高考英语之概要写作

概要写作(Suｍmaryｗritinｇ）,被称为“小作文”。概要写作分值占据1５分，考查得就是考生阅读与写作得综合能力。

概要写作所给定得语篇一般在2０0-2５0字，内容丰富多样,包含故事、时政、科普等,体裁以记叙文、说明文为主,字数一般要求在5０－6０字,答案尽量符合“Keｙｐｏｉnts oｆa ｓummary”得要求。

一.正确认识概要写作

1、Definｉｔion oｆsuｍｍarｙwritiｎg(概要写作得定义)

Bｙsummａry, ｗe ｍeａn a brieｆrestatement, in ｙoｕr own wordｓ, of ｔhe content of ａpaｓsagｅ，an aｒｔicle, ａchapteｒor a bｏok、

2、Ｋｅy ｐｏintｓｏf ａsummary(概要写作得要点)

Concｉｓeness（简要性):Omit unnｅcessarｙdetails liｋe ｅxａmpｌes, ｅxpｌanatｉoｎs ａnd otheｒuｎｉmpｏｒtａnｔinformaｔiｏn、

Length:1/４-1/3 of ｔhe orｉｇinal text、

pｌetｅnesｓ(完整性)：To inｃludｅall ｔhe ｍaiｎaｎd sｕppoｒｔiｎg ｐoｉnｔs delivｅｒedｉn yoｕｏwｎwoｒｄs inａcｏｎｄensed mannｅr、

Accuｒacy(准确性)：To giｖe the same ａｔteｎtｉｏn ａnｄｓtｒess to the points ａs the autｈor doｅs、

Cohereｎcｅ（连贯性)：Rathｅr thａn an ouｔｌｉnｅlｉsted aｓkｅｙｗordｓａｎd pｈｒaseｓ, ａｓummaryｉｓ a ｐａragrａph with neｃｅssarｙｔｒａnsｉtions aｎd ｆuncｔｉon strｕctuｒes to make it flｏw、

Objectiｖity(客观性):Do noｔiｎcluｄｅyoｕr own iｄeaｓor eｍotiｏns oｎthe ｔoｐic、The ｓumｍａry shouｌｄreｆleｃt ｔｈe content of ｔhe ｏrigiｎal paｓｓaｇｅonly、

3、Stepｓto wｒitｅa summａry(概要写作得步骤）

１）Skimｔhｅtｅxt to find out the general thｅmｅ、

２）Anaｌyzｅthe teｘt’s ｓtｒucture tｏdｉvide ｉt ｉntｏsｅｖｅral ｓectiｏns, fｉnd out tｈe maiｎｉｄea of ｅacｈｓｅcｔioｎanｄwrｉt ｅit oｕt ｂｒieｆｌy ｗith yｏuｒown wｏrｄｓ、(onｅsenteｎcｅ)

3）Write dｏwn ｔhe kｅｙｓuｐporting pｏinｔs for ｅaｃh ｍain iｄｅa

wｉｔhoｕt involviｎｇminoｒdｅtaiｌｓ、

4)Organｉｚe thｅmａiｎanｄｒelatedｓｕｐportinｇpoｉｎts in a logicalｏｒderｗith neｃessaｒy tｒansitioｎs toａｃhiｅve cohｅrｅｎce、

５)Pｒoofreａｄfｏr gｒammａtical，sｐｅllinｇaｎd punctｕation mｉｓtakes、

4、Beｇiｎninｇof a sｕmmａry(概要写作得开头）

Begin your summary wｉth：

*The authoｒ’s naｍe

*The artｉｃlｅ’sｏr chａｐteｒ’s ｎamｅ

*The author’s thesiｓstａtement—aｇeneral oｖｅrviｅｗ(ｓuｒvey) oｆtｈｅａrtｉclｅ、

The Body:

Ｆirst ofａlｌ，the authorｄｅscriｂes……

Ｈe tｈｅn points out that……

Ｉn ａdｄiｔiｏn,theａuｔｈor taｌkｓabout……

Finalｌy，ｔhe auｔhｏr suggｅsｔs……

Sｏmｅotheｒｉｎtｒｏｄuｃｔory phrases:

*(Ｔhe author) ｓtates iｎ（this article）ｔｈaｔ…

*(Ｔhe authoｒ），in (ｔｈis arｔｉcle) ｓｈows that…

*In （ｔhｉs ａrｔiｃlｅ), (the authｏr）writeｓthat…

*As(the authoｒ) ｓays in (tｈｉs article),…

＊Ｔhｅmain ideａof （the autｈor’sａrticle) is…

*Ｔhe autｈoｒbelievｅs (holｄs;mａiｎtains；ｃｌａｉmｓ；arｇues; ｐoi ｎts ｏuｔ；ｓｕggestｓ; proposｅs）thaｔ＋clause…

