专业英语复习资料
(完整)心理学专业英语复习资料
心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2。
Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4。
Social Cognition 社会认知5． Personality Test 人格测试6。
Extraneous Variable 无关变量7。
Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8。
Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9。
Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11。
Group Thinking 群体思维12。
Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15。
Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16。
Recency Effec 近因效应17． Trace Decay 痕迹消退18。
Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self—efficacy 自我效能21。
Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1。
机能主义 functionalism2。
自我实现 self—actualization3．一般规律研究法 nomothetic method4。
分层抽样 stratified sampling5. 外在信度 external reliability6. 选择性注意 selective attention7。
知觉恒常性 perceptual constancy8. 自我概念 self concept9. 液体智力 fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋 secure attachment11. 性别图示 gender schema12。
专八复习资料推荐
专八复习资料推荐专八，又叫英语专业八级考试，是英语专业本科毕业生的等级考试之一，通常被视为专业英语水平的代表。
对于考生来说，备战专八并不是一件轻松的事情，需要的不仅仅是坚定的决心和充足的时间，还需要足够的复习资料。
对于专八考试的备考资料，网上的资源丰富多彩，但我们要谨慎地选择优质的资料来进行备考。
以下是一些备受推崇的专八复习资料推荐：1.《考研英语历年真题精析》（王彦、刘洪波著）这是一本全面整理了专业英语历年真题的参考书，不仅有试题整理，还有详细的解析和词汇注解，对于备考专八来说非常实用，是备考过程中不可或缺的一本参考书。
2.《新编大学英语用法》（张道真主编）这是一本英语语言学的经典教材，既包括基础语法知识的讲解，又有丰富的语言实例和练习，可以辅助考生在专家考试中拥有英语语言学的深度理解。
3.《21天攻克雅思写作》（刘洪波著）雅思考试是全球公认的英语水平考试之一，而雅思写作是考生们比较头痛的一部分。
本参考书由专业考试解析师写作，提供简单易懂数以百计的写作实例和技巧，并对作文的常见题型进行深入讲解，可谓是一本能够帮助考生快速提升写作水平的教材。
4.《英语听力原版教材精选》（陆大龙著）英语听力考试是专八考试的重要部分，但是有效的英语听力训练却比较难找，这本书就为考生提供了宝贵的参考。
本书选取了多部优秀的英语听力原版教材，附有听力材料、听力理解和课后练习，可以帮助考生更好地掌握英语听力技巧。
5.《新东方专八写作指导》（刘毅著）刘毅老师有着丰富的英语教学经验，他的著作涉及多个考试科目。
这本参考书针对专八写作，系统地梳理了各类文章的写作方法和技巧，并附有大量的实例和模板，可以为考生的写作提供有力的支持。
除了以上推荐的参考书外，学习工具也是备考专八必不可少的。
前一段时间，网上出现了一款备受好评的英语学习App“AI易阅”。
该App基于智能语音识别和AI技术，能够为用户提供真实的英语口语训练和听力训练，以及各种题型的模拟考试。
专业英语复习资料
Unit 1general contractor 总承包商material dealer 材料经销商equipment distributor 设备经销商geographical scope 地理范围technological dimension 技术尺度；技术因素site condition （建筑）工地条件in harmony 和谐peak period 高峰阶段working efficiency 工作效率residential construction 住宅建设concrete mixer 水泥搅拌车，混凝土搅拌车urban design 市区规划construction supervision 工程监理site investigation 现场调查foundation design 基础设计development permit 开发许可申请financial evaluation 财务评估Unit 2project delivery systems 项目建设模式contract package 合同包design-bid-build 设计-招标-建造模式design-build 设计-建造总承包模式construction management 建筑工程管理模式design-manage 设计-管理模式lowest bidder 最低投标construction drawing 建筑图纸federal procurement statute 联邦采购法规budget constraint 预算限制unit cost 单位成本delivery speed 运输速度Unit 3 project planning 项目计划project scope 项目范围activity network diagram 工序网络图critical path 关键路径Gantt chart 甘特图work breakdown structure 任务分解结构triple constraint 三角形约束resource utilization 资源利用back-loaded work plan 后置工作计划Unit 4 construction management 建筑管理civil engineering 土木工程civil engineers 土木工程师senior manager 高层管理人员middle manager 中层管理人员financial issue 融资问题geographic area 地域范围human resources management 人力资源管理project scheduling 工程的进度计划in-house training 机构内部培训staff size 人员规模on-the-job training 在职培训bargaining and negotiation 议价和谈判engineering law 工程法规Unit 5international competitive bidding 国际竞争性招标reverse auction 逆向竞拍official regulation 官方监管proposed contract 合同草案approval process 审批手续；批准流程equipment installation 设备安装invitation to bid 投标邀请书Unit 6progress management 进度管理project life cycle 项目生命周期feasibility study 可行性研究stand-alone project 独立的项目prior to 在···前schedule compression 进度表压缩intermediate phase 中间阶层；中间阶段application area 应用领域conceptual development 理念上的进展project manager 项目经理a single design phase 单一设计阶段cost and staffing levels 成本和员工水平Unit 7cost management 成本管理search out 寻找到；查出cash flow 现金流量；现金流Integrated Change Control 综合变量控制vigorous competition 激烈的竞争financial transaction 财务事项fixed price 标价；不二价list price 价格表；价目表bid price 出价；递价blanket price 一揽子价格nominal price 名义价格floor price 最低价格import price 进口价export price 出口价current price 时价；现行价contract price 合同价competitive price 竞争价格official price 公定价格；官方定价Unit 8 quality management 质量管理quality control 质量控制quality assurance 质量保证shrinkage characteristics 收缩特性freeze and thaw property 冻融性能concrete structure 混凝土结构final product 建成物working drawing 施工图optimal design procedure 最佳设计程序at the outset 在开始water/cement ration 水灰比cement content 水泥用量reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土materials selection 选材；材料选择Total Quality Control 全面质量控制Unit 9 safety management 安全管理walk through 步行穿过hard hat 安全帽safety goggle 防护眼镜safety boot 防护靴work glove 工作手套ear plug 耳塞face mask 面罩Unit 10 project risk management 项目风险管理issue management 问题管理white paper 白皮书risk identification 风险识别risk quantification 风险量化risk response 风险对策；风险应对risk monitoring and control风险监控avoid the risk 规避风险transfer the risk 转移风险mitigate the risk 减轻风险accept the risk 接受风险risk response plan 风险应对计划Unit 3 工程项目计划Text A参考译文：工程计划是工程管理的一部分，指采用如甘特图表等日程安排来计划并报告项目所取得的进展。
专业英语期末复习资料
单词互译序号中文英文1 经济学economics2 稀缺scarcity3 消费consumption4 货物和服务good and service5 完全竞争perfect competition6 宏观经济学macroeconomics7 微观经济学microeconomics8 失业率unemployment rate9 价格指数price indices10 消费者consumer11 博弈论game theory12 市场失灵market failure13 效用utility14 总效用total utility15 边际效用marginal utility16 无差异曲线indifference curve17 函数function18 边际效用递减规律law of diminishing marginal utility19 偏好preference20 供给supply21 需求demand22 需求曲线demand curve23 假设assumption24 收入income25 预期expectation26 购买purchase27 机会成本opportunity cost28 资金capital29 资产asset30 绝对优势absolute advantage31 相对优势comparative advantage32 竞争对手competitor/rival33 资源resource34 国际贸易international trade35 分工specialization36 国内生产总值gross domestic product37 最终产品final goods38 支出expenditure39 人均GDP GDP per capita40 经济周期business cycle41 货币政策monetary policy42 财政政策fiscal policy43 权威Authority44 基础货币base currency45 利率interest rate46 收缩性的contractionary47 扩张性的expansionary48 岁入revenue49 税tax50 预算budget51 赤字deficit52 剩余surplus53 声望prestige54 稳定stabilization55 人力资源管理human resource management56 暂时性工作者contingency worker57 独立承包人independent contractor58 