 5) T 6) T 7) F 8) F1. 1) Indigenous knowledge means knowledge belonging to the country, rather than beingbrought there from another country.2) All the list items will probably be included since the title is rather broad and general.3) For open discussion2. 1) International knowledge system.2) Knowledge capital, physical and financial capital.3) It contains the skills, experiences and insights of people, applied to maintain or improve their4) Medicine and veterinary medicine.5) It is considered the social capital, meaning an essential resource for survival and means of sustenance and livelihood.6) a) It is inappropriate for new challenges or it adapts too slowly; b) The introduction offoreign technologies or development concepts that promise short-term gains or solutions toproblems that they cannot sustain.7) Agriculture, animal husbandry and ethnic veterinary medicine, primary health care, preventive medicine and psychosocial care, saving and lending.8) A higher variance of traits, less susceptible to the frequent droughts, reduce risks.9) a) Indigenous knowledge is vital for its bearers;b) Become fully aware of its value andcontributions to the intended objectives; c) It isan integral part of global knowledge in itsown right.10) An integration or combination of indigenous knowledge and foreign knowledge.Reading 2 Indigenous Knowledge3. 1) r. override 2) j. expertise 3) d. intimate 4)a. unanimous 5) g. intrusion6) u. dissemination 7) c. insights 8) l. susceptible 9) n. incorporating 10) f. vanish11) m. interaction 12) s. scenario 13) i. detrimental 14) p. implement 15) k. alleviation16) b. encompass 17) o. validate 18) h. impending 19) e. interweave 20) t. rational4. For reference:The two articles both employ definitions for the introduction of the terms and examples tovalidate each facet. Both use classifications, descriptions, comparison and contrast for further analysis. One big difference lies in the perspective to view the title, with the first a ratherholistic discussion ranging from the status quo to the settlement of the existing problems andthe second a partial focus on chiefly its applications.Reading 3 Ultrasonics5. 1) component 2) accumulate 3) spherical 4) navigate 5) fatigue6) harness 7) version 8) synonymous 9) inhibit 10) integrity11) uniform 12) detect 13) incidence 14) monitor 15) probe16) intensity 17) convert 18) proceed 19) visualize20) inspect6. Attention: there is a mistake here, the first should be Para. KPara. K—e Para. B—a Para. C—c Para. D—f Para. E—h Para. F—d Para. G—j Para. H—i Para. I—b Para. J—g 7. 1) E 2) F 3) Para. E 4) E 5) F 6) Para. H 7) Para. H 8) E8. For open discussionTask 4 Writing an Essay of DefinitionReading 4 Disruptive Technologies1.1) Natural breathing will be provided by the robot for the patient during surgery.2) The pressure will have to be reduced by us.3) All instruments need to be sterilized.4) For us, some physical and technical factors may be considered/ taken into consideration.5) If we make sustained efforts, there is a chance that the environment will be improved.6) Some specific demands of the scientific establishment have to be made.7) The presence of the country has been felt more than ever by the whole world.8) It seems that other explanations are hard to be found.9) The interaction between organism and environment is being perceived.10) The tests work most effectively if what will be measured can be most precisely defined.Integrated Exercises2. 1) component 2) integrity 3) mobilize 4) option 5) monitor 6) navigate 7) encompass8) compromise 9) incorporate 10) implement 11) impending 12) scenario3. 1) The survey encompasses social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.2) In some countries power is synonymous with corruption.3) The strike shut down many airports, but international f lights were unaffected.4) The scenery is beautiful but inaccessible to most ordinary travelers.5) The conflict deprived him of the means of livelihood.6) Such animals can withstand the extremes of weather.7) The rise in the time spent on the Internet is concomitant with the massive loss ofsociability.8) Many inventions such as gunpowder and the compass originated in China.9) The frequency of mining accidents has decreased over the past 10 years.10) The maximum number of places offered by themedical school for the applicants is 15.5. 1) Scientists should warn people about PM 2.5 and the need to restrict their children’soutdoor activities to avoid even the minimal damage.2) The local government has implemented a development program for the mountain climbersto leave the surrounding region unaffected.3) We can reduce the risks to zero since we are sure of what risks they are running.4) To combat your anxiety, you should compelyourself to visualize a promising future inwhich a problem has already been settled.5) He holds that developed countries should beheld accountable for economic growth on aglobal scale.6) Trash is not yet fully utilized, leading to overlooking the potential in it.7) A large number of females choose the optionof personal finance to achieve control oftheir own lives.8)The university has decided to invest in theproject because it has many technicaladvantages over other similar ones.9) Trees can provide shelter for both man and animals, which we tend to overlook.10) We are trying to achieve a soundunderstanding of liberal arts courses, whichencompasses a wide range of subjects.Listening 2A. (1) F (2) T (3) T (4) F (5) T (6) T (7) TB. (1) Clouding computing is about the provisionof computer resources like SaaS, PaaS, andinfrastructure provision while privatecomputing isn’t.(2) 67.(3) Because the Industrial Revolution is not athing, and it cannot be defined by somespecific products. It is a transformation ora transition involving concepts, ideas, waysof production, changing attitudes, etc.(4) Because it is more than just technology, asthe speaker further compares it toelectricity, which has transformed from aninnovation to much more of a utility service.(5) Ubiquitous.Listening 3A. (1) C (2) B (3) A (4) C (5) Dpressed, whisper, external, pockets, panic,assembly, psychological, reflection, simultaneous, architecture, figure out, legitimate, instantaneous, clicking, addicted C. (1) B, C (2) CUnit 2 ClassificationKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Classification 1. