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ASTM G28-02

Designation:G28–02Standard Test Methods ofDetecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion in Wrought,Nickel-Rich,Chromium-Bearing Alloys1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation G28;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods cover two tests as follows:1.1.1Method A,Ferric Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Test(3-10, inclusive)—This test method describes the procedure for conducting the boiling ferric sulfate—50%sulfuric acid test which measures the susceptibility of certain nickel-rich, chromium-bearing alloys to intergranular corrosion(see Ter-minology G15),which may be encountered in certain service environments.The uniform corrosion rate obtained by this test method,which is a function of minor variations in alloy composition,may easily mask the intergranular corrosion components of the overall corrosion rate on alloys N10276, N06022,N06059,and N06455.1.1.2Method B,Mixed Acid-Oxidizing Salt Test(Sections 11-18,inclusive)—This test method describes the procedure for conducting a boiling23%sulfuric+1.2%hydrochlo-ric+1%ferric chloride+1%cupric chloride test which measures the susceptibility of certain nickel-rich,chromium-bearing alloys to display a step function increase in corrosion rate when there are high levels of grain boundary precipitation.1.2The purpose of these two test methods is to detect susceptibility to intergranular corrosion as inﬂuenced by varia-tions in processing or composition,or both.Materials shown to be susceptible may or may not be intergranularly corroded in other environments.This must be established independently by speciﬁc tests or by service experience.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Hazard advisory statements are given in5.1.1,5.1.3,5.1.9,13.1.1,and13.1.11.2.Referenced Document2.1ASTM Standards:A262Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranu-lar Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels2D1193Speciﬁcation for Reagent Water3G15Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing4METHOD A—Ferric Sulfate—Sulfuric Acid Test3.Signiﬁcance and Use3.1The boiling ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test may be applied to the following alloys in the wrought condition:Alloy Testing Time,hN06007120N0602224N06030120N0605924N0620024N0645524N0660024N06625120N0668624N06985120N08020120N0836724N08800120N08825A120N1027624____________A While the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test does detect susceptibility to inter-granular corrosion in Alloy N08825,the boiling65%nitric acid test,Practices A262,Practice C,for detecting susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in stainless steels is more sensitive and should be used if the intended service is nitric acid.3.2This test method may be used to evaluate as-received material and to evaluate the effects of subsequent heat treat-ments.In the case of nickel-rich,chromium-bearing alloys,the test method may be applied to wrought and weldments of products.The test method is not applicable to cast products.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01on Corrosion of Metals and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05onLaboratory Corrosion Tests.Current edition approved Oct.10,2002.Published January2003.Originally published as G28–st previous edition G28–97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol01.03.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol11.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.02. 1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved);Reproduction authorized per License Agreement with Amy Russell (Haynes International); Thu Sep 15 11:18:02 EDT 20054.Apparatus4.1The apparatus(Note1)is illustrated in Fig.1.FIG.1Apparatus for Ferric Sulfate-Sulfuric Acid Test4.1.1Allihn or Soxhlet Condenser ,4-bulb,5with a 45/50ground-glass joint,overall length about 330mm,condensing section about 240mm.4.1.2Erlenmeyer Flask ,1-L,with a 45/50ground-glass joint.The ground-glass opening shall be 40mm wide.4.1.3Glass Cradle (Fig.2)—To pass through the ground-glass joint on the Erlenmeyer ﬂask,the width of the cradle should not exceed 40mm and the front-to-back distance must be such that the cradle will ﬁt the 40-mm diameter opening.It5To avoid frequent chipping of the drip-tip of the condenser during handling,the modiﬁed condenser described by Streicher,M.A.,and Sweet,A.J.,Corrosion ,V ol 25,1969,pp.1,has been found suitable for thisuse.FIG.2GlassCradleshould have three or four holes to increase circulation of the test solution around the specimen (Note 2).N OTE 1—Substitution for this equipment may not be used.The cold-ﬁnger type of standard Erlenmeyer ﬂask may not be used.N OTE 2—Other equivalent means of specimen support,such as glass hooks or stirrups,may also be used.4.1.4Boiling Chips,6or some other boiling aids must be used to prevent bumping.4.1.5Silicone Grease,7is recommended for the ground-glass joint.4.1.6Electrically Heated Hot Plate ,or equivalent to pro-vide heat for continuous boiling of the solution.4.1.7Analytical Balance ,capable of weighing to the nearest 0.001g.5.Test Solution5.1Prepare 600mL of 50%(49.4to 50.9%)solution as follows:5.1.1Warning —Protect the eyes and use rubber gloves for handling acid.Place the test ﬂask under a hood.5.1.2First,measure 400mL of Type IV reagent water (Speciﬁcation D 1193)in a 500-mL graduate and pour into the ﬂask.5.1.3Then measure 236mL of reagent-grade sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4)of a concentration which must be in the range from 95.0to 98.0weight percent in a 250-mL graduate.Add the acid slowly to the water in the ﬂask to avoid boiling by the heat evolved (Note 3).Externally cooling the ﬂask with water during the mixing will also reduce overheating.N OTE 3—Loss of vapor results in concentration of the acid.5.1.4Weigh 25g of reagent grade ferric sulfate (contains about 75%Fe 2(SO 4)3(Note 4))and add to the H 2SO 4solution.A trip balance may be used.N OTE 4—Ferritic sulfate is a speciﬁc additive that establishes and controls the corrosion potential.Substitutions are not permitted.5.1.5Add boiling chips.5.1.6Lubricate the ground glass of the condenser joint with silicone grease.5.1.7Cover the ﬂask with the condenser and circulate cooling water.5.1.8Boil the solution until all ferric sulfate is dissolved.5.1.9Warning —It has been reported that violent boiling can occur resulting in acid spills.It is important to ensure that the concentration of acid does not increase and that an adequate number of boiling chips (which are resistant to attack by the test solution)are present.66.Test Specimens6.1A specimen having a total surface area of 5to 20cm 2is recommended.6.2The intent is to test a specimen representing as nearly as possible the material as used in service.The specimens shouldbe cut to represent the grain ﬂow direction that will see service,for example,specimens should not contain cross-sectional areas unless it is the intent of the test to evaluate these.Only such surface ﬁnishing should be performed as is required to remove foreign material and obtain a standard,uniform ﬁnish as speciﬁed in 6.4.For very heavy sections,specimens should be maintained to represent the appropriate surface while maintaining reasonable specimen size for convenience in testing.Ordinarily,removal of more material than necessary will have little inﬂuence on the test results.However,in the special case of surface decarburization or of carburization (the latter is sometimes encountered in tubing when lubricants or binders containing carbonaceous materials are employed),it may be possible by heavy grinding or machining to remove the affected layer completely.Such treatment of test specimens is not permissible,except in tests undertaken to demonstrate such surface effects.6.3When specimens are cut by shearing,the deformed material must be removed by machining or grinding to a depth equal to the thickness of the specimen to remove cold worked metal.6.4All surfaces of the specimen,including edges,should be ﬁnished using wet No.80-grit or dry No.120-grit abrasive paper.If dry abrasive paper is used,polish slowly to avoid overheating.Sand blasting should not be used.6.5Residual oxide scale has been observed to cause spuri-ous specimen activation in the test solution.Therefore,the formation of oxide scale in stamped codes must be prevented,and all traces of oxide scale formed during heat treatment must be thoroughly removed prior to stamping identiﬁcation codes.6.6The specimen dimensions should be measured including the edges and inner surfaces of any holes and the total exposed area calculated.6.7The specimen should then be degreased using suitable nonchlorinated agents such as soap and acetone,dried,and then weighed to the nearest 0.001g.7.Procedure7.1Place the specimen in the glass cradle,remove the condenser,immerse the cradle by means of a hook in the actively boiling solution (Fig.1),and immediately replace the condenser.A fresh solution should be used for each test.7.2Mark the liquid level on the ﬂask with wax crayon to provide a check on vapor loss which would result in concen-tration of the acid.If there is an appreciable change in the level (a 0.5-cm or more drop),repeat the test with fresh solution and with a fresh specimen or a reground specimen.7.3Continue immersion of the specimen for the length of time speciﬁed in Section 3,then remove the specimen,rinse in water and acetone,and dry.7.4Weigh the specimen and subtract this mass from the original mass.7.5Intermediate weighing is not necessary,except as noted in 7.7.The tests can be run without interruption.However,if preliminary results are desired,the specimen can be removed at any time for weighing.7.6Replacement of acid is not necessary during the test periods.6Amphoteric alundun:granules,Hengar Granules,from the Hengar Co.,Swedesboro,NJ have been found satisfactory for this purpose.7Stopcock grease has been found satisfactory for thispurpose.7.7If the corrosion rate is extraordinarily high in Method A, as evidenced by a change in color(green)of the solution, additional ferric sulfate must be added during the test.The amount of ferric sulfate that must be added,if the total mass loss of all specimens exceeds2g as indicated by an interme-diate weight,is10g for each1g of dissolved alloy.This does not apply to Method B.7.8In Method A,several specimens of the same alloy may be tested simultaneously.The number(3or4)is limited only by the number of glass cradles that can beﬁtted into theﬂask and the consumption of ferric sulfate.Only one sample should be tested in aﬂask for Method B.7.9During testing,there is some deposition of iron oxides on the upper part for theﬂask.This can be readily removed after test completion by boiling a solution of10%hydrochlo-ric acid(HCl)in theﬂask.8.Calculation and Interpretation of Results8.1Calculation—Measure the effect of the acid solution on the matCorrosion Rate5~K3W!/~A3T3D!(1) where:K=a constant(see8.1.1),T=time of exposure,h,to the nearest0.01h,A=area,cm2,to the nearest0.01cm2,W=mass loss,g,to the nearest0.001g,andD=density,g/cm3(see8.1.2).=8.1.1Many different units are used to express corrosion ing the above units for T,A,W,and D,the corrosion rate can be calculated in a variety of units with the following appropriate value of K:Corrosion Rate Units Desired Constant K in Corrosion RateEquation Amils per year(mpy) 3.453106inches per year(ipy) 3.453103inches per month(ipm) 2.873102millimeters per year(mm/Y)8.763104micrometers per year(µm/y)8.763107picometers per second(pm/s) 2.783106grams per square meter-hour(g/m2-h) 1.0031043D B milligrams per square decimeter-day(mdd) 2.4031063D B micrograms per square meter-second(µg/m2-s) 2.7831063D B_______________A If desired,these constants may also be used to convert corrosion rates from one set of units to another.To convert a corrosion rate in units X to a rate in units Y,multiply by K Y/K X.For example:15mpy5153[~2.783106!/~3.453106!#pm/s512.1pm/sB Density is not needed to calculate the corrosion rate in these units.The density in the constant K cancels out the density in the corrosion rate equation.8.1.2UNS Designation Density,g/cm3N060078.31N060228.69N060308.22N060598.80N062008.50N064558.64N066008.41N066258.44N066868.73N069858.31N080208.05N083678.06N088008.03N088258.14N102768.878.2Interpretation of Results—The presence of intergranular corrosion is usually determined by comparing the calculated corrosion rate to that for properly annealed material.Even in the absence of intergranular corrosion,the rate of general or grain-face corrosion of properly annealed material will vary from one alloy to another.These differences are demonstrated in Refs.(1-7).88.3As an alternative or in addition to calculating a corro-sion rate from mass loss data,metallographic examination may be used to evaluate the degree of intergranular corrosion.The depth of attack considered acceptable shall be determined between buyer and seller.9.Report9.1Record the test procedure used,specimen size and surface preparation,time of test,temperature,and mass loss.9.2Report following information:9.2.1Alloy number and heat number,9.2.2Chemical composition and thermal treatment,9.2.3Test method used,and9.2.4Calculated corrosion rate in units desired.10.Precision and Bias910.1The precision of the procedure in Test Method A of Test Methods G28was determined in an interlaboratory test program with six laboratories running duplicate tests of three heat treatments of a single material.Precision consists of repeatability,that is,the agreement that occurs when identical specimens are run sequentially with the same test method in the same laboratory by the same operator and equipment,and reproducibility,that is,the agreement that occurs when iden-tical specimens are run with the same test method at different laboratories.10.1.1The interlaboratory test program produced repeat-ability statistics consisting of the repeatability standard devia-tion,s r and the95%repeatability limits,r.These values were related to the average corrosion rate,x¯,in mpy by the following expressions:s r562.84*1026~x¯!3(2)r567.95*1026~x¯!3(3) where:r= 2.8s rThe units of r and s r are mpy.8The boldface numbers refer to the list of references at the end of these test methods.9Supporting data is available from ASTM Headquarters.Request RR:G01-1002.10.1.2The interlaboratory test program produced reproduc-ibility statistics including the reproducibility standard devia-tion s r and the95%reproducibility limits,R.These values were related to the average corrosion rate,x¯,in mpy as follows:s R563.02*1026~x¯!3(4)R568.46*1026~x¯!3(5) where:R= 2.8s RThe units of R and s R are mpy.10.2The procedure in Test Method A of Test Methods G28 for determining the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in wrought nickel rich chromium bearing alloys has no bias because the Method A value for susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in these alloys is deﬁned only in terms of this test method.METHOD B—Mixed Acid-Oxidating Salt Test 11.Signiﬁcance and Use11.1The boiling mixed acid-oxidating salt test(23% H2SO4+1.2%HCl+1%FeCl3+1%CuCl2)may be applied to the following alloy in the wrought condition:Alloy Testing Time,hN0602224N0605924N0620024N0668624N102762411.2This method may be used to evaluate as-received materials and to evaluate the effects of subsequent heat treatments.In the case of nickel-rich,chromium-bearing al-loys,the method may be applied only to wrought products.The test is not applicable to cast and weldments of wrought products.12.Apparatus12.1See Section4.13.Test Solution13.1Prepare600mL of the solution as follows:13.1.1Warning—Protect the eyes and use rubber gloves for handling acid.Place the testﬂask under a hood.13.1.2First,weigh10g of reagent-grade ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O)and put intoﬂask.13.1.3Then weigh7.2g of reagent grade cupric chloride (CuCl2·2H2O)and add toﬂask.13.1.4Measure476mL of Type IV reagent water(Speciﬁ-cation D1193)in a500-mL graduate and pour into theﬂask.13.1.5Then measure90mL of reagent-grade sulfuric acid (H2SO4)of a concentration that must be in the range from95.0 to98.0weight percent in a100-mL graduate.Add the acid slowly to the water in theﬂask to avoid boiling by the heat evolved.Externally cooling theﬂask with water during the mixing will reduce overheating.N OTE5—Loss of vapor results in concentration of the acid.13.1.6Measure18mL of reagent-grade hydrochloric acid (HCl)of a concentration that must be in the range from36.5to 38weight percent in a25-mL graduate.Add the acid slowly to the solution to avoid over heating and vapor loss.13.1.7Add boiling chips.13.1.8Lubricate the ground glass of the condenser joint with silicone grease.13.1.9Cover theﬂask with the condenser and circulate cooling water.13.1.10Boil the solution until all ferric chloride and cupric chloride are dissolved.13.1.11Warning—It has been reported that violent boiling can occur resulting in acid spills.It is important to ensure that the concentration of acid does not become more concentrated and that an adequate number of boiling chips(which are resistant to attack by the test solution)are present.14.Test Specimens14.1See Section6.15.Procedure15.1See Section7.16.Calculation and Interpretation of Results16.1See Section8.17.Report17.1See Section9.18.Precision and Bias918.1The precision of the procedure in Test Method B of Test Methods G28was determined in an interlaboratory test program with six laboratories running duplicate tests on three heat treatments of a single material.Precision consists of repeatability,that is,the agreement that occurs when identical specimens are run sequentially with the same test method in the same laboratory by the same operator and equipment,and reproducibility,that is,the agreement that occurs when iden-tical specimens are run with the same test method at different laboratories.18.1.1The interlaboratory test program produced repeat-ability statistics consisting of the repeatability standard devia-tion,s r and the95%repeatability limits,r.These values were related to the average corrosion rate,x¯,by the following expressions:s r560.274x¯(6)r560.767x¯(7) where:r= 2.8s rThe units of r and s r are the same as x¯.18.1.2The interlaboratory test program produced reproduc-ibility statistics including the reproducibility standard devia-tion s r and the95%reproducibility limits,R.The values or s R and R are identical with s r and r respectively.18.2The procedure in Test Method B(Mixed Acid-Oxidating Salt Test)of Test Methods G28has no biasbecausethe Method B value for susceptibility to intergranular corrosionin these alloys is deﬁned only in terms of this method.19.Keywords19.1corrosion test;ferric sulfate;intergranular;nickel-richREFERENCES(1)For original descriptions of the use of the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acidtest for nickel-rich,chromium-bearing alloys,see Streicher,M.A.,“Relationship of Heat Treatment and Microstructure to Corrosion Resistance in Wrought Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys,”Corrosion,V ol19,1963, pp.272t–284t.(2)For application of the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test to othernickelrich,chromium-bearing alloys,see Brown,N.H.,“Relationship of Heat Treatment to the Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Alloys,”Corrosion,V ol25,1969,pp.438–443.(3)HASTELLOY is a registered trademark of Haynes International,Inc.Leonard,R.B.,“Thermal Stability of HASTELLOY t alloy C-276,”Corrosion,V ol25,1969,pp.222–228.(4)20CB-3is a registered trademark of Carpenter Technology Corp.Henthorne,M.and DeBold,T.A.,“Intergranular Corrosion Resistance of Carpenter20CB-3t,”Corrosion,V ol27,1971,pp.255–262. (5)Streicher,M.A.,“Effect of Composition and Structure on Crevice,Intergranular,and Stress Corrosion of Some Wrought Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys,”Corrosion,V ol32,1976,pp.79–93.(6)Manning,P. E.,“An Improved Intergranular Corrosion Test forHASTELLOY alloy C-276,”ASTM Laboratory Corrosion and Stan-dards,ASTM STP866,pp.437–454.(7)Corbett,R.A.and Saldanha, B.J.,“Evaluation of IntergranularCorrosion,”Metals Handbook,V ol13:Corrosion,1987,pp.239–241.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

