中国人民大学2010年考博英语真题

中国人民大学2010年考博英语真题

Part I Vocabulary (20%)

Directions: Choose the best answer {from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine -scoring ANSWER SHEET.

1. Today scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in organisms.

A. live

B. life

C. living

D. alive

2. The news commentator says that the argument the speaker has presented does not water.

A. have

B. contain

C. include

D. hold

3. Terrorists murder and kidnap people, bombs, hijack airplanes, set fires, and commit other serious crimes.

A. light up

B. set off

C. plant in

D. ignite

4. Television has become quite a vigorous activity. Sitting up is exhausting so most people down while watching television.

A. lay

B. lie

C. lying

D. lied

5. If each of us does our part little by little, we can the lifespan of our planet and ourselves.

A. enlarge

B. expand

C. increase

D. grow

6. The role of American women significantly from the time the nation was born, to the modern era of the 1950s and 1960s.

A. has changed

B. has been changed

C. changed

D. had been changed

7. Financial statement is a financial report or record usually on a quarterly and annually basis which provides an individual’s，an organization’s，or bussiness’s financial states.

A. competed

B. compiled

C. collated

D. contested

8. Management operates through various ，often classified as planning, organ leading/ motivating and controlling.

A. foundations

B. functions

C. roles

D. relations

9. The Jatakana culture encompasses every of life from beliefs, superstitions, and practices to art, education and tourism.

A. respect

B. inspect

C. aspect

D. suspect

10. Organizational culture can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and behaviors of its members.

A. guides

B. indicates

C. controls

D. supervises

11. Everyone in America these days seems to be with his or her physical fitness, and everyone is talking about getting in shape.

A. concerned

B. allured

C. connected

D. attracted

12. The Internet has been around for an almost equal amount of time as most forms of media, but only recently a popular way of retrieving information.

A. has it become

B. it has became

C. it becomes

D. does it become

13. Censorship，a word that seems to be quite controversy over certain people, may not be such a bad idea.

A. arguing

B. attacking

C. causing

D. discussing

14. We are living in the midst of a great chemical experiment and some consequences are becoming apparent to scientists.

A. cereal

B. serial

C. series

D. serious

15. For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has heated debate among the world’s brightest minds.

A. spawned

B. injected

C. modeled

D. moved

16. In today’s modern society alcohol addiction and alcohol has become one of the most complex life-threatening issues.

A. infuse

B. abuse

C. reduce

D. refuse

17. He argued that the of firearms in America is an illegal act, and degrades the values this country was founded on.

A. banning

B. prohibit

C. vote

D. forbid

18. Advocates of private school argue that education in one of these facilities is more valuable and than any other educational opportunity.

A. awarded

B. awarding

C. rewarded

D. rewarding

19. Children are often sports at an early age. As they get older and start school they participate in sports as a way both to make new friends and be active.

A. exposed to

B. spoiled by

C. indulged in

D. worried about

20. Although the study of genetics is an entirely new field, it mankind for many years.

A. has combined

B. has interested in

C. has involved

D. has fascinated

Part II Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions: Choose the best answer {from A, B，C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

In 1987，H. I. V/AIDS joined a list of diseases that could keep a person out of the United States. The government later tried to cancel, its decision，but congress made the travel ban a part of immigration law. People with H. I. V.，the virus that causes AIDS, could seek an exception, but that meant extra work. Last year, Congress and President George W. Bush began the process of ending the travel ban. Now President Obama is finishing the process.

BARACK OBAMA : “We talk about reducing the stigma of this disease, yet we have treated a visitor living with it as a threat. We lead the world when it comes to helping the AIDS pandemic, yet we are only a dozen countries that still bar people H. I. V. from entering our country. ” A final rule published Monday will end the travel ban effective January fourth. H. I. V. will no longer be a condition that can exclude people. And H. I. V. testing will no longer for those who need a medical examination for immigration purposes. AIDS has killed more than twenty-five people

since the early 1980s.

In September, there was news that a vaccine showed some ability to prevent H. I. V. infection in humans for the first time. The full results of the vaccine study were presented in later October at an international conference in Paris. They were also reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers confirmed that the study in Thailand produced only “modest” results. The United States Army sponsored the vaccine trial. The study combined two vaccines, using versions of H. I. V. common in Thailand. Neither vaccine alone had shown success in earlier studies. Thai researchers tested the combination in more than 16, 000 volunteers. Half of the volunteers got the vaccine. The others got a placebo, an inactive substance. All were given condoms and counseling on AIDS prevention for three years. The study found 31 percent fewer cases of infection in the vaccine group than in the placebo group.

