外文翻译参考范例
英语四级笔译长难句翻译范例
三、分译法 分译法是翻译长句时常用的方法。所 谓“分译”， 就是将长句的某些成分从句 子主干中拆开， 另作处理。运用分译法可 以使疑问层次清楚、简洁明确。当原句中 的从句或修饰语与主句间的关系不十分密 切时， 可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯把从 句或短语化为句子， 分开叙述。
Manufacturing process may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 制造过程可分为单件生产和批量生产。单 件生产指少量的生产，批量生产指大量 相同零件的生产。
Section 4: Translation of the Text
1. Anybody who drives in Arizona at this
time of year will be familiar with annual migration of “snowbirds” —retired people seeking to escape the sub-zero temperatures of the north for the warmer desert winter.
二、倒译法 倒译法是指颠倒英语长句的语序， 将 句子成分的前部分放到译文的后部， 或将 后面部分放到译文前面。这样易会更加符 合汉语习惯。
A student of mathematics must become familiar with and fix in mind the signs and symbols, the definitions and technical terms in mathematics, in order that he may be able to have the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for further study. 为了能打下数学基础， 掌握好数学，以 便进一步学习深造， 一个学数学的人必须 熟悉并牢记数学中所用的记号、符号、 定 义和术语。
英译汉-翻译参考译文
练习1 美国印象☐我恐怕不能把美国描绘成十足的天堂——从一般角度来说，也许我对这个国家所知甚少。
我说不出它的经度或纬度；我算不出它出产谷物的价值；我对它的政治也不十分熟悉。
这些东西可能不会使你感兴趣，它们当然也不会让我感兴趣。
☐在美国上岸后得到的第一个深刻印象，就是美国人可能算不上世界上穿得最漂亮的，但却是穿得最舒服的。
那里看得到男人头戴着不堪入目的烟囱式高顶礼帽，但很少有不戴帽子的男人；还看到穿着难看至极的燕尾服的男人，但很少有不穿外套的男人。
美国人的穿戴显得舒适，这和在我国常可以看到的人们衣衫褴褛的情形形成了鲜明的对比。
☐我特别注意到的第二个特点是，似乎每个人都在急着赶火车。
这种情形对诗歌和浪漫爱情是不利的。
要是罗密欧和朱丽叶老是为乘火车而担心，或是在为返城车票而烦恼，莎士比亚就不可能写出那几幕如此富有诗意与伤感情调的阳台戏了。
☐美国是世界上最嘈杂的国家。
在早晨，不是夜莺的歌声，而是汽笛的呜叫把人们唤醒。
美国人讲求实际的头脑这么健全，却没有想到要降低这种令人难以忍受的噪音，真叫人吃惊。
所有艺术都依赖于精细微妙的敏锐感觉，这样持续不断的喧嚣，最终一定会损害人的音乐天赋。
☐美国城市没有牛津、剑桥、索尔兹伯里和温彻斯特那么美丽，那些地方有优雅时代的美好遗迹；虽然不时还是可以看到许多美的东西，但只能在美国人没有存心创造美的地方。
在美国人有意创造美的地方，他们显然没有成功。
美国人的突出特点，便是他们把科学应用于现代生活的那种态度。
☐在纽约走马观花地一走，这一点就一目了然了。
在英国人们常把发明家视作狂人，发明带来的是失望与穷困的例子简直不胜枚举。
在美国发明家受到尊重，他随时可以得到人们的帮助。
在那里心灵手巧、把科技应用于人类的劳动，是致富的捷径。
没有一个国家比美国更爱机器的了。
☐或许，值得指出的是，被许多人指为美国式英语的其实是老的英国式表达，它们在我国已经消失，却在我们的殖民地里留存下来。
许多人以为美国人常说的“I guess”（“我猜”）纯粹是一种美国式表达，但约翰∙洛克在他的The understanding (《理解论》）中就用过这种说法，就像我们现在使用“I think”（“我想”）一样。
外文翻译
AbstractIn recent years，with the development of manufacturing industry，an injection mould which was widely applied in many fields was been developed fast．Meanwhile，the higher requirement of the rapidity and rationality of the injection mould was proposed．With the application of 3D design software and simulation，the lead time of a mould was shortened with an increase in technology content as well as a reduction in cost in foreign nations．While the development status at home was not very good．In terms of increasing the competitiveness of injection mould industry，foreign experience and development must be learned and effective measures should be taken．After the analysis for the plastic nozzle cap，the injection mould of the nozzle cap was designed by modeling created by parameters based on UG and AutoCAD．So the functional defect of 3D modeling based on AutoCAD was avoided and a feasible method for the design and manufacture of the injection mould was approached．In this paper，the desirable results and expected design were achieved．Key words：injection mould；UG software；mould design；nozzle capDirectoryThe first chapter is 21.1 the purpose and significance of this research 21.2 development of mould CAD technology at home and abroad 31.3 main contents of this research 4The second chapter is the theoretical basis of injection mold design 52.1 general process of injection mold design 5Overall thinking about 2.1.1 injection mould design 5Several questions that should be considered before 2.1.2 injection mold design 62.1.3 typical injection mold structure type 8Basic structure of 2.1.4 injection mold 92.1.5 injection mold design process 102.2 die assembly process 142.2.1 core assembly 142.2.2 cavity assembly 142.2.3 assembly 152.2.4 the guide cylinder and the guide sleeve assembly 162.2.5 putting assembly 172.3 injection mold 182.3.1 frame structure overview 182.3.2 frame to determine the size of 182.4 summary 18Third chapter nozzle cap injection mold design 193.1 plastic parts processing analysis 193.1.1 analysis of the type and process characteristics of plastic parts using materials 193.1.2 analysis of the structure of plastic parts 203.2 the choice of injection machine and the number of cavity number 203.3 determine molding plan 213.4 check the injection machine parameters 223.4.1 maximum