2010大类小类分区表

小类名称（英文小类分区大类名称大类分区刊名简称刊名全称ISSN小类名称（中文）PLOS PATHOG P LoS Pathogens1553-7366病毒学VIROLOGY1生物1 REV MED VIRO REVIEWS IN MEDIC1052-9276病毒学VIROLOGY1医学1 ADV VIRUS RE ADVANCES IN VIRU0065-3527病毒学VIROLOGY2医学2 AIDS AIDS0269-9370病毒学VIROLOGY2医学2 ANTIVIR THER ANTIVIRAL THERAP1359-6535病毒学VIROLOGY2医学2J VIROL JOURNAL OF VIROL0022-538X病毒学VIROLOGY2医学2 RETROVIROLOG Retrovirology 1742-4690病毒学VIROLOGY2医学2 ANTIVIR RES A NTIVIRAL RESEAR0166-3542病毒学VIROLOGY3医学2 INFLUENZA OT Influenza and Ot1750-2640病毒学VIROLOGY3医学3INT J MED MI INTERNATIONAL JO1438-4221病毒学VIROLOGY3医学3J CLIN VIROL JOURNAL OF CLINI1386-6532病毒学VIROLOGY3医学2J GEN VIROL J OURNAL OF GENER0022-1317病毒学VIROLOGY3医学3J MED VIROL J OURNAL OF MEDIC0146-6615病毒学VIROLOGY3医学3J VIRAL HEPA JOURNAL OF VIRAL1352-0504病毒学VIROLOGY3医学3 MICROBES INF MICROBES AND INF1286-4579病毒学VIROLOGY3医学3 VIROLOGY VIROLOGY0042-6822病毒学VIROLOGY3医学3 ACTA VIROLACTA VIROLOGICA0001-723X病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 AIDS RES HUM AIDS RESEARCH AN0889-2229病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 ARCH VIROLARCHIVES OF VIRO0304-8608病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 CURR HIV RES CURRENT HIV RESE1570-162X病毒学VIROLOGY4医学3 FOOD ENVIRON Food and Environ1867-0334病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 FUTURE VIROL Future Virology1746-0794病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 INDIAN J VIR Indian Journal o0970-2822病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 INTERVIROLOG INTERVIROLOGY0300-5526病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4J NEUROVIROL JOURNAL OF NEURO1355-0284病毒学VIROLOGY4医学3J VIROL METH JOURNAL OF VIROL0166-0934病毒学VIROLOGY4医学3S AFR J HIV SOUTHERN AFRICAN1608-9693病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 VIRAL IMMUNO VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY0882-8245病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 VIROL J Virology Journal1743-422X病毒学VIROLOGY4医学3 VIROLOGIE VIROLOGIE1267-8694病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 VIRUS GENES V IRUS GENES0920-8569病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 VIRUS RES VIRUS RESEARCH0168-1702病毒学VIROLOGY4医学3 VIRUSES-BASE Viruses-Basel1999-4915病毒学VIROLOGY4医学4 ACTA NEUROPA ACTA NEUROPATHOL0001-6322病理学PATHOLOGY1医学1AM J PATHOL A MERICAN JOURNAL0002-9440病理学PATHOLOGY1医学2 ANNU REV PAT Annual Review of1553-4006病理学PATHOLOGY1医学1J PATHOL JOURNAL OF PATHO0022-3417病理学PATHOLOGY1医学1AM J SURG PA AMERICAN 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Physi1948-7185材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4化学4 J POROUS MAT JOURNAL OF POROU1380-2224材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 J SOC INF DI Journal of the S1071-0922材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 J SUPERHARD Journal of Super1063-4576材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 J WUHAN UNIV JOURNAL OF WUHAN1000-2413材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 JOM-US JOM-JOURNAL OF T1047-4838材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术3 KONA POWDER KONA Powder and 0288-4534材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 KOREAN J MET Korean Journal o1738-8228材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 KOVOVE MATER KOVOVE MATERIALY0023-432X材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 LASER ENG LASERS IN ENGINE0898-1507材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MACH SCI TEC MACHINING SCIENC1091-0344材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MAG CONCRETE MAGAZINE OF CONC0024-9831材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MAT SCI SEMI MATERIALS SCIENC1369-8001材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER CONSTR MATERIALES DE CO0465-2746材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER CORROS MATERIALS AND CO0947-5117材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER DESIGN MATERIALS & DESI0261-3069材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术3 MATER HIGH T MATERIALS AT HIG0960-3409材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER MANUF MATERIALS AND MA1042-6914材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER RES IN MATERIALS RESEAR1432-8917材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER RES-IB Materials Resear1516-1439材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER SCI TE MATERIALS SCIENC0267-0836材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER SCI+MATERIALS SCIENC1068-820X材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER SCI-ME Materials Scienc1392-1320材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER SCI-PO MATERIALS SCIENC0137-1339材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER STRUCT MATERIALS AND ST1359-5997材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER TECHNO MATERIALS TECHNO1066-7857材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER TEHNOL Materiali in Teh1580-2949材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER TRANS M ATERIALS TRANSA1345-9678材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATER WORLD M ATERIALS WORLD0967-8638材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATERIA-BRAZ Materia-Rio de J1517-7076材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATERIALWISS MATERIALWISSENSC0933-5137材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MATH MECH SO MATHEMATICS AND 1081-2865材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MET MATER IN METALS AND MATER1598-9623材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术3 METALL MATER METALLURGICAL AN1073-5615材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 METALLOFIZ N METALLOFIZIKA I 1024-1809材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MICRO NANO L Micro & Nano Let1750-0443材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4 MICROELECTRO MICROELECTRONICS1356-5362材料科学：综合MATERIALS SCIENC4工程技术4。