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.2)Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coaland oil, etc.), the production of CO2 ( theincrease of population, the demolition oftrees, etc.).3) CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.4) Classification helps us to determine andunderstand the relationship of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classificationis made on the basis of a clear definition.5) In order to make a clear and logicclassification, one needs to follow aprinciple of classification and go on with asystem consistently. For example, thecategories of classification should bemutually exclusive and no overlapping isallowed.Reading 1 Causes for Global Warming2. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel resource.It provides about one-quarter of the total energy the world uses, and 40 percent of the electricity generated worldwide is powered by coal. The steel industry also is greatly dependent upon this fossil fuel. Like other depleting sources of global energy, coal reserves are also on a steep decline. Moreover, coal is a greenhouse gas nightmare. Natural gas is comprised mostly of methane, although it also contains ethane, propane and butane. It is a convenient and efficient energy source. The major consumers of natural gas are the residential, commercial and industrial sectors.It is also used to generate electricity. Unlike other fossil fuels, natural gas is cleaner and causes less pollution. Like other fossil fuels, this resource is depleting rapidly.Task 2 Understanding Lectures through ClassificationListening 11. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc.2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F3. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivationIdea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict4. There are two interesting ideas in Freud’stheory: first, the existence of unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict. Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name, calling out the wrong name etc.In his view, there are three processes going on in the head, namely, id,ego and superego, which are in violent internal conflict. Id functions on “the Pleasure Principle”, while ego workson“the Reality Principle” and superego is the internalized rules of a society. Ego is in between id and superego.Task 3 Reading Classification ArticlesReading 2 Renewable Energy Sources—A Brief Summary 1. 1) Renewable energy is energy which comes fromnatural resources such as sunlight, wind,rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which arerenewable (naturally replenished).2)□√The purpose of using renewable energy sources.□√The classification of renewable energy sources.□√The examples of different types of renewable energy sources.□√The advantages and disadvantages of varioustypes of renewable energy sources.√The history of the use of different energy □sources.□How energy is obtained from various sources.3) I would write:(1) The definition of the renewable energy.(2) The classification of the renewable energy.(3) The advantages and the disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources.2. 1) The signing of the Kyoto Treaty.2) It converts the sun’s rays into energy.3) The main demerit is that it is limited.4) Sailors, farmers and architects.5) The main advantage is that this doesn’tproduce any by-products that can be harmful to the environment.6) Because the Earth’s crust continuously decays, replenishing the heat.7) They use the force of the water to push theturbine which in turn powers a generator thus generating electricity.8) It poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam.9) They contain no petroleum, and they are nontoxic and biodegradable.10) The Environmental Protection Agency.3. 1) j. evolution 2) s. solar 3) a. architect 4) l. geothermal 5) p. preserve6) b. biodegradable 7) r. radioactive 8) f. crusade 9) h. distribute 10) q. radiant11) i. domestic 12) t. validation 13) k.generator 14) d. capture 15) g. definitely16) n. install 17) e. consumption 18) m. harness 19) o. internal 20) c. bladeReading 3 Types of Pollution5. 1) voluntary 2) construction 3) contamination 4) eruption 5) regulation6) deforestation 7) yield 8) irrigation 9) confine 10) sewage11) hazardous 12) residential 13) vapor 14) decay 15) erosion16) disrupt 17) particulate 18) underground 19) concentration 20) combatit enjoys a long history and has been advancing constantly, thus enabling us to convert heat into electricity, which can be stored, ready for use.Task 4 Writing an Essay of ClassificationReading 4 Types of Sustainability5. 1) Declarative sentences are mostly employed inacademic writing, despite the occasional utilizations of interrogative sentences.2) To support the truths, reliable evidence is quoted by scholars in all disciplines.3) Much importance should be attached to thecomprehension of the difference between education and training.4) A person who exposes himself to the sunlight forexcessive time is susceptible to malignant melanoma.5) Students doing temporary jobs display a better performance in their academic studies.6) American frontier is deeply rooted in many aspects of American character.7) The direct involvement of many a foreign countryis evident in the process of US territorial expansion.8) Parents need to equipped with much care and knowledge while raising a kid.9) Environment plays a vital role in the growth of plants.10) In the past, Beijing was ravaged by dust storms for 20 days annually.Integrated Exercises2. 1) motivation 2) demolish 3) symptom 4) combat5) capture 6) distribute 7) assert 8) yield9) internal 10) emergence 11) adherence 12)disrupt3. 1) Internet access is available in the students’ dormitory.2) If you can harness your energy, you’ll be rewarded with huge accomplishments.3) It has been confirmed that foul weather is highly hazardous for sea navigation.4) The governmental nuclear waste disposal planaroused fierce protests from the localresidents.5) Extinction of this rare species of bird is foreseeable if effective measures are not taken.6) While delivering a public speech, a speaker must articulate his/her arguments.7) I highly esteem his current research on stem cells.8) A speaker cannot always secure the cooperation of the audience.9) The car industry of this country is sheltered by its government from foreign competition.10) Even a moderate elevation of blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancys.5. 