injection amount of check 223.4.2 clamping force and injection pressure 223.4.3 die thickness and injection machine closing height check 233.4.4 injection machine mould stroke 233.5 UG software platform injection mold design process 23UG/Mold Wizard 3.5.1 basic functions 23UG/Mold Wizard 3.5.2 design process 24UG 3.5.3 2D engineering graphics output 343.6 die assembly 353.6.1 total figure 353.6.2 assembly parts 373.6.3 assembly parts 373.7 summary 38Fourth chapter conclusions and expectation 39Reference 40The first chapter introduction1.1 the purpose and significance of this researchUG software system is powerful, widely used in automotive, aerospace and other fields, in the mold design andmanufacturing industry has a lot of advantages [1]. This paper will explore based on UG platform using Moldwizard module injection mold design and the ways and to the nozzle cap, for example on UG Moldwizard module the implementation process of injection mold designUG software is a large CAD/CAM/CAE integrated software which is widely used in the world.. UG in addition to including three-dimensional solid modeling, assembly simulation, simulation processing, NC automatic programming, finite element analysis and other functions, and mold design, sheet metal design, assembly line design proprietary module can achieve oriented manufacturing design for assembly, the design of advanced design method and model, for the traditional mold design and manufacturing work brought great convenience [2].Through the research of this topic, we can understand the method of UG design, master and use UG to design the medium complex parts, master the design method of UGMoldwizard module is plastic mold design tools, through the study of this topic can understand the principle of process, can skilled application of mold design tool to deal with any shapes of plastic parts mold, have the ability to complete the moderate parts of the mold design, and be able to insert, electrode, the slider die parts design, to mold base and standard parts, called [3].Although China's total mold has reached a considerable scale, the mold level has greatly improved, but the design and manufacturing level is generally backward Yu De, United States, Japan, France, Italy and other industrial developed countries. The proportion of mold enterprises in China is low, the level is lower, and the product development is not emphasized, and the passive position is often in the market.. Is this in inferior the development of makes us these mechanical professional college students should be more for the mould industry generated strong interest, learning professional knowledge of tooling and its successful application in the design and manufacture of, play to their talents, personal investment to China's mold industry to, for China's mold industry contribution to a force.1.2 development of mould CAD technology at home and abroadDesign (Design) is the process of formulating and adopting rules, and then working under these rules and achieving the goals of the plan and utility. Overview of the development of die industry at home and abroad, it can be concluded that the computer aided design of mold die CAD (computer aided design of mould technology is modern die technology is the most important part and mold design and production of the major technological revolution. In the plastic mold, with the development of CAD technology, the importance of plastic mold has gradually been recognized by the mold industry.. The development and application of plastic injection mould CAD technology is very striking, and it has formed a unique situation in the mould industry.. Since the 60s of the 20th century, scholars carried out a series of plastics melt flow in the mold cavity, packing and cooling of the basic research, in based on the reasonable simplified, has completed the one - and two-dimensional flow and cooling analysis computer program [4]. The three-dimensional flow and cooling analysis were started in the 80 "s, and the research was extended to the areas of the pressure, fiber and molecular orientation and prediction of warping deformation.. And after entering into the 90time, the whole process of the injection molding process