生物化学胡萝卜素生物合成中英文对照外文翻译文献

合集下载

类胡萝卜素的研究进展

类胡萝卜素的研究进展

第 6 卷 第 6 期2020 年 12 月生物化工Biological Chemical EngineeringVol.6 No.6Dec. 2020类胡萝卜素的研究进展姜立,朱长甫,于婷婷,盛彦敏*(长春师范大学,吉林长春 130031)摘 要:类胡萝卜素是一类重要的天然色素的总称,对于人类的健康起着非常重要的作用,并且人和动物自身不能合成,需要从外界摄取。

类胡萝卜素的种类繁多,不同的类胡萝卜素具有不同的生理功能,其应用领域也非常广泛。

本文综述了近年来国内外学者对类胡萝卜素的研究进展,阐述了类胡萝卜素的由来、理化性质和分类、常见类胡萝卜素的分布和作用功效,对人们合理的选择和利用类胡萝卜素有重要意义。

关键词:类胡萝卜素;天然色素;分类和分布;抗氧化性中图分类号:S852.2 文献标识码:AResearch Progress of CarotenoidsJIANG li, ZHU Changfu, YU Tingting, SHENG Yanmin*(Changchun normal university, Jilin Changchun 130031)Abstract: Carotenoids are a kind of important natural pigments, which play a very important role in human health. Moreover, human and animals can not synthesize carotenoids themselves and need to be absorbed from the outside world. There are many kinds of carotenoids. Different carotenoids have different physiological functions, and their application fields are also very extensive. This paper reviews the research progress of carotenoids in recent years. The origin, physicochemical properties and classification of carotenoids, the distribution and function of common carotenoids were described. It is important for people to choose and utilize carotenoids reasonably.Keywords: carotenoids; natural pigments; classification and distribution; antioxidant activity1831年,德国化学家Wachenreder从胡萝卜根中结晶分离得到一种碳水化合物类的色素并将其命名为“胡萝卜素(carotene)”[1]。

生物化学原理课件(英文):Chapter32 Nucleotide Metabolism

生物化学原理课件(英文):Chapter32 Nucleotide Metabolism

Why does UMP Cure Orotic Aciduria?
Carbamoyl Phosphate
X Orotate UMP Synthetase
Disease (-UMP)
– No UMP/excess orotate
Feedback Inhibition
☺Disease (+UMP)
Purines are synthesized on the Ribose ring
The metabolic origin of the nine atoms in the purine ring system
Many Steps Require an Activated Ribose Sugar (PRPP)
Catalyzes conversion of NDP to dNDP Highly regulated enzyme Regulates the level of cellular dNTPs Activated prior to DNA synthesis Controlled by feedback inhibition
The synthesis of AMP and GMP from IMP
Salvage Pathway for Purines
Hypoxanthine
or
+ PRPP = IMP or GMP + PPi
Guanine
(HGPRTase)
Adenine + PRPP = AMP + PPi
(APRTase)
de novo Pathway
Salvage Pathway
De novo Synthesis Committed step: This is the point of no return

类胡萝卜素

类胡萝卜素

类胡萝卜素科技名词定义中文名称:类胡萝卜素英文名称:carotenoid 定义:链状或环状含有8个异戊间二烯单位、四萜烯类头尾连接而成的多异戊间二烯化合物。

是一类不溶于水的色素,存在于植物和有光合作用的细菌中,在光合作用过程中起辅助色素的作用。

应用学科:生物化学与分子生物学(一级学科);激素与维生素(二级学科)以上内容由全国科学技术名词审定委员会审定公布类胡萝卜素类胡萝卜素(carotenoid):不溶于水而溶于有机溶剂。

叶绿体中的类胡萝卜素含有两种色素,即胡萝卜素(carotene)和叶黄素(lutein),前者呈橙黄色,后者呈黄色。

功能为吸收和传递光能,保护叶绿素。

简介辅助色素(accessory pigment):在植物和光合细菌,像类胡萝卜素叶黄素和藻胆素中,吸收可见光的色素,这类色素是对叶绿素捕获光能的补充。

非皂化脂质。

是广泛地分布于动植物中的黄、橙、红或紫色的一组色素。

类胡萝卜素分子式构成发色原因的共轭二重键具有长链聚烯烃结构。

通常是几种混在一起生成。

具有C40的萜结构的较多,不含氮。

已知天然类胡萝卜素约有300种,其中不含氧的碳化氢类有胡萝卜素、菌脂素等;含氧的非常多,有醇、酮、醚、醛、环氧化物、羰酸和酯等。

它们之中大量存在的有岩藻黄质(fucoxanthin)、叶黄素(lutein)、堇菜黄质(violaxanthin)、新黄质(neoxanthin)等,均属于胡萝卜醇。

类胡萝卜素多数不溶于水,溶于脂溶剂,不稳定,易氧化。

类胡萝卜素(carotenoid):一类重要的天然色素的总称,属于化合物。

普遍存在于动物、高等植物、真菌、藻类和细菌中的黄色、橙红色或红色的色素,主要是β-胡萝卜素秋季黄叶中含类胡萝卜素和γ-胡萝卜素,因此而得名。

不溶于水,溶于脂肪和脂肪溶剂。

亦称脂色素。

自从19世纪初分离出胡萝卜素,至今已经发现近450种天然的类胡萝卜素;利用新的分离分析技术如薄层层析、高压液相层析以及质谱分析还不断发现新的类胡萝卜素。

医学文献翻译(中英对照)

医学文献翻译(中英对照)

