外文翻译正文
耐磨堆焊对于旋耕机刀片的磨损性的影响
原文来源：Amardeep Singh Kanga*, Gurmeet Singh Cheemaa, Shivali Singlab. Wear behavior of hardfacings on rotary tiller blades.Procedia Engineering 97 ( 2014 ) 1442 –1451
摘要：旋耕机是一种机械化农具,普遍用来节省时间，人力和制备土床燃
料。然而，在复杂的磨损环境下，旋耕机刀片受到极端表面的磨损，特别是在干砂的磨损下，大大影响其使用寿命。本研究的目的是提高旋耕机刀片的使用寿命，为了减少空闲时间对于正在耕作的刀片周期性的替换要求。其目的是通过耐磨堆焊的方法进行研究，研究在硬质面上的磨损程度以及旋耕机刀片的磨损特性。以及研究铬对于在硬质面上由高强度钢制造的旋耕机刀片的刀锋的影响，而这高强度钢是使用四种不同的电级形成的钨电极惰性气体保护焊制造的。通过进行现场和实验室测试来比较硬质面与非硬质面（标准）的制造。一项现场测试实施在被联合收割机收割后的50亩的稻田里。在现场试验期间，目前稻茬土壤条件是干燥的沙地。不同的位置被选定去测试旋耕机的刀片，从而收集有意义的数据。研究发现非硬质面刀片的平均磨损率为7.08克/亩，然而这些由5HCr，7.5HCr，12HCr 和8HCr组成的硬质面刀片的平均磨损率为5.02,4.3,2.84,4.42克/亩，这就是现场测试得到的的结果。我们可以观察到在提供磨损的保护上，硬质面刀片相比非硬质面刀片有明显的提升作用。
1 介绍
磨料磨损是许多农业用地工具特别是在一些干旱地区的农用工具过早失效的主要原因。重型农业设备运营商和农民总是面对频繁的劳动力,设备停机时间和恢复部件磨损的成本。工具磨损减轻工作能力而燃料损耗与之相反。
旋耕机是一种电动旋耕机，它结合很多的传统耕作设备如圆盘犁、耕耘机和模具板犁，它们的相同点只是一个单一的耕作设备。旋耕机是最有效的设备之一。它在土壤床制备农业工具上可以节省操作时间和人力。它还有助于改善土壤的有机健康,因为它耕作了水稻收获后的茬口。
尽管事实是旋耕机已经成为世界著名的苗床领域准备阶段,脉动荷载作用下其叶片受到高磨损和疲劳,这可能会限制其在特定的应用程序下的使用。一般来说,耕耘机刀片寿命磨损是可以被预测的。随着磨损提高了农业生产的总成本,许多热处理过程往往进行的是延长耕耘机刀片的使用寿命。在激进的野外环境下,足够的磨损可能不是完全由热处理提供保护。不过,即使在热处理之后,我们可以观察到高磨损在随后的耕作期间影响了刀片的频繁更换。
表面改性技术已成为另一种控制磨损和影响土壤颗粒的磨蚀作用的替代处
理方式。这些改性方法提高旋耕机刀片的表面性能如硬度和耐磨性。相关审查的文献显示,有极少数的研究人员提供了一些技巧来提高农业相关部门的地面结合工具的耐磨性。比如提出表面涂层的Karoonboon，Kang和硬质面的Bayhan
Dasgupta。当磨损条件过于严重对于地面结合工具,或者对于设备停机的成本需要更频繁的更换部分,然后使用表面硬化技术的费用是合理的,同时这项技术比使用改进的战略设计整个组件材料显得不那么昂贵。
在这种情况下硬质面被选为表面改性技术。钨电极惰性气体保护焊(GTAW)工序被选择去沉积堆焊。这个案例研究的目的是确定旋耕机刀片的磨损行为很难面对四个不同的商业硬质面合金和比较这些标准热处理耕耘机刀片在实验室和现场条件下的操作。磨损率从实验室和现场试验可以用来预测耕耘机刀片的使用寿命。
2 实验
2.1 衬底和耐磨堆焊合金