2010年公布最新JCR分区表_2

3.12 5.842 3.358 4.547 5.332 4.04 3.765 3.179 5.487 4.181 3.655 4.17 3.135 3.791 4.665 3.478 4.718 5.423 4.479 4.286 0 1.406 2.796 1.662 2.171 1.792 2.483 1.678 1.693 2.99 0 1.917 1.862 2.612 1.933 1.486 1.857 1.895 4.046 2.793 1.677 1.788 2.109 2.025 0 1.45 2.11 2.219
J MATER RES JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 0884-2914工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 1.667 J MICROMECH MICROENGMICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING JOURNAL OF 0960-1317工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 1.997 J NANOPART RES JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH 1388-0764工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 2.478 J NANOSCIJOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2 材料科学：综合 NANOTECHNO 1533-4880工程技术 1.435 J PHYS CHEM C Journal of Physical Chemistry C 1932-7447化学 2 材料科学：综合 4.224 J MECH PHYS SOLIDS THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS JOURNAL OF 0022-5096物理 2 材料科学：综合 3.317 LANGMUIR LANGMUIR 0743-7463化学 2 材料科学：综合 3.898 MATER CHEM PHYS MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 0254-0584工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 2.015 MATER LETTATERIALS LETTERS M 0167-577X工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 1.94 MECH MATERECHANICS OF MATERIALS M 0167-6636工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 2.206 MICROSC MICROANAL MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS 1431-9276工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 3.035 NANO RES Nano Research 1998-0124化学 2 材料科学：综合 4.37 NANOSCALENanoscale Research Letters RES LETT 1931-7573工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 2.894 PHOTONIC NANOSTRUCTand Nanostructures-Fundamentals 2 材料科学：综合 Photonics 1569-4410工程技术 and Applications 2.131 SCRIPTA MATER SCRIPTA MATERIALIA 1359-6462工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 2.949 SOFT MATEROFT MATERIALS 1539-445X工程技术 S 2 材料科学：综合 1.458 SOL ENERGSOLARSOL C MAT ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 0927-0248工程技术 2 材料科学：综合 3.858 SYNTHETICSYNTHETIC METALS 0379-6779工程技术 MET 2 材料科学：综合 1.901 IEEE T MED IMAGING IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 0278-0062医学 2 成像科学与照相技术 3.54 ISPRS J PHOTOGRAMM ISPRS JOURNAL OF 0924-2716工程技术 REMOTE SENSING PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND 2 成像科学与照相技术 2.308 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 0034-4257环境科学 2 成像科学与照相技术 3.612 AIDS REV AIDS REVIEWS 1139-6121医学 2 传染病学 3.786 CLIN MICROBIOL INFEC CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION 1198-743X医学 2 传染病学 4.014 CURR OPINCURRENT DIS INFECT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 0951-7375医学 2 传染病学 4.723 INFECT IMMUN INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 0019-9567医学 2 传染病学 4.205 JAIDS-J ACQ IMM DEF JAIDS-JOURNAL OF 1525-4135医学 ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY 传染病学 2 SYNDROMES 4.207 J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTHANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY JOURNAL OF 0305-7453医学 2 传染病学 4.352 J INFECT DIS JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 0022-1899医学 2 传染病学 5.865 TRANSBOUND EMERG DIS Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 1865-1674农林科学 2 传染病学 1.854 CHEM GEOLCHEMICAL GEOLOGY 0009-2541地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 3.407 ELEMENTS Elements 1811-5209地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 3.597 GEOCHEM TGEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 1467-4866地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 2.346 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS GEOCHEMISTRY 1525-2027地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 2.626 GEOPHYS JGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL INT 0956-540X地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 2.435 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING 0196-2892工程技术 2 地球化学与地球物理 2.234 LITHOS LITHOS 0024-4937地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 3.537 ORG GEOCHEM ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY 0146-6380地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 2.149 QUAT GEOCHRONOL Quaternary Geochronology 1871-1014地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 2.853 REV MINERAL GEOCHEM MINERALOGY & GEOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS IN 1529-6466地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 2.192 SURV GEOPHYS SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS 0169-3298地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 3.179 TECTONICSTECTONICS 0278-7407地学 2 地球化学与地球物理 3.287 AM J SCI AMERICAN JOURNAL 0002-9599地学 OF SCIENCE 2 地球科学综合 2.284 ANNU REV EARTH PL SC ANNUAL REVIEW OF 0084-6597地学天文 EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES 2 地球科学综合 7.581 BASIN RESBASIN RESEARCH 0950-091X地学 2 地球科学综合 2.161 BIOGEOSCIENCES Biogeosciences 1726-4170环境科学 2 地球科学综合 3.246 BOREAS BOREAS 0300-9483地学 2 地球科学综合 2.813 B VOLCANOLULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY B 0258-8900地学 2 地球科学综合 3.063 GEOL SOC AM BULL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN 0016-7606地学 2 地球科学综合 3.101 GEOMORPHOLOGY GEOMORPHOLOGY 0169-555X地学 2 地球科学综合 2.119 GEOPHYS RES LETT GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 0094-8276地学 2 地球科学综合 3.204 GEOSTAND GEOANAL RES AND 1639-4488地学 RESEARCH 2 地球科学综合 2.061 GEOSTANDARDS GEOANALYTICAL GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 0886-6236环境科学 2 地球科学综合 4.294 GONDWANA RES GONDWANA RESEARCH 1342-937X地学 2 地球科学综合 4.605 HOLOCENE HOLOCENE 0959-6836地学 2 地球科学综合 2.481