*Tｈe aｕthｏr talks about (explaiｎs;descｒibes；ｒeｖeaｌｓ;discusｓｅs; focuses oｎ）＋ｎ、

二.记叙文概要写作

记叙文体得阅读材料，相比其她文体而言,写概要相对容易。在写概要前,除明确文章主题外,还应抓住六个要素:when, ｗｈeｒe, who，whaｔ,wｈy, hｏw。在这六个要素中,所占内容比重最大得就是what。一般来说,记叙文得故事概要可以用这样得模板来表示:

Ｗho did ｗhat by…bｅcausｅ…

不就是说每个故事概要都包含hoｗ或why,有时两者选其一即可。

Dｉrｅctｉons:Pｌease rｅad the fｏllｏｗｉngｐassaｇｅａnd wrｉte a summａｒy oｆit iｎno more than6０words、

I took a trip to a big lａke in Iｎdonｅsia ｗiｔｈmy ｆaｍily two yearｓaｇｏ、Iｔｗａs really a ｈuge lake wｉｔh beautiｆul scｅnery ａlｌａroｕnd、Pｅople ｗere ａmazed by ｔhｅｅｎdｌｅss view iｎｆronｔof ｏｕr eyes、Ｌａｔer oｎ, unlike othｅr ｇirlｓ, I volunteered to gｏwateｒ-skiing alonｅ、Ｉｐut on theｌiｆe jａｃket, got on ｔhｅmotｏｒｂoａt immｅdiａｔelｙand starｔｅｄｍy enginｅａs soon aｓpossiｂｌe、

The ｌakｅseemｅd brｏad ａnd ｅndless、Ｉwaｓso thrｉｌled(激动) tｏeｎjoy ｍyｔrｉｐamｏng ｔhe mｏuntainｓａnｄwaｔｅrs tｈat I sped my mｏtoｒbｏat、Ｔheｎ, aftｅr ｓome ｔime, I fouｎd myself ｉn tｈｅmｉddle of the enｄless lakｅ、 A suｄden ｆear came around me、I didn’ｔｋnow whｅre I waｓｏｒevenｈoｗfar I haｄgoneｆrom the sｈore、Whaｔwas woｒｓe，it begaｎtｏrａin and iｔbｅcamｅvery c ｏld and ｆogｇy、I rode everyｗｈere but cｏuｌdｎ’t fｉnd mｙwａy ｂack、It was uｓｅless fｏr me ｔo cｒy ｏr ｓhout for help、Ｉwas so terｒified th ａt Iｂegａn to tｈｉnk ａbout all ｋinds of ｈｏrrｉble thｉngｓ、After ｆlｏａting on ｔhe water hｅlplｅssly and ｈｏpｅｌｅssly for a lonｇtimｅ, ｓudｄenly I hｅard someｏne ｃａllingｍyｎａme、Soon, a ｂiｇｓｔeａｍboat sａilｅd to mｅanｄtheｙpulled mｅｕp tｏthe dｅck and a ｓｋedｍe ｉf I wａs hurｔ、I couldn’t sａｙa word butｃried in my fa ｔher’s arms、

材料分析:根据文本内容,这就是一篇故事类得记叙文,要求对其进行概要写作。因此,我们先找出记叙文得六要素:

When—twｏｙears ａｇo

Wｈｅrｅ—ａtrip to ａbｉｇlake in Indoｎｅsia

Ｗhｏ—“I”, thｅｗrｉter

Ｗhａt—ｇｏt lost; ｗａs ｆound

Why—go waｔer-skｉingａｌoｎe; too thrilled

Reｓulｔ—fathｅr camｅto her rescue

列出了要点之后,就可以用自己得话将要点组织起来,概括成一段约50词得通顺概要:

The passage ｔells ｕｓtｈｅｗriteｒ’s e xpeｒｉeｎce oｆadvｅｎtｕre、Ｏnｃe the writｅｒwas ｏn a trip to a lake ｗhｅrｅshｅwｅnt wａtｅr －skiing alｏne、Sｈｅｗａs ｓｏｅxcｉtｅｄanｄenｊoyｅd heｒselｆthat soonｓｈe got lost、Ｆｏｒtunateｌy,ｈｅr fａtheｒfinａlly came t ｏｈer reｓｃue、（44wｏrｄs）

三．说明文概要写作要点点拨

说明文体得阅读材料内容大致可分为以下几类:

现象揭示类：

Tｈe artiｃlｅpｏints out theｍon ｐheｎｏｍenoｎ—(主题）,whiｃh…(补充解释)

利弊对比类:

Ｔhｅａrｔicleｐaｒｅs thｅｄiｓadｖantａgeｓ/benefitsｏf A anｄB、A…whilｅＢ…

The passａge dｉsｃussｅs thｅimｐaｃt of stｈ、

On thｅpositｉｖe side,…, but iｔmay ａlso…

研究显示类：

The study reｖeａls thaｔ…

Tｈe ｐurｐose of the repoｒt is to shｏw thａt…

Diｒecｔｉｏns:Plｅase read the fｏｌlowing pａｓsａge and write a sｕmm ａｒy oｆｉt in nｏmorｅthａn 60 words、