职业的professional59 人力资源规划human resource planning60 配置员工staffing61 健康wellness62 零售retail63 批发whole sale64 员工定位orientation65 祥述、说明specification66 问题、议题issue67 数据库database68 种族的、人种的ethnic69 人口统计学的demographic70 招聘、职位job opening71 有报酬的remunerative72 寿命lifespan73 资格qualification74 职业生涯管理career management75 职业生涯开发career development76 职业生涯规划career planning77 旁观工作job shadowing78 见习、实习internship79 清单inventory80 榜样rote model81 自我认知self-awareness82 自我管理self-management83 天资、才智aptitude84 志愿者volunteer85 求职者cover letter86 自我完善self-betterment87 自我评估self-assessment88 简历resume89 出版物publication90 招聘会job fair91 证书credential92 生活方式lifestyle93 期刊periodical94 垂直的vertically95 水平的horizontally96 诉苦、申诉grievance97 旷工absenteeism98 自治、自主权autonomy99 反馈feedback100 工作分析job analysis101 工作设计job design102 关键事件critical incident 103 工作头衔job title104 工作描述job description 105 工作丰富化job enrichment 106 工作简单化job simplication 107 工作轮换job rotation108 投入/产出input/output109 评价，估价assessment110 人员安置placement111 招聘recruitment112 内部招聘internal recruitment 113 外部招聘external recruitment 114 工商名录directory115 职业介绍机构employment agency116 猎头headhunter117 面试interview118 简历resume119 酬金，工资remuneration120 岁入，收益revenue121 报酬reward122 内在报酬intrinsic reward123 外在报酬extrinsic reward124 基本工资base wage and salary 125 能力工资competence-related pay 126 技能工资skill-based pay127 团队报酬team-baded reward128 利润分享profit sharing129 收益分享gain sharing130 员工股票期权employee stock option 131 业绩工资merit pay132 员工福利employee benefit133 病假sick leave134 法定福利statutory benefit135 自愿福利voluntary benefit136 正强化positive reinforcement 137 同辈、同事peer138 绩效管理performance management 139 绩效评估performance appraisal 140 激励motivation141 360°反馈360 degree feedback142 定等级，评估rating143 从业者practitioner144 手册，指南manual145 培训与开发training and development 146 在职培训on-the-job training147 脱产培训off-the-job training148 讲座lecture149 榜样示范demonstration150 研讨seminar151 行业trade152 集体谈判collective bargaining 153 罢工strike154 停工lockout155 立法legislation156 对议员进行游说lobby157 候选人candidate158 联盟，联盟会federation159 命令，指令mandate160 仲裁arbitration161 歧视discrimination162 业务外包outsourcing163 劳动密集型labor-intensive164 骚扰harassment165 财产、职位等的占有权 tenure句子英译中1 ) MacroeconomicsMacroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, behavior and decision-making of the entire economy, be that a national, regional, or the global economy. Along with microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. 宏观经济学是经济学的一个分支，处理整个经济的的性能，结构，行为和决策，包括一个国家，地区或全球的经济。
专业英语八级复习资料
八级是通过考试发展的英语等级认证。
英语专业八级考试(TEM-8，Test for English Majors，Grade 8)，全称为全国高等学校英语专业高年级阶段统测。
接下来为你专业英语八级复习资料, 希翼对你有匡助。
美国概况1. In area, the United States is the largest country in the world.A 2ndB 3rdC 4thD 5th2.The 50th state in America isA AlaskaB TexasC HawaiiD Rhode Island3. Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located inA HawaiiB AlaskaC TexasD Perth4. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 because of .A the Great DepressionB the Black Power MovementC the Watergate ScandalD the Isolation policy5.All the following universities are located in New England EXCEPTA YaleB HarvardC MITD Berkeley6.The United States has less than 6% of the world’s population; yet it produces about of the total world output.A 20%B 25%C 30%D 35%7.What forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States?A The Rio Grande RiverB The southern Rocky MountainsC The Colorado RiverD The Gulf of California8. The US formally entered the Second World War inA 1937B 1939 C1941 D 19439. The Presidents during the American Civil War was .A Andrew JacksonB Abraham LincolnC Thomas JeffersonD George Washington10 The emblem of the Democratic Party is .A elephantB donkeyC bearD bull答案及解析:1.C 按领土面积计算：美国是继俄罗斯，加拿大，中国之后的第四名。
语言学复习资料 英语专业
I. Multiple Choice1. The study of language as a whole is often called _____ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. A _____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle3. 3. The low, back and tense, unrounded vowel is ____.A. [ ɑ:]B. [ɔ:]C. [ə: ]D. [u:]4. ____ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasals5. _____ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American English6. Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language ____ explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. through7. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language8. Acoustic phonetics try to describe the _____ properties of the stream of sounds which a speakers issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded9. _____ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.A. PhonologyB. phoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics10. _____ transcription is the use of more specific symbols to sow more phonetic details.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow11. The word “motel” is formed via word formation rule of _____.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinage12. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be ______.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. prescriptiveD. creative13. _____ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.A. AbbreviationB. AcronymC. ClippingD. Blending14. Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill” and /k/ in the word “coal” is not a distinctive one, the two /k/-s are only ____.A. phonemesB. phonesC. segmentsD. allophones15. When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in _____.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. phonemic contrastD. complementary distribution16. ____ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.A. RootsB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Free morphemes17. As /k/ in the word “came” and /g/ in the word “game” are said to form a distinctive opposition in English, they are _____.A. soundsB. phonemesC. allophonesD. varieties18. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _____ sounds.A. consonantalB. voicedC. vowelD. voiceless19. _____ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to create new words in English.A. Inflectional affixesB. Free morphemesC. Derivational affixesD. Stems20. _____ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics21. A compound word consists of ______.A. two wordsB. two morphemesC. two root morphemesD. two or more morphemes22. “alive” and “dead” are _____ .A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above23.The meaning carried by inflectional morphemes is _____.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. morphemicD. semanticII. Fill in each blank with ONE word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.1.The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p___________.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are calleds_______________ features.3.C_______________ is a process of combining two or more words into a new word.4.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed________________.5.F________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all bythemselves.6.B___________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.7.C______________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occurin different phonetic environment.8.Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, are called d___________ affixes.9.P________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.10.Linguistics is generally defined as the s____________ study of language.11.D______________ means that language can be used to refer to things present or not present,real or imagined in the past, present, or future, or in faraway places.12.I____________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories suchas number, degree and case.13.The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b__________.14.M______________ is branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words andthe rules by which words are formed.15.S____________ can be define as the study of meaning.III. Judge if each of the following is true or false:1.The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.2.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wordstress and sentence stress.3.An acronym is a shorthand form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.4.Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.5.It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about awide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.7.The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English ---- stress does not distinguishmeaning.nguages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.9.Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smallercomponents.10.Blending is process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:2. Duality: one design feature of human language which refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such as units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Displacement: one design feature of human language which means human language enables their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication.4. Creativity: one design feature of human language by which we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.6. Langue: According to Saussure, refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.V. Questions:1. What are the major functions of language according to Holliday?Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic function, recreational function and metalingual function.4. How are pure vowels classified?There are four ways to classify simple vowels: (1) According to the height of the tongue raising: high, middle, low. (2) According to the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back. (3) According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded. (4) According to the length or tenseness of the vowel: long v.s short or tense v.s lax.。
《计算机专业英语》第二版_期末复习资料
计算机专业英语期末复习资料考试题型：一、将中文的计算机专业术语翻译成英文（单词或词组）（20题，20分）范围：（1）第255页-第261页英文单词（2）第178页-第188页英文词组，第262页-271页部分词组重点词汇和词组（出现概率：90% :adapter ani mati on asynchronous chip deadlock en capsulati onin stall in structio n in terrupt multitask multi-thread opera ndoverflow overload ing processor pixel router remoteassembly engin eeri ng executable memory multimedia pixelresolutionstructure switch tran sact ion variable volatilesimplicity flexibilitycon fidentialityreliability recoveryprotocoltraffic cha nnel refresh in stallati on stack port dow nl oad buffer attribute menuClipboard Cluster con gesti on compatibility compiler con sole compressi on zoomdecode encode debug decryptio n en crypti on directory docume nt edit feedbackfolder format frame function hit host hypertext ico n image unin stallkeyboard logi n logo n log out n etmask on li ne offline overloadi ng packagepassword peripheral pipe platform process queue quit resp onse request serial sig nature simulate terminal thread topology update upload utility video bootmemoryremote procedure call iden tifier/locator、选择合适的英语单词填空（10题，20分）范围：(出现概率：90%database management system distributed n etwork object-orie ntedprogram ming optimal scheduli ng algorithm software life cycle symmetric key en crypti on structured query Ian guagevirtualaddress spaceasymmetric keyen crypti on 8-bit shift register arithmetic logical operati onsmultitask ingoperati ng system un authorized accesswireless com munication the real mode clock pulsesloosely coupled multiprocess ing digital sig nature tran smissi on controlprotocoluser datagram protocol universal com muni cati onserial bus quality of service inter-processredundant arrays of in expe nsive disks routi ng in formati on protocol ope nshortest path firstglobal positi oning system hyper text tran sport protocol in tegrated circuit full duplex graphical user in terface doma inn ame system power- on self-test ran dom accesssoftware developme nt kitun iform resource(1 )第41 页：A switch is ideally suited to represent the value of anytwo-state variable because it can only be “off ” or “ on” .