Toxic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on mortality, growth,

Toxicology237(2007)126–133Toxic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on mortality,growth, reproduction and stress-related gene expression inthe soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegansJi-Yeon Roh,In-Ho Jung,Jai-Young Lee,Jinhee Choi∗Faculty of Environmental Engineering,College of Urban Science,University of Seoul,90Jeonnong-dong,Dongdaemun-gu,Seoul130-743,Republic of KoreaReceived16March2007;received in revised form19April2007;accepted2May2007Available online18May2007AbstractIn this study,di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)toxicities to Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated using multiple toxic endpoints,such as mortality,growth,reproduction and stress-related gene expression,focusing on the identiﬁcation of chemical-induced gene expression as a sensitive biomarker for DEHP monitoring.The possible use of C.elegans as a sentinel organism in the monitoring of soil ecosystem health was also tested by conducting the experiment on the exposure of nematode toﬁeld soil. Twenty-four-hour median lethal concentration(LC50)data suggest that DEHP has a relatively high potential of acute toxicity to C. elegans.Decreases in body length and egg number per worm observed after24h of DEHP exposure may induce long-term alteration in the growth and reproduction of the nematode population.Based on the result from the C.elegans genome array and indicated in the literatures,stress proteins,metallothionein,vitellogenin,xenobiotic metabolism enzymes,apoptosis-related proteins,and antioxidant enzyme genes were selected as stress-related genes and their expression in C.elegans by DEHP exposure was analyzed semi-quantitatively.Expression of heat shock protein(hsp)-16.1and hsp-16.2genes was decreased by DEHP exposure.Expression of cytochrome P450(cyp)35a2and glutathione-S-transferease(gst)-4,phase I and phase II of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, was increased by DEHP exposure in a concentration-dependent manner.An increase in stress-related gene expressions occurred concomitantly with the deterioration on the physiological level,which suggests an increase in expression of those genes may not be considered as a homeostatic response but as a toxicity that might have physiological consequences.The experiment with the soil from the landﬁll site suggests that the potential of the C.elegans biomarker identiﬁed in laboratory conditions should be calibrated and validated for its use in situ.©2007Elsevier Ireland Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Caenorhabditis elegans;Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate;Stress-related gene expression;Ecotoxicity monitoring1.IntroductionDi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)is widely used in ﬂexible polyvinyl chloride(PVC)as a plasticizer to∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+82222105622;fax:+82222442245.E-mail address:jinhchoi@uos.ac.kr(J.Choi).soften plastic materials.Owing to its utility and cost effectiveness,DEHP has been used in a broad range of applications,such as wires and cables,ﬂoor tiles,garden hoses,containers,footwear and clothing(De Jonge et al., 2002;Chao and Cheng,2007).Due to the widespread use of DEHP,it is ubiquitous in the environment and many environmental species are thus exposed to vari-ous levels of DEHP in their natural habitat.At present,0300-483X/$–see front matter©2007Elsevier Ireland Ltd.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.008J.-Y.Roh et al./Toxicology237(2007)126–133127hazard or risk assessments of DEHP conducted by inter-national authorities are available(WHO,1992;EPA, 1999;EU,2001;ATDSR,2002),some of which include an assessment of the ecological risk of DEHP to aquatic life.However,few studies have been performed on the ecotoxicity of soil organism.Caenorhabditis elegans,a free-living nematode that lives mainly in the liquid phase of soils,is theﬁrst multicellular organism to have its genome completely sequenced.The genome showed an unexpectedly high level of conservation with the vertebrate genome,which makes C.elegans an ideal system for biological studies, such as those in genetics,molecular biology and devel-opment biology(Brenner,1974;Bettinger et al.,2004; Leacock and Reinke,2006;Schafer,2006;Schroeder, 2006).C.elegans is also a good animal model for the study of ecotoxicology.Due to its abundance in soil ecosystems,its convenient handling in the labora-tory,and its sensitivity to different kinds of stresses, C.elegans is frequently used in ecotoxicological stud-ies utilizing various exposure media,including soil and water(Peredney and Williams,2000;Willams et al., 2000;Boyd and Williams,2003a).The range of C.ele-gans studies in ecotoxicology focuses on organism-level endpoints,such as mortality,behavior,growth or repro-duction.However,using these classical test endpoints, it is difﬁcult toﬁnd signiﬁcant effects.Therefore,more speciﬁc and sensitive systems than classical ecotoxico-logical tests are needed.In this study,to identify a suitable tool to develop a screening system for ecotoxicity monitoring,DEHP toxicities to C.elegans were investigated using multiple toxic endpoints,such as mortality,growth,reproduc-tion and stress-related gene expression,focusing on the identiﬁcation of chemical-induced gene expression as a sensitive biomarker for DEHP toxicity.C.elegans whole genome microarray was conducted for screen-ing the differentially expressed gene list by DEHP exposure.Tested stress-related genes were selected according to the results of microarray data and liter-ature.Alteration on stress-related gene expression by DEHP exposure was examined in a semi-quantitative manner.The response of greenﬂuorescent protein (gfp)transgenic nematode,incorporated full-length heat shock protein(hsp)-16.2and hsp-16.48genes to DEHP exposure was also examined to test a possibility of transgenic worm as a biosensor of environmen-tal monitoring.Additionally,in situ application of C. elegans toxicity indicator was investigated on the nema-todes exposed to soil from landﬁll sites,using the same endpoints applied for the exposure of laboratory condition.2.Materials and methodsanismsThe wild-type C.elegans Bristol strain N2was used in this study.C.elegans were maintained on nematode growth medium(NGM)plates seeded with Escherichia coli strain OP50,at20◦C,using the standard method previously described by Brenner(1974).Young adults(3days old)from an age-synchronized culture were used in all the experiments.Worms were incubated at20◦C for24h without a food source,and were then subjected to the analysis.2.2.Sample preparationFour types of endpoints(mortality,growth,reproduction, and stress-related gene expression)were assessed for exposure to DEHP.Pure analytical-grade DEHP(Sigma–Aldrich Chem-ical,St.Louis,MO,USA)was used in the experiment and it was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO,Sigma–Aldrich Chemical).Nematodes were exposed to DEHP prepared in a K-medium(0.032M KCl,0.051M NaCl)(Williams and Dusenbery,1990).Three replicates for each concentration and a control were conducted for all the test types.The DEHP concentrations in a K-medium were nominal values.Soil toxicity testing with C.elegans was performed as described in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM,2001).Brieﬂy,for each sample,2.33g of soil as loaded in to a35mm×10mm petridish.The moisture was adjusted to35%(dry weight)using K-medium,worms were added and were incubated at20◦C for24h without a food source.The worms were then recovered with centrifugation/ﬂotation using Ludox(Sigma–Aldrich).Three replicates were conducted for all the test types.2.3.Lethal toxicity testsEach test consisted of four concentrations and a control,in which10±1of young C.elegans adults were transferred onto 24-well tissue culture plates containing1ml of the test solution for each of theﬁve wells.The worms were exposed for24h at20◦C.After the24h,the numbers of live and dead worms were determined through visual inspection and by probing the worms with a platinum wire under a dissecting microscope.2.4.Measurement of growth and reproductionFollowing the24h incubation with exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of DEHP,growth and reproduction were assessed.Growth was assessed by measuring the length of the worms that had been killed by the heat through microscopy, with a scaled lens in each sample.The average length of the unexposed control worm was in the range of1.0–1.2mm. Reproduction was assessed by counting the eggs of each worm through the microscopic inspection of the transparent C.ele-gans body in each sample.Although this procedure differs from128J.-Y.Roh et al./Toxicology237(2007)126–133more commonly used reproduction tests of offspring counting from an age-synchronized single worm,this simple detection method seems appropriate for the rapid screening of the repro-duction effect(Roh et al.,2006).The average number of eggs per worm in the unexposed controls was in the range of10–25. One hundred worms were examined per treatment for growth and reproduction experiments.2.5.RNA extractionFollowing the24h incubation with exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of DEHP,nematodes were harvested for the preparation of RNA.Total RNA was prepared by phenol–chloroform extraction,according to the manufacturer’s standard protocol.RNA concentrations were determined by the absorbance at260nm.The quality of total RNA was estimated based on the ratio of the optical densities from RNA samples measured at260and280nm.2.6.Microarray analysisFive micrograms of the total RNA extracted from nema-todes exposed to DEHP and the control was used for reverse and in vitro transcription followed by application to a GeneChip®C.elegans Genome Array(Affymetrix,Santa Clara,CA, USA),which contains22,500probe sets against22,150unique C.elegans transcripts.The arrays were scanned with the GeneChip scanner3000(Affymetrix),controlled by GeneChip Operating Software(GCOS,Affymetrix).2.7.Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactionThe two-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reac-tion(RT-PCR)method was used with RT Premix(Bioneer Co., Seoul,Korea)and PCR Premix kits(Bioneer Co.),using a PTC-100thermal cycler(MJ Research,Lincoln,MA,USA). The primers were designed on the basis of the sequences retrieved from the C.elegans database(). Actin mRNA was used for expression-level normalization of the studied genes.The PCR products were separated through electrophoresis on1.5%agarose gel(Promega,Madison,WI, USA)and were visualized with ethidium bromide(Bioneer Co.).All the tests were replicated at least three times,and the relative densities of each band were determined with the use of a Kodak EDAS290image analyzer(Kodak,Rochester,NY, USA),with a TFX-20.M UV transilluminator(Vilber Lourmat, Marne la Vallee,France).2.8.Detection of greenﬂuorescence protein transgenic C. elegansThe transgenic strains(hsp-16.2::gfp and hsp-16.48::gfp)of C.elegans were developed as previously described by Hong et al.(2004).Transgenic C.elegans were incubated for24h with 2mg/l of DEHP,as well as,with soil from landﬁll sites,and the ﬂuorescence signal was examined from20independent trans-genic worms per treatment.Fluorescence was observed using a Leica DM IRB microscope(Leica,Wetzlar,Germany),and the image was taken using a Leica DC300FX camera(Leica). Levamisole(Sigma–Aldrich Chemical)treatment(2mM)was used to take pictures of the live worms.2.9.Analysis of DEHP from soil of Korean landﬁll sitesSoil was collected from Korean landﬁll sites,namely Jeonju (J),Gwangju(G)and Mokpo(M).Reference soil(R)was sampled from the clean area.Soil samples were dried in the air at room temperature.DEHP was extracted using the Pres-surized Solvent Extraction(SPE)method and was analyzed using6890Gas Chromatography–5973N Mass Spectroscopy systems(Agilent,Santa Clara,CA,USA).2.10.Data analysisMedian lethal concentration(LC50)were derived through Probits analysis.The statistical differences between the con-trol and treated worms were determined with the aid of the parametric t-test.3.ResultsAcute toxicity of DEHP on C.elegans was investigated using mortality as endpoint(Table1). Twenty-four-hour LC50of DEHP in C.elegans was estimated as22.55mg/l.Based on the results of the acute toxicity test,three concentrations corresponding to 1/1000,1/100,and1/10of the24h LC50were selected for laboratory sublethal exposure conditions,that is, 0.02,0.2and2mg/l.The changes in the worms’body lengths and in the number of eggs per worm were investigated as a growth and a reproduction indicator,respectively(Fig.1).The worms,which had been exposed to0.02and0.2mg/l of DEHP,showed a decrease in their body length,as well as,in the number of eggs per worm.Suitability of the DNA microarray technique for the ecotoxicological approach was investigated in C. elegans exposed to0.2mg/l of DEHP.DEHP-induced genes expression was screened using C.elegans Genome Arrays.Major up-and down-regulated known genes by Table1Estimation of24h LC10,LC50and LC90of DEHP in C.elegans24-h LC(mg/l)Interval of conﬁdence(95%) LC10 3.6500.016<LC10<11.33LC5022.55 4.200<LC50<56.63LC90139.455.75<LC90<5611LC means lethal concentration.J.