1) The effective disposal of the recognizedsources of pollution demonstrates to be ofgreat aid in the elevation of people’squality of life.2) Since the rapid evolution of technology, thelifestyles of the generations ahead of uswill witness a revolutionized change.3) Tapping heat from the Earth enables theresidents of resource-poor regions to combatthe poor conditions.4) The downside of the practice of fertilizing thesoil by burning straws is the fact that thereleased dusts and particles pose a seriousproblem for the health of the respiratorysystem.5) This campaign, organized by environmentallyconscious individuals, has a measurableeffect on the general improvement of all thepeople’s environmental protect ion awareness.6) The history of deforestation can date back totwo millenniums ago, which has deterioratedconstantly in the modern times, leading to ahuge loss of wildlife habitat.7) During the visit to Huangshan (Yellow Mountain),the tourists were amazed at how nature workswonders, realizing that beauty is onlysustainable if all of us care for theenvironment around us.8) Drug abuse is a general degradation of lifestyle, causing immediate health effects.9) Oil leakage in the mainstream river considerablydecreases the quantity of drinkable water;what’s worse, the adverse effects are notconfined to areas near the source.10) Luckily, the pollution inflicted by thisaccident will be effectively removed throughnatural cycles, not having a negative impacton the environment.Listening 2A. (1) T (2) F (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) FB. (1) The individual’s potential and the importance of growth and self-actualization.(2) The lower one.(3) By providing lunch breaks, rest breaks and sufficient wages to purchase essentials.(4) The love and belonging needs.(5) They are self-aware, concerned with personalgrowth, less concerned with the opinions ofother people, and interested in fulfillingtheir potential.C. This lecture is about Maslow’s theory of thehierarchy of needs, namely physiological needs,safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, andself-actualization needs. Physiological needsare the most basic and instinctive ones, whichmust be satisfied first. Safety needs refer tothe needs for safety and security, alsoimportant for survival. Social needs includethe needs for belonging, love and affection,the deprivation of which leads to unhappiness.Esteem needs reflect on personal worth, socialrecognition and accomplishment; if unmet, itmay lead to inferiority complex. Self-actualization needs are at the highest level,meaning to realize a person’s full potential,capacities and talents.Listening 3A. (1) A (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) BB. classically, runny nose, sore throat, intrigued,initially, clinically, alludes to, building up,immune, alongside, shuffling, rip through,hospitalizationsC. (1) B C E(2) ① A B C ② A B ③ A B ④ A B ⑤ A B C ⑥ C⑦ A ⑧ A ⑨ A ⑩A CUnit 3 Comparison and ContrastKeys to the ExercisesTask 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Comparison and Contrast1. 1) Electric vehicles and gas vehicles.2) The energy they used, the distance, the cost and convenience.3) The electric vehicles and gas vehicles sharesome similarities: the appearance of musclecars, all the standard features and they evenperform similarly. The differences are listedvehicles item after item. In such a pattern,the writer structures his paragraph aroundpoints of comparison, moving back and forthbetween the subjects.5) The former one—list all similarities of the two subjects, then their differences.Reading 1 Electric Vehicles and Gas Vehicle2. What’s more, there is a health factor thataffects both of them. Canned food loses some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, and also has to be tinned with many preservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food but could become toxic if consumed too often. Fresh food, on the other hand, often comes straight from a farm and has all the nutrients Mother Nature intended for it. As we can see, fresh food offers many benefits that canned food lacks. Therefore, an informed diner should always choose to eat fresh. After all, we could all use to improve our health.Task 2 Understanding Lectures Through Comparisonand ContrastListening 12. 1) T. What I’m just beginning to realize rig htnow, is that we pay a huge price for the speedthat we claim is a big advantage of thesecomputers.2) F. And they consume one and a half megawattsof power. So that would be really great, ifyou could add that to the production capacityin Tanzania. It would really boost the economy.3) F. Now, how much computation does the braindo? I estimate 10 to the 16 bits per second,which is actually about very similar to whatBlue Gene does. So that’s the question.4) T. So what we are doing right now withcomputers with the energy consumed by 1,200houses, the brain is doing with the energyconsumed by your laptop.5) F. How does that compare with the waycomputers work? In the computer, you have allthe data going through the central processingunit, and any piece of data basically has togo through that bottleneck, whereas in thebrain, what you have is these neurons.6) T. This is something that we’ve been working on for the last couple of years.3. 120,000 processors10 to the 16 bits per second1.5 megawatts10 quadrillion bits per second10 watts4. Although computers have strong power to processdata, they still cannot compare to the brain ofhuman beings in which an unbelievable number of neurons connect and react with each other so that a real net could be accomplished perfectly.The research on how the computer could be as powerful as a brain will continue going on.Task 3 Reading Comparison and Contrast Articles2. 1) Consumer perceptions of organic processesand products and those involvingbiotechnology.2) Health, environment, risk and ethics.3) No study has directly elicited comparableattitudes about organic and GM products andprocesses.4) The average participant slightly, but notstrongly, agreed with the positively wordedhealth attributes (e.g., organic food ishealthier), and disagreed with the negativelyworded health attributes (e.g., organic foodis less healthy). The average response aboutthe healthfulness of GM foods was generallyneutral.5) Both were thought to have higher levels of nutrients than traditional food.6) Generally, consumers perceive organic food production as environmentally friendly.7) Respondents perceived GM foods as possessinga higher level of risk than other classes offood.8) Social acceptability is one motive driving the purchase of organic food.9) Respondents did not have major ethical objections to GM food.10) Forty-five percent.Reading 2 Perceptions of Genetically Modified and Organic Foods and Processes3. 