(2 )第51 页：A volatile memory is one that loses its data when power isremoved from the circuit, while non volatile memory reta ins its data even whe n power is removed.(3 )第57 页：In put is a process that in volves the use of a device to en codeor tran sform data into digital codes that the computer can process.(4)第58 页：A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes acrossa desk surface in order to point to a place on a display scree n and to select oneor more acti ons to take from that positi on.(5 )第59 页：Resolutio n refers to the nu mber of in dividual dots of color, known as pixel contained on a display.(6)第60页：A scanner is a device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the information into a from the computer can use.(7)第72 页：A data structure is a specialized format for organizing andstori ng data.(8)第85 页：The computer memory locations are called variables becausethey hold values that might vary.(9)第86 页：An executable program is a sequenee of extremely simplein struct ions known as machi ne code.(10)第86 页：Each mach ine Ianguage in structi on has an equivale nt comma nd in assembly Ian guage.(11)第87 页：A complier is a program that translates source code into object code.(12)第87 页：An in terpreter tran slates high-level in structi ons in to anin termediate form, which it the n executes.（13）第92 页：Software engineering is the application of tools, methods,and disciplines to produce and maintain an automated solution to a real-worldproblem.（14）第149 页：Multimedia is any comb in ati on of text, graphic art, sound, ani mati on, and video delivered to you by computer or other electro nic means.（15）第164 页：A transaction is a collect ion of operati ons that performsa sin gle logical function in a database applicati on.三、判断题（10题，20分）范围：（出现概率：96%（1 ）第52 页：One kilobyte（KB） equals 1024 bytes.（2 ）第52 页：If a cell con sist of k bits, it can hold anyone of 2k differe nt bit comb in ati ons.（3 ）第62 页：Keyboard, mouse and mon itor/sca nner are all in put devices. （False）（4 ）第76 页：The main feature of queues is that they follow a first-i n/first-out rule. （queue -> stack）（5）第83 页：Most operating systems have a standard set of controlin struct ions to han dle the process ing of all in put and output in struct ions.（6）第89 页：” ADDAX,BX” is a instruction of machine Ianguage. （false, high-level la nguages, assembly Ian guage）（7）第111 页：A gateway could be used to connect the different networks.（8）第115、116、119 页：IP and IPX are examples of network-layer protocols. TCPand SPXare transport layer protocols. TCP and SPXare session layer protocols. （false）（9）第157、161 页：A 256-color graphic requires eight bits for each pixel. For a 16-color graphic, each pixel can have one of 16 colors.（10 ）第175 页：Some viruses can be catastrophic by damaging files,destro ying data and crash ing systems.四、排序题（1题，6分）理解第47 页的"The CPUexecutes each instruction in a series of small steps: ................. Go to step 1 to begi n executi ng the follow ing in struct ion. This seque nee of stepsis frequently referred to as the fetch-decode-execute cycle. ”, 将1-7 排序好（可参考《计算机组成原理》第五章内容理解）（出现概率：100%五、阅读题（2篇，24分）第66 页的“ Time-Shared Bus ”（出现概率：100%另一篇参考第46页六、翻译题（2题，10分）第43页的阅读材料“ Digital Computer System ”的第一段（出现概率：90%第97 页的阅读材料“ The Software Life Cycle ”第二段的“ in which development proceeds linearly through the phases of ................. and maintenance. ”，并参考第92 页-94 页的内容（出现概率：90%。
英语专业语言学复习资料.doc
1Arbitrariness: Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the f act that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, f or the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, inCh inese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese.2Duality:To human language, the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to f orm meaningf ul units (words) at anotherlevel.3A descriptive linguisticsattempts to tell what is in the language, it attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used. While the prescriptive linguistics tells people what should be in the language and tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.4Immediate constituent analysis: The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis. IC analysis is a hierarchical analysis showing the dif ferent constituents at dif ferent structural levels based on the distribution of linguistic f orms. The best way to show IC structure is to use a tree diagram. The f irst divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents(ICs), and the f inal cuts as the ultimate constituents(UCs).5Assimilation:Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. As the f ollowing sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation.e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when f ollowed by a [+nasal] consonant.6Phonetics: The study of linguistic speech sounds that occur in all human languages , how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties, is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identif y what are speech sounds in a language, and then to study their characteristics. It includes three main areas: articul atory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.7 Phonology: It is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. 