初中英语八种时态语法知识及语法口诀
初中英语八种时态语法知识及语法口诀
01
一般现在时
标志：动词原形
1. 表示经常性或习惯性动作，常与表频度的时间状语连用：She often speaks English.
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2. 表示现在的状态、特征、职业、能力、感觉等：
He seems to feel a bit down today.
He works as a driver.
3. 表示真理、客观存在、科学事实或用于格言警句中：Shanghai lies in the east of China.
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
4. 表示现在瞬间的动作：
Here comes the bus!
5. 表示将来
1) 表按规定、计划、安排将要发生的动作（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的趋向动词），可以与表示未来的时间状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通状况。如：
The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
How often does the shuttle bus run?
2) 在时间和条件状语从句中常使用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情：
When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me.
I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy.
02
一般过去时
标志：动词过去式
*闭音节：元音字母a, e, i, o, u如果发字母本来的音则称为开音节，否则称为闭音节。
（e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when …, in the past等）。如：
Jim rang you just now.
Liu Ying was in America last year.
2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，特别是used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去常常。如：
When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.
She used to visit her mother once a week.
*注意区分sb. used to do sth.（某人过去常常做某事，此处to是动词不定式标志符号）和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.（某人习惯于某物/做某事，此处to是介词）。
3. 代替一般现在时，表示一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。此用法仅适用于少数动词（如want, hope, wonder, think, intend等）及情态动词could, would。如：
I wondered if you could have a word with me.
I hoped you could help me with my English.
Would you mind my sitting here?
4. 虚拟语气中用一般过去时表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态。常用句型有：It is time that sb. did sth. “某人该做某事了”
wo uld rather sb. did sth. “宁愿某人做某事”
03
一般将来时
标志：will / shall + 动词原形
tomorrow, next week, in the future等）。如：
We shall have a lot of rain next month.
My husband will come back in a few days.
2. 表示倾向性和习惯性：
Fish will die without water.
When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.
3. 一般将来时的几种句式结构辨析：
1) will / shall + 动词原形
多用于表达主观愿望或必定会发生的事情（“将会如何”）
*shall作助动词时一般只用于第一人称
2) be going to + 动词原形
表示即将发生或打算要做的事：
It is going to rain.
We are going to have a meeting today.
3) be to + 动词原形
表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作：
He is to visit Japan next year.
We are to discuss the report on Monday.
4) be about to + 动词原形
表示即将发生的动作，意为“马上要做某事”，后面一般不跟时间状语，如：The plane is about to start.
Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.
04
现在进行时
标志：be + 动词的现在分词
1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作：
She is writing a letter upstairs.
Who are you waiting for?
It is raining hard.
2. 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作（说话时动作未必正在进行）：
I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.
3. 表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，往往包含说话者赞扬、责备、厌恶等情绪，通常与always, constantly, continually, forever等频度副词连用。如：
John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.
He is always thinking of others first.
4. 表示将来
1) 表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，仅适用于部分趋向动词（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：
Uncle Wang is coming.
They're leaving for Beijing.
2) 在时间和条件状语从句中，现在进行时表示将来某时正在发生的事情。如：Please drop in when you are passing my way.
If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up.
05
过去进行时
标志：was / were + 动词的现在分词
1. 表示过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作，过去进行时中常用的时间状语有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如：I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.
They were watching TV at home last night.
2. 表示过去反复出现或习惯性的动作，往往包含说话者赞扬、责备、厌恶等情绪，通常与always, constantly, continually, forever等频度副词连用。如：
My brother was always losing his keys.
3. 表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作，仅适用于部分趋向动词（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：
He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.
4. 过去进行时有一个主要用法就是描述一件事情发生的背景（一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生）：
Granny fell asleep when she was reading.
It was raining when they left the station.
06
现在完成时
标志：have / has + 动词的过去分词
1. 表示一个过去发生并已完成的动作对现在产生影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况（表示“已完成”）。如：
He has left the city. （结果：他目前不在这个城市）
Someone has broken the window. （结果：窗户破了）
2. 表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也可能还会继续持续下去（表示“未
完成”）。
I have been busy since last week.
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
I’ve finished half so far.
注意瞬间动词通常是不能用现在完成时表持续性的，但其否定结构则可以。如：She hasn’t seen you for ages.
His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.
3. 表示过去到现在为止反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态，常与表示频度的副词always, often, every day等连用。如：
I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.
4. 在时间和条件状语从句中，现在完成时表示将来某时完成的动作。如：
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.
5. 与现在完成时连用的常见词语
能与现在完成时连用的词语很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常见的有：
1) since 自从
I have been there many times since the war.