A large soｕｒｃe ｏf rubbｉsh iｓpackagiｎg materｉａl、It oｆｔen ｍａkeｓuｐmore thａn ３0 percent oｆｔhe total、To ｕｎｄｅｒstａｎd

why ｔhis is tｒuｅ,tｈinｋof the pacｋagｉnｇｍoｎｌｙused for ａsimple ｐroｄuct, such ａs tｏｏｔhｐａｓte、The ｐaｃkaｇｉng iｎcｌudes ｎot ｏnlyｔｈe ｔubｅfoｒtｈe toｏｔhpastｅ,but ａlｓo ｔhe boｘfo ｒthe tｕbe、This bｏx iｓpuｔiｎｔo a ｐｌaｓtiｃwrapper、Ｔhen，tｈeｂｏxｅs are tranｓｐｏrted in a cａｒｄｂoaｒd coｎtａiｎeｒ、

Moｓt pａckaging material endｓup iｎａlandｆill afteｒｉt ｉs tｈro ｗｎａway、Ｔhｏuｇh ｎecessary, ｌandfillｓｔake uｐｖalｕabｌe space, ofteｎstink（发出恶臭），ａnｄｃaｎleak harmful subsｔａnｃｅs into t ｈｅsｏiｌ、Lａnｄfilｌs ｎot incｌuded,the prｏdｕction ｏf pａｃkaging materiaｌitself ｉs a mａjｏｒsouｒce ｏfａir ａｎｄwater pollutioｎ、

Peopleａre noｗtｒying to solve ｔhe pｒoblｅms caused by pacｋaging mａteｒiaｌs、In 1991, Gｅrｍａｎy tｏoｋtｈe lead by reｑuiｒｉngｐaniｅｓto recycｌeｔｈe packaging useｄfoｒtheｉr goｏｄs、Ｔｏｄo tｈis, thｅｐａｎiｅs set ｕｐrecyｃliｎg ｂins in eveｒy neighbｏrhooｄ、Coｎsｕmerｓｎow sｅpａrate their rubｂｉsh into thｒeｅcaｔegorｉeｓ—metal, plａstiｃand paper cａrtｏns、Thｅy ｔhen pｕｔitｉnｔo thｅappropriate bin、Ｔhe rubｂish sｏrted，it is traｎspｏrteｄto a recycliｎg pa ｎy for pｒocessing、

Ｔhｅprogrammｅｗorkedｗelｌat ｆiｒｓt、Hｏwever, the amount of ｒuｂｂiｓh has bｅｇｕn ｔo increａｓe again、Onｅreasoｎfor this ｉs that maｎy consumｅrs no ｌonger ｒeduce wａｓtｅbecaｕse thｅy ｔhｉnk the ｐrｏbleｍis solved、It sｅeｍs tｈat ｔoｐropｅrly deal with tｈe problem ｏf rｕbbｉsｈ, everｙonｅmusｔremａin alert and do theiｒpａｒt、

材料分析：根据文本内容,这就是一篇讲包装材料所带来得问题得说明文,要求对其进行概要写作。因此，我们必须首先弄清每一段落得主要内容就是什么。

第一段开头第一句话“A larｇe ｓoｕｒce of rubbiｓh is ｐackaｇing mate ｒial、It ofｔｅｎmakes up more than３0 ｐerｃｅntｏf tｈｅtoｔal、”就是段落得中心句，同时也点明了文章得主题,后面就在以牙膏为例进行举例说明。第二段主要讲得就是包装材料所带来得问题，主要包括两方面,一就是垃圾进入填埋场后所造成得污染;二就是这些包装材料在生产过程中会产生对空气与水得污染。第三段主要在讲人们正在采取措施解决包装材料所带来得问题,其中第一句“Ｐeoｐleａre ｎoｗｔrying to sｏlvｅｔhe pｒｏblems caｕsed by paｃｋagiｎg maｔｅｒials、”就是段落得中心句，后面就在用德国得事情举例说明，政府、制造商与个人采取得措施试图解决包装材料带来得污染问题。第四段开头得howeｖer至关重要,说明德国得方法尽管起到了一定得作用,但包装材料得污染仍然就是一个大问题，我们绝不能放松警惕。

弄清了每段得主要内容后,我们就按照概要写作得几个原则对其进行连接,在连接段落时需要添加必要得连接词使其通顺连贯即可:

Tｈe articlｅpoｉｎts out ｔhe probleｍof pａckaging、Aｂouｔonｅthirｄof ruｂbｉsh resultｓfrｏｍｔhe pａckaging mａteｒiａｌｓ，which cａusｅdamaｇe to the ｅnviｒonmｅｎｔduｒiｎｇtheir pｒodｕcｔion and after enｄiｎｇin lａnｄｆills、Ｔhough tｈe pｒograms ｃarried ou ｔtｏbat tｈｅｐｒｏbｌｅm are teｍporａriｌy suｃｃesｓｆul,thｅproblem ｒｅmaｉns a grｅaｔｃoncｅrn、(50 wｏrds）

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