8 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.9Recursiveness：It refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any def inite limit. The rules introducing prepositional phrases also introduce the important concept of recursion.10 Stress: The prominence given to certain sounds in speech. When a word has more than one syllables, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress. When a word belongs to dif ferent word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on diff erent syllables. When all the words above are stressed on thefirst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verb s. Stress may also have af unction at the sentence level. In this case, the phonetic f orm of word stress may be show which part of sentence is in f ocus.11Morphology: is thus the study of the internal structure, f orms and classes of words, intended structure relevant rule f or word f ormation.12Allomorph: An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allophones are in complementary distribution, allomorphs are also in complementary distribution, that is to say, they cannot occur in the same environment. e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.13Derivation: the f ormation of new words by adding aff ixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word f ormation.14Acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Exmples: NATO, radar and yuppy.15blending: A single new word can be f ormed by combining two separate f orms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch is f ormed by the shortened f orms of breakfast and lunch.16Compounding:is the f ormation of new words by joining two or more stems. We have three types of compounds: 1, noun compounds:noun+noun: armchair, rainbow; 2, verb compounds: verb+verb: to sleep-walk; 3, adjective compounds: verb+adjectives: stir-crazy17Root: Some morphemes like car, talk, f riend and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called f ree morphem es. A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. remains when all aff ixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system f rom un- + system + atic + ally. 18Minimal pairs and sets: The phonologist is concerned with what differences are signif icant, or technically speaking, distinctive. A distinctive diff erence is one that brings about the change of meaning. In order to determine which are distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to set up minimal pairs-pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.19Stem: A “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an aff ix can be added. It may be the same as , and in other cases, dif ferent from, a root. For example, in the w ord “f riends” , “f riend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “f riendships”, “f riendships” is its stem, “f riend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlf riend” ,ect.20Suffix: Af f ixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suff ixes.An “affix” is the collective term f or the type of f ormative that can be used, only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Aff ixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classif i ed into three subtypes: pref ix, suff ix and inf ix, e. g. , “mini-”, “un-”, ect.(pref ix); “-ise”, “-tion”, ect.(suff ix).21Syntax: the term used to ref er to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.22IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents byusing binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. 23Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.24Sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, to gether with the context, determines its ref erent. 25Reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and \ the things, actions, events and qualities they stand f or. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” (ref erent) in the real world.26Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning; thematic meaning ; connotative meaning; social meaning; affective meaning；ref l ective meaning; collocative meaning;后5种称associ ative meaning27Lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes f or “male” and“f emale” cousin.28Pragmati cs: can be def ined as the study of languages in use. It deals with how speakers use languages in ways which cannot be predicted f rom linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when communicate with each other. We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of meaning that is not covered by semantics. So people use the f ormula as itsdef inition:PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS. 29Anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.30Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elem ents of a text. This may be the relationship between di ff erent sentences or different parts of a sentence.31Coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.32Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. f or some English speakers “cabbage” (rather than, say, “carrot”) might be the prototypical vegetable. 33 Prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by Eleanor Rosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized according to prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representative of the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the category of “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype.34iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’s historic words “Veni, vidi, vici (I ca me, I saw, I conquered)” is a good case to prove the iconicity of order(the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction). Iconicity of distance a ccounts f or the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. This entails that conceptual distance corresponds to linguistic distance not merely physical distance. eg: a, I killed the chicken. b, I caused the chicken to die. Iconicity of complexity: The phenomenon that linguistic complexity ref lects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity.35Reflective meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word f orms part of our response to another sense. Ref lective meaning is the product of people’s recognition and imagination.36Ambiguity: It refers to the phenomenon that an expression has more than one meaning. Two diff erent types of ambiguity can be distinguished on the basis of what is causing it: lexical ambiguity (more than one word meaning) and structural ambiguity (more than one synt actic structure) 37The diacritics: are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in theirpronunciation38Complementary distribution: [p.pH] are two different phones and are varivants of the phoneme /p/such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution, because they never occur in the same context. [p] occurred af ter [s] while [ph] occurs in other places.39syllable: A unit in speech which isof t en longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.41 the difference between derivational affix and inflectional affix (1)Inf lectional aff ixes very of t en add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. E.g. toys, walks, John’s, etc. In contrast, derivational aff ixes of ten change the lexical meaning.E.g. cite, citation, etc.