But critics said the findings could possibly have resulted from chance. The announcement in September was based on all 16, 000 volunteers. Almost one-third of them, however didn’t follow all the required steps in the study. Results just from those who did were similar to the larger group, but the influence of chance is way more of a possibility. Still, the researchers said the study produced enough valuable information to offer new hopes for AIDS research.

21. According to the article, did not want people with H. I. V. virus to seek entry to America twenty years ago.

A. George Bush

B. Obama

C. the Congress

D. the Senate

22. According to this article, it was who sponsored that medical experiment to find vaccine for H. I. V. carriers.

A. the Thai Government

B. the French Government

C. the scientist from New England

D. the United States Army

23. From the article we can infer that 8,000 volunteers in were given the vaccine.

A. Thailand

B. the United States of America

C. France

D. Canada

24. According to the article, which one of the following statements is true?

A. America was the only country that prevented people with H. I. V. from entering the country.

B. Only a few countries refused to issue entry visa to people with H. I. V.

C. The conference held in Paris was on AIDS prevention.

D. The vaccine test conducted in Thailand produced important results.

25. According to the critics, the findings of the test .

A. has produced enough valuable information

B. should not be taken seriously

C. has produced reliable statistics

D.has paved a solid foundation for further research

Passage Two

“ Two hundred eight million, two hundred nine million, two hundred ten million...”That is the sound of solid waste hitting the bottom of garbage cans all over United States in 1996. Solid wastes are materials that are discarded or thrown away after use by consumers and businesses. This does not include fluid materials. During that year, Americans threw away 210 million tons ( about 43 pounds/20 kilograms per person daily) of garbage. We throw away 12. 4 million tons of glass and about 80 million tons of paper products. America also throws away large amounts (in tons) of food scraps, yard wastes, plastics, sludge from sewage treatment plants, and other materials. That is almost a mountain of garbage.

Even though we make an effort to recycle and compost our solid waste, the amount of waste keeps increasing each year. Our biggest problem is where to put the solid waste and how to keep it from polluting our environment. If solid waste is disposed of incorrectly, it can contaminate our surface and underground water supplies. Currently, our municipal waste or waste collected by our cities and towns, goes to landfills. Today, about 85% of our garbage goes to landfills or garbage dumps. This waste must be treated to keep rats, flies and other animals from building their home in the landfills. The treat also prevents the growth of bacteria and other organism that carry diseases. So, how do we handle this

mountain of garbage? Scientists have come up with different methods for handling our waste problem.

One type of waste disposal called sanitary landfill was first used in Fresno California, in 1937. In sanitary landfill, the solid waste is spread in thin layers

that compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This is a more expensive method, but it takes away the hazards that are caused by landfills. It also allowed the land to be used for building or recreation. The negative of the landfills is that it’s tough to find open land and this process is very expensive. The land also needs its water sources protected so that the water will not pollute the water supply. Landfill (water dumps) and sanitary landfills rely on the natural biodegradability of the solid wastes. Solid wastes are biodegradable if they can decay or break down through the action of living organisms and return to the earth. However certain materials take longer to decay than others, and some materials do not decay or decompose at all. Scientists need to find other methods of waste disposal. Incineration and recycling are methods that are currently in use today.

26. This passage is about disposal problem of solid waste .

A. by consumers

B. in California

C. by municipal government

D. in America

27. From the article we can infer that .

A. treatment of the solid is a hard nut to crack

B. solution for proper disposal will be found soon

C. California set a good example in solid waste in 1930s

D. the government remains confident about the solid waste

28. According to the article, about is dumped to landfills.

A. 12. 4 million tons of garbage

B. 80 million tons of garbage

C. 85% of the garbage

D. 92. 4 tons of garbage

29. The word “recycle”( Line 1, Paragraph 2) means .

A. to send something far away

B. to throw something away to the right place

C. to convert waste into reusable material

D. to turn into fertilizers

30. According to the article, which one of the following is NOT true?

A. Solid waste does not include fluid materials.

B. Sanitary landfill is a type of waste disposal method once used in California.

C. Burning is not a method that is used today.

D. Composting is still one of the ways to handle the mountain of garbage.

Passage Three

Who would have thought we would become a planet of “ologies”？ There’s biology, psychology, herpetology, etymology, and geology just to name a few. However, one “ology” truly helps us to understand the most part of our planet, our environment. Ecology (which is filled with ecologists) is the study of ecosystems and the beings and organisms that inhabit those ecosystems. Just think, in condition of bees, deer and other organisms, you are important to ecologists. Ecosystems are communities that vary in size and location. They can be as small as a patch of glass or as large as the entire biosphere. The many varieties of plants and animals that exist in our planet ecosystems are important to our ecosystems. Plants in particular provide oxygen and nutrients all organisms need to survive. These producers have the ability to use the sun’s energy to produce food