The clinical and cost-effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy1 TITLE OF PROJECTThe clinical and cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy2 TAR TEAMLiverpool Reviews and Implementation Group (LR i G), University of Liverpool Correspondence to:Rumona Dickson, MsDirector, LR i GUniversity of LiverpoolRoom 2.12WhelanBuildingThe QuadrangleBrownlow HillLiverpoolL69 3GBTel: +44 (0) 151 794 5682Fax: +44 (0)151 794 5585Email: R.DicksonFor details of expertise within the TAR team, see section 7.3 PLAIN ENGLISH SUMMARYAllergic reactions to bee and wasp venom may occur in venom-sensitive patients immediately following a sting, and can vary in severity, with initially mild symptoms sometimes progressing to critical conditions within seconds. The most severe systemic allergic reactions (generalised reactions) are known as anaphylaxis, a reaction characterised by abnormally low blood pressure, fainting or collapse, and in extreme reactions these symptoms can cause death.Each year in the UK there are between two and nine deaths from anaphylaxis caused by bee and wasp venom. The immediate treatment for severe allergic reactions to bee and wasp venom consists of emergency treatment with drugs to decrease the patient’s response to the venom and support breathing, if required.To avoid further reactions, the use of sensitisation to bee and wasp venom, through a process known as venom immunotherapy (VIT), has been investigated. Venom immunotherapy consists of subcutaneous injections of increasing amounts of venom into patients with a history of anaphylaxis to bee and wasp venom. Pharmalgen®has had UK marketing authorisation for the diagnosis and treatment (using VIT) of allergy to bee venom (using Pharmalgen®Bee Venom) and wasp venom (using Pharmalgen®Wasp Venom) since March 1995, and it is used by more than 40 centres across the UK. This review aims to assess whether using Pharmalgen®in VIT is clinically useful when treating people with a history of severe reaction to bee and wasp stings. The review will compare preventative treatment withPharmalgen®to other treatment options, including high dose antihistamines, advice on the avoidance of bee and wasp stings and adrenaline auto-injector prescription and training. If suitable data are available, the review will also consider the cost effectiveness of using Pharmalgen®for VIT and other subgroups including children and people at high risk of future stings or severe allergic reactions to future stings.4 DECISION PROBLEM4.1 Clarification of research question and scopePharmalgen®is used for the diagnosis and treatment of immunoglobin E (IgE)-mediated allergy to bee and wasp venom. The aim of this report is to assess whether the use of Pharmalgen®is of clinical value when providing VIT to individuals with a history of severe reaction to bee and wasp venom and whether doing so would be considered cost effective compared with alternative treatment options available in the NHS.4.2 BackgroundBees and wasps form part of the order Hymenoptera (which also includes ants), and within this order the species that cause the most frequent allergic reactions are the Vespidae (wasps, yellow jackets and hornets), and the Apinae (honeybees).1Bee and wasp stings contain allergenic proteins. In wasps, these are predominantly phospholipase A1,2 hyaluronidase2 and antigen 5,3 and in bees are phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase.4 Following an initial sting, a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction may occur in some individuals which produces the IgE antibody. This sensitises cells to the allergen, and any subsequent exposure to the allergen may cause the allergen to bind to the IgE molecules, which results in an allergic reaction.These allergens typically produce an intense, burning pain followed by erythema (redness) and a small area of oedema (swelling) at the site of the sting. The symptoms produced following a sting can be classified into non-allergic reactions, such as local reactions, and allergic reactions, such as extensive local reactions, anaphylactic systemic reactions and delayed systemic reactions.5-6 Systemic allergic reactions may occur in venom-sensitive patients immediately following a sting,7 and can vary in severity, with initially mild symptoms sometimes progressing to critical conditions within seconds.1The most severe systemic allergic reaction is known as anaphylaxis. Anaphylactic reactions are of rapid onset (typically up to 15 minutes post sting) and can manifest in different ways. Initial symptoms are usually cutaneous followed by hypotension, with light-headedness, fainting or collapse. Some people develop respiratory symptoms due to an asthma-like response or laryngeal oedema. In severe reactions, hypotension, circulatory disturbances, and breathing difficulty can progress to fatal cardio-respiratory arrest.Anaphylaxis occurs more commonly in males and in people under 20 years of ageand can be severe and potentially fatal.84.3 EpidemiologyIt is estimated that the prevalence of wasp and bee sting allergy is between 0.4% and 3.3%.9 The incidence of systemic reactions to wasp and bee venom is not reliably known, but estimates range from 0.15-3.3%,10-11 Systemic allergic reactions are reported by up to 3% of adults, and almost 1% of children have a medical history of severe sting reactions.9, 12 After a large local reaction, 5–15% of people will go on to develop a systemic reaction when next stung.13 In people with a mild systemic reaction, the risk of subsequent systemic reactions is thought to be about 18%.13 Hymenoptera venom are one of the three main causes of fatal anaphylaxis in the USA and UK.14-15 Insect stings are the second most frequent cause of anaphylaxis outside of medical settings.16 Between two and nine people in the UK die each year as a result of anaphylaxis due to reactions to wasp and bee stings.17 Once an individual has experienced an anaphylactic reaction, the risk of having a recurrent episode has been estimated to be between 60% and 79%.13In 2000, the register of fatal anaphylactic reactions in the UK from 1992 onwards was reported by Pumphrey to determine the frequency at which classic manifestations of fatal anaphylaxis are present.18 Of the 56 post-mortems carried out, 19 deaths were recorded as reactions to Hymenoptera venom (33.9%). A retrospective study in 2004 examined all deaths from anaphylaxis in the UK between 1992 and 2001, and estimated 22.19% to be reactions to Hymenoptera venom (47/212). This further breaks down into 29/212 (13.68%) as reactions to wasp stings, and 4/212 (1.89%) as reactions to bee stings. The remaining 14/212 were unidentified Hymenoptera stings (6.62%).194.4 Current diagnostic optionsCurrently, individuals can be tested to determine if they are at risk of systemic reactions to bee and wasp venom. The primary diagnostic method for systemic reactions to bee and/or wasp stings is venom skin testing.Skin testing involves intradermal injection with the five Hymenoptera venom protein extracts, with venom concentrati ons in the range of 0.001 to 1.0 μg/ml. This establishes the minimum concentration giving a positive result (a reaction occurring in the individual). As venom tests show unexplained variability over time,20 and as negative skin tests can occur following recent anaphylaxis, it is recommended that tests be repeated after 1 to 6 months.21Other methods of diagnosis in patients following an anaphylactic reaction include radioallergosorbent test (RAST), which detects allergen-specific IgE antibodies in serum. This test is less sensitive than skin testing but is useful when skin tests cannot be done, for example in patients with skin conditions.22-234.5 Current treatment optionsPreventative treatments include education on how to avoid bee and wasp venom,and prescription of high dose antihistamines. Patients with a history of moderate local reactions should be provided with an emergency kit,24 containing aH1-blocking antihistamine and a topical corticosteroid for immediate use following a sting. Patients with a history of anaphylaxis should be provided with an emergency kit containing a rapid-acting H1-blocking antihistamine, an oral corticosteroid and an auto-injector for self administration, containing epinephrine.Injected epinephrine (a sympathomimetic drug which acts on both alpha and beta receptors) is regarded as the emergency treatment of choice for cases of acute anaphylaxis as a result of Hymenoptera stings.25 For adults, the recommended dose is between 0.30 mg/ml and 0.50 mg/ml I.M, and 0.01 ml/kg I.M. for children. Individuals with a history of anaphylactic reactions are recommended to carry auto injectors containing epinephrine (commonly known as EpiPen®, Adrenaclick®, Anapen®or Twinject®). These are intended for immediate self-administration by individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to Hymenoptera stings and other allergens.Preventive measures following successful treatment of a systemic allergic reaction to Hymenoptera venom consists of either allergen avoidance or specific allergen immunotherapy, known as VIT. Venom immunotherapy is considered to be a safe and effective treatment.26 Currently, VIT can be used with several regimes, including Pharmalgen®(manufactured by ALK Abello, and licensed in the UK), Aquagen®and Alutard SQ®(both manufactured by ALK Abello and unlicensed in the UK but licensed in some parts of Europe), VENOMENHAL®(HAL Allergy, Leiden, Netherlands, unlicensed in the