1) p. prevalent 2) a. perception 3) i. moderate4) f. construct 5) q. advantageous 6) k.attribute 7) c. organic 8) h. volume 9) l.nutrient 10) d. elicit 11) g. explicitly 12) b.warrant13) m. inherent 14) t. respondent 15) e.empirical 16) j. contradict 17) o. obesity18) n. cure 19) s. neutral 20) r. motiveReading 3 A Comparative Report of Organic Food vs. Genetically Modified Food5. 1) synthetic 2) manure 3) botanical 4) alter 5)regulation 6) compost 7) recommendation8) mineral 9) federal 10) potent 11) organism 12)network 13) transformation 14) normal\15) chemical 16) trace 17) negative 18) poll19) facilities 20) modification6.7) Para. J 8) F8. My summary is: Fueled by health concerns,people have focused more on the origin of food over the past decade; so to answer their questions, this report shows that organic foods are the best choice compared with genetically modified food.Task 4 Writing an Essay of Comparison and Contrast Reading 4 Fast Food Restaurant: McDonald’s vs.Wendy’s1. B. Wendy’s1) the Ultimate Chicken Grill2) small order of chiliMcDonald’s1) fruit yogurt parfait2) green apple slices (kid’s menu)3) healthier sandwich choices (such as McVeggieBurger, Chicken Fajitas, and Whole WheatChicken McGrill)C. Presentation of food: At Wendy’s, not onlyare the meal options excellent, thepresentation of healthy menu choices issuperior.Wendy’s salads are large and fresh with only one hindrance: excess water at the bottom of the bowl.McDonald’s salads lack in appearance and freshness. These salads appear thrown together and often look wilted.D. Wendy’s:the first major fast food chain to offer fast food salad as a meal’s main course.McDonald’s: n ow also offers salads as a main course menu choice, in reaction to the popularity of Wendy’s salads.E. Meal variety, good presentation and severalsalad choices are all considered whenevaluating a fast food restaurant. With fastfood restaurants such as Wendy’s andMcDonald’s available, it is considerablyeasier for people to make healthier foodchoices.5. 1) None of his speech is imperfect in organization and wording.2) The manager will not miss the opportunity to accept the students’ proposals.3) Kevin did not deny he took risky bets andlied to cover them up but claimed his superiors were not ignorant of his doing.4) It was told that their work needed to be improved as it wasn’t done well.5) It is not avoidable that the public won’t miss such scandals in the business world.6) Never will my parents be unready to help me out.7) Hardly did the idea of returning to his hometown stop recurring in his dreams.8) The islands failed to find that they were ready to fight against the outside intruders.9) It was not until failing to catch the lastbus to the city late one night did Mike not know what to do next.10) Never does he lose the optimistic confidencefor life even though things don’t always gosmoothly.Integrated Exercise2. 1) accommodate 2) exhibition 3) consistent 4) negative 5) considerably 6) response7) version 8) regulation 9) capacity 10) alter 11) trace 12) involve3. 1) Older people are less likely to perceivesituations negatively because they’retypically more tolerant.2) In most cases, the major reason forconducting an analysis, although not oftenexplicitly stated, appears to be to justify taxpayer spending.3) The organization of the novel allowed readersto reconstruct the story by adding missing elements and arranging the sequence of the events.4) These skills are easy to learn and can addconsiderably to the overall enjoyment of spending time out-of-doors.5) He was asked to refine his draft headline to make it clearer and more exact.6) It is inevitable that success in most work is evaluated by income.7) The rejection of the parents’ political andreligious beliefs put their children in a difficult position.8) It is well-known that the government will beconsistent in its positions on civil rights legislation.9) The public figures who are seeking to furthertheir careers cannot make selections about the publicity they desire.10) Considerable modification of the existing system is needed to increase efficiency.5. 1) An appropriate use of limited naturalresources is advantageous for the Earthenvironment where human beings live.2) The uncertainty over this region continues togrow; what is more unfortunate, people may need some time to adapt.3) Conventional notions holds that organic foodis much healthier than genetically modified food.4) The brand gown designed by Marina comes toaccommodate the need for a number of occasions, including churches, dinners, business andother special occasions.5) There is a more prevalent concern that theshortage of this research is due to theoverall lack of knowledge of AIDS groups andthe difficulty of access to those groups.6) After being exposed to and weighing theinformation about those risks, US researcherssuggested that childhood obesity preventionshould occur/happen as early as possible, asmuch as possible before birth.7) If this change is made, you are likely to runthe risk of losing the audience and yourreputation.8) In the modern society, in rejection of thetraditional stereotype that women need morecare and tendance, many womenassume/undertake the responsibility ofraising a family.9) Since the 21st century, the short-termcertificates are rapidly gaining popularity,especially for non-white students.10) The research found that 75 percent ofAmerican teenagers always boast a healthyself-image.Listening 2A. (1) F (2) T (3) F (4) F (5) T (6) F (7) TB. (1) When the speaker was 15 years old, he first discovered the good waste problem.(2) He grabbed hold of it, sat down, and ate his breakfast with pigs.。
ADP3654