of the flow, pressure, cooling and stress analysis was integrated.. These very fruitful research results have laid a good technical foundation for the development of practical software of injection mould.The injection molding software development can be divided into three stages. The first stage is the independent operation of the injection process simulation software is developed. The second stage is two-dimensional mold design software and simulation software is integrated, and the third stage is the 3D mould design and manufacture software and simulation software of integrated. Injection mold CAD technology in foreign countries has developed very rapidly, since the 1970s, the injection mould CAD / CAE / CAM technology become hot research topic, injection flow simulation and analysis of cooling system of the more prominent have United States ac-c-tech mold company C - mold software, Australia Moldflow company Moldflow software, SDRC company in America, has been buying EDS) software POLYCOOL2, Germany Institute of IKv CADMOULD software; 3D CAD / CAM integrated system of the more prominent with UG software UGS Corporation of the United States, the United States of America PTC company of Pro / E software, the SDRC I-DEAS software, Israel Cimatron Cimatron Software. And our computer technology started relatively late. In the early 1980s began to die CAD research work, but after continuous efforts, some universities and research have the great progress, and made a number of achievements in scientific research, such as Huazhong University of science and technology, State Key Laboratory developed a injection mould CAD software HSC, Beijing Beihang Haier Software Co., Ltd. CAXA injection mold designers [5]In recent years, the development of mold industry in China is fast, and the total output value of the mold industry is kept at a rate of 13% years.. It is estimated that in 1998 about 17000 production plants, employing 500000, mold output value of 22000000000 yuan, equivalent to $2600000000. By 2005 the output value of the mould was 60000000000 yuan, the standard parts of the mould and the die will grow from now to about $200000000 in 2005.. At present in the mold production, China has been able to produce precision of precision multi position progressive die 2Lm, the maximum number of workers has reached 16; a full set of plastic mold in large plastic mold has been able to produce 48 Inch big screen color plastic injection mold, 6.5Kg large capacity washing machine; in precision plastic mould. The camera has been able to produce plastic mold cavity small modulus gear mould and plastic mould and so on; in large complex precision die-casting mold, the domestic has been able to bridge gear box die production whole escalator pedal die and car; die in car, is now able to make new cars part cover mold; mould other types, such as radial tyre mould, aluminum alloy and plastic door and window profile extrusion die have reached a higher level, can replace imported mold [6]Domestic has realized the important foundation status of the mold in the manufacturing industry, many mold enterprise attaches great importance to the technology development, increases the investment for the mold technology progress. At present, there are more than 30 institutions and institutions engaged in the research of mould technology, and it has over 50 colleges and universities engaged in the training of mould technology education.. Although China's mold industry in the past 10 years has made remarkable development, but in the mouldmanufacturing precision and service life of die and mold production cycle and the developed countries there are still a large gap compared. For example, the precision machining equipment in the mold processing equipment in the proportion of low, the popularity of CAD/CAE/CAM technology is not high, many advanced mold technology application is not widespread and so on [7].。
翻译举例
唐代诗人张继——枫桥夜泊 月落乌啼霜满天， 江枫渔火对愁眠。 姑苏城外寒山寺， 夜半钟声到客船。 Mooring at Night by Maple Bridge The moon goes down, crows cry under the frosty sky, Dimly-lit fishing boats ‘neath maples sadly lie. Beyond the Gusu Walls the Temple of Cold Hill, Rings bells which reach my boat, breaking the midnight still.