(think photosynthesis). This is where the animals and consumers become important. The animals get their energy by eating the plants and other organisms within the ecosystem. Without the producers and consumers, decomposers would not have a job. As you may have guests, decomposers, like bacteria, step in broken down, the organic materials are absorbed by the soil and gases are sent back into our atmosphere. The whole process is ready to start again through the Earth’s natural cycles. There has to be a balance of producers, consumers, decomposers in order to remain a balanced ecosystem.

Remember, all organisms need matter and energy to survive. An ecosystem is balanced when matter and energy move efficiently through those ecosystems. Just as your backpack has a limit on the number of huge textbooks it can carry at any given time, all ecosystems have a limit on the populations they can maintain. Carrying capacity is the largest population an ecosystem can support at any particular time. The support of this population depends on the amount of resources (matter and energy) that are available and the movement of those resources within that ecosystem. If energy and matter are moving efficiently through an ecosystem, then the current population of plants and animals has not reached beyond the ecosystem’s the ecosystem’s carrying capacity. Once resources dwindle or animal populations increase dramatically, the ecosystem may not be able to support those populations. Fortunately, nature has three ways to control the balance of ecosystems: ecological responses to change, energy transfer, and food chains and food webs.

31. The purpose of starting the article with the word-ending “ology” ( Line 1,

Paragraph 1) is

A. to trace the origin of “ology”

B. to give an example for the meaning of “ology”

C. to introduce the term “ecology”

D. to illustrate the importance of balancing the ecosystems

32. According to this article, the ecosystems .

A. are in danger of being destroyed

B. are very small in size

C. refer only to the entire biosphere

D. vary greatly in size and location

33. According to the article, the word “producers”(Line 4，Paragraph 2) refers to ?

A. plants

B. animals

C. ecologists

D. consumers

34. We can infer from the article that in the ecosystem the job for the “decomposer”( Lines 7-8, Paragraph 2) is to ?

A. absorb the sun’s energy

B. produce oxygen and nutrients

C. break down the dung and the remains of dead organ

D. eat the plants and animals

35. According to the article, has three ways to control the balance of the ecosystems.

A. human beings

B. the environment

C. animals and plants

D. nature

Passage Four

In modem days, on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi city called QaFat Shartlat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capital of a great Mesopotamian empire. At the time, the place had a different name. It was called Ashur or Arrur. The word Ashur eventually gave rise to the team Assyria, which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in that region later became

known as the Assyrians.

Historians often divide the long history of Assyria into three periods even though they cannot reach a consensus over the exact dates of each era. The three periods was the Old Assyrian Period (circa 2000 B. C. 一1400 B. C. )，the Middle Assyrian Period (circa 1365 B. C. —1100 B. C. ) and the Neo- Assyrian Empire ( circa 934 B. C. —609 B. C.).

Archaeological evidence showed that people began to settle in Ashur as early as 2500 B. C. But it did not attain any political significance until the third dynasty of Ur collapsed in 2004 B. C. After that fiasco, the Assyrians transformed the Ashur into a bustling commercial center, controlling trade routes to and from Anatolia. In 1813 B. C. , the first great Assyrian king, Shamshi-Adad I, ascended the throne and began a series of military expansions. At the height of his reign, his kingdom owned the entire northern Mesopotamia. Its growing influence gave its neighbor plenty of reasons to be wary.

While things were going splendidly for this Assyrian upstart, Shamshi-Adad passed away in 1791 B. C. Soon after his death, the kingdom began to fall apart. Knowing that the Shamshi-Adad5s empire was on the verge of collapse, Hammurabi of the 1st dynasty of Babylon jumped at the chance and invaded northern Mesopotamia. He conquered Ashur in 1760 B. C. From that point on to the middle of 1300s B. C. , Assyria was reduced to a mere vassal state. At first, it had to answer to the 1st dynasty of Babylon. After that empire was eradicated, it turned to submit to a Human kingdom called Mitanni. It was not until 1365 B. C. that Assayria, then ruled by Ashur-uballit I, was able to regain its independence. For the next couple hundred years, Assyria grew increasingly powerful. It eventually defeated Babylonia and even occupied Egypt.