High Speed, Dual, 4 A MOSFET DriverADP3654Rev. 0Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However , no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. T rademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, N orwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.Tel: 781.329.4700 Fax: 781.461.3113 ©2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.FEATURESIndustry-standard-compatible pinout High current drive capabilityPrecise UVLO comparator with hysteresis 3.3 V-compatible inputs10 ns typical rise time and fall time at 2.2 nF load Matched propagation delays between channels Fast propagation delay 4.5 V to 18 V supply voltage Parallelable dual outputsRated from −40°C to +125°C junction temperatureThermally enhanced packages, 8-lead SOIC_N_EP and 8-lead MINI_SO_EPAPPLICATIONSAC-to-dc switch mode power supplies DC-to-dc power supplies Synchronous rectification Motor drivesGENERAL DESCRIPTIONThe ADP3654 high current and dual high speed driver is capable of driving two independent N-channel power MOSFETs. The driver uses the industry-standard footprint but adds high speed switching performance.The wide input voltage range allows the driver to be compatible with both analog and digital PWM controllers.Digital power controllers are powered from a low voltagesupply, and the driver is powered from a higher voltage supply. The ADP3654 driver adds UVLO and hysteresis functions, allowing safe startup and shutdown of the higher voltage supply when used with low voltage digital controllers.The driver is available in thermally enhanced SOIC_N_EP and MINI_SO_EP packaging to maximize high frequency and current switching in a small printed circuit board (PCB) area.FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAMOUTAVDDOUTBNCINA PGND INB NC09054-001Figure 1.ADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 12TABLE OF CONTENTSFeatures..............................................................................................1 Applications.......................................................................................1 General Description.........................................................................1 Functional Block Diagram..............................................................1 Revision History...............................................................................2 Specifications.....................................................................................3 Timing Diagrams..........................................................................3 Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................4 ESD Caution..................................................................................4 Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions.............................5 Typical Performance Characteristics.............................................6 Test Circuit.........................................................................................8 Theory of Operation.........................................................................9 Input Drive Requirements (INA and INB)................................9 Low-Side Drivers (OUTA, OUTB).............................................9 Supply Capacitor Selection..........................................................9 PCB Layout Considerations.........................................................9 Parallel Operation......................................................................10 Thermal Considerations............................................................10 Outline Dimensions.......................................................................12 Ordering Guide.. (12)REVISION HISTORY8/10—Revision 0: Initial VersionADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 12SPECIFICATIONSV DD = 12 V , T J = −40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted.1 Table 1.Parameter Symbol Test Conditions/Comments Min Typ Max Unit SUPPLY Supply Voltage Range V DD 4.5 18 V Supply Current I DD No switching 1.2 3 mA UVLOTurn-On Threshold Voltage V UVLO_ON V DD rising, T J = 25°C, see Figure 3 3.8 4.2 4.5 V Turn-Off Threshold Voltage V UVLO_OFF V DD falling, T J = 25°C, see Figure 33.5 3.94.3 V Hysteresis 0.3 V DIGITAL INPUTS (INA, INB) Input Voltage High V IH See Figure 2 2.0 V Input Voltage Low V IL See Figure 2 0.8 V Input Current I IN 0 V < V IN < V DD −20 +20 μA Internal Pull-Up/Pull-Down Current 6 μA OUTPUTS (OUTA, OUTB) Output Resistance, Unbiased VDD = PGND 80 kΩ Peak Source Current See Figure 14 4 A Peak Sink Current See Figure 14 −4 A SWITCHING TIME OUTA and OUTB Rise Time t RISE C LOAD = 2.2 nF, see Figure 2 10 25 ns OUTA and OUTB Fall Time t FALL C LOAD = 2.2 nF, see Figure 2 10 25 ns OUTA and OUTB Rising Propagation Delay t D1 C LOAD = 2.2 nF, see Figure 2 14 30 ns OUTA and OUTB Falling Propagation Delay t D2 C LOAD = 2.2 nF, see Figure 2 22 35 ns Delay Matching Between Channels 2 ns1All limits at temperature extremes guaranteed via correlation using standard statistical quality control (SQC) methods.TIMING DIAGRAMS09054-002Figure 2. Output Timing Diagram09054-003Figure 3. UVLO FunctionADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 12ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGSTable 2.Parameter RatingVDD −0.3 V to +20 VOUTA, OUTBDC −0.3 V to V DD + 0.3 V<200 ns −2 V to V DD + 0.3 VINA, INB −0.3 V to V DD + 0.3 VESDHuman Body Model (HBM) 3.5 kV Field Induced Charged Device Model(FICDM)SOIC_N_EP 1.5 kV INI_SO_EP 1.0 kV θJA , JEDEC 4-Layer Board SOIC_N_EP 159°C/W MINI_SO_EP 1 43°C/W Junction Temperature Range −40°C to +150°C Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature Soldering (10 sec) 300°C Vapor Phase (60 sec) 215°C Infrared (15 sec) 260°C1θJA is measured per JEDEC standards, JESD51-2, JESD51-5, and JESD51-7, as appropriate with the exposed pad soldered to the PCB.Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or anyother conditions above those indicated in the operationalsection of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolutemaximum rating conditions for extended periods may affectdevice reliability. ESD CAUTIONADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 12PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONSNC 1INA 2PGND 3INB 4NC8OUTA7VDD 6OUTB5ADP3654TOP VIEW(Not to Scale)NOTES1. NC = NO CONNECT.2.THE EXPOSED PAD OF THE PACKAGE IS NOT DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO ANY PIN OF THE PACKAGE, BUT IT ISELECTRICALLY AND THERMALLY CONNECTED TO THE DIE SUBSTRATE, WHICH IS THE GROUND OF THE DEVICE. IT IS RECOMMENDED TO HAVE THE EXPOSED PAD AND THE PGND PIN CONNECTED ON THE PCB.09054-004Figure 4. Pin ConfigurationTable 3. Pin Function DescriptionsPin No. Mnemonic Description 1 NC No Connect.2 INA Input Pin for Channel A Gate Driver.3 PGND Ground. This pin should be closely connected to the source of the power MOSFET.4 INB Input Pin for Channel B Gate Driver.5 OUTB Output Pin for Channel B Gate Driver.6 VDD Power Supply Voltage. Bypass this pin to PGND with a ~1 μF to 5 μF ceramic capacitor.7 OUTAOutput Pin for Channel A Gate Driver. 