UK), Alyostal®(Stallergenes, Antony Cedex, France, unlicensed in the UK), and Venomil®(Hollister-Stier Laboratories LLC, unlicensed in the UK). Venom immunotherapy is recommended to prevent future systemic reactions. It is recommended that VIT is considered ‘when positive test results for specific IgE antibodies correlate with suspected triggers and pa tient exposure’.27 Venom immunotherapy consists of subcutaneous injections of increasing amounts of venom, and treatment is divided into two periods: the build up phase and maintenance phase. Venom immunotherapy is now the standard therapy for Hymenoptera sting allergy,28 and is a model for allergen-specific therapy,29-30 with success rates (patients who will remain anaphylaxis free) being reported as more than 98% in some studies.4, 31 There are now 44 centres across the UK which provide VIT to people for bee and wasp sting allergy. Venom immunotherapy is normally discontinued after 3 to 5 years, but modifications may be necessary when treating people with intense allergen exposure (such as beekeepers) or those with individual risk factors for severe reactions. There is no method of assessing which patients will be at risk of further anaphylactic reactions following administration of VIT and those who will remain anaphylaxis free in the long term following VIT.27Local or systemic adverse reactions may occur as a result of VIT. They normally develop within 30 minutes of the injection. Each patient is monitored closely following each injection to check for adverse reactions. Progression to anincreased dose only occurs if the previous dose is fully tolerated.4.6 The technologyPharmalgen®is produced by ALK Abello, and has had UK marketing authorisation for the diagnosis (using skin testing/intracutaneous testing) and treatment (using VIT) of IgE-mediated allergy to bee venom (Pharmalgen®Bee Venom) and wasp venom (Pharmalgen®Wasp Venom) since March 1995 (marketing authorisation number PL 10085/0004). The active ingredient is partially purified freeze dried Vespula spp. venom in Pharmalgen®Wasp Venom and freeze dried Apis mellifera venom in Pharmalgen®Bee Venom, each provided in powder form for solution for injection.Before treatment is considered, allergy to bee or wasp venom must be confirmed by case history and diagnosis. Treatment with Pharmalgen®Bee or Wasp Venom is performed by subcutaneous injections. The treatment is carried out in two phases: the initial phase and the maintenance phase.In the build up phase, the dose is increased stepwise until the maintenance dose (the maximum tolerable dose before an allergic reaction) is achieved. ALK Abello recommends the following dosage proposals: conventional, modified rush (clustered) and rush updosing. In conventional updosing, the patient receives one injection every 3-7 days. In modified rush (clustered) updosing, the patient receives 2-4 injections once a week. If necessary this interval may be extended up to two weeks. The 2-4 injections are given with an interval of 30 minutes. In rush updosing, while being hospitalised the patient receives injections with a 2-hour interval. A maximum of four injections per day may be given in the initial phase.The build up phase ends when the individual maintenance dose has been attained and the interval between the injections is increased to 2, 3 and 4 weeks. This is called the maintenance phase, and the maintenance dose is then given every 4 weeks for at least 3 years.Contra-indications to VIT treatment are immunological diseases (e. g. immune complex diseases and immune deficiencies); chronic heart/lung diseases; treatment with β-blockers; severe eczema. Side effects include superficial wheal and flare due to shallow injection; local swelling (which may be immediate or delayed up to 48 hours); mild general reactions such as urticaria, erythema, rhinitis or mild asthma; moderate or severe general reactions such as more severe asthma, angioedema or an anaphylactic reaction with hypotension and respiratory embarrassment; anaphylaxis (often starting with erythema and pruritus, followed by urticaria, angioedema, nasal or pharyngial congestion, wheezing, dyspnoea, nausea, hypotension, syncope, tachycardia or diarrhoea). 324.7 Objectives of the HTA projectThe aim of this review is to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®in providing immunotherapy to individuals with a history of type 1 IgE-mediated systemic allergic reaction to bee and wasp venom. The review willconsider the effectiveness of Pharmalgen®when compared to alternative treatment options available in the NHS, including advice on the avoidance of bee and wasp stings, high dose antihistamines and adrenaline auto-injector prescription and training. The review will also examine the existing health economic evidence and identify the key economic issues related to the use of Pharmalgen®in UK clinical practice. If suitable data are available, an economic model will be developed and populated to evaluate if the use of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy, within its licensed indication, would be a cost effective use of NHS resources.5 METHODS FOR SYNTHESISING CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS EVIDENCE5.1 Search strategyThe major electronic databases including Medline, Embase and The Cochrane Library will be searched for relevant published literature. Information on studies in progress, unpublished research or research reported in the grey literature will be sought by searching a range of relevant databases including National Research Register and Controlled Clinical Trials. A sample of the search strategy to be used for MEDLINE is presented inAppendix 1.Bibliographies of previous systematic reviews, retrieved articles and the submissions provided by manufacturers will be searched for further studies.A database of published and unpublished literature will be assembled from systematic searches of electronic sources, hand searching, contacting manufacturers and consultation with experts in the field. The database will be held in the Endnote X4 software package.Inclusion criteriaThe inclusion criteria specified in Table 1 will be applied to all studies after screening. The inclusion criteria were selected to reflect the criteria described in the final scope issued by NICE for the review. However, as there is likely to be a limited amount of RCT data, the inclusion criteria of study design may be expanded to include comparative studies and descriptive cohorts. The clinical and cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy Page 11 of 21Table 1: Inclusion criteria Intervention(s) Pharmalgen®for the treatment of bee and wasp venom allergy,Population(s) People with a history of type 1 IgE-mediatedsystemic allergic reactions to:wasp venom and/or bee venomComparators Alternative treatment options available inthe NHS, without venom immunotherapyincluding:advice on the avoidance of bee and wasp venom,high-dose antihistamines,adrenaline auto-injector prescription andtrainingStudy design Randomised controlled trialsSystematic reviewsOutcomes Outcome measures to be considered include:number and severity of type 1 IgE-mediatedsystemic allergic reactionsmortalityanxiety related to the possibility of futureallergic reactionsadverse effects of treatmenthealth-related quality of lifeOther considerations If the evidence allows, considerations willbe given to subgroups of people, according totheir:risk of future stings (as determined, forexample, by occupational exposure)risk of severe allergic reactions to futurestings (as determined by such factors asbaseline tryptase levels and co-morbidities)If the evidence allows, the appraisal willconsider separately people who have acontraindication to adrenaline.If the evidence allows, the appraisal willconsider children separately.Two reviewers will independently screen all titles and abstracts of papers identified in the initial search. Discrepancies will be resolved by consensus and where necessary a third reviewer will be consulted. Studies deemed to be relevant will be obtained and assessed for inclusion. Where studies do not meet the inclusion criteria they will be excluded.Data extraction strategyData relating to study design, findings and quality will be extracted by one reviewer and independently checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. Study details will be extracted using a standardised data extraction form. If time permits, attempts will be made to contact authors for missing data. Data from studies presented in multiple publications will be extracted and reported as a single study with all relevant other publications listed.Quality assessment strategyThe quality of the clinical-effectiveness studies will be assessed accordingto criteria based on the CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in healthcare.33-34 The quality of the individual clinical-effectiveness studies will be assessed by one reviewer, and independently checked for agreement by a second. Disagreements will be resolved through consensus and if necessary a third reviewer will be consulted.Methods of analysis/synthesisThe results of the data extraction and quality assessment for each study will be presented in structured tables and as a narrative summary. The possible effects of study quality on the effectiveness data and review findings will be discussed. All summary statistics will be extracted for each outcome and where possible, data will be pooled using a standard meta-analysis.35 Heterogeneity