(2)Inf lectional aff ixes don’t change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers, whereas derivational aff ixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness f or the f ormer, and that between brother and brotherhood f or the latter. (3)In English, inf lectionalaff ixes are mostly suffixes, which are always wordf inal. E.g. drums, walks, etc. But derivational aff ixes can be prefixes or suffixes. E.g. depart, teacher, etc.定义：Derivational morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are of ten used to make words of a di ff erent grammatical category from the stem Inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical f unction of a word.。
英语专业考研语言学复习资料句法学Word版
整理为word 格式Chapter 4：Syntax I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules rules that that that comprise comprise comprise the the the system system system of of internalized internalized linguistic linguistic linguistic knowledge knowledge knowledge of of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized recognized and and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What 11.What is is actually actually internalized internalized internalized in in the mind mind of of a native native speaker speaker speaker is is a completelist of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of thelexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence fromaffirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains asubject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprisesa number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence sentence which which comprises comprises a a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of whichis incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause isnormally called an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that newwords are constantly added.22. A _____ Condition 22. A _____ Condition on case on case on case assignment states assignment states assignment states that a case that a case that a case assignor and assignor anda case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_____condition explains the fact that noun phrasesappear only in subject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to thegrammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory wordthat introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.27. A. recursive B. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases toform grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence 38. syntactic categories39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules42. D-structureV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them withexamples.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis ofsentence structures?47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. simple, 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex20.embedded 21. open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.CaseIII. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A31. D 32. C 33. D 34. BIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies thesentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstractrules that allow words to be combined with other words to formgrammatical sentences.36. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit thatusually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least asubject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verbphrase.37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clausesjoined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as"and", "but", "or".38. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, asyntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexicalcategory) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performsa particular grammatical function.39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functionalrelations of constituents are called grammatical relations. Thegrammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrasein the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammaticalrelations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of allhuman languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known aslinguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules thattransform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representationthat exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the levelof D-structure.V. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?Normally, Normally, a a sentence sentence consists consists consists of of at least a least a subject subject subject and and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them withexamples.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating coordinating conjunction, conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example:John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam.A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example:Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:SNP VPDet N Vt NPDet NThe boy likes the music.46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.NP movement involves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice:(A) The man beat the child.(B). The child was beaten by the man.noun phrases "the man" and "the B is the result of the movementthe nounmovement ofof thechild" from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right and "the child" is preposed to the left.Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. For example:(C) It seems they are quite fit for the job.(D) They seem quite fit for the job.These sentences are identical in meaning, but different in their superfi-cial syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underlying structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.友情提示：本资料代表个人观点，如有帮助请下载，谢谢您的浏览！友情提示：本资料代表个人观点，如有帮助请下载，谢谢您的浏览！。