8 NC No Connect.9 EPADExposed Pad. The exposed pad of the package is not directly connected to any pin of the package, but it is electrically and thermally connected to the die substrate, which is the ground of the device. It is recommended to have the exposed pad and the PGND pin connected on the PCB.ADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 12TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICSV DD = 12 V , T J = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.3456789–50–30–101030507090110130TEMPERATURE (°C)U V L O (V )09054-005Figure 5. UVLO vs. Temperature02468101214–50–30–101030507090110130TEMPERATURE (°C)t FALLt RISET I M E (n s )09054-006Figure 6. Rise and Fall Times vs. Temperature102030405060–50–30–101030507090110130TEMPERATURE (°C)T I M E (n s )09054-007Figure 7. Propagation Delay vs. Temperature51015202505101520V DD (V)T I M E (n s )t FALLt RISE09054-008Figure 8. Rise and Fall Times vs. V DD01020304050607005101520t D2t D1V DD (V)T I M E (n s )09054-009Figure 9. Propagation Delay vs. V DD09054-010Figure 10. Typical Rise Propagation DelayADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 1209054-011Figure 11. Typical Fall Propagation Delay09054-012Figure 12. Typical Rise Time09054-013Figure 13. Typical Fall TimeADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 12TEST CIRCUITLOAD09054-014Figure 14. Test CircuitADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 12THEORY OF OPERATIONThe ADP3654 dual driver is optimized for driving twoindependent enhancement N-channel MOSFETs or insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in high switching frequency applications.These applications require high speed, fast rise and fall times, as well as short propagation delays. The capacitive nature of the aforementioned gated devices requires high peak current capability as well.09054-015Figure 15. Typical Application CircuitINPUT DRIVE REQUIREMENTS (INA AND INB)The ADP3654 is designed to meet the requirements of modern digital power controllers; the signals are compatible with 3.3 V logic levels. At the same time, the input structure allows for input voltages as high as V DD .An internal pull-down resistor is present at the input, which guarantees that the power device is off in the event that the input is left floating.LOW-SIDE DRIVERS (OUTA, OUTB)The ADP3654 dual drivers are designed to drive ground referenced N-channel MOSFETs. The bias is internally connected to the V DD supply and PGND.When ADP3654 is disabled, both low-side gates are held low. Internal impedance is present between the OUTA pin and GND and between the OUTB pin and GND; this feature ensures that the power MOSFET is normally off when bias voltage is not present.When interfacing ADP3654 to external MOSFETs, the designer should consider ways to make a robust design that minimizes stresses on both the driver and the MOSFETs. These stresses include exceeding the short time duration voltage ratings on the OUTA and OUTB pins, as well as the external MOSFET.Power MOSFETs are usually selected to have a low on resistance to minimize conduction losses, which usually implies a large input gate capacitance and gate charge.SUPPLY CAPACITOR SELECTIONFor the supply input (V DD ) of the ADP3654, a local bypass capacitor is recommended to reduce the noise and to supply some of the peak currents that are drawn.An improper decoupling can dramatically increase the rise times because excessive resonance on the OUTA and OUTB pins can, in some extreme cases, damage the device, due to inductive overvoltage on the VDD, OUTA, or OUTB pin. The minimum capacitance required is determined by the size of the gate capacitances being driven, but as a general rule, a 4.7 μF, low ESR capacitor should be used. Multilayer ceramic chip (MLCC) capacitors provide the best combination of low ESR and small size. Use a smaller ceramic capacitor (100 nF) with a better high frequency characteristic in parallel to the main capacitor to further reduce noise.Keep the ceramic capacitor as close as possible to the ADP3654 device and minimize the length of the traces going from the capacitor to the power pins of the device.PCB LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONSUse the following general guidelines when designing PCBs: • Trace out the high current paths and use short, wide (>40 mil) traces to make these connections.• Minimize trace inductance between the OUTA and OUTB outputs and MOSFET gates.• Connect the PGND pin of the ADP3654 device as closely as possible to the source of the MOSFETs.• Place the V DD bypass capacitor as close as possible to the VDD and PGND pins.•Use vias to other layers, when possible, to maximize thermal conduction away from the IC.ADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 12Figure 16 shows an example of the typical layout based on the preceding guidelines.09054-016Figure 16. External Component Placement ExampleNote that the exposed pad of the package is not directly con-nected to any pin of the package, but it is electrically andthermally connected to the die substrate, which is the ground of the device.PARALLEL OPERATIONThe two driver channels present in the ADP3654 device can be combined to operate in parallel to increase drive capability and minimize power dissipation in the driver.The connection scheme is shown in Figure 17. In this configura-tion, INA and INB are connected together, and OUTA and OUTB are connected together.Particular attention must be paid to the layout in this case to optimize load sharing between the two drivers.09054-017Figure 17. Parallel OperationTHERMAL CONSIDERATIONSWhen designing a power MOSFET gate drive, the maximum power dissipation in the driver must be considered to avoid exceeding maximum junction temperature.Data on package thermal resistance is provided in Table 2 to help the designer with this task.There are several equally important aspects that must be considered, such as the following: • Gate charge of the power MOSFET