36. According to the article, the Assyrian lived in part of modern-day .

A. Egypt

B. India

C. China

D. Iraq

37. According to the historians, the history of Assyria has lasted for about .

A. 4, 000 years

B. 3, 800 years

C. 3, 100 years

D. 1，400 years

38. It was during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I，the first great Assyrian King, when the Assyrians

A. began to expand their empire with military forces

B. began to open new trade routes

C. began to encourage commercial activities

D. began to establish diplomatic relations with other countries

39. During the reign of Shamshi-Adad I, the neighboring countries of Assyrian Empire ?

A. all showed their respect

B. all admired the achievements of Shamshi-Adad I

C. all became vigilant and anxious

D. all paid tribute to Shamshi-Adad I

40. In history, the Assyrians were once very powerful, and they even occupied at one st^e.

A. India

B. Russia

C. Egypt

D. Greece

Passage Five

A line in a song asks, “Does anyone really know what time it is?” This question could easily apply to calendars! Did you know that our ideas about time are affected by religion? Different faiths use different types of calendars to measure time. Odd structures, such as Stonehenge in England, may have been used to measure time long ago. These ancient rocks stand in a circle like large, gray Legos. Some people think that the rocks relate to the position of the sun. No one knows how people moved them into this information, but it was probably a lot of work. If it was a calendar, it sure was a big one! The Aztecs also had a rock calendar that was related to the sun. They had a Sun Stone that showed their sun god in the center.

The calendar you are probably most familiar is also based on the sun. The powerful Roman Emperor, Julius Caesar, first adopted the solar calendar in 46 B. C. The cycle of the year in a solar calendar is measured from one equinox to the next. A solar calendar has to be adjusted every so often to keep in time with the sun. In 1582, Pope Gregory XH first authorized taking a few days out of every year for the purpose of adjusting the calendar. People didn’t like this one bit because they thought they were losing time! It took centuries for Europeans to get used to this concept.

Eventually, a system was worked out to add a single day to the calendar every four years. So it was synchronized with the seasons. The extra day made every fourth year 366 days long. These special years are called leap years, and we called the extra day to the month of February. If you know someone whose birthday is February

29, you know that he or she was bom in a leap year. This calendar is called the Gregorian calendar, and it is used in the United States and other Christian countries. Muslims use a different kind of calendar. Their lunar calendar is based on the cycles of the moon, and it is completely different than a solar one. According to the Muslim holy book, the Koran, Allah said, “Truly, twelve months is the number of the months with God, according to the God’s Book, ever since He created heaven and Earth. ”

A new Muslim month does not start until two reliable witnesses

have seen the new moon. Muslim families often take walks in the evening to find the first yellow slice of the new moon to start Ramadan, their month-long fast.

41. According to the author of the article, has influenced our way of measuring the time.

A. the universe

B. the Pope

C. religion

D. nature

42. We know from the article that calendar is based on the cycle of the moon.

A. Gregorian

B. solar

C. Christian

D. lunar

43. From the article we can infer that Ramadan is a Muslim festival, which lasts for .

A. one month

B. one week

C. four days

D. twenty five days

44. The verb “synchronize”（Line 2，Paragraph 4） probably means .

A. to cause to occur four days later

B. to cause to happen four days earlier

C. to happen beforehand or afterwards

D. to cause to happen at the same time

45. The calendar that most people are familiar with was first adopted by .

A. the Christian

B. the Pope

C. Julius Caesar

D. the Muslims

Passage Six

For anyone who has experienced an earthquake, the experience can be frightening and traumatic. In addition to the movement of the ground, people need to be concerned with collapsing buildings and falling debris, such as flying glass. The majority of the injuries and deaths that occur from the earthquakes are due to falling objects and structures. The effect of an earthquake can also cause dangerous landslides, fires, gas line explosions and flood-waters from collapsing dam. The goal of seismologists is to understand the earthquake and other seismic activity on Earth.

This information, when shared with people in earthquake-prone areas, can help decrease the number of deaths and injuries that may occur.