旋耕机刀片的化学成分制成的高强度钢(EN-14B)表1中给出。EN-14B所提供良好的综合机械性能,需要在现场操作的旋耕机刀片展现出对于脉冲负载优秀的抵抗能力。EN-14B是碳元素最大高达0.3%的碳锰刚。它是在780?C-810?C的温度下淬火，然后在430?C-500?C的温度下回火。旋耕机刀片的前缘已经被四种不同的堆焊焊条所覆盖。其目的是为了增强磨削前的厚度，如表格1（a）所展示的，以及磨削后的硬度如表格1（b）。这些堆焊合金根据组合物中所含铬元素的百分比划分为5HCr，8HCr，12HCr，7.5HCr也就是分别含有的铬元素百分比为百分之五，百分之八，百分之十二，百分之七点五。沉积后5HCr，8HCr，12HCr，7.5HCr耐磨堆焊合金由钨极氩弧焊工艺基板分别提供576,667、713和654维氏硬度。这些耐磨堆焊合金被选的第一个原因是,它们提供高耐磨性，第二个原因它们在市场上是比较经济的。
表1化学成分（重量%）的高强度钢（En-14B）
在本研究中使用的典型焊接参数列于表2。在这些参数被保持的范围内，由厂家指定使用的焊条的尺寸是直径4毫米大小。堆焊合金的铬含量高的选择是由于库马尔等人所说高的铬含量呈现磨损最小研磨率。这些堆焊合金是用于覆盖增强如挖掘机斗齿，耕作工具和挖掘工具的耐磨性。每个组成的堆焊，焊缝达2至3毫米的厚度前缘的刀片如图1所示。这是由一些沉积堆焊焊条达到多种厚度而不是单一的厚度。一个好的层间温度控制是一种保持避免堆焊层开裂的手段。四个电极的化学成分见表3。已经采取谨慎措施，以避免任何电极在整个由Selvi 所提出的限制指定的控制沉积细珠的稀释比例的过程中，发生横向电荷震荡。
图1 5HCr 8HCr 12HCr 7.5HCr旋耕机刀片前缘硬面（a）磨削前（b）磨削后表2 试验所用的焊接参数
性能参数硬质面合金
5HCr 8HCr 12HCr 7.5HCr
电极直径（毫米） 4 4 4 4
弧电压（伏）240 240 240 240
焊接电流（交流/直流）放大器169/交流144/直流+1 125/直流+1 155/直流+1 焊接速度（毫米每分钟）62-65 75-80 125-130 65-70
气体流速（升每分钟）15 10 10 10
沉积速率（千克每小时） 3.4 4.2 3.8 4.7
气体压力（千克每平方厘米）2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
气体种类氩氩氩氩
钨电极直径（毫米） 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
表3 四种堆焊合金化学成分的重量百分比
耐磨堆焊硬质面合金所含化学成分的重量百分比
焊条
碳硅锰铬钼磷硫钒铁
5HCr 0.7 0.45 0.4 5 0.8 - - 0.7 平衡
8HCr 0.4 0.5 0.6 8 0.5 - - - 平衡
12HCr 0.8 0.01 0.48 12 - 0.021 0.03 0.6 平衡
7.5HCr 0.5 0.6 0.1 7.5 0.4 - 0.03 - 平衡
2.2试验方法
2.2.1实验步骤
图2（a）硬质面试样示意图（b）销盘磨损试验装置按ASTMg99-95标准（C）硬盘试样玻片（D）电子天平
圆柱销的直径8毫米，长度对应销盘磨损试验装置按ASTM g99-95标准换算是30毫米。这些标本在其一侧堆焊的横截面和后续加工至规定尺寸如图2所示（a）。磁盘测试装置（TR-201，Ducom，印度）在本研究中使用的显示在图2（b）。
磨损试验在大气温度和干摩擦条件下进行。销滑动硬盘（62-65 HRC）由淬硬钢制成的如图2（c）。试验前和试验后，所有标本进行分析，进行清洗，然后用电子天平称重，如图2（d）的磨损试验中有0.0001至少计数±G。滑动速度对硬盘销保持在1米每秒，分别施加不同的载荷，20牛顿，40牛顿，60牛顿维持90分钟每次。
2.2.2现场试验程序
2.2.2.1刀片的制备和配置
堆焊合金在旋耕机刀片前缘的沉积进行了同样的操作从而尽可能减少缺陷。约一个半英寸宽的前缘是硬质面已被karoonboonyanan等人阐明。磨损大多发生在前缘朝向外端。所以要对焊接速度，沉积速率，强度，烟雾，焊接火花等参数进行严格控制。一种非硬质面和四种硬质面旋耕机刀片被安装在刀片的不同平面，如图3所示（A-D）。刀片定位在旋耕机的外表面自从它由Salokhe等人开始调查。旋耕机刀片被定位在外表面的是承受了极度磨损破坏的左右凸缘组成的。这最少的磨损破坏就是可以观察到的最深处的部分。。