宋代大诗人苏轼 横看成岭侧成峰， 远近高低各不同。 不识庐山真面目， 只缘身在此山中。 A mountain ridge seen lengthwise, A series of peaks viewed from the side, Different distances and heights, Lushan’s true features I can not see, Because I am in its midst.
中国烹饪及名菜 Chinese Cuisine and Famous Dishes
_____________________
中国菜的主要烹调方法有煎、炒、炖、蒸、煨。 The main methods of cooking Chinese cuisine include sauteing, frying, braising, steaming and stewing. 如果你应邀去中国家庭做客，很可能有幸领略一下中国 家庭烹饪艺术。虽然家庭烹调在方法上大同小异，可做 出的菜却是百家百味。 If you are invited to a Chinese home, you will most probably have a pleasant chance to enjoy the art of Chinese home cooking. Dishes prepared in each home differ in taste although the method of cooking is essentially the same.
外文翻译格式参考模板
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目缆线机器人的机构设计及仿真姓名专业机械设计制造及其自动化学号指导教师郑州科技学院机械工程学院二○一六年四月基于分层生物反射的自适应行走的四足机器人张秀丽 ，1，明成1，曾翔宇1，郑浩峻21学校的机械，电子与控制工程，北京交通大学，北京100044，中国2精密仪器系，清华大学，北京100084，中国2011年1月27日收到； 2012年3月19日修订；2012年3月22日接受摘要：多条腿的机器人是一种利用自身的动态模型来控制的传统控制模型的机器人。
当机器人面临崎岖的地形和未知环境时，以这种动态模型为基础的方法却不能获得满意的性能。
提到动物的神经控制机制，控制模型的建立就是为了四足机器人的自适应行走。
机器人的基本节奏的运动是由一个精心设计的有节奏的运动控制器控制（RMC），这种运动控制器包括针对髋关节的中枢模式发生器（CPG）和针对膝关节的有节奏的耦合器（RC）。
CPG和RC的关系就像有运动映射和韵律的夫妇。
多感官的电机模型，抽象于一只猫的神经反射，从而被采用。
这些反射模型进行组织并与CPG在三层交流反应，以满足复杂的要求和时间响应的任务。
在RMC与层状生物反射的基础上，四足机器人得以构造，它可以清除障碍，自主性地爬上坡和走下坡，并在不确定的环境下主动转向，以类似的方式与动物环境相互作用。
本文提供了一个受生物启发的体系结构，其中一个机器人能自适应地用一个简单而有效的方法在不确定的环境中行走，并实现更好的性能。
关键词：四足机器人；运动控制；中枢模式发生器（CPG）；生物反射1引言一个自主机器人控制系统必须完成许多复杂的任务，集成不同传感器的信息并实时性和复杂性的适应不同的功能。
多机器人控制系统集成感觉输入和制动器的输出以实现非结构化环境中的一个优秀的运动能力仍是一个争议以及在机器人技术和人工智能领域方面的一大挑战（AI）。
根据布鲁克斯[]1，已经开发了两种方法使腿式机器人在非结构化环境中取得令人满意的性能。
05汉译英英译汉参考译文
. 05汉译英参考译文Confucius says, “Out of three men, there must be one that can teach me.〞So pupils are not necessarily inferior to their teachers, nor teachers better than their pupils. Some learn the truth. 05英译汉参考译文在我的窗外，夜正在挣扎着醒过来；在月光下黯然无色的花园如此生动地梦见它那失去的色彩。
用石灰水刷白的墙在深蓝色的天空的衬托下显得明亮。
房屋的粉墙凛冽地使明月的光芒回荡。
那是一轮满月。
月来是块石头；但它是块极为神圣的石头。
或者说得更确切些，月亮是块能使男人和女人对它产生神圣感情，或者由于它才具有神圣感情的石头。
这样，有柔和的月光，它能给我们以超越理解能力的安宁。
有寒冷而严峻的月光，它向灵魂倾诉它的寂寞和绝对的孤独，它的微缺乏道和肮脏不洁。
有多情的月光，它使人去爱，——不但爱个人，而且有时甚至爱整个宇宙。
但月亮出了通过眼睛和窗户照进心灵外，还照在身体上。
月亮直接影响灵魂；但它还能够通过难以理解而迂回曲折的途径——通过血液——影响灵魂。
人类中半数的人明显地服从于月亮的节奏而生活着；还有证据说明，不仅女人的生理生活和精神生活，而且男人的生理生活和精神生活，都是神秘地随着月亮的盈缺而消长。
因此会出现没有理由的喜悦，莫名其妙的痛苦和毫无原因的欢笑和悔恨。
这些突然而荒谬的交替变化构成我们通常的情绪变化。
这些情绪是血液和体液的产物，但血液和体液听从许多主人的指挥，主人中也包括不断盈缺的月亮。
月亮通过眼睛直接和灵魂接触，沿着血液的神秘渠道间接和灵魂接触，因此月亮是双重的神。
我们即使把月亮想象为仅仅是一块石头，也会发现它的石头性质是个潜在的神。
一块变冷了的石头。
一块没有空气环绕，不含水分的石头。
它预示我们的地球在未来的形象，那时距离现在有几百万年，那时衰老的太阳已经丧失它养育万物的能力…...如此等等。
经典中英文翻译例句