We haven’t seen each other since last week.
We have been friends ever since.
2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在过去/最近…中
I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.
Great changes have take place in the last ten years.
I have been here (for) the last/past month.
3) so far 到目前为止
We haven’t had any trouble so far.
So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.
4) up to/until now 到现在为止
Up to now he’s been quiet.
Up to now, the work has been easy.
I have heard nothing from him up till now.
Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.
5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 这是第一/二…次…
It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.
It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in publi c.
It is the second time (that) I have met him today.
6) This is + 形容词最高级+ that … 这是最…
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1) 现在完成时强调对现在的影响和结果，与现在有联系；
而一般过去时强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去，不涉及对现在的影响。如：I have seen this film. （我已经看过了这部电影）
I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的这部电影）
2) 现在完成时常与模糊的时间状语连用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆没有时间状语；
而一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用（如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in
February等）。
3) 现在完成时表示持续时一般使用延续性动词（如live, teach, work, know等）；而一般过去时常使用瞬间动词（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如：
He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.
My grandfather bought the car five years ago.
7. 易错点辨析
1) 考生容易把一些瞬间动词用现在完成时表达，这是错误的。如：
(×) He has died for two years. 他死了两年了。
(√) He has been dead for two year s.
(√) He died two years ago.
(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 电影开演十分钟了。
(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.
(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.
(×) She has married for three years. 她结婚有三年了。
(√) She has been married for three years.
(√) She marri ed Mike three years ago.
2) 考生不懂如何区分have been to和have gone to，尽管两者均可后接地点，但have been to表示去过某地（现在已经回来了），have gone to表示到某地去了（现在还没回来）。如：
She has been to Paris (three times).
She has gone to Paris.
07
过去完成时
标志：had + 动词的过去分词
1. 表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。如：By the end of last week he had finished the work.
He had left when I arrived.
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。如：We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.
The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.
3. 某些表意向的动词（如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等）的过去完成时表示主语未曾实现的愿望、希望、打算。如：
I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
4. （虚拟语气）在条件状体从句或wish / would rather等后面的从句中，使用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的主观愿望。如：
The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come.
I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.
5. 过去完成时与一般过去时
1) 基本区别：过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状态。如：
He studied there two years ago.他两年前在那儿学习（离现在两年）
He said he had studied there two years before.他说他两年前在那儿学习过。（离他说话时两年）
2) 特别注意：两个动作如果按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或者用then, and, but
等连词连接时，多用一般过去时。如：
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
08
过去将来时
标志：would + 动词原形
1. 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如：
He said he would come here next Friday.
I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.
2. 表示过去的动作习惯或倾向：
The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything. When I worked on that farm, I would get up at 5 am.
3. 用于虚拟语气中：
If I were you, I would not do that.
If he were here, he would show us how to do it.
4. 过去将来时的其他形式
1) was / were going to + 动词原形。如：
He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.
She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station.
2) was / were to + 动词原形。如：
The building was to be completed next month.
Li Lei was to arrive soon.
3) was / were about to + 动词原形。如：
We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. He was about to have lunch when the bell rang.
初中英语语法口诀
be的用法口诀
我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它；
单数名词用is，复数名词全用are.
变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃
变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记
疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑
02
时间名词前所用介词的速记歌
年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行
遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in.
要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行
午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错
at也用在明分前，说差可要用上to，
说过只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记，
莫让岁月空蹉跎
03
可数名词的复数变化规律
名词复数有规律，一般词尾加s;
辅音字母+y型，变y为i,es;
ch,sh真有趣，s,x,es;
f,fe真小气，字母v来把它替，es在后别忘记；
字母o来真神奇，有生命来es,没有生命+s.
04
开学军训识朋友
中日好友来聚会，
绵羊、鹿、鱼把家回。
男士、女士a变e；
牙（齿）、脚双o变双e;
孩子们想去天安门，
原形后面r、 e 、n;
老鼠本来爱大米，
mice,ice和rice.
注：中Chinese,日Japanese，好友people.
绵羊sheep,鹿deer,鱼fish （这些单词单复数一样）man--menwoman--womentooth--teethfoot--feet
child--childrenmouse--mice
05
一般现在时态
①we、you、they作主语，
动词原形后面跟；
否定句，更容易，
动词前面加don't;
疑问句，别着急，
句首Do，来帮你，
后面问号别忘记；
肯定回答用Yes,
I、we、you、they加上do; 否定回答要用No,
I、we、you、they加don't.