between the studies will be assessed using the I2 test.34 Both fixed and random effects results will be presented as forest plots.6 METHODS FOR SYNTHESISING COST EFFECTIVENESS EVIDENCEThe economic section of the report will be presented in two parts. The first will include a standard review of relevant published economic evaluations. If appropriate and data are available, the second will include the development of an economic model. The model will be designed to estimate the cost effectiveness of Pharmalgen®for VIT in individuals with a history of anaphylaxis to bee and wasp venom. This section of the report will also consider budget impact and will take account of available information on current and anticipated patient numbers and service configuration for the treatment of this condition in the NHS.6.1 Systematic review of published economic literatureThe literature review of economic evidence will identify any relevant published cost-minimisation, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and/or cost-benefit analyses. Economic evaluations/models included in the manufacturer submission(s) will be included in the review and critiqued as appropriate.Search strategyThe search strategies detailed in section 5 will be adapted accordingly to identify studies examining the cost effectiveness of using Pharmalgen®for VIT in patients with a history of allergic reactions to bee or wasp venom. Other searching activities, including electronic searching of online health economic journals and contacting experts in the field will also be undertaken. Full details of the search process will be presented in the final report. The search strategy will be designed to meet the primary objective of identifying economic evaluations for inclusion in the cost-effectiveness literature review. At the same time, the search strategy will be used to identify economic evaluations and other information sources which may include data that can be used to populate a de novo economic model where appropriate. Searching will be undertaken in MEDLINE and EMBASE as well as in the Cochrane Library, which includes the NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED).Inclusion and exclusionIn addition to the inclusion criteria outlined in Table 1, specific criteria required for the cost-effectiveness review are described in Table 2. In particular, only full economic evaluations that compare two or more options and consider both costs and consequences will be included in the review of published literature. Any economic evaluations/models included in the manufacturer submission(s) will be included as appropriate. Studies that do not meet all of the criteria will be excluded and their bibliographic details listed with reasons for exclusion.Table 2: Additional inclusion criteria (cost effectiveness) Study design Full economic evaluations that consider both costs and consequences (cost-effectiveness analysis,cost-utility analysis,cost-minimisation analysis and cost benefit analysis)Outcomes Incremental cost per life year gainedIncremental cost per quality adjustedlife year gainedData extraction strategyData relating to both study design and quality will be extracted by one reviewer and independently checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. Disagreement will be resolved through consensus and, if necessary, a third reviewer will be consulted. If time constraints allow, attempts will be made to contact authors for missing data. Data from multiple publications will be extracted and reported as a single study.Quality assessment strategyThe quality of the cost-effectiveness studies/models will be assessed according to a checklist updated from that developed by Drummond et al.36 This checklist will reflect the criteria for economic evaluation detailed in the methodological guidance developed by NICE.37 The quality of the individual cost-effectiveness studies/models will be assessed by one reviewer, and independently checked for agreement by a second. Disagreements will be resolved through consensus and, if necessary, a third reviewer will be consulted. The information will be tabulated and summarised within the text of the report.6.2 Methods of analysis/synthesisCost effectiveness review of published literatureIndividual study data and quality assessment will be summarised in structured tables and as a narrative description. Potential effects of study quality willbe discussed.To supplement findings from the economic literature review, additional cost and benefit information from other sources, including the manufacturer submission(s) to NICE, will be collated and presented as appropriate.Development of a de novo economic model by the AGa. Cost dataThe primary perspective for the analysis of cost information will be the NHS. Cost data will therefore focus on the marginal direct health service costs associated with the intervention.Quantities of resources used will be identified from consultation with experts, primary data from relevant sources and the reviewed literature. Where possible, unit cost data will be extracted from the literature or obtained from other relevant sources (drug price lists, NHS reference costs and Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accounting cost databases).Where appropriate costs will be discounted at 3.5% per annum, the rate recommended in NICE guidance to manufacturers and sponsors of submissions. 37 b. Assessmentof benefitsA balance sheet will be constructed to list benefits and costs arising from alternative treatment options. LRiG anticipates that the main measures of benefit will be increased QALYs.Where appropriate, effectiveness and other measures of benefit will be discounted at 3.5%, the rate recommended in NICE guidance to manufacturers and sponsors of submissions. 37b. ModellingThe ability of LRiG to construct an economic model will depend on the data available. Where modelling is appropriate, a summary description of the model and a critical appraisal of key structures, assumptions, resources, data and sensitivity analysis (see Section d) will be presented. In addition, LRiG will provide an assessment of the model’s strengths and weaknesses and discuss the implications of using different assumptions in the model. Reasons for any major discrepancies between the results obtained from assessment group model and the manufacturer model(s) will be explored.The time horizon will be a patient’s lifetime in order to reflect the chronic nature of the disease.A formal combination of costs and benefits will also be performed, although the type of economic evaluation will only be chosen in light of the variations in outcome identified from the clinical- effectiveness review evidence.If data are available, the results will be presented as incremental cost per QALY ratios for each alternative considered. If sufficient data are not available to construct these measures with reasonable precision, incrementalcost-effectiveness analysis or cost-minimisation analysis will be undertaken. Any failure to meet the reference case will be clearly specified and justified, and the likely implications will, as far as possible, be quantified.d. Sensitivity analysisIf appropriate, sensitivity analysis will be applied to LRiG’s model in order to assess the robustness of the results to realistic variations in the levels of the underlying parameter values and key assumptions. Where the overall results are sensitive to a particular variable, the sensitivity analysis will explore the exact nature of the impact of variations.Imprecision inthe principal model cost-effectiveness results with respect to key parameter values will be assessed by use of techniques compatible with the modelling methodology deemed appropriate to the research question and to the potential impact on decision making for specific comparisons (e.g. multi-way sensitivity analysis, cost-effectiveness acceptability curves etc).7 HANDLING THE MANUFACTURER SUBMISSION(S)All data submitted by the drug manufacturers arriving before 22nd March 2011 and meeting the set inclusion criteria will be considered for inclusion in the review. Data arriving after this date will only be considered if time constraints allow. Any economic evaluations included in the manufacturer submission(s) will be assessed. This will include a detailed analysis of the appropriateness of the parametric and structural assumptions involved in any models in the submission and an assessment of how robust the models are to changes in key assumptions. Clarification on specific aspects of the model may be sought from the relevant manufacturer.Any 'commercial in confidence' data taken from a manufacturer submission will be clearly marked in the NICE report according to established NICE policy and removed from the subsequent submission to the HTA8 EXPERTISE IN THIS TAR TEAM AND COMPETING INTERESTS OF AUTHORSThis TAR team will be made up of the following individuals:Juliet HockenhullTeam lead /clinical systematicreviewerSenior economic modeller Professor Adrian BagustSystematic reviewer (clinical) Gemma CherrySystematic reviewer (economics) Dr Angela BolandEconomic modeller Dr Carlos Martin SaboridoInformation specialist Dr Yenal DundarMedical statistician James OyeeDirector Ms Rumona DicksonClinical advisor A team of clinical experts will beestablished to address clinicalquestions related to the technologyand to provide feedback on drafts ofthe final report9 REFERENCES1. Freeman T. Hypersensitivity to hymenoptera stings. NEJM. 2004;351:1978-84.。