being driven • Bias voltage value used to power the driver • Maximum switching frequency of operation • Value of external gate resistance• Maximum ambient (and PCB) temperature •Type of packageAll of these factors influence and limit the maximum allowable power dissipated in the driver.The gate of a power MOSFET has a nonlinear capacitance characteristic. For this reason, although the input capacitance is usually reported in the MOSFET data sheet as C ISS , it is not useful to calculate power losses.The total gate charge necessary to turn on a power MOSFET device is usually reported on the device data sheet under Q G . This parameter varies from a few nanocoulombs (nC) to several hundred nC, and is specified at a specific V GS value (10 V or 4.5 V).The power necessary to charge and then discharge the gate of a power MOSFET can be calculated as:P GATE = V GS × Q G × f SWwhere:V GS is the bias voltage powering the driver (VDD). Q G is the total gate charge.f SW is the maximum switching frequency.The power dissipated for each gate (P GATE ) still needs to be multiplied by the number of drivers (in this case, 1 or 2) being used in each package, and it represents the total power dissi-pated in charging and discharging the gates of the power MOSFETs.Not all of this power is dissipated in the gate driver because part of it is actually dissipated in the external gate resistor, R G . The larger the external gate resistor is, the smaller the amount of power that is dissipated in the gate driver.In modern switching power applications, the value of the gate resistor is kept at a minimum to increase switching speed and minimize switching losses.In all practical applications where the external resistor is in the order of a few ohms, the contribution of the external resistor can be neglected, and the extra loss is assumed in the driver, providing a good guard band to the power loss calculations.ADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 12In addition to the gate charge losses, there are also dc bias losses, due to the bias current of the driver. This current is present regardless of the switching.P DC = V DD × I DDThe total estimated loss is the sum of P DC and P GATE .P LOSS = P DC + (n × P GATE ) where n is the number of gates driven.When the total power loss is calculated, the temperature increase can be calculated asΔT J = P LOSS × θJADesign ExampleFor example, consider driving two IRFS4310Z MOSFETs with a V DD of 12 V at a switching frequency of 300 kHz, using an ADP3654 in the SOIC_N_EP package.The maximum PCB temperature considered for this design is 85°C. From the MOSFET data sheet, the total gate charge is Q G = 120 nC.P GATE = 12 V × 120 nC × 300 kHz = 432 mW P DC = 12 V × 1.2 mA = 14.4 mWP LOSS = 14.4 mW + (2 × 432 mW) = 878.4 mW The SOIC_N_EP thermal resistance is 59°C/W .ΔT J = 878.4 mW × 59°C/W = 51.8°C T J = T A + ΔT J = 136.8°C ≤ T JMAXThis estimated junction temperature does not factor in the power dissipated in the external gate resistor and, therefore, provides a certain guard band.If a lower junction temperature is required by the design, the MINI_SO_EP package can be used, which provides a thermal resistance of 43°C/W , so that the maximum junction temperature isΔT J = 878.4 mW × 43°C/W = 37.7°C T J = T A + ΔT J = 122.7°C ≤ T JMAXOther options to reduce power dissipation in the driver include reducing the value of the V DD bias voltage, reducing switching fre-quency, and choosing a power MOSFET with smaller gate charge.ADP3654Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 12OUTLINE DIMENSIONSCOMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-012-AACONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETER; INCH DIMENSIONS(IN PARENTHESES)ARE ROUNDED-OFF MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS FOR REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN.072808-A0.25 (0.0098)0.17 (0.0067)4.00 (0.157)3.90 (0.154)3.80 (0.150)1.27 (0.05)BSC0.31 (0.012)COPLANARITY0.10(PINS UP)FOR PROPER CONNECTION OF THE EXPOSED PAD, REFER TOFigure 18. 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package, with Exposed Pad [SOIC_N_EP]Narrow Body (RD-8-1)Dimensions shown in millimeters and (inches)071008-ACOMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-187-AA-T0.94COPLANARITY0.100.230.18FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONSSECTION OF THIS DATA SHEET.Figure 19. 8-Lead Mini Small Outline Package with Exposed Pad [MINI_SO_EP](RH-8-1)Dimensions shown in millimetersORDERING GUIDEModel 1UVLO Option TemperatureRange Package Description Package Option Ordering Quantity Branding ADP3654ARDZ-RL 4.5 V −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead Standard Small Outline Package(SOIC_N_EP), 13“ Tape and ReelRD-8-1 2,500 ADP3654ARHZ-RL 4.5 V −40°C to +125°C 8-Lead Mini Small Outline Package (MINI_SO_EP),13” Tape and ReelRH-8-1 3,000 781Z = RoHS Compliant Part.©2010 Analog Devic es, Inc . All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respec tive owners. D09054-0-8/10(0)。
基于PLC的施工升降机控制系统优秀毕业论文
桂林理工大学本科毕业设计·论文I学号：题目类型：设计(设计、论文、报告)桂林理工大学GUILIN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY毕业设计(论文) 题目：基于PLC的施工升降机控制系统设计学院：机械与控制工程学院专业(方向)：自动化（控制）班级：学生：指导教师：摘要施工升降机是建筑施工中必不可少的机械设备之一。
升降机作为现代高层建筑的垂直交通工具，与人们的生活紧密相关，随着人们对升降机运行安全性、高效性、舒适性等要求的不断提高，升降机得到快速发展。
其拖动技术已经发展到了调频调压调速，其逻辑控制也由PLC代替原来的继电器控制。
升降机采用了PLC控制，用软件实现对升降机运行的自动控制，可靠性大大提高。
控制系统结构简单，外部线路简化，可方便的增加或改变控制功能，也可以进行故障自动检测与报警显示，提高运行安全性，并便于检修。
而电动机交流变频器调速技术是当今节电、改善工艺流程以提高产品质量、改善环境、推动技术进步的一种主要手段。
变频器调速以其优异的调速性能和起制动性能、高效率、高功率因素和节电效果，广泛的适用范围及其它许多优点而获国内外公认为最有发展前途的调速方式。
因此，PLC控制技术加变频器调速技术已成为现代升降机行业的一个热点。
本设计考虑到施工场地升降机的实际操作功能，所设计的控制系统针对的是四层升降机。
代替传统的继电控制系统，由变频器实现对升降机的拖动调速，使PLC 与调速拖动装置相结合，构成PLC集成控制系统，实现了升降机的各种控制功能，提高了升降机运行的可靠性，降低了故障率。