One of the most destructive effects of earthquake is tsunami. Tsunami, giant ocean waves, from after an earthquake has occurred on the ocean floor. If the tsunami crashes into land, it may cause destruction. The difficulty with protecting people from tsunami is that they may come without warning and at an extremely high speed. Once undersea earthquakes occur, the ocean floor rises and sinks. This is when tsunami may begin to form. Along with this shifting of the ocean floor, there is also a large mass of seawater that may drop or rise. To adjust the sudden change in sea level, the mass of water moves upward and downward. As it is moving, a series of reactions come long. Low waves begin to

move from the point of the epicenter outward. These waves will increase in height as they come closer to the shore. Underwater landslides caused by earthquakes may also form tsunamis.

On land, the focus of an earthquake’s destruction is usually buildings and property. Most of the buildings today are built using strict building codes. These codes require that the building can withstand the swaying motion of the ground during an earthquake. However, there buildings, like skyscrapers, may sway so violently that they may tip over and cause damage to lower structures nearby. One factor that affects the intensity of an earthquake is the local geology. The type of land that beneath the buildings can determine the way the buildings respond to an earthquake. Buildings are constructed on loose soil and rock. Likely soil and rock vibrate as if they were jelly. When buildings are constructed on this type of land, they tend to have an exaggerated motion and to sway violently.

46. This article is concerned with .

A. earthquakes only

B. tsunamis only

C. both earthquakes and tsunamis

D. various natural disasters

47. The word “seismologists”(Line 6，Paragraph 1) refers to ?

A. experts who are interested in buildings

B. people who act as rescues when earthquakes occur

C. people who have ability to predict tsunamis

D. experts who study earthquakes and related phenomena

48. The term aearthquake-prone area” (Line 8，Paragraph 1) probably means ?

A. a place where earthquakes are more likely to happen

B. a region that tsunamis are more likely to occur

C. an area that is more suitable for the construction of skyscrapers

D. a zone in which earthquakes are very likely to happen

49. According to the author, tsunamis are caused by .

A. extreme climatic change due to global warming

B. destruction of the balance of the ecology

C. earthquakes

D. rising sea level of the ocean as well as carbon dioxide emission

50. From the last paragraph of the article, we can infer that the intensity of an earthquake is closely related to .

A. structures of the building

B. solidity of the building

C. the height of the building

D. the local geology

Part 瓜 Translation (20%)

51. English-Chinese Translation (10%)

Directions: Translate the following into Chinese. And you must write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET IL

The opening of Disneyland will bring many associated investment opportunities. At least four economic sectors will benefit directly. First, property markets. Housing and commercial real estate prices around the Disneyland area are already rising. Second, the tourism sector. After the opening, analysts expect 3 to 5 million more tourists will visit Shanghai every year, bring more business to hotels, travel agencies and retails. Third, brand marketing will give a boost to toy manufactures, publishers and the gaming industry. Fourth, construction companies and material suppliers will enjoy a huge increase, comparable to the 2010 Shanghai world Expo. Disneyland’s first phase of construction is expected to cost 24 billion yuan.

52. Chinese-English Translation (10%)

Directions: Translate the following into English. And you must write your translation on your

ANSWER SHEET II.

首先，额外的学习对孩子的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子在枯燥的教室里待了一整天之后，参加一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们的生活造成严重的影响。第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外学习没有什么好感。当别的孩子玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能把精力集中在课本上。而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻，甚至产生某些心理疾病。通过以上讨论我们可以得出结论：尽管额外的学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子学习是不明智的。任何家长都应非常重视孩子在学习和玩耍这两方面的平衡，正如那句老话：只学习，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

Part IV Writing (30%)

53. Practical Writing (10%)

Directions: Write a note to your roommate Frank. Your note should contain about 80 Englishwords. Remember that you are writing this note before leaving for Shanghai for three days. In yournote，you should ask Frank to look after your pet dog Goofy while you are away. Your note toFrank should include the following information.

(a) You will fly to Shanghai in the evening

(b) Apologize to Frank that you have to leave in a hurry

(c) Ask Frank to look after Goofy

(d) Tell Frank that the dog food is left in the store room

(e) Remind Frank that Goofy does not like cold milk

(f) Goofy likes to take a walk in the evening

(g) Let Frank know that you are grateful to him for looking after Goofy

Write your note to Frank on ANSWER SHEET II.

54. Essay Writing (20%)

Directions: Write an essay about 200 words as your answer to the following question: “Should theChinese government pay more attention and invest more in education for children in the ruralarea?” Write your answer on your ANSWER SHEET IL