生物学专业英语课文译文

生物学专业英语课文译文

生物学的基本概念和方法生物学是研究生命的科学,研究生物的结构、功能、繁殖、生物之间及其与周围非生命环境之间的相互影响。

我们能够确定生物学的几个基本概念。

1.生命是高度有序的。

在分子水平上,组成生命有机体的化学物质比构成大多数非生命系统的化学物质要复杂得多,而且更加高度有序。

反映在生物体有序的结构和功能的。

所有生物含有非常相似的化合物种类,而且构成生物机体的化合物与构成非生命环境的不同。

2.生物的基本单位是细胞。

大多数细胞如此的小,我们必须借助于显微镜才能看到。

诸如细菌、原生生物等许多小生物是由一个细胞组成的。

而禾本科植物和动物等较大的生物有多达数亿个细胞。

每个细胞里都有一些分离的、高度有序的生命物质组成的生化工厂。

细胞吸收养分和能量,并利用他们生存、生长、对环境的变化产生反应,最终繁殖,直至形成两个新的细胞。

因此,细胞是生物的结构、功能及繁殖单位。

3.生物利用从环境中获取能量来维持和提高有序性。

大多生物直接或间接地依赖于太阳的能量。

绿色植物利用太阳能制造养分,来满足植物自身的需要;植物随后被食用植物的动物所利用,最终又被吃这些动物的动物所利用。

所有的生物从他们的食物中获取能量,构建自身、生长、繁殖。

4.生物对环境作出积极反应。

大多动物通过采用某种行为,如探险、逃跑、甚至卷成球,对环境的变化作出迅速地反应。

植物的反应慢得多,但仍是主动(积极)的:茎和叶向光弯曲,根向下生长。

生物对环境刺激的反应是普遍的。

5.生物的发育。

万物都随着时间变化着,而生物的变化尤为复杂,称为发育。

非生命的晶体因添加了相同或相近的单位而增大,但植物或动物发育成新的结构,如叶片或牙齿,与长出他们的部位有着化学和结构的差异。

6.生物可自我繁殖。

新的生物——细菌、原生生物、动物、植物和真菌只能由其他相近生物繁殖而来的,新的细胞仅来源于其他细胞的分裂。

7.每个生物生存、发育和繁殖所需的信息在生物体内是分离的,并可传递给后代。

此信息包含在生物的遗传物质——染色体和基因中,从而限定了生物发育、结构、功能和对环境反应可能的范围。

生物化学(英文版):Biochemistry-chapter 1(英文2)

生物化学(英文版):Biochemistry-chapter 1(英文2)

Some functional groups and linkages of biomolecules
Linkages
Examples
(肾上腺素)
1.5.2 Many Important Biomolecules Are Polymers ( biochemistry identity )
1.5 Basic Phenomena of living systems
➢1.5.1 The Chemical Elements of Life ➢1.5.2 Many Important Biomolecules Are
Polymers ➢1.5.3 The Energetics of Life ➢1.5.4 Biochemistry and Evolution ➢1.5.5 The Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life
a protein recognizes its specific metabolite, a strand of DNA recognizes its complementary strand, sperm recognize an egg.
1.5.3 The Energetics of Life ( Metabolism )
1.5.1 The Chemical Elements of Life
★ The elemental composition of living matter differs markedly from the relative abundance of elements in the earth’s. ★ Only six nonmetallic elements-- carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur—account for more than 97% of the weight of most organisms. ★ Water is a major component of cells and accounts for the high percentage of oxygen.