经典中英文翻译例句6.I wouldn‘t care success or failure, for I will only struggle ahead as long as I have been destined to the distance. I wouldn‘t care the difficulties around, for what I can leave on the earth is only their view of my back since I have been marching toward the horizontal. (英译汉)我不去想是否能够成功,既然选择了远方,便只顾风雨兼程；我不去想身后会不会袭来寒风冷雨,既然目标是地平线,留给世界的只能是背影.1.我没有留心听他说话。
I listened to him with half an ear.with half an ear 不专心(听), 不很注意地2.不要妄下结论，先把事情搞清楚。
Don't jump to conclusion. We have to figure it out first.3.我不会提供任何意见，我想你该自己做决定。
I’m not going to dish out any advice, I think you should take your time deciding.dish out 把...盛在盘中端上; (用餐时)分(饭) 发给, 分配; 发布(消息等) [口]滔滔不绝地讲出; 单调的背诵[美俚]施加(打, 骂等)4.我妹妹很固执，你要她改变心意根本就是白费力气。
My sister is very stubborn. Y ou're just beating your head against a wall trying to make her change her mind.beat one's head against a wall白费力气；徒劳无功5.我们向你方保证这样的事件在以后的出货中不会再度发生。
英文翻译范例
南京邮电大学通达学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：通达学院专业：电子商务学生姓名：班级学号：Business Horizons,外文出处：Volume55,Issue2,March–April2012,Pages129–139附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文指导教师评价：1．翻译内容与课题的结合度：□优□良□中□差2．翻译内容的准确、流畅：□优□良□中□差3．专业词汇翻译的准确性：□优□良□中□差4．翻译字符数是否符合规定要求：□符合□不符合指导教师签名：年月日《商业视野》第55卷,第2期,2012年3月至4月,第129-139页，译文为外文文献第二和第三部分网址:/science/article/pii/S0007681311001558把你所热爱的移动化：移动营销及移动社会化媒体-----Andreas M.Kaplan 2.移动社会化媒体与企业：商业用途及其潜力到目前为止，可以清楚的看到传统的社会化媒体在很大范围的商业部门内为企业提供了多样的机会。
这种理论在一般的社交媒体中是正确的，对某些特定的应用程序也同样适用，例如虚拟社会世界和微博。
拿社会化媒体作为例子，其在产生病毒性营销形式及支持新产品的发行上已有了很明显的影响。
然而，移动社会化媒体特别是空间-时间这一模式的应用与传统的社会化媒体有显著的区别。
接着我们讨论了企业如何在不同的领域，例如市场调研，交流，促销打折以及关系发展及忠诚度的项目等领域使用这些具体特征。
2.1.市场调研移动社会化媒体应用提供关于线下消费者活动在某个水平的细节数据，这在此之前由线上企业限制。
现在任何一个公司都可以知道某个消费者在某特定时间进入了该公司其中一家经销店的信息，并可以在此过程中提出他们的看法。
从历史上看，公司已经竭尽全力面对他们的匿名客户基础。
然而如今，像Foursquare 这样的应用可以很容易的获得大致的数据，如每一天的用户的签到时间，性别，或年龄组；以及个体，如：哪个客户经常或最近有登记签到。
翻译外文资料翻译译文范文
翻译外文资料翻译译文范文这个样本的分析表明，买方在跨境并购中的低收益和国内兼并是相对的。
1870亿美元的收购的股东资产在宣告收购的三天内被摧毁。
这个结果揭示了造成损失的原因，因为买家跨国采购的规模变大，而且更容易遭受代理问题(默勒等，xx)。
结果还显示，估值取决于收购前期的信息收集，这影响境内收购者的决定。
买家在经营合资企业的购置资产中获得巨大的收益，可以得出，在管理资产时要从信息中获利收益。
我们假设，这些收益与被解决的不确定程度成正相关，这样的话，收购经验丰富的国家和地区，存在高层次的投资风险，也存在较高的投资回报率。
没有证据表明，购买者在较高的不确定性投资中，从闲置资本投资和有微小优势的投资中获得收益。
有微小优势的投资和分期付款的投资引致买家在国内更大的收益，但不是跨境并购。
使用股票作为支付方式与收购者的超额回报成负相关。
这些结果表明，合资企业可以作为一个过渡性的机制来减少跨境并购中的不确定性。
但是，只有一小部分资产由合资企业共同经营，这表明控制偏好(或合资企业所有权分享撤销)，超过了合资企业收购前的收益。
下一节介绍了文献综述和假定。
第3节讨论样品。
第4节分析价值对收购者的影响。
第5节介绍价值的不确定性和国家投资风险。
2 文献回顾和假设2.1有关国际并购的文献此前对于跨国并购的研究，主要集中于美国买家或任何美国目标，并且对这些交易的期限和国家依靠的经济后果进行了分析。
丹尼斯等在1984年至1997年对美国企业中的44，288家比较强大的企业进行分析观察中发现全球性多元化是与企业价值的减少相关联的。
莫乐和斯克林格曼在 1985年至1995年对美国企业4430份并购分析发现投标人的经验是低收益跨国收购。
柴特吉和奥通过对英国公司的研究以及艾克波和索伯恩对 ___公司的研究也发表了类似的发现。
其他分析发现，收购回报比较小。
杜卡斯和特雷乌勒(1988)发现，平均来看，从1975年到1983年由202个美国公司所进行的301起并购并没有收获收益。
(完整版)外文翻译
(完整版)外文翻译外文文件原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1)the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2)transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3)land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4)commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5)other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.(完整版)外文翻译How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacityof distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logisticsdistribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates offtheoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem ofover-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution ． This research stresseson the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locatingdistribution center on logistics cost ．and finds one kind of simple and easy locationmethod by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computermodeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural productlogistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which willattain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making supportfunction to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens andeven hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. Ifthe distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving andtransporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient andcostly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is acomplex engineering system， not only involves logistics technology, informationtechnology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular thespecifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing ofdistribution center. How to reduce logistics cost ，enhance the adaptive capacity andstrain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural productlogistics distribution center. The so— called logistics costs refers to the expendituresummation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of thegoods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。
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INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR Investigating how structures behave is an important part of structural design, it provides a basis for ensuring the adequacy and safety of a design, In this artical I discuss structural investigation in general.