-Y.Roh et al./Toxicology237(2007)126–133129Fig.1.Growth and reproduction indicators examined in the young adult of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to DEHP for24h.Growth was assessed by measuring the length of the worms that had been killed by the heat through microscopy,with a scaled lens in each sample.Reproduction was assessed by counting the eggs of each worm through the microscopic inspection of the transparent C.elegans body in each sample.DEHP exposure in C.elegans were shown in Table2.For stress-related gene expression proﬁling analysis,based on the result from the microarray and what is found in the literature,we investigated alteration on the gene expression of heat shock proteins(hsp-16.1,hsp-16.2, hsp-16.48,hsp-70),metallothioneins(mt-1,mt-2),vitel-logenins(vit-2,vit-6),xenobiotic metabolism enzymes (cyp35a2,gst-4),tumor suppressor and apoptosis pro-teins(cep-1,ape-1),and antioxidant enzymes(sod-1, ctl-2)in C.elegans by DEHP exposure.The stress-related gene expression proﬁle was inves-tigated in the young C.elegans adults exposed to DEHP for24h(Fig.2).Expression of hsp-16.1and hsp-16.2decreased at0.02and0.2mg/l of DEHP expo-sure.Expression of mt-2increased at DEHP-treated C.elegans.However,due to high data variation,sta-tistical signiﬁcance was not observed.Expression of cyp35a2and gst-4,phase I and phase II of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes,was increased by DEHP expo-sure in a concentration-dependent manner.Expression of genes related to vitellogenes,apoptosis,or antioxidant enzymes was not changed by DEHP exposure.As shown in Fig.3,the hsp-16.2and hsp-16.48 gene expression levels were assayed using gfp-basedTable2Screening of DEHP induced gene expression using C.elegans whole genome microarrayUp-regulated genes Down-regulated genesWormbase no.Sequence description Flod change Wormbase no.Sequence description Flod change K02D7.3Cuticular collagen17Y71D11A.5Ion channel protein0.03C39E9.3Collagen 6.4W03G1.7Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase0.03R08F11.7Peroxidase 6.2F36D3.9Cysteine protease0.07B0365.6C-type lectin domain 5.8C06A8.9Glutamate receptor0.07CEC2033Major sperm protein 5.0F21F8.2Protease0.08K08E7.9Multidrug resistance protein 4.2C58111GTP-binding protein0.08C33A12.6UDP-glucuronysltransferase 3.6C52B9.9AMP-binding protein0.1K09F5.2vit-1 3.0C37H5.1Annexin0.13F09G2.3Permease 2.9C08H9.1Serine carboxypeptidase0.15T11F9.3Zinc metalloprotease 2.9T07G12.1Calmodulin0.16F34H10.1Ubiquitin/ribosomal protein 2.7K08C7.5Flavin-containing monoxygenase0.16C03G6.15Cytochrome P450 2.7F53B7.2G-protein coupled receptor0.18F28A12.4Peptidase 2.6F48E3.7Acetylcholine receptor0.18F22D6.10Collagen 2.6Y46H3A.3Heat shock protein0.19ZK1248.17Major sperm protein 2.6C42C1.2Protein phosphatase0.19F08A8.3Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 2.5E02H9.5Glycosyl hydrolase0.23R07B1.3Membrane glycoprotein 2.5T27E4.8Heat shock protein HSP16-10.28W06D12.3Fatty acid desaturase 2.4T27E4.9Heat shock protein0.3K08B4.3Glucuronosyltransferase 2.4K03A1.4Calmodulin calcium-binding sites0.31F44G3.2Arginine kinase 2.4AU113943Carbonic anhydrase0.31130J.-Y.Roh et al./Toxicology 237(2007)126–133Fig.2.Stress-related gene expression proﬁling in the young adult of C.elegans exposed to DEHP for 24h.Stress related gene mRNA was ampliﬁed by RT-PCR method using the primers designed on the basis of the sequences retrieved from the C.elegans database ( ).Actin mRNA was used for expression-level normalization of the studied genes.The PCR products were separated through electrophoresis on 1.5%agarose gel and were visualized with ethidium bromide.All the tests were replicated at least threetimes.Fig.3.Response of hsp-16.2::gfp and hsp-16.48::gfp transgenic C.elegans exposed to DEHP for 24h.Transgenic C.elegans were incubated for 24h with 2mg/l of DEHP and the ﬂuorescence signal was examined from 20independent transgenic worms per treatment.Fluorescence was observed using a Leica DM IRB microscope,and the image was taken using a Leica DC 300FX camera.reporter transgenic nematodes.Transgenic nematodes were exposed to 2mg/l of DEHP and the ﬂuorescence signals from both gfp transgenic lines increased after DEHP exposure.The response of hsp-16.48::gfp,how-ever,was greater than that of hsp-16.2::gfp.Concomitantly with bioassay using C.elegans ,the analysis of DEHP was conducted on three Korean landﬁll sites (Table 3).The contamination levels of DEHP in soil from landﬁll sites were between 6and 20mg/kg soil.DEHP was not detected in the soil from the referencesite.Fig.4.Mortality,growth and reproduction indicators (A),stress-related gene expression proﬁling measured in the young adult of C.elegans exposed for 24h to DEHP contaminated soil from Korean landﬁll sites (B).Response of hsp-16.2::gfp and hsp-16.48::gfp transgenic C.elegans exposed for 24h to DEHP contaminated soil from Korean landﬁll sites (C).The soils were named as R,G,M,J (R:reference site soil,G:Gwangju landﬁll soil,M:Mokpo landﬁll soil,J:Jeonju landﬁll soil).J.-Y.Roh et al./Toxicology237(2007)126–133131Table3Analysis of DEHP on soil from Korean landﬁll sites(number=3; mean±standard error of the mean)R a G b M c J dDEHP(mg/kg)ND e 6.27±0.6520.05±1.3410.73±1.37a R:Reference soil site.b G:Gwangju landﬁll site.c M:Mokpo landﬁll site.d J:Jeonju landﬁll sites.e ND:non detected.Fig.4shows the response of C.elegans on mortal-ity,growth,reproduction,stress-related gene expression and the response of transgenic C.elegans exposed to soil from Korean landﬁll sites for24h.Increase in mortality occurred in the most severe extent(about30%)in soil from the M landﬁll site,which showed the highest DEHP contaminated level among the three sites(20mg/kg). Growth parameters did not change in the worm exposed to soil from the landﬁll site.The number of eggs per worm slightly increased in the nematode that had been exposed to soil from the J landﬁll site.Differently from that in Fig.2,worms that had been exposed to soil from landﬁll sites did not show any statistically signiﬁcant change in studied stress-related gene expression.Theﬂu-orescence signals from both gfp transgenic lines slightly increased in transgenic nematode exposed to soil from the landﬁll site.4.DiscussionsC.elegans is an attractive animal model for the study of the ecotoxicological relevance of chemical-induced molecular-level responses(Menzel et al.,2005;Reichert and Menzel,2005).In this study,the utility of molecu-lar parameters,such as stress-related gene expression, as biomarkers in C.elegans were investigated to iden-tify speciﬁc and sensitive tools to develop a screening system for ecotoxicity monitoring.And the possible use of C.elegans as a sentinel organism in the monitoring of soil ecosystem health was also tested by conduct-ing the experiment on the exposure of nematode toﬁeld soil.Although DEHP is a widely used environmental compound,little study has been performed on its eco-toxicological properties.Twenty-four-hour LC50data (Table1)suggest that DEHP has a relatively higher potential of acute toxicity to C.elegans than previ-ously studied metals have(Roh et al.,2006).Mortality is a reliable ecotoxicological endpoint.However,such a high level of exposure hardly occurred in the real environment.More sensitive indicators,physiological-level alterations,such as growth,reproduction,feeding, movement,or behavior,have been used as endpoints for chemical-induced toxicity testing in C.elegans(Dhawan et al.,2000;Anderson et al.,2001,2004;Kohra et al., 2002;Tominaga et al.,2003).The effects of xenobiotics on the growth and reproduction of the test organisms are broadly accepted test parameters,and were found to be more sensitive indicators of toxicity than lethality,as also shown in this study(Fig.1).The decreases in body length and egg number per worm observed after24h of DEHP exposure may induce alteration in the growth and reproduction of the nematode population in the long term.However,due to the low concentration of xenobi-otics in the environment,it is hard toﬁnd a correlation between the occurrence of contaminants and a physio-logical effect of a test organism in the environment,even when using reliable ecotoxicological endpoints,such as,growth or reproduction,which emphasizes the need for understanding the sublethal effects at the biochem-ical and molecular levels where the toxicant-induced responses are initiated.The effect of DEHP to the C.elegans whole genome gene expression was ing concentra-tion corresponding to the1/100of LC50value,which was0.2mg/l of DEHP,it was possible to show that a strong and differential gene induction or repression was detectable in response to DEHP exposure;they were cyp superfamily,hsp,vit,multidrug-resistance protein, etc.(Table2).In case of some genes,such as C-type lectin,collagene,and major sperm protein genes,it is unclear what physiological meaning the over-expression has.Stress-related genes were selected from the array results and previously reported literature.Expression of selected stress-related genes to DEHP exposure was investigated at three different sublethal concentrations, using the semi-quantitative RT-PCR method.It is obvi-ous that members of the cyp family,gst,hsp,and vit genes should be included in a selection of stress-related genes.Among the group of genes,which encode proteins belonging to different metabolic pathways,the met-allothionein,apoptosis,and antioxidant enzyme genes were also included in the stress-related gene selection. As screened in the microarray result,the expression of hsp-16.1and hsp-16.2genes was decreased by DEHP exposure.DEHP exposure led to increases in the expres-sion of some stress-related genes tested,including mt-2, cyp35a2and gst-4.In particular,it has been reported that almost all cyp35forms in C.elegans are moder-ately or strongly inducible by different xenobiotics in a cyp450gene-expression screening experiment(Menzel et al.,2001,2005).Increase in stress-related gene expres-sions occurred concomitantly with this deterioration on132J.-Y.Roh et al./Toxicology237(2007)126–133the physiological level,which suggests that the increase in the expression of those genes may not be considered as a homeostatic response but as toxicity that might lead to physiological consequences(Figs.1and2).C.elegans also offers the advantage of transgenetic approaches,which may allow the development of a sensi-tive biosensor for environmental monitoring(Stringham and Candido,1994;Jones et al.,1996;Chu et al.,2005). In our previous study(Roh et al.,2006),gfp trans-genic nematode,incorporated full-length hsp-16.2and hsp-16.48genes were developed,since hsps are thought to play roles in various stress conditions.As shown in their response to the exposure to four metals(Roh et al.,2006),semi-quantitatively assayed using gfp-based reporter hsp-16.2and hsp-16.48transgenic nematodes were not very sensitive towards DEHP exposure.Even though,transgenic nematode seems to have a consider-able potential as a biosensor for toxicity monitoring,to develop a sensitive biosensor using transgenic C.ele-gans,the responses of a broad range of stress-related gene promoters to various classes of chemicals should be screened and validated with environmentally relevant low-concentration samples.Bioassay methods for soil toxicity monitoring have also been developed and frequently used in C.ele-gans(Peredney and Williams,2000;Boyd and Williams, 2003b).As a soil-dwelling organism,C.elegans has a potential as a bioindicator for the detection of soil con-tamination because of its abundance in soil ecosystems and its sensitivity to different kinds of stresses,which was tested in this study using the same endpoints used for laboratory K-media exposure condition(Fig.4).Increase in egg number per worm in the nematode exposed to soil from landﬁll sites suggests a mixture of contaminants, including DEHP,might have a stimulatory effect on the reproduction of the nematode.Expression of stress-related genes did not affect C.elegans exposed to soil from the landﬁll site,which were different from the response of nematodes exposed to DEHP prepared in K-media in laboratory conditions.The common feature of responses to DEHP of C.elegans between labora-tory andﬁeld conditions was the increase in gst-4gene expression.But,as gst is known to use a broad range of substrates,it is difﬁcult to consider it as to DEHP-speciﬁc biomarker.Increase inﬂuorescence signal of hsp-16.2::gfp and hsp-16.48::gfp transgenic nematodes might be interpreted as a response of heat-shock protein upon exposure to mixture contaminants.The experiment with the soil from the landﬁll site suggests that the poten-tial of the C.elegans biomarker identiﬁed in laboratory conditions should be calibrated and validated for their use in situ.The data obtained from this study can comprise an important contribution to the knowledge of the toxi-cology of DEHP in C.elegans,about which little data are available.A link or correlation between a vali-dated toxicity endpoint(e.g.,growth and reproduction) and upstream-induced gene expression is interest-ing,particularly for ecotoxicological purposes.Direct experimental demonstrations of the wider relationships between molecular-/biochemical level effects and their subsequent consequences at higher levels of biologi-cal organization are needed in order to establish causal relationships.The characterization of the causal rela-tionships between the molecular level responses and the effects at higher biological levels will help to deﬁne the sublethal hazards of chemicals in C.elegans. AcknowledgementThis work was accomplished through the generous support of the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government(MOEHRD)(Grant No. KRF-2005-204-D00009).Appendix A.Supplementary dataSupplementary data associated with this arti-cle can be found,in the online version,at doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.008.ReferencesAnderson,G.L.,Boyd,W.A.,Williams,P.L.,2001.Assessment of sublethal endpoints for toxicity testing with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.Environ.Toxicol.Chem.20,833–838. Anderson,G.L.,Cole,R.D.,Williams,P.L.,2004.Assessing behav-ioral toxicity with Caenorhabditis elegnas.Environ.Toxicol.Chem.23,1235–1240.ASTM,2001.Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxi-city Test with the Nematocde Caenorhabditis elegans.E2172-01.American Society for Testing and Materials,West Conshohocken, PA.ATDSR,2002.Toxicological Proﬁle for Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP).Department of Health and Human Services,Public Health Service,Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta.Bettinger,J.C.,Carnell,L.,Davies,A.G.,McIntire,S.L.,2004.The use of Caenorhabditis elegans in molecular neuropharmacology.Int.Rev.Neurobiol.62,195–212.Boyd,W.A.,Williams,P.L.,2003a.Availability of metals to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans:toxicity based on total concen-trations in soil and extracted fractions.Environ.Toxicol.Chem.22,1100–1106.Boyd,W.A.,Williams,P.L.,parison of the sensitivity of three nematode species to cooper and their utility in aquatic and soil toxicity tests.Environ.Toxicol.Chem.22,2768–2774.。