英文文献及中文翻译

英文文献及中文翻译

REVISTA BOLIVIANA DE QUÍMICA VOLUMEN 25, No.1 - 2008DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDSCONTENT AND THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF ANDEAN TUBERS AND ROOTS (OCA, ULLUCO AND ARRACACHA)Trinidad G. Salluca abc, J. Mauricio Peñarrieta abc, J. Antonio Alvarado a* and Björn Bergenståhl ca Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz-Bolivia,b Biomedical Nutrition, LundUniversity, Lund-Sweden, c Food Technology, Lund University, Lund-SwedenKey Words: Andean tubers, oca, ulluco, roots of arracacha, Total Antioxidant Capacity, ABTS, FRAP,Total Phenolic Compounds.ABSTRACTFour species of Andean tubers, isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum), oca (Oxalis tuberosa), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) and roots of arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), were studied for the quantification of the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and determination of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPH). The total antioxidant capacity was measured using ABTS and FRAP methods, and the total phenolics compounds were measured using the Folin & Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant capacity found in the tubers and root studied ranged from 0.35 to 11.8 μmol trolox equiv/g dry sample, and phenolics ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 μmol gallic acid equiv./g dry sample. In genera l black isaño tubers showed the highest values of antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds compared with the other tubers.INTRODUCTIONThe interest in natural antioxidants has increased considerably in recent years because many antioxidants exhibit beneficial biological effects, including antibacterial, antiviral, antiallergic, antithrombotic and because they arelinked to lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer disease [1]. The Andean habitantshave been using tubers and roots such as isaño, oca, ulluco and arracacha for their medicinal and nutritionalproperties since remote times. The diversity of tubers growing in the Andean region at altitudes between 2000 and4200 m above sea level shows a large variability in size, color, form, primary nutrient constituents and secondary metabolites [2, 3, 4]. Bolivia is well known for its ample diversity of genetic recourses of potential utility for the humanity. The traditions and the diversity of cultivation constitutes an important source of knowledge that must be systematized and utilized by means of different actions. Andean tubers have a big importance for the food supply and economy of the people living in the Andean region who eat isaño, oca, ulluco and arracacha both fresh and dry. The unfavorable climate at high altitudes only permits a limited number of cultivars. They are also used in folk medicine [5]. These mostly unproven medicinal properties could in part be attributed to the antioxidants present in these tubers. The objective of this study was to provide new data regarding Andean tubers and roots from Bolivia as asource of antioxidant compoundsRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTotal Antioxidant Capacity of Andean tubersThe TAC values measured in the polar and non-polar extracts from seven samples by the ABTS and FRAP methodsare shown in Table 1and 2. The highest TAC value was observed in black isaño in the methanol extract.1esTScuthAPds meIntermediatte values were found in yellow isaño, yellow oca, arracach and dappled ulluco, and lowwer TAC value. were demonstrateed in pink oca and pink ulluuco. For black isaño higher TAC values were obtained in the polar fraactions (methanol and ethyl acetaate) than in the non-polar fractions (dichloroomethane and petroleum etheer) by the ABT and FRAP methhods. The TAC values of the calibration urves showed good reproducibbility (Figure 1,2) by both meethods. Data from FRAP displayyed a linear corrrelation with TPH data for the 28 extracts (r =0.96; Figuure 3). Similar linear correlations have also beeen observed in previous studie [6]. The TAC values obtainned for Andean tuber samples usingthe FRAP method were in most, but not in all cases, higgher than those obtained with the ABTS methhod. In black isaaño the highest valuues was found by the ABTS method in the methanol extract as well as in he total value of TAC.Figure 1: Calibration currve obtained by FRA method on diffeferent days for the measure of TAC xpressed as Trolox Equivalents/L (TE)Figure 2: Calibration currve obtained by ABBTS method on diffferent days for the measure of TAC xpressed as trolox equivalent s/L (TE)Figure 3:: Relation betweenn TAC-FRAP and TPH measuremennts in the 28 extraccts of 7 andean tubers.FRAP and ABTS method have been ussed for analysis of TAC in diffferent kinds of foods and som data on tubeers and roots are avvailable [7, 8]. Previous TAC values on tubeers were approxx. 0.27 – 3.03 µmol/g fresh ssample and 0.9 – 14.7 µmol/g dry sample using ABTS and 0.32 – 1.57 µmol/g fw and 1.0 - 7.6 µmol/g dw by FRAP.Total Phennolic Compounnds of Andeann tubers 2The content of Total Phenolic Compounds of the seven samples and twenty-eight extracts measured using the Folin& Ciocalteau method is shown in Table 3. The highest value was obtained in black isaño in both the methanol andethyl acetate extracts. In the present study the range of TPH determined in tuber pulp was 0.002-0.02 µmol GAE/gdm expressed as the sum of the polar and non polar fractions. The values of Total Phenolic Compounds of theextracts showed a good linear correlation (Figure 3) between TAC values obtained by FRAP (r =0.96) and by ABTS(r =0.78) methods.EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONChemicalsTrolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid, 97%.), TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine), ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-3-ethyl benzotiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, 98%), potassium persulfate, sodium acetate, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, gallic acid (98%) and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA).The solvents used were: methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and petroleum ether.Plant materialSeven samples of andean tubers were purchased in the markets of La Paz, Bolivia in June 2006. The selected plants were ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus), arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), oca (Oxalis tuberosa) and isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum). The seven varieties of samples were: two samples of oca (pink and yellow), two samples of Isaño (yellow with blach eyes and black), two samples of Ulluco (pink and dappled) and a sample of Arracha (yellow).Sample preparationThe collected tubers and root were washed and peeled and 800 g of fresh sample was dried at 30°C during 24 hours. The dry samples (only dry pulp) were ground and sequentially soaked with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol during 24 hrs for each solvent. TAC and TPH were measured in the seventy-eight concentrated extracts.Measurement of TACTAC was assessed by using the ABTS [2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] method describedby Re et al. [9] and a modification of the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method described by Benzie & Strain [10]. Both are spectrophotometric methods and the absorbance readings were performed on a double beamUV-Visible spectrophotometer Perkin Elmer model lambda 25 at 25°C. As a standard compound Trolox (6-hydroxy- 2,5,7,8–tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid) was used, The stock solution contained 5 mmol/L of Trolox in ethanol, and was stored at 4°C.ABTS method. The ABTS method is based on the oxidation of ABTS to the green ABTS·+ radical cation after the addition of potassium persulphate (2.42 mmol/L) [11] for 12-16 hours at room temperature in the dark. On the day of analysis the ABTS·+ solution was diluted with acetate buffer pH 5.0 to an absorbance of 0.70 (±0.02) at 734 nm.After the addition of 1.0 of ABTS·+ solution to 100 µl of sample the mixture was stirred for 30 s and the absorbanceat 734 nm and 25°C was recorded for 6 min. The decrease in absorbance caused by the addition of sample was compared with that of a standard curve by use of Trolox (20-200 µmol/L).FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) method. The FRAP method was used for the determination of total antioxidant capacity, based on the reduction of yellow Fe3+-TPTZ complex to the blue Fe2+ -TPTZ complex by electron donating substance under acidic co ndition. The FRAP reagent (900 μl) containing TPTZ, FeCl3, and acetate buffer, was mixed with 90 μl of distilled water and 30 μl of the test sample or the blank (solvents used for extraction). Maximum absorbance values at 593 nm were recorded for 10 min at 25°C. The final absorbance was compared with the standard curve (100 –1000 μmol/L). The data were expressed as μmol trolox equivalents pergram of dry matter.Measurement of total phenolic compoundsThe phenolic compounds were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, based on the reduction ofphosphor-wolframate-phosphomolybdate complex by phenolics to a blue reaction product [12, 13, 14]. TheFolin-Ciocalteu reagent, diluted 10 times (2.5 ml) was mixed with 2 ml of saturated sodium carbonate (75 g/L) and350 μl of sample (supernatant) and homogenized for 10 s and heated for 30 min at 45°C. The absorbance was measured at 765 nm after cooling at room temperature. The data were calculated by comparison between a standard curve (212-1062 μmol gallic acid /L) and the absorbance of each sample. The data were expressed as μmol gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry matter.Statistical Analysis.Results were expressed as mean values (standard deviation) of six replicates measured over three days of one extract. Linear correlation coefficient was calculated.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe study was supported by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA/SAREC) in a collaborative project between Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Bolivia) and Lund University (Sweden).REFERENCES[1] Nilsson J, Pillai D, Önning G, Persson C, Nilsson Å, Åkesson B. “Co mparison of the ABTS and FRAP methods to assess the total antioxidant capacity in extracts of fruit and vegetables.” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 2005, 49: 239-246[2] León, J. Botánica de los cultivos tropicales. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Bolivia 1997.[3] De Lucca, M. D.; Zalles, A. J. Flora Medicinal Boliviana Diccionario Enciclopédico. Los Amigos del Libro, Cochabamba - Bolivia 1992.[4] Vimos, C. N.; Nieto C.; Rivera M. El Melloco Características, técnicas de cultivo y potencial en Ecuador”. Centro Internacional de Investigación para el Desarrollo, CIID de Canadá. 1997.http://archive.idrc.ca/library/document/096951/index_s.html[5] Cárdenas M. Manual de Plantas Económicas de Bolivia, Segunda Edición, Los amigos del libro.La Paz - Cochabamba - Bolivia 1989.[6] Peñarrieta, M.; Alvarado, J. A.; Ǻkesson, B.; Bergenståhl, B. “Total Antioxidant Capacity In Andean Food Species From Bolivia”. Revista Boliviana de Química 2005, 22, 89-93.[7] Campos, D.; Noratto, G.; Chirinos,R.; Arbizu, C.; Roca, W.; Cisneros, L. “Antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in four species of Andean tuber crops: native potato (Solanum sp.), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav ´ on), Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas)”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2006, 86, 1481–1488.[8] Halvorsen, B. L.; Holte, K.; Myhrstad, M.C.W.; Barikmo, I.; et al. “A systematic screening of total antioxidantsin dietary plants”. Journal of Nutrition 2002, 132, 461-471.[9] Re, R.; Pellegrini, N.; Proteggente, A.; Pannala, A.; Yang, M.; Rice-Evans, C. “Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay”. Free radical Biology & Medicine 1999, 26, 1231-1237. [10] Benzie, I.; Strain, J. J. “The Ferric Reduci ng Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of Antioxidant Power: The FRAP Assay”. Analitycal Biochemestry 1996, 239, 70-76.[11] Scalzo, J.; Politi, A.; Pellegrini, N.; Mezzetti B.; Battino, M.“Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic c ontents in fruit”. Nutrition 2005, 21, 207–213.[12] Kyoung, Ch. O.; Kim, D.; Smith, N.; Schroeder, D.; Taek, H. J.; Yong, L. Ch. “Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruit and vegetables in the American diet”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2005, 85, 1715–1724.[13] Bonoli, M.; Verardo, V.; Marconi, E.; Fiorenza, C. M. “Antioxidant Phenols in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Flour: Comparative Spectrophotometric Study among Extraction Methods of Free and Bound Phen olic Compounds”. Journal of the Science Food Chemistry 2004, 84 5195- 5200.[14] Singleton, V.L.; Rossi, J. A. Jr. “Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungtic acid reagent”. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 1965, 16, 144-158.4总酚类化合物含量测定以及南美洲根筋类植物的抗氧化能力Trinidad G. Salluca abc, J. Mauricio Peñarrieta abc, J. Antonio Alvarado a* and Björn Bergenståhl cInstituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz-Bolivia, b Biomedical Nutrition, LundUniversity, Lund-Sweden, c Food Technology,Lund University, Lund-Sweden关键词:南美洲根筋类植物,大洋洲,胡萝卜根部,总抗氧化能力,2,2′-连氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸),三价铁降低抗氧化(剂)能力,总酚类化合物含量。

胡萝卜素代谢和生物学功能研究

胡萝卜素代谢和生物学功能研究

胡萝卜素代谢和生物学功能研究胡萝卜素是一类含有芳香结构的天然类黄酮化合物,它们的化学结构主要包括苯丙烷和吲哚环,具有强大的抗氧化作用,被广泛认为是预防代谢疾病和癌症的必要物质。