②主语三单他、她、它，动三形式后面压，
词尾一般s加；
辅音字母+y型，
变y为i,es;
ch,sh真有趣，
s,x,es;
③三个特殊哪里去？has、goes和does;
否定句，记住它，
动词前面doesn't;
疑问句，别着急，
句首Does，来帮你;
肯定回答用Yes,
he、she、it加does;
否定回答要用No,
he、she、it、doesn't;
Does、doesn't来帮你，
后面动词定注意，
恢复原形要切记。
06
巧记48个国际音标
单元音共十二，四二六前中后
双元音也好背，合口集中八个整
辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，
四个连对也包括有气无声清辅音，
有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握
07
非谓语动词的一些特殊用法
①后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用动词want，hope和wish，
agree，decide，mean，manage，promise，expect，pretend，且说两位算在此，
要记牢，要记住，掌握它们靠自己
②后接省略to的不定式做宾补的动词
一感feel，
二听hear，listen to，
三让have，let，make，
五看see，look at，observe，watch，notice
③后只接动名词做宾语的动词
特殊动词接动名，使用它们要记清，
放弃享受可后悔，
坚持练习必完成，
延期避免非介意
掌握它们今必行
08
英语分数巧记
英语分数不费事，母序子基四个字
分子若是大于一，分母还须加-s.
09
巧记家庭成员
爹father 娘mother 哥哥弟弟brother 姐姐妹妹sister.
long before 和before long
long 在前（long before），很久前，long在后（before long），不久后10
巧记lie和lay
躺lie，lay，lain，lie in bed again；
撒谎lie，lied，lied，don't be a liar；
产蛋lay，laid，laid，a hen laid an egg；
放置A boy picked it up，and laid it in the bag.
11
开闭音节歌
开音节，音节开，
一元字母在后排；
不怕一辅堵后门，
还有哑e在门外
（拍手念）a，e，o，u，i
就读[ei][i:][][][ai]
闭音节，音节闭，
一元字母生闷气；
辅音字母堵后门，
一元字母音短急
（拍手念）a，e，o，u，i
12
定冠词the的习惯用法
①某家人或某夫妇一般用the+复数。如：the Smiths
②表示整个民族或族人一般加the。如the Chinese/English
③少数山脉群岛也不用the。如Mount Tai。如名词中有of短语则一般有the.如：the Mountain of seven sighs.
④中国的湖泊一般加the。如：the West Lake.
⑤the+adj表示类别。如：the rich.
⑥年代，年龄的约数前常用the。如：in the 1950s,in his teens.
⑦表计量单位用the含有“每”、“每一”
It sells at two dollars the pound.
It sells 16 dollars to the pound.
John is paid by the hour.
⑧下列结构中的冠词。
-have+the+抽象名词+to do sth = be so +adj+ as to do sth 如：He has the politeness/kindness to say hello to me.
=He is so polite/kind as to say hello to me.
抽象、物质、专有名，代词基数用作限定；
泛指节假季节星期几，球棋、呼语与餐名；
刊物、公告与标题，普通名词并列紧相邻；
唯一职位，学科与语种，洲、国、省、市、县街路名。
13
动词形式的变化
动词根本是原形，
变化形式有四种：
原形词尾加“s”，
现在第三单人称；
过去原形加“ed”，
过去分词也相同；
原形加上“ing”，
现在分词或动名。
原形词尾加“s”，
如同名词复数式。
若加“ed／ing”，
以下情况要注意：
词尾有e只加d，
ing去无声e；
词尾ie变成y，
然后再加ing；
辅音之后y结尾，
y要变i加ed；
现在分词不变y，
直接加上ing ；
词尾重读闭音节，
加缀辅音都双写，
r做结尾也一样，
重读音节r双写；
结尾字母是“t”，
不是重读也双写。
过去分词过去式，
不按规则也有些。
14
基数词变序数词
第一、二、三要全变，其余“th”加后边，
你需格外记明白：
八减t，九减e，
字母f代ve，ty变tie。
①one—first，two—second，three—third。
②four—fourth，seven—seventh，hundred—hundredth。
③eight—eighth，nine—ninth。
④five—fifth，twelve—twelfth。
⑤twenty—twentieth，sixty——sixtieth。
15
直接引语间接引语的记忆口诀
人称变更怎么办？“一主①、二宾②、三不变”③
若是自引自的话，听者不变称不变。
注：
①“一主”指在直接引语中的第一人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的主语在人称上保持一致。如：
He sad，“I am forty，”
→He said that he was forty．
②“二宾”指直接引语中的第二人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的间接宾语保持人称一致。如：
He said，“Are you coming tomorrow？”
→He asked me if I wascoming the next day．
③“三不变”指直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。如：
He said，“Is she an English teacher？”
→He asked if she was an Engl ish teacher．