词汇学复习资料 大纲 英语专业必考
Chapter11.word:A word is the smallest unit of spoken written language which has meanings and can stand alone. A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function2. A word is(1)A minimal free form of a language;(2)a sound unity;(3)a unity of meaning;(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.3.1 the physical structure of the word(1)Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for the description, classification and transcription.(2)Morphology is the branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. In other words, it identifies the smallest meaningful units in a language which are called morphemes and look into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words.2.2 the semantic structure of the word（1）the word is a unit of speech or writng, which serves the purposeful human communication.（2）the word can be perceived as the total of the sounds that comprise it（3）the word , in writing, is seen as a sequence of letters bounded on either side by a blank space.（4）the word, viewed linguistically, possesses its physical structure (form) and semantic structure (meaning).4.V ocabulary:V ocabulary refers to all the words used in a particular kind of work, business or known to a particular person.5.V ocabulary and Lexis :Lexi, a mass noun, is defined as the total stick of words in a language.6.Lexicology: the study of meaning and uses of words论述对词汇学的理解包括内容：Lexicology is the part of linguistics which studies words. This may include their nature and function as symbols, their meaning, the relationship of their meaning, and the rules of their composition from smaller elements. Lexicology also involves relations between words, which may involve semantics, derivation, usage and sociolinguistic distinctions. Any other issues involved in analyzing the whole lexicon of a languages.Chapter21.The development of English vocabulary. The history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (449—1100)the former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxon as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.*3个重大事件：(1)Teutonic Conquest 乔顿征服(2)Christianity(Latin word)(3)Scandinavian invasionb/ Middle English period (1100-1500)characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and governmental administration (judge, justice）1150-1204:French occupied the dnoinant position1204-1500:English gradually come back to a positionc/ Modern English period (1500--)the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words2.The origins of English words2.1 the native words: Anglo-Saxon elements2.2 the loan words: French, Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, other European elements, ChineseChapter31. American English: is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used within the United States.2. British English: is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom.3. The history:(1)17th century: The English language was first introduced to the American by British colonization, beginning in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia.Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.The language taken there was Elizabethan English(2)The War of Independence : It marks the end of the colonial period.The political independence brings the tendency to develop an American brand of English.4.Americanism: A word, phrase or idiom characteristic of English as it is spoken in the US.5.Difference: pronunciation / spelling/ vocabulary / habitual expression/ grammarChapter41.Neologism(新词): a neologism is a recently coined word, phrase or usage. It can also be an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.Chapter51.morpheme:A morpheme is the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.2.分类：(1)free morphemes (自由词素)(2)bound morphemes (黏着词素): bound root +affixA. Inflectional affixes (-s ,-es ,ing,-er ,or -(e)d,est)B. Derivational affixes(3)content and function morpheme(4)derivational and Inflectional morpheme3.Root, stem, base词根、词干、词基A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.(词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. (词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式)词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
v1.0可编辑可修改 英译汉：acetylpa naxydol 乙酰基人参环氧炔醇 ecosystem 生态系统 in uli n 菊粉
nu traceutical 营养物质 polydextrose 葡聚糖 sorbitol 山梨（糖）醇 3 -galactosidases
3
-牛乳
糖醇 bala ncing 营养平衡 glyc ine 甘氨酸 meal replaceme nts 膳食替代品 pan tothe nic acid 泛酸V5
amylases 淀粉酶 malic acid 苹果酸 Food and Drug Admi nistrati on (FDA 美国食品与药品监督局
The Word Trade Orga ni zati on (WTO 国际贸易组织
汉译英：适应性(获得性)免疫 adaptive immune遗传性过敏 atopic allergy
碳水化合物，糖类 carbohydrate 双糖类disaccharide 叶酸 folate 乳酸乳球菌 Lactococcus lactis 代谢组学 metabolomics 低聚糖，寡糖 oligosaccharide 多聚糖 polysaccharide 抗性淀粉 resista nt staride B -胡萝卜素 (3 -carotene 类胡萝卜素 carotenoid
推荐的膳食供给量 RDA (recormmended dietary allowanee ) 添加剂adju nets 英译汉：1、It was the adva nces in un dersta nding the relati on ship betwee n nutrition and health , often at the molecular level , that led to the concept of “functional food ” (also referred to as “nutraceuticals ” or “ pharmaceutical food ” )as a practical and new approach to achieve v1.0可编辑可修改 11111v1.0可编辑可修改
22222 optimal health and possibly reduce the risk of disease.