其中最常见的胡萝卜素是β-胡萝卜素和α-胡萝卜素,它们都属于维生素A家族,是动物生长和发育所必需的物质。

然而,人类无法自己合成这些物质,必须从膳食中获取。

胡萝卜素代谢和转化胡萝卜素被人体吸收后,需要经过一系列的生化反应才能够被有效利用。

首先,它们被油脂结合并进入腸道上皮细胞,然后由酯化酶水解出游离胡萝卜素。

在肝脏中,α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素被氧化成视黄醇,且在对甲酰四氢叶酸的转化中起到了重要的作用。

视黄醇是维生素A的前体,需要经过两个步骤才能够转化为维生素A。

其中第一步是视黄醇脱氢酶催化视黄醇转化为视黄酸,第二步则是由觉醛丢失酶催化将视黄酸还原成真正的维生素A。

在维生素A家族中,还有一类化合物叫做类视黄酮,它们是一类黄酮化合物,在人类和动物的膳食中广泛存在。

类视黄酮和维生素A的生物学功能非常相似,都具有重要的保健作用,但相较之下类视黄酮的生化代谢则相对简单。

类视黄酮在肠道和肝脏中未经代谢即可被人体吸收,然后在人体组织中发挥抗氧化和抗炎作用。

胡萝卜素的生物学功能维生素A和类视黄酮是膳食中的必需成分,它们在人体内发挥了多种生理功能。

首先,维生素A是一个广泛的功能蛋白修饰物,其中维生素A酸是一种按需生成的信号分子,能够干扰转录因子的活动从而影响一系列重要的生理过程。

维生素A在视觉功能方面也具有至关重要的作用。

视黄醛是视觉信号的传递物质,当视黄醛与视黄酸结合时则能够转化为维生素A,进而影响视网膜的光感受能力和视力调节。

除此之外,维生素A还参与了人体免疫系统和生殖系统的调节过程,对于细胞分化、增殖和凋亡等生命历程具有调控作用。

类视黄酮则能够通过抑制自由基的生成和氧化损伤来发挥保健作用,对于癌症、心血管疾病、老年痴呆等健康问题有一定的预防作用。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

1 中英文翻译译文一: 柑桔属类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中七个基因拷贝数目及遗传多样性的分析

摘要:本文的首要目标是分析类胡萝卜素生物合成相关等位基因在发生变异柑橘属类胡萝卜素组分种间差异的潜在作用;第二个目标是确定这些基因的拷贝数。本实验应用限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)和简单序列重复(SSR)标记法对类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的七个基因进行了分析。用[R-32P]dCTP标记PSY,PDS,ZDS,LCY-b,LCY-e,HY-b和ZEP cDNA片段作为作探针,使用若干限制性内切酶对来自25种柑桔基因型基因组DNA的限制性片段长度差异进行了分析。而对于SSR标记,设计两对引物分别扩增LCY-b和HY-b基因的表达序列标签(ESTs)。在这7个基因中,LCY-b只有1个拷贝,而ZDS存在3个拷贝。利用RFLP和SSR分析发现基因的遗传多样性与核心分子标记一致。RFLP和SSR对PSY1,PDS1,LCY-b和LCY-e14个基因的分析结果足以解释这几个主要的商业栽培种的系统树起源。此外,我们的分析结果表明,不同种类柑橘中类胡萝卜素积累的番茄红素环化酶LCY-b和LCY-e1等位基因存在种间差异。前人报道PSY,HY-b和ZEP基因与种间类胡萝卜素含量差异密切相关,但本实验发现这些等位基因并不起关键作用。