1.Purpose of Investigation Most structures exist because they are needed. Any evaluation of a structure thus must begin with an analysis of how effectively the structure meets the usage requirements.
Designers must consider the following three factors: Functionality. or the general physical relationships of the structure's form. detail. durability. fire resistance. deformation resistance. and so on. Feasibility. including cost. availability of materials and products. and practicality of construction. Safety. or capacity 10 resist anticipated loads.
2.Means An investigation of a fully defined structure involves the following: 1. Determine the structure's physical being-materials, form, scale. orientation. location. support conditions, and internal character and detail. 2. Determine the demands placed on the structure-that is. loads. 3. Determine the structure's deformation limits. 4. Determine the structure's load response-how it handles internal forces and stresses and significant deformations. 5. Evaluate whether the structure can safely handle the required structural tasks.
Investigation may take several forms. You can Visualize graphically the structure's deformation under load. Manipulate mathematical models. Test the structure or a scaled model, measuring its responses to loads.
When precise quantitative evaluations are required. use mathematical models based on reliable theories or directly measure physical responses. Ordinarily. mathematical modeling precedes any actual construction-even of a test model. Limit direct measurementto experimental studies or to verifying untested theories or design methods. 3.Visual Aids In this book, I emphasize graphical visualization; sketches arc invaluable learning and problem-solving aids. Three types of graphics are most useful: the free-body diagram. the exaggerated profile of a load-deformed structure. and the scaled pial.
A free-body diagram combines a picture of an isolated physical clemen I with representations of all external forces. The isolated clement may be a whole structure or some part of it.
For example. Figure 4.1a shows an entire structure-a beamand-eolumn rigid bent-and the external forces (represented by arrows). which include gravity. wind. and the reactive resistance of the supports (called the reactions). Note: Such a force system holds the structure in static equilibrium.
Figure 4.lb is a free-body diagram of a single beam from the bent. Operating on the beam are two forces: its own weight and the interaction between the beam ends and the columns 10 which the beam is all ached. These interactions are not visible in the Ireebody diagram of the whole bent. so one purpose of the diagram for the beam is to illustrate these interactions. For example. note that the columns transmit to theendsofthe beams horizontal and vertical forces as well as rotational bending actions.
Figure 4.lc shows an isolated portion ofthe beam length. illustrating the beam's internal force actions. Operating on this free body arc its own weight and the actions of the beam segments on the opposite sides of the slicing planes. since it is these actions that hold the removed portion in place in the whole beam.
Figure 4.ld. a tiny segment. or particle. of the beam material is isolated, illustrating the interactions between this particle and those adjacent to it. This device helps designers visualize stress: in this case. due to its location in the beam. the particle is subjected to a combination of shear and linear compression stresses.
An exaggerated profile of a load-deformed structure helps establish the qualitative nature of the relationships between force actions and shape changes. Indeed. you can infer the form deformation from the type of force or stress. and vice versa. FIGURE 4.1 Free-body diagrams. For example. Figure 4.la shows {he exaggerated deformation of the bent in Figure 4.1 under wind loading. Note how you can determine the nature of bending action in each member of the frame from this figure. Figure 4.2b shows the nature of deformation of individual particles under various types of stress.
FIGURE 4.2 Structural deformation