2012年公布最新JCR分区表(sci分区,影响因子,引频次)

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Science and Technology of Energetic Materials 1347-9466 SCI TECHNOL WELD JOI SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WELDING AND JOINING1362-1718 SEMICOND SCI TECH SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY0268-1242 SENSOR MATER SENSORS AND MATERIALS0914-4935 SOLDER SURF MT TECH SOLDERING & SURFACE MOUNT TECHNOLOGY0954-0911 T FAMENA Transactions of FAMENA 1333-1124 VACUUM VACUUM0042-207X ZKG INT ZKG INTERNATIONAL0949-0205 SIAM J IMAGING SCI SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences1936-4954 IEEE T MED IMAGING IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING0278-0062 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT0034-4257 INT J REMOTE SENS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING0143-1161 ISPRS J PHOTOGRAMM ISPRS JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSI0924-2716 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING0099-1112 PHOTOGRAMM REC PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECORD0031-868X EURASIP J IMAGE VIDE EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing1687-5176 IEEE J-STARS IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth1939-1404 IMAGING SCI J IMAGING SCIENCE JOURNAL1368-2199 INT J IMAG SYST TECH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TEC0899-9457 J APPL REMOTE SENS Journal of Applied Remote Sensing1931-3195 J ELECTRON IMAGING JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING1017-9909 J IMAGING SCI TECHN JOURNAL OF IMAGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY1062-3701 J REAL-TIME IMAGE PR Journal of Real-Time Image Processing1861-8200 PHOTOGRAMM FERNERKUN Photogrammetrie Fernerkundung Geoinformation1432-8364 RIV ITAL TELERILEVAM Rivista Italiana di Telerilevamento1129-8596 SIGNAL IMAGE VIDEO P Signal Image and Video Processing1863-1703 SMPTE MOTION IMAG J SMPTE MOTION IMAGING JOURNAL0036-1682 ANN FAM MED ANNALS OF FAMILY MEDICINE1544-1709 BRIT J GEN PRACT BRITISH JOURNAL OF GENERAL PRACTICE0960-1643 J AM BOARD FAM MED Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine1557-2625 SCAND J PRIM HEALTH SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE0281-3432 AM FAM PHYSICIAN AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN0002-838X。

BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS TEST(细菌内毒素检验)USP40

ment can be a serious source of bias. In general, the rejection of measurements solely on the basis of their relative magnitudesis a procedure that should be used sparingly.Each suspected potency measurement, or outlier, may be tested against the following criterion. This criterion is based on the variation within a single group of supposedly equivalent measurements from a normal distribution. On average, it will reject a valid observation once in 25 trials or once in 50 trials. Designate the measurements in order of magnitude from y1to yN, wherey1is the candidate outlier, and N is the number of measurements in the group. Compute the relative gap by using Table A2-1, Test for Outlier Measurements, and the formulas below:When N = 3 to 7:G1= (y2− y1)/(yN− y1)When N = 8 to 10:G2= (y2− y1)/(yN − 1− y1)When N = 11 to 13:G3= (y3− y1)/(yN −1− y1)If G1, G2, or G3, as appropriate, exceeds the critical value in Table A2-1, Test for Outlier Measurements, for the observed N, there is a statistical basis for omitting the outlier measurement(s).Table A2-1. Test for Outlier MeasurementsIn samples from a normal population, gaps equal to or larger than the following values of G1, G2, and G3 occur with a probability P = 0.01, when outlier measurements can occur only at one end; or with P = 0.02, when they may occur at either end.N34567G10.9870.8890.7810.6980.637N8910G20.6810.6340.597N111213G30.6740.6430.617EXAMPLEEstimated potencies of sample in log scale = 1.561, 1.444, 1.517, 1.535.Check lowest potency for outlier:G1= (1.517 − 1.444)/(1.561 − 1.444) = 0.624<0.889Therefore 1.444 is not an outlier.Check highest potency for outlier:G1= (1.561 − 1.535)/(1.561 − 1.444) = 0.222<0.889Therefore 1.561 is not an outlier.Outlier potencies should be marked as outlier values and excluded from the assay calculations. NMT one potency can be excluded as an outlier.á85ñ BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS TEST♦Portions of this general chapter have been harmonized with the corresponding texts of the European Pharmacopoeia and/or the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. Those portions that are not harmonized are marked with symbols (♦♦) to specify this fact.♦The Bacterial Endotoxins Test (BET) is a test to detect or quantify endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria using amoebo-cyte lysate from the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus or Tachypleus tridentatus).There are three techniques for this test: the gel-clot technique, which is based on gel formation; the turbidimetric technique, based on the development of turbidity after cleavage of an endogenous substrate; and the chromogenic technique, based on the development of color after cleavage of a synthetic peptide-chromogen complex. Proceed by any of the three techniques for the test. In the event of doubt or dispute, the final decision is made based upon the gel-clot limit test unless otherwise USP 40Biological Tests / á85ñ Bacterial Endotoxins Test 163indicated in the monograph for the product being tested. The test is carried out in a manner that avoids endotoxin contami-nation.APPARATUSDepyrogenate all glassware and other heat-stable materials in a hot air oven using a validated process.♦1♦ A commonly used minimum time and temperature is 30 min at 250°. If employing plastic apparatus, such as microplates and pipet tips for auto-matic pipetters, use apparatus that is shown to be free of detectable endotoxin and does not interfere in the test. [NOTE —In this chapter, the term “tube” includes any other receptacle such as a microtiter well.]REAGENTS AND TEST SOLUTIONSAmoebocyte LysateA lyophilized product obtained from the lysate of amoebocytes (white blood cells) from the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphe-mus or Tachypleus tridentatus ). This reagent refers only to a product manufactured in accordance with the regulations of the competent authority. [NOTE —Amoebocyte Lysate reacts to some b -glucans in addition to endotoxins. Amoebocyte Lysate prepa-rations that do not react to glucans are available: they are prepared by removing the G factor reacting to glucans from Amoe-bocyte Lysate or by inhibiting the G factor reacting system of Amoebocyte Lysate and may be used for endotoxin testing in the presence of glucans.]Water for Bacterial Endotoxins Test (BET)Use Water for Injection or water produced by other procedures that shows no reaction with the lysate employed, at the de-tection limit of the reagent.Lysate TSDissolve Amoebocyte Lysate in Water for BET , or in a buffer recommended by the lysate manufacturer, by gentle stirring.Store the reconstituted lysate, refrigerated or frozen, according to the specifications of the manufacturer.PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONSStandard Endotoxin Stock SolutionA Standard Endotoxin Stock Solution is prepared from a USP Endotoxin Reference Standard that has been calibrated to the current WHO International Standard for Endotoxin. Follow the specifications in the package leaflet and on the label for prepa-ration and storage of the Standard Endotoxin Stock Solution . Endotoxin is expressed in Endotoxin Units (EU). [N OTE —One USP Endotoxin Unit (EU) is equal to one International Unit (IU) of endotoxin.]Standard Endotoxin SolutionsAfter mixing the Standard Endotoxin Stock Solution vigorously, prepare appropriate serial dilutions of Standard Endotoxin Solu-tion , using Water for BET . Use dilutions as soon as possible to avoid loss of activity by adsorption.Sample SolutionsPrepare the Sample Solutions by dissolving or diluting drugs using Water for BET . Some substances or preparations may be more appropriately dissolved, or diluted in other aqueous solutions. If necessary, adjust the pH of the solution to be examined (or dilution thereof) so that the pH of the mixture of the lysate and Sample Solution falls within the pH range specified by the lysate manufacturer, usually 6.0–8.0. The pH may be adjusted by use of an acid, base, or suitable buffer as recommended by the lysate manufacturer. Acids and bases may be prepared from concentrates or solids with Water for BET in containers free of detectable endotoxin. Buffers must be validated to be free of detectable endotoxin and interfering factors.♦1 For a validity test of the procedure for inactivating endotoxins, see Dry-Heat Sterilization under Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles á1211ñ.Use Lysate TS having a sensitivity of not less than 0.15 Endotoxin Unit per mL.♦164 á85ñ Bacterial Endotoxins Test / Biological Tests USP 40DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM VALID DILUTION (MVD)The maximum valid dilution is the maximum allowable dilution of a specimen at which the endotoxin limit can be deter-mined. Determine the MVD from the following equation:MVD = (endotoxin limit × concentration of Sample Solution)/(l)Endotoxin LimitThe endotoxin limit for parenteral drugs, defined on the basis of dose, equals K/M♦2♦, where K is a threshold pyrogenic dose of endotoxin per kg of body weight, and M is equal to the maximum recommended bolus dose of product per kg of body weight. When the product is to be injected at frequent intervals or infused continuously, M is the maximum total dose admin-istered in a single hour period. The endotoxin limit for parenteral drugs is specified in the individual monograph in units such as EU/mL, EU/mg, EU/Unit of biological activity, etc.Concentration of Sample Solutionmg/mL: in the case of endotoxin limit specified by weight (EU/mg);Units/mL: in the case of endotoxin limit specified by unit of biological activity (EU/Unit);mL/mL: when the endotoxin limit is specified by volume (EU/mL).l: the labeled sensitivity in the Gel-Clot Technique (EU/mL) or the lowest concentration used in the standard curve for the Turbidimetric Technique or Chromogenic Technique.GEL-CLOT TECHNIQUEThe gel-clot technique is used for detecting or quantifying endotoxins based on clotting of the lysate reagent in the pres-ence of endotoxin. The minimum concentration of endotoxin required to cause the lysate to clot under standard conditions is the labeled sensitivity of the lysate reagent. To ensure both the precision and validity of the test, perform the tests for confirm-ing the labeled lysate sensitivity and for interfering factors as described in Preparatory Testing, immediately below.Preparatory TestingTEST FOR CONFIRMATION OF LABELED LYSATE SENSITIVITYConfirm in four replicates the labeled sensitivity, l, expressed in EU/mL of the lysate prior to use in the test. The test for confirmation of lysate sensitivity is to be carried out when a new batch of lysate is used or when there is any change in the test conditions that may affect the outcome of the test. Prepare standard solutions having at least four concentrations equivalent to 2l, l, 0.5l, and 0.25l by diluting the USP Endotoxin RS with Water for BET.Mix a volume of the Lysate TS with an equal volume (such as 0.1-mL aliquots) of one of the Standard Endotoxin Solutions in each test tube. When single test vials or ampuls containing lyophilized lysate are used, add solutions directly to the vial or am-pul. Incubate the reaction mixture for a constant period according to the directions of the lysate manufacturer (usually at37±1° for 60±2 min), avoiding vibration. To test the integrity of the gel, take each tube in turn directly from the incubator, and invert it through about 180° in one smooth motion. If a firm gel has formed that remains in place upon inversion, record the result as positive. A result is negative if an intact gel is not formed. The test is considered valid when the lowest concentra-tion of the standard solutions shows a negative result in all replicate tests.The endpoint is the smallest concentration in the series of decreasing concentrations of standard endotoxin that clots the lysate. Determine the geometric mean endpoint by calculating the mean of the logarithms of the endpoint concentrations of the four replicate series and then taking the antilogarithm of the mean value, as indicated in the following formula:geometric mean endpoint concentration = antilog (S e/f)where S e is the sum of the log endpoint concentrations of the dilution series used, and f is the number of replicate test tubes. The geometric mean endpoint concentration is the measured sensitivity of the lysate (in EU/mL). If this is not less than 0.5l and not more than 2l, the labeled sensitivity is confirmed and is used in tests performed with this lysate.♦2K is 5 USP-EU/kg of body weight for any route of administration other than intrathecal (for which K is 0.2 USP-EU/kg of body weight). For radiopharmaceutical products not administered intrathecally, the endotoxin limit is calculated as 175 EU/V, where V is the maximum recommended dose in mL. For intrathecally ad-ministered radiopharmaceuticals, the endotoxin limit is obtained by the formula 14 EU/V. For formulations (usually anticancer products) administered on a per square meter of body surface, the formula is K/M, where K = 100 EU/m2 and M is the maximum dose/m2.♦USP 40Biological Tests / á85ñ Bacterial Endotoxins Test 165TEST FOR INTERFERING FACTORSUsually prepare solutions (A–D) as shown in Table 1, and perform the inhibition/enhancement test on the Sample Solutions at a dilution less than the MVD, not containing any detectable endotoxins, operating as described for Test for Confirmation of Labeled Lysate Sensitivity . The geometric mean endpoint concentrations of Solutions B and C are determined using the formula described in the Test for Confirmation of Labeled Lysate Sensitivity . The test for interfering factors must be repeated when any condition changes that is likely to influence the result of the test.Table 1. Preparation of Solutions for the Inhibition/Enhancement Test for Gel-Clot TechniquesSolution Endotoxin Concentration/Solution to Which Endotoxin Is Added Diluent Dilution Factor Endotoxin Concentration NumberofReplicates A a None/Sample Solution ———4B b 2l /Sample Solution Sample Solution 12l 4 21l 4 40.5l 4 80.25l 4C c 2l /Water for BET Water for BET 12l 2 21l 240.5l 280.25l 2D d None/Water for BET ———2a Solution A : A Sample Solution of the preparation under test that is free of detectable endotoxins.bSolution B : Test for interference.c Solution C : Control for labeled lysate sensitivity.dSolution D : Negative control of Water for BET.The test is considered valid when all replicates of Solutions A and D show no reaction and the result of Solution C confirmsthe labeled sensitivity.If the sensitivity of the lysate determined in the presence of Solution B is not less than 0.5l and not greater than 2l , theSample Solution does not contain factors that interfere under the experimental conditions used. Otherwise, the Sample Solution to be examined interferes with the test.If the sample under test does not comply with the test at a dilution less than the MVD, repeat the test using a greater dilu-tion, not exceeding the MVD. The use of a more sensitive lysate permits a greater dilution of the sample to be examined, and this may contribute to the elimination of interference.Interference may be overcome by suitable treatment such as filtration, neutralization, dialysis, or heating. To establish that the chosen treatment effectively eliminates interference without loss of endotoxins, perform the assay described above using the preparation to be examined to which Standard Endotoxin has been added and which has then been submitted to the chosen treatment.Limit TestPROCEDUREPrepare Solutions A, B, C, and D as shown in Table 2, and perform the test on these solutions following the procedure above for Preparatory Testing , Test for Confirmation of Labeled Lysate Sensitivity .Table 2. Preparation of Solutions for the Gel-Clot Limit TestSolution *Endotoxin Concentration/Solution to WhichEndotoxin Is Added Number of ReplicatesA None/Diluted Sample Solution 2B 2l /Diluted Sample Solution 2C 2l /Water for BET 2D None/Water for BET 2* Prepare Solution A and the positive product control Solution B using a dilution not greater than the MVD and treatments as described for the Test for Interfering Factors in Preparatory Testing . The positive control Solutions B and C contain the Standard Endotoxin Solution at a concentration corresponding to twice the la-beled lysate sensitivity. The negative control Solution D consists of Water for BET.166 á85ñ Bacterial Endotoxins Test / Biological Tests USP 40INTERPRETATIONThe test is considered valid when both replicates of Solutions B and C are positive and those of Solution D are negative. When a negative result is found for both replicates of Solution A, the preparation under test complies with the test. When a positive result is found for both replicates of Solution A, the preparation under test does not comply with the test.When a positive result is found for one replicate of Solution A and a negative result is found for the other, repeat the test. In the repeat test, the preparation under test complies with the test if a negative result is found for both replicates of Solution A. The preparation does not comply with the test if a positive result is found for one or both replicates of Solution A. However, if the preparation does not comply with the test at a dilution less than the MVD, the test may be repeated using a greater dilu-tion, not exceeding the MVD.Quantitative TestPROCEDUREThe test quantifies bacterial endotoxins in Sample Solutions by titration to an endpoint. Prepare Solutions A, B, C, and D as shown in Table 3, and test these solutions by following the procedure in Preparatory Testing, Test for Confirmation of Labeled Lysate Sensitivity.Table 3. Preparation of Solutions for the Gel-Clot AssaySolutionEndotoxin Concentration/Solution to Which EndotoxinIs Added DiluentDilutionFactorEndotoxinConcentrationNumberofReplicatesA a None/Sample Solution Water for BET1—22—24—28—2B b2l/Sample Solution—12l2C c2l/Water for BET Water for BET12l221l240.5l280.25l2D d None/Water for BET———2a Solution A: Sample Solution under test at the dilution, not to exceed the MVD, with which the Test for Interfering Factors was completed. Subsequent dilution of the Sample Solution must not exceed the MVD. Use Water for BET to make a dilution series of four tubes containing the Sample Solution under test at concentra-tions of 1, 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 relative to the concentration used in the Test for Interfering Factors. Other dilutions up to the MVD may be used as appropriate.b Solution B: Solution A containing standard endotoxin at a concentration of 2l (positive product control).c Solution C: Two replicates of four tubes of Water for BET containing the standard endotoxin at concentrations of 2l, l, 0.5l, and 0.25l, respectively.d Solution D: Water for BET (negative control).CALCULATION AND INTERPRETATIONThe test is considered valid when the following three conditions are met: (1) Both replicates of negative control Solution D are negative; (2) Both replicates of positive product control Solution B are positive; and (3) The geometric mean endpoint con-centration of Solution C is in the range of 0.5l to 2l.To determine the endotoxin concentration of Solution A, calculate the endpoint concentration for each replicate by multiply-ing each endpoint dilution factor by l. The endotoxin concentration in the Sample Solution is the endpoint concentration of the replicates. If the test is conducted with a diluted Sample Solution, calculate the concentration of endotoxin in the original Sample Solution by multiplying by the dilution factor. If none of the dilutions of the Sample Solution is positive in a valid assay, report the endotoxin concentration as less than l (if the diluted sample was tested, report as less than l times the lowest dilu-tion factor of the sample). If all dilutions are positive, the endotoxin concentration is reported as equal to or greater than the greatest dilution factor multiplied by l (e.g., initial dilution factor times eight times l in Table 3).The preparation under test meets the requirements of the test if the concentration of endotoxin in both replicates is less than that specified in the individual monograph.USP 40Biological Tests / á85ñ Bacterial Endotoxins Test 167PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUESTurbidimetric TechniqueThis technique is a photometric assay measuring increases in reactant turbidity. On the basis of the particular assay principle employed, this technique may be classified as either an endpoint-turbidimetric assay or a kinetic-turbidimetric assay. The end-point-turbidimetric assay is based on the quantitative relationship between the concentration of endotoxins and the turbidity (absorbance or transmission) of the reaction mixture at the end of an incubation period. The kinetic-turbidimetric assay is a method to measure either the time (onset time) needed to reach a predetermined absorbance or transmission of the reaction mixture, or the rate of turbidity development. The test is carried out at the incubation temperature recommended by the ly-sate manufacturer (which is usually 37±1°).Chromogenic TechniqueThis technique is an assay to measure the chromophore released from a suitable chromogenic peptide by the reaction of endotoxins with lysate. On the basis of the particular assay principle employed, this technique may be classified as either an endpoint-chromogenic assay or a kinetic-chromogenic assay. The endpoint-chromogenic assay is based on the quantitative re-lationship between the concentration of endotoxins and the release of chromophore at the end of an incubation period. The kinetic-chromogenic assay is a method to measure either the time (onset time) needed to reach a predetermined absorbance of the reaction mixture, or the rate of color development. The test is carried out at the incubation temperature recommendedby the lysate manufacturer (which is usually 37±1°).Preparatory Testing To assure the precision or validity of the turbidimetric and chromogenic techniques, preparatory tests are conducted to veri-fy that the criteria for the standard curve are valid and that the sample solution does not interfere with the test. Validation for the test method is required when conditions that are likely to influence the test result change.ASSURANCE OF CRITERIA FOR THE STANDARD CURVEThe test must be carried out for each lot of lysate reagent. Using the Standard Endotoxin Solution, prepare at least three en-dotoxin concentrations within the range indicated by the lysate manufacturer to generate the standard curve. Perform the as-say using at least three replicates of each standard endotoxin concentration according to the manufacturer's instructions for the lysate (volume ratios, incubation time, temperature, pH, etc.). If the desired range is greater than two logs in the kinetic methods, additional standards should be included to bracket each log increase in the range of the standard curve. The abso-lute value of the correlation coefficient, r , must be greater than or equal to 0.980 for the range of endotoxin concentrations set up.TEST FOR INTERFERING FACTORSSelect an endotoxin concentration at or near the middle of the endotoxin standard curve. Prepare Solutions A, B, C, and D as shown in Table 4. Perform the test on Solutions A, B, C, and D at least in duplicate, according to the instructions for the lysate employed, for example, concerning volume of Sample Solution and Lysate TS, volume ratio of Sample Solution to Lysate TS,incubation time, etc.Table 4. Preparation of Solutions for the Inhibition/Enhancement Test for Photometric TechniquesSolutionEndotoxin Concentration Solution to WhichEndotoxin Is Added Number of Replicates A a None Sample Solution Not less than 2B b Middle concentration of the standard curve Sample Solution Not less than 2C c At least three concentrations (lowest concentration is des-ignated l )Water for BET Each not less than 2D d None Water for BET Not less than 2a Solution A : The Sample Solution may be diluted not to exceed MVD.b Solution B : The preparation under test at the same dilution as Solution A, containing added endotoxin at a concentration equal to or near the middle of the standard curve.c Solution C : The standard endotoxin at the concentrations used in the validation of the method described for Assurance of Criteria for the Standard Curve under Preparatory Testing (positive controls).d Solution D : Water for BET (negative control).The test is considered valid when the following conditions are met.168 á85ñ Bacterial Endotoxins Test / Biological Tests USP 401.The absolute value of the correlation coefficient of the standard curve generated using Solution C is greater than or equalto 0.980.2.The result with Solution D does not exceed the limit of the blank value required in the description of the lysate reagentemployed, or it is less than the endotoxin detection limit of the lysate reagent employed.Calculate the mean recovery of the added endotoxin by subtracting the mean endotoxin concentration in the solution, if any (Solution A, Table 4), from that containing the added endotoxin (Solution B, Table 4). In order to be considered free of factors that interfere with the assay under the conditions of the test, the measured concentration of the endotoxin added to the Sample Solution must be within 50%–200% of the known added endotoxin concentration after subtraction of any endo-toxin detected in the solution without added endotoxin.When the endotoxin recovery is out of the specified range, the Sample Solution under test is considered to contain interfer-ing factors. Then, repeat the test using a greater dilution, not exceeding the MVD. Furthermore, interference of the Sample Solution or diluted Sample Solution not to exceed the MVD may be eliminated by suitable validated treatment such as filtration, neutralization, dialysis, or heat treatment. To establish that the chosen treatment effectively eliminates interference without loss of endotoxins, perform the assay described above, using the preparation to be examined to which Standard Endotoxin has been added and which has then been submitted to the chosen treatment.Test ProcedureFollow the procedure described for Test for Interfering Factors under Preparatory Testing, immediately above.CalculationCalculate the endotoxin concentration of each of the replicates of Solution A, using the standard curve generated by the positive control Solution C. The test is considered valid when the following three requirements are met.1.The results of the control Solution C comply with the requirements for validation defined for Assurance of Criteria for theStandard Curve under Preparatory Testing.2.The endotoxin recovery, calculated from the concentration found in Solution B after subtracting the concentration of en-dotoxin found in Solution A, is within the range of 50%–200%.3.The result of the negative control Solution D does not exceed the limit of the blank value required in the description of thelysate employed, or it is less than the endotoxin detection limit of the lysate reagent employed.InterpretationIn photometric assays, the preparation under test complies with the test if the mean endotoxin concentration of the repli-cates of Solution A, after correction for dilution and concentration, is less than the endotoxin limit for the product.á87ñ BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY TESTS, IN VITROThe following tests are designed to determine the biological reactivity of mammalian cell cultures following contact with the elastomeric plastics and other polymeric materials with direct or indirect patient contact or of specific extracts prepared from the materials under test. It is essential that the tests be performed on the specified surface area. When the surface area of the specimen cannot be determined, use 0.1 g of elastomer or 0.2 g of plastic or other material for every mL of extraction fluid. Exercise care in the preparation of the materials to prevent contamination with microorganisms and other foreign matter. Three tests are described (i.e., the Agar Diffusion Test, the Direct Contact Test, and the Elution Test).1 The decision as to which type of test or the number of tests to be performed to assess the potential biological response of a specific sample or extract depends upon the material, the final product, and its intended use. Other factors that may also affect the suitability of a sample for a specific use are the polymeric composition; processing and cleaning procedures; contacting media; inks; adhe-sives; absorption, adsorption, and permeability of preservatives; and conditions of storage. Evaluation of such factors should be made by appropriate additional specific tests before determining that a product made from a specific material is suitable for its intended use. Materials that fail the in vitro tests are candidates for the in vivo tests described in Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vivo á88ñ.1 Further details are given in the following publications of the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103: Standard test method for agar diffusion cell culture screening for cytotoxicity, ASTM Designation F 895-84; Standard practice for direct contact cell culture evaluation of materi-als for medical devices, ASTM Designation F 813-83.USP 40Biological Tests / á87ñ Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vitro 169。