关键词:柑桔;类胡萝卜素;生物合成基因;基因变异;系统发育 前言 类胡萝卜素是植物光合组织中普遍存在的一类色素。在色素蛋白复合体中,它们作为光敏元件进行光合作用,并且防止过强光照强度引起的灼伤,并在园艺作物果实,根,或块茎色泽和营养品质上起着十分重要的作用。事实上,其中一些微量营养素是维生素A的前体,是人类和动物的饮食必不可少的组成部分。由于具有抗氧化性,类胡萝卜素在预防慢性疾病也发挥着重要的作用。类胡萝卜素生物合成途径现在已经明确。类胡萝卜素通过核酸编码的蛋白酶在质体中合成。其直接前体是牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸(GGPP,该前体同时也是赤霉素,质体醌,叶绿素,维生素K,维生素E的前体)。在光合植物中,GGPP主要来源于2-C-甲基-D-赤藻糖醇-4-磷酸(MEP)途径,两分子的GGPP经八氢番茄红素合成酶(PSY)催化缩合形成一个八氢番茄红素—15-顺式-八氢番茄红素。八氢番茄红素经八氢番茄红素脱氢本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 2 酶(PDS)和ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶(ZDS)催化八氢番茄红素转换成红色的聚- 顺式-番茄红素。最近,Isaacson等和Park等分别从番茄和拟南芥中分离编码类胡萝卜素异构(CRTISO)基因,该基因催化异构化聚顺式-胡萝卜素进入全反式类胡萝卜素。CRTISO作用于番茄红素前体环化反应形成一种全反式番茄红素。植物番茄红素的环化有两条途径:一个分支合成-胡萝卜素,另一个分支合成α-胡萝卜素。番茄红素β环化酶(LCY-b)通过两个步骤转换成-胡萝卜素,而形成的-胡萝卜素的过程需要两种酶,番茄红素ε-环化酶(LCY-e)和番茄红素环化酶(LCY-b)。α-胡萝卜素经α-胡萝卜素羟化酶(HY-e)和-胡萝卜素羟化酶(HY-b)的羧基化催化作用转化为叶黄素。-胡萝卜素经HY-b的羟化反应催化和玉米黄质环氧化酶(ZEP)环氧化催化作用合成其他叶黄素。到目前为止,柑橘中大多数的类胡萝卜素生物合成的基因已被克隆和测序,但对柑橘类水果类胡萝卜素合成的复杂调控的认识仍然十分有限的,需要进一步了解柑橘中这些有差异的等位基因拷贝数,因为这些基因会影响柑橘类水果中最来源丰富的类胡萝卜素组成。 果实类胡萝卜素的结构较为复杂,在柑橘类水果中已查明有115种不同的类胡萝卜素。柑橘果肉类胡萝卜素丰富程度取决于环境条件,特别是生长条件和地理环境。但影响类胡萝卜素质量变化的主要因素是遗传的多样性。Kato等表明中国柑橘和橙汁积累高水平的β-隐黄质和紫黄质,成熟的柠檬积累低水平的类胡萝卜素。Goodnr等发现红西柚汁含有两个主要类胡萝卜素:番茄红素和胡萝卜素。最近,我们对栽培变异柑桔品种类胡萝卜素组分含量不同从生物合成途径上进行了广泛的研究。根据是否含有不同的化合物将其分成三类:(1)中国(普通)柑桔,甜柑,酸橘;(2)蜜饯,柠檬,和酸橙;(3)柚和葡萄柚。我们的研究也明确了致使类胡萝卜素结构的多样关键步骤。在酸柑橘中八氢番茄红素合成是一个限制步骤;番茄红素形成α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素是被酸式磷酸盐限制在第三个分类中(柚和葡萄柚);只有第1组品种能够合成紫黄质。在同一研究中,以是否存在的类胡萝卜素(以下这种分类也被称为类胡萝卜素组织多样性)和遗传多样性评价为基础,我们认为应通过生化或分子分子标记遗传多样行评估在种间一级组织中的多样性,类胡萝卜素的组成如同工酶或随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)对大量的柑桔品种进行分类。此外,我们还得出结论认为,在种间水平,类胡萝卜素结构多样性和柑橘属的进化过程有关系,而不是突变事件或人为的甄选过程。事实上,在种间水平,在柑桔栽培历史上,表型变异和遗传多样性的关系具有普遍性和一般性,这和不能适应环境的不平衡相关联。因此,从数值分类的基础上,或从形态性状的分子标记分析,所有的研究者均认为:存在着三种基本分类(宽皮桔类;中国柑桔;枸橼,蜜饯;文旦,柚),其差异是由于异域的演变。其他种植柑桔的品种(甜橙类,甜桔;酸橙类,酸桔;柑橘属葡萄柚,葡萄柚;柠檬类,柠檬)是杂交的结果,而酸橙类本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 3 则可能是佛手柚和薇甘菊的杂交种。先前研究柑桔演变的结果和数据使我们提出这样的假设:等位基因变异导致类胡萝卜素水平的结构差异,原因在于次级代谢产物的产生。这种分子变异可能有两种不同的影响:一方面,非沉默替换编码区影响生物合成途径相应酶的作用;另一方面,非编码区域的变化影响转录或转录后机制。 到目前为止,没有人研究过柑桔中类胡萝卜素生物合成途径的等位基因多样性。本实验的目的是为了研究基因变异是否部分决定种间水平表型变异性。为此,我们应用RFLP分析了类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的7个基因(PSY,PDS,ZDS,LCY-b,LCY-e,HY-b,ZEP),以及两个SSR序列分析一批有代表性品种的LCY-b和HY-b基因,旨在解决下列问题:(a)这7个基因是单基因还是多基因位点;(b)RFLP法和SSR标记法显示的差异性与栽培柑桔的记录一致,从而可以推论次级产物基因系统发生的起源。(c)多样性与表型的(类胡萝卜素化合物)变化相关联。 结果与讨论 本实验应用RFLP分析法来观察基因型样本的整体差异。用类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的7个主要基因的表达序列作为探针进行RFLP分析,每一个基因用一个或两个限制性内切酶,筛选内含序列及酶切位点的基因组序列,以基因组DNA为模板PCR扩增和酶切PCR产物。结果表明没有一个PDS和LCY-b片段的内含子序列。在这两个片段克隆和序列分析相应的基因组序列中没有检查出内含序列(数据未显示)。相反,我们发现PDS,ZDS,HY-b,ZEP和LCY-e基因组含有RFLP探针序列。EcoRV并没切断PDS,ZDS,HY-b,ZEP和LCY-e基因组序列。以同样的方式,没有发现PDS,ZDS和HY-b的基因组序列的BamHI酶切位点。表4是对于不同基因多样性观察有关的数据。总共58个片段被确定,它们中的六个是单一同态的(存在于个体中)。三个基本分类单元的有限样本中,58个之外只有8个条带不能被观察到。在基本分类单位,每个基因型遗传距离的平均数分别是,宽皮橘类24.7,中国柑橘24.7,柠檬类17这与次级物种的28(酸橙类)到36(橙类)不同。每个基本的分类单元个体RFLP条带的平均数均低于次级物种类群。结果表明次级物种比基于三个基因分类的基本物种更加杂合。这是合理的如果我们假设次级物种起源于三个基本分类,此外经RFLP围绕类胡萝卜素生物合成途径的基因分析柠檬类好像是最杂合程度最小的分类单元。如同功酶,RAPD,SSR标记法所示。 四种甜橘子的分析显示所有的基因同样的标记,三种酸橙类的代表和三种葡萄柚也是。在接下来的研究中,次级代谢产物仅有一个个体参加。基因多样性的机体组成显示相邻系统树以所有RFLP标记波带的有无的片段的不同指标为基础。区分出八个不同的标记。主要的线束被识别;第一个组是中国柑橘和甜橘,第二文旦和葡萄柚,第三柠檬和酸的柑橘属的多数。两种柠檬接近酸柑橘属的线束而三种酸橘子接近橘子或甜橙的线束。以RFLP标记为基础的遗传多样性的机体组成获得类胡本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 4 萝卜素合成途径的七个基因和通过不定性分子组成的时标获得的是相似的,通过定性分子组分获得的也是一样。所有这些结果表明观察RFLP和SSR片段是完好的系统标记。这和我们的基础假说相似,主要的区别在于涉及类胡萝卜素生物合成途径基因先于次级杂交物种的产生,因此在三类基础分类中等位基因的构成源于等位基因的重组。 PSY基因分析 因为PSY探针和EcoRV或BamHI限制性内切酶结合,所以可以把五个染色体条带看成是两种酶,观察两或三个染色体条带的基因型。这些条带中的一个出现在所有个体中。没有限制性酶切位点在探针序列中。这些结果使我们相信PSY在两个基因位点出现,一个用限制性内切酶发现没有多态性,另一个有多态性。用EcoRV和BamHI不同的标记观察分别是六或四,总共10个不同的标记在25个个体中。两种PSY基因也在番茄,烟草,玉米,水稻中被发现。相反地,在拟南芥和在胡椒中仅仅发现一个PSY基因,在它的果实中也积累胡萝卜素。根据Bartley和Scolnik的研究,PSY1表达在番茄果实的色素细胞中,PSY2特殊在它在叶片组织中表达。同样的方法,在禾本科(玉米,水稻)中,Gallagher等发现PSY基因是被复制出来的,在胚乳中PSY1而并非是PSY2转录产物与胚乳类胡萝卜素积累有关。这些结果强调基因复制的作用和特有组织的八氢番茄红色合酶在类胡萝卜素积累的调控中的重要性。 所有的多态性条带出现在基础分类群的基因组。假定该假说,在相同的基因位点为PSY基因所有的条带描述多态性,我们能断定我们发现等位基因的区别在三类基础分类,柑三个等位基因,中国柑橘四个等位基因,柠檬类一个等位基因。 观察三类基础分类的所有等位基因,然后我们能确定所有物种基因型。表七中给出PSY基因多态性位点推测的基因型。甜橘和葡萄柚是中国柑橘和甜橙的杂合。四种酸橙是杂合的;它们和中国柑橘共用相同的等位基因但和柚有一个不同的等位基因。克莱门氏小柑橘是两种中国柑橘(柑橘和酸柑)等位基因的杂合;一个与甜橙共用,而一个与柳橙共用。“Meyer”柠檬是杂合的,中国柑橘的等位基因也在甜橙和柠檬中被发现,“Eureka”柠檬也是柚四种酸橙等位基因和柠檬等位基因的杂合。其它的酸柑橘属是纯合的。 PDS基因 将EcoRV与PDS探针结合,观察到六个不同的片段。一个为所有个体所共有。每个个体的片段数量是两或三个。这些结果使我们相PSY在两个基因位点出现,用限制性内切酶发现一个没有多态性,另一个有多态性。相反地,对拟南芥,番茄,玉米和水稻的研究显示PDS是一个单独的拷贝基因。然而,前人对柑橘属的研究表明PDS基因作为一个低拷贝的基因家族在柑橘属基因组中,这与我们的发现相矛盾。 ZDS基因 ZDS标记是复合体。通过EcoRV和BamHI限制可以分别观察到九和五个片段。这两种酶中的一个片段是所有个体都有。对于EcoRV每个单独个体基因

相关文档
最新文档