Chinese Imperial Tombs学生版

Chinese Imperial Tombs/english/MATERIAL/115022.htm#/aboutchina/txt/2009-01/22/content_17167681.htm/travel/zhuanti/jzbj/2008-11/27/content_16863591_3.htmNew Words:Prolongation mirror replica复制品mausoleum陵墓hallways transition, forbear rivalry principality 诸侯国centralize mobilize chariot战车mercury credence excavateI. Brief IntroductionDuring the reign of Chinese dynasties, the ancient Chinese believed that when a person dies, he or she entered into the after life. Death was comprehended as a prolongation of life, and an emperor's mausoleum was his after-life palace, mirroring his regal life on earth. All of the daily comforts of their past life such as servants, attendants, objects, pets, wives, guardians, concubines, food and drink were to be provided for them in the after life. This was accomplished by burying all of these things with the deceased when they died. As an ancient Chinese philosopher said, "Treat death as life." It was not uncommon to kill people in order to be buried with their master, but as dynasties evolved clay replicas replaced the real thing. （Ideology意识形态---- belief---still alive---imagination----nether lives---发展）中国古代人崇信人死之后，在阴间仍然过着类似阳间的生活，对待死者应该“事死如事生”，因而陵墓的地上、地下建筑和随葬生活用品均应仿照世间。

The path leading to these tombs were called "spirit paths", and these paths were guarded by carved figures of soldiers, animals, or imaginary creatures called chimeras狮头. The material and structure of tombs are made of wood, brick and stone in different periods.用材和结构陵墓墓室使用木、砖、石3种材料。

II. Origins of Tombs（history of tombs）How did the ideology意识形态of tombs originate and develop? In short, it came from the concept of soul, which perhaps emerged during the middle stages of transition from the primitive society. Our forbears had little idea about the structure of the human body. Affected by their dreams , they formed the idea that 'man's thinking and feeling do not come from the functions of body organs, but from the activities of the unique soul which exists in the body and separates from it at death.'"坟墓的起源（Ideology---- belief---still alive---imagination----nether lives---发展）primitive society(disintegrate-分裂)--- private ownership III. Typical Tombs in Each Dynasty /wiki/Terracotta_warriors1．Brief Introduction of Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.)In 221 B.C., Ying Zheng, ruler of the State of Qin and a man of great talent and bold vision, ended the 250 years of rivalry among the independent principalities 诸侯国during the Warring States Period, and established the first centralized, unified, multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese history — the Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.). He called himself Qin Shi Huang or "First Emperor of Qin." （He standardized the written script, weights and measures, and currencies, and established the system of prefectures and counties. The sovereigns 君主制of the next 2,000-odd years followed the feudal governmental structure established by him.）He mobilized more than 300,000 people over a period of a dozen years to build the Great Wall, which stretches for 5,000 km in northern China. Qin Shi Huang had the work on his enormous mausoleum started early in his reign.When they were unearthed in 1974 in Xi'an, the terracotta warriors of the "underground army" of some 8,000 vivid, life-sized pottery figures, horses and chariots guarding the mausoleum at the Qin Shi Huang tomb site amazed the world. 公元前221年，秦始皇嬴政结束了长达250多年诸侯纷争的战国时期，建立了中国历史上第一个统一的、中央集权的多民族封建国家——秦。

秦始皇统一了文字，统一了度量衡，统一了货币，建立了郡县制度。

由他奠定的封建国家框架在以后的2000多年中一直被人们沿用着。

他在十几年的时间里组织30多万人在中国北部修建了绵延5000公里的长城，并生前就开始修筑庞大的坟墓。

1974年发现的、守护秦始皇陵的秦兵马俑震惊了世界。

8000个如真人大小的陶俑、陶马和战车栩栩如生，被誉为“世界第八大奇迹”。

2. Qin Shi Huang Tomb：According to the historian Sima Qian (145 BC-90 BC) construction of this mausoleum began in 246 BC and involved 700,000 workers. Qin Shi Huang was thirteen when construction began. SimaQian, in his most famous history of China, Shiji, completed a century after the mausoleum completion, wrote that the First Emperor was buried with palaces, scenic towers, officials, valuable utensils and 'wonderful objects,' with 100 rivers fashioned in mercury水银 and above this heavenly bodies below which he wrote were 'the features of the earth.' Some translations of this passage refer to 'models' or 'imitations' but in fact he does not use those words. Recent scientific work at the site has shown high levels of mercury in the soil of Mount Lishan, appearing to add credence 信任 to the writing of ancient historian Sima Qian. The tomb of Shi Huang Di is near an earthen pyramid 76 meters tall and nearly 350 square meters. The tomb remains unopened, in the hope that it will remain intact. Only a portion of the site is presently excavated.近年来，地质学家根据卫星拍照的图片看:从骄山到华山工好像一条龙，秦始皇陵正好位于龙头眼睛的位置。