介绍《2014美国胃肠病学会临床指南：特异体质性药物性肝损伤的诊

临床医药文献杂志
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介绍（（２０１４美国胃肠病学会临床指南：特异体质性药物性肝损伤的诊断和管理
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２ＤＩＬｌ的诊断和因果关系评估
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和其他指南一样，本文所有推荐意见后均附有推荐强
度和证据质量级别（ＧＲＡＤＥ），见表１。
表１推荐，评估，开发和评价的分级 ’ （Ｇ￣ＤＥ评分）
推荐强度强烈推荐标准
影响推荐强度的因素包括证据的质量，推测患者重要的结局和成本。
依照用药后患者血清升华异常发生状况，可定义肝损伤为 ⑧混合性肝损伤。也就是说，同时升高ＡＬＰ活性与ＡＬＴ活ＡＬＴ（血清丙氨酸转氨酶），或者同时升高ＡＳＴ（血清天冬性，ＡＬＴｌ上升水平应该大约正常上限值两倍，且要求Ｒ值区
① 对于疑为ＤＩＬｌ的应获得关于药物暴露及出现肝功能患者病情的一种有效的诊断框架指导。异常的准确临床病史；② ＤＩＬＩ是排除性诊断因而应系统地３治疗排除其他可能导致肝损伤的病因；③ 基于以上Ｒ值，可划 ① 疑为ＤＩＬＩ，尤其是在患者肝功能异常或者肝脏生化分ＤＩＬＩ为胆汁淤积性、肝细胞性以及混合型，该分类对系指标快速升高的情况下，必须立即停用所疑似的药物（强统测试病因极为有利；④ 肝活检有助于临床怀疑ＤＩＬＩ的确烈推荐，低的证据水平）。认，将疾病严重程度等信息提供给临床医师，同时对排除 ② 对特异体质性ＤＩＬｌ无论伴或不伴急性肝功能衰竭肝损伤的其他原因也极为有利。（ＡＬＦ）都没有明确的治疗方法，然而Ｎ乙酰半胱氨酸２．２ＤＩＬｌ的因果关系评估（ＮＡＣ）鉴于其良好的安全性和对早期昏迷患者的疗效证目前评估ＤＩＬｌ因果关系的主要方法有罗梭优克福因果据，可以在成人早期ＡＬＦ时考虑使用（有条件的推荐，低的关系评价量表和结构性专家意见，然而由于各自适用性与证据水平）。局限性，哪种方式最为恰当，始终存在争议。虽然结构性 ③ ＮＡＣ不推荐用于儿童严重ＤＩＬｌ导致的ＡＬＦ（强烈推专家意见是确诊疑似患者病情的权威性标准，然而，由于荐，低的证据水平）。很难推广至临床实践，所以，医学指南并不赞同使用专家

Nature衰老个体中甲基丙二酸的积累可促进肿瘤进展

Nature衰老个体中甲基丙二酸的积累可促进肿瘤进展科学研究发现人类在65岁后患癌症和相关死亡的风险显著增加，但对于年龄和癌症之间复杂联系的研究却仍处于起步阶段。

过去几十年人们将老年人易感癌症的原因归咎于其环境暴露的时间长于年轻人，却忽略了饮食、运动和小分子代谢物在新陈代谢衰老过程中所起的作用。

美国威尔康奈尔医学癌症中心John Blenis研究团队采用年轻和老年健康供体10%的人血清（HS）分别培养人A549和HCC1806癌细胞，对其进行代谢组学、转录组学和分子生物学验证等分析，发现随着年龄的增长而发生的代谢改变可产生有利于肿瘤的系统微环境，与衰老有关的代谢产物甲基丙二酸（MMA）促进了肿瘤生长和侵袭，相关成果发表于《Nature》。

作者首先提出假设“衰老可能产生一个促进肿瘤进展和侵袭性的系统微环境”。

接下来分别从30名年轻（年龄≤30岁）和30名高龄（年龄≥60岁）的健康供体中获取10%的人血清（HS）用于培养人类癌症A549和HCC1806细胞。

发现用老年血清培养的细胞上皮标志物钙黏蛋白明显缺失，间充质标志物纤维连接蛋白和波形蛋白明显增加，且与侵袭表型相关的serpine1和MMP2蛋白表达增加（图1b）。

此外，老年血清促进了两种不同且广泛使用的化疗药物卡铂和紫杉醇的耐药性（图1c）。

基于饮食、运动和热量限制等代谢干预措施在减轻癌症易感性和结果方面的有效性，研究者针对代谢的变化，首先借助靶向代谢组学检测了供者血清的代谢成分，在定量到的179种循环代谢产物中，发现只有10种代谢物发生显著改变，即谷胱甘肽、亚精胺、谷氨酰胺和α-酮戊二酸在老年血清中显著下降；而磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸、喹啉酸和甲基丙二酸（MMA）三种代谢物在老年供体的血清中持续增加。

接下来作者分别用磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸、喹啉酸和甲基丙二酸（MMA）处理A549细胞以探讨其对癌细胞的诱导侵袭作用，发现只有MMA诱导了完全的前侵袭性EMT（epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition，EMT，上皮细胞向间充质细胞转化）样表型，钙黏蛋白下降的同时纤维连接蛋白和波形蛋白升高。

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