关键词：升降机；PLC控制；变频调速；变频器Design of PLC-based control system for constructionelevator control systemStudent: LIANG Jian Teacher: ZHAO HongAbstract:The Construction hoist is one of the essential mechanical devices in the construction. As the vertical transport of modern high-rise buildings, the elevator and the lives of people closely related with the continuous improvement of the people on the elevator operational safety, efficiency, comfort requirements, the elevator rapid development. Drag technology has developed to a FM variable voltage control, logic control instead of the original relay control by PLC.The elevator uses PLC control software to achieve automatic control of the elevator operation, and reliability is increased. The control system structure is simple, external circuit is simplified, and can easily add or change of control functions can also be automatic fault detection and alarm display, improve operational safety and easy maintenance. Motor AC inverter speed control technology is today's energy-saving, and to improve the process t improve product quality, improve the environment, a major means of technological advancement. The inverter is its superior speed performance and from the braking performance, high efficiency, high power factor and energy-saving effect, the broad scope of application and many other benefits by the domestic and international public .that the most promising speed.This design considering the actual construction site lift operation function, designed by four layers of elevator control system is aimed at. Drag the governor of the elevator instead of the traditional relay control system by the inverter, so that the combination of PLC and speed drag devices, constitute the PLC sets the election control systems, elevator control, improved elevator of operation, to reduce the failure rate.Key words：Elevator；PLC control；VVVF；Inverter桂林理工大学本科毕业设计·论文目次摘要 (II)Abstract......................................................................................................................... I II1 绪论 (1)1.1 本课题设计的背景 (1)1.2 本课题设计的内容 (2)1.3 本课题设计的目的和意义 (3)2 系统设计方案的确定 (3)2.1 升降机继电器控制系统 (4)2.1.1 升降机继电器控制系统的优点 (4)2.1.2 升降机继电器控制系统存在的问题 (4)2.2 PLC控制系统 (5)2.3 变频调速控制升降机的特点 (6)2.4 系统设计的基本步骤 (6)3 系统硬件设计 (7)3.1 PLC的选型 (7)3.2 PLC的CPU选型 (11)3.3 PLC系统配置 (11)3.4 变频器的选择 (12)3.5 变频器调速方式的确定 (17)3.6 升降机的主要组成部分 (17)3.7 I/O点数的估算 (19)4 系统软件开发 (22)4.1 升降机的三个工作状态 (22)4.1.1 升降机的自检状态 (22)4.1.2 升降机的正常工作状态 (22)4.1.3 升降机强制工作状态 (23)4.2 软件设计特点 (23)4.3 系统的软件开发过程 (25)5 结论 (38)I致谢 (39)参考文献 (40)。
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Toby OrdChrist Church, Oxford OX1 1DP, UKtoby.ord@philosophy.ox.ac.uk+44 (0) 1865-285271
Areas of SpecialisationNormative ethics (esp. consequentialism), practical ethics, philosophy of computationAreas of CompetenceMeta-ethics, formal logic and set theory, metaphysics, epistemologyAcademic Positions2006 – now:Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Oxford UniversityResearch Associate2006 – now:Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford UniversityResearch Associate2006 – 2007:Holywell Manor (Balliol College), Oxford UniversityResearch Associate2006:Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics (CAPPE), MelbourneVisiting Researcher2006:Department of Philosophy, Stockholm UniversityVisiting Researcher
Education
2005 – now:DPhil – Balliol College & Christ Church, OxfordThesis: ‘Consequentialism and Decision Procedures’Supervisors: Derek Parfit and John BroomeExpected completion: 2008
2003 – 2005:BPhil – Balliol College, OxfordFirst Class Honours in coursework, highest possible mark for the thesisSpecialisation: Moral Philosophy, Metaphysics and Epistemology,The Rise of Modern LogicThesis: ‘Consequentialism and Decision Procedures’Supervisors: John Broome and Krister Bykvist
2002 – 2003:BSc (hons) – University of MelbourneSubjects: Computer Science and Philosophy2001 – 2002:BA – University of MelbourneMajor: Philosophy1997 – 2000:BSc – University of MelbourneMajors: Computer Science and Mathematics2Journal Articles (and Book Chapters)1.Ord T. ‘The scourge: moral implications of natural embryo loss.’ American Journal ofBioethics, forthcoming.
2.Ord T, Kieu TD. ‘Ω in number theory’ in CS Calude (ed.) Randomness andComplexity, from Leibniz to Chaitin, (Singapore: World Scientific), 161–173, 2007.
3.Bostrom N, Ord T. ‘The reversal test: eliminating status quo bias in applied ethics.’Ethics 116 656–679, 2006.
4.Ord T. ‘The many forms of hypercomputation.’ Journal of Applied Mathematics andComputation 178 142–153, 2006.
5.Ord T, Kieu TD. ‘The diagonal method and hypercomputation.’ British Journal forthe Philosophy of Science 56 147–156, 2005.
6.Ord T, Kieu TD. ‘On the existence of a new family of Diophantine equations for Ω.’Fundamenta Informaticae 56 273–284, 2003.
Conference Papers1.Bostrom N, Ord T. ‘Status quo bias in bioethics.’ Invited presentation at the Oxford-Scandinavia Ethics Summit (Oxford, 13–15 June 2005).
2.Bostrom N, Ord T ‘Status quo bias and human enhancement.’ Invited presentationfor the conference How can human nature be ethically improved? (New York, 18–19November 2004).
3.Ord T, Kieu TD. ‘Representations of Ω in number theory: finitude versus parity.’Presented at the conference Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science(Dijon, 7–12 July 2003).
4.Ord T, Blair A. ‘Exploitation and peacekeeping: introducing more sophisticatedinteractions to the iterated prisoner’s dilemma.’ Presented at the World Congress onComputational Intelligence (Honolulu, 12–17 May 2002).
Awards and Honours2006 – 2009:Senior Scholarship, Christ Church (full funding)2006:Senior Scholarship, Somerville College — declined2005:Jowett Arts Prize, Balliol College2003 – 2006:Dervorguilla Arts Scholarship, Balliol College (full funding)2003 – 2006:Clarendon Scholarship, University of Oxford2003 – 2006:Overseas Research Scholarship, UK Government2003:Oxford Australia Trust Scholarship (full funding) — declined2003:Columbia University Fellowship (full funding) — declined2003:University of Michigan Fellowship (full funding) — declined2003:Carnegie Mellon University Fellowship (full funding) — declined2003:Australian Postgraduate Award, Australian Government (full funding)
Academic Experience and Activities2003 – now:Research PresentationsI have given research presentations on topics in philosophy andmathematics at Oxford University, Melbourne University, MonashUniversity, Birmingham University and Stockholm University.32005 – 2006:Consulting, Balliol CollegeI co-ordinated a discussion group with students and academics on thefuture directions for the college. This involved organising and chairingthe meetings, presenting the results to the master and fellows, andwriting a formal report on our findings.
1999 – 2000:Summer School Program, University of MelbourneI helped to organise and run two very successful fourteen-day residentialsummer schools for international students.
Teaching Experience2005 – now: Tutorials, University of OxfordFormal LogicMill’s UtilitarianismElements of Deductive Logic