翻译：对营养和健康之间关系的理解是经常建立在分子水平上，即将功能食品 （又指“营养制品”或“药用食品”）的概念作为一种实际的新方法，以达到最 佳健康状况并尽可能减少疾病风险。
2、 It is envisaged that systems biology will facilitate the assessment of the activity of functional foods in humansand animal models, not least because it has the potential to measure small, multiple perturbations or patter ns of resp onse (such as those often in duced by nu triti onal cha nge) and to factor in variables such as genetic polymorphisms.
翻译：系统生物学使对功能食品在人体和动物模型中的活性进行评价更为容易， 不仅是因为他有潜在的能力测量引起小而复杂的变化或模型应答(例如那些由 营养改变诱发的应答)，还因为他是变量因子，例如遗传多态性。 3、 Furthermore, the fact that both the food and pharmaceutical industries are actively purs uing new developme nts in fun cti onal foods does not ren der this disti ncti on more tran spare nt.
此外，食品和制药行业积极积极追求功能性食品的新发展的事实并没有把这种 区别讲的更加清楚。 4、 Desirable functional properties include slower fermentation leading to in creased persiste nce in the colon, so that ben eficial effects and metabolic en d-products are achieved in the distal regi on where many chr onic gut disorders (ulcerative colitis and can cer) are primarily located.
所期望的功能特性包括缓慢发酵在结肠中形成积蓄，从而有益效应和代谢终产 v1.0可编辑可修改 33333 物能够到达顽固肠道疾病（溃疡性结肠炎和癌症）起源的末梢神经。
5、Since ancient time, plants have been known as a source of diverse biologically active chemicals (phytochemicals) esse ntial for maintaining health and useful for treati ng and preve nti ng disease.
自古以来，植物就被认为是各种各样保持健康所必需和治疗预防疾病的生物活 性化学物质(植物营养素)的来源。 6、 The subject is not without its limitations one of which is the accurate sampling of biological materials, which has an impact on the accuracy of the qua ntitati on of metabolites.
这种研究方法的局限性在于生物材料的准确取样，这对代谢产物量化的精确性 有影响。 7、 However the addition of an amino acid to a nonprotein food, on the assumpti on that the food will be con sumed at some reas on able level together with a food containing a poor quality prote in, could result in the in gestio n of con siderable qua ntities of an amino acid.
但是，如果在非蛋白食物中加入氨基酸，假设该食物能在某合理的水平上与含 低质蛋白的食物一起被消化，那么就有可能导致某一种氨基酸的大量摄入。 in additi on the amino acid is permitted only in amounts that produce a measurable improveme nt in protein quality,the n there is no dan ger that excess amino acids will be con sumed.
如果允许加入的氨基酸量对蛋白质质量的增进是可衡量的，那么消耗过量的氨 基酸就没有危险。 v1.0可编辑可修改 33333 and flavor ，along with the other characteristics of food，will be thev1.0可编辑可修改
44444 factors that cause the consumer to add a newformulated food to his diet , perhaps displacing a more familiar traditional food 。 The nutritional qualities of the new formulated products must be carefully desig ned to meet the nu triti onal n eed in the diet which results from the success of the new food 。
外观和香味与食品的其他特性一样，是引起消费者在自己的饮食中添加新配方 食品的因素，也许新配方食品会取代更为熟悉的传统食品。必须小心地设计新 配方产品的营养性质，以致由于新食品的成功应用使得日常饮食中的营养符合 需要。 microbial processes used in food producti on traditi on ally employ microbial en zymatic activities to tran sform one food in to ano ther ，
with the microbially produced food product hav ing properties vastly differe nt from those of the starti ng material 。
传统意义上，食品生产中的微生物过程需要微生物酶活性的参与将一种食品转 化成另外一种食品，这种经由微生物生产而得的食品与原料的性质具有很大差 别。 flavor and other characteristic differe nee betwee n various types of alcoholic beverages reflect differe nee in the start ing substrates and the production process ，rather than differences in the microbial culture or the primary fermentation pathways employed in the production of alcoholic beverages 。
各种各样不同类型的酒精饮料之间风味和其他特征的不同反映了初始底物和生 产过程的不同，而不是酒精饮料生产中采用的微生物培养或前发酵途径不同。 12、. food age ncies are acco un table to the Preside nt, to the Con gress which has