图3不锈钢刀片安装在旋耕机的位置：（a）5HCr和7.5HCr硬质面刀片；（b）8HCr（c）12HCr（D）标准热处理（组合硬质面）刀片
2.2.2.2田间试验与评价
为了确定非硬质面与硬质面所组成的旋耕机刀片在田间条件下的磨损行为，一个50亩全茬口稻田被选为田间试验区，这个地方是在印度的Punjab州，Barnla 区，Sanghera村。水稻收获后，这个地区的土壤条件是艰苦的，干燥的沙地。一个很显著的观察室即使由于土壤和叶片表面在高动态负载的高磨损面积很小旋耕机刀片也会磨损
旋耕机是由拖拉机驱动（Arjun 605DI，3192 CC，60HP，4缸，水冷动力）通过其动力输出（PTO）在580转/分的平均耕作速度约为1.5公里/小时，产生约1.2英亩／h理论领域的能力。由于额外的转折时间和空闲时间里要去除残留，真正的领域能力被认为是1公里/小时。
在每个叶片的重量损失记录前和每个实验期结束后评估在野外条件下的磨损行为。这种重量损失在当时作为磨损量的一个指标。仅仅通过耕作区划分的重量损失计算磨损率，单位是克/亩（克/亩）。此后长期磨损指数（WRI）用来计算非硬质面与硬质面混合的磨损率。这个WRI越高，这个硬质面保护性越好
3结果与讨论
3.1实验室分析
不同的正常负载施加到试样的磨损率呈现在图4（a）。图形是绘制在基板和堆焊合金的铬百分率和磨损百分比之间的。经过观察磨损量最小的是堆焊层具有12%铬合金。另一方面非硬质面（En-14B）观察到的最大磨损量是含铬0.41%的
合金。它清楚地描述从图4（a-c），磨损量之间存在的这些限制对堆焊合金的Cr 含量为5%，7.5%和8%。结果表明，当百分比Cr增加，堆焊焊缝的耐磨性增加了。
图4磨损测试分析，不同负载下的磨损损失百分比(a)20N;(b)40N;(c)60N
这增加的耐磨性已被归因于大量的初级和中级铁素体基体中的碳化物的形成，这是根据Amirsadeghi,Sohi，Kumar等人调查和研究出来的。磨损趋势也显示为正常的负荷施加在试样上从20N增加至60 N，重量损失由于磨损量的增加而提高。
累积的重量损失作为一种在不同的正常负荷的不同材料下的滑动距离函数显示在图5（a-c）。所有材料的磨损随滑动距离和载荷的增加而增加。这可以明显的从图5（a-c）观察到，耐磨堆焊合金的磨损量低于非硬质面堆焊合金en-14b。耐磨堆焊合金具有最小累积重量损失。本研究是在恒定载荷（20 N，40 N和60 N）和在固定的线性滑动速度为1米/秒下进行的。因此，预计在不同的堆焊合金的磨损损失的变化和衬底的累积主要是由于其微观结构的变化，化学成分和硬度。这些事实也可能导致不同的堆焊合金的磨损机制不同。犁式的软质材料的磨损机制盛行而切削类型很难支配。滑动磨损表明，堆焊合金的Cr百分比降低而增加重量损失趋势。这种行为归因于铬表面合金化导致硬质碳化铬增强合金的高承载能力的形成，类似的结果被Amirsadeghi， Sohi 和Selvi等人报告。
3.2显微镜观察磨损表面
12HCr,在60 N
如上所述，不同类型的磨损机制发生取决于化学反应，材料的显微组织和硬度。评估的磨损机制主要是在不同的堆焊合金与基体，试样的磨损表面形貌进行了检查。非硬质面试样在图6中的显微照片（a）显示了更深更广的沟槽磨损轨迹，这导致更多的损坏区域。这个指定类型的犁式磨损机制被表现在非硬质合金EN-14B钢上。图6（b）显示较小的深宽比未经过硬面处理槽的要深，这也预示着犁式磨损机理。通过比较这些，如图6（e），对于12HCr，明显变浅，更连续的磨损沟槽磨损轨迹表明，微切削是主要的磨损机制。中等深度和宽度的耐磨性槽可以在7.5HCr,8HCr的磨损表面观察到，它们分别显示在图6（c-d）。这些都表明，犁式和微切削机同样负责7.5HCr,8HCr堆焊合金的磨损。
非硬质面的不锈钢衬底包含的铁氧体具有较高的塑性和较低的硬度矩阵，使耕地成为主要的磨损机制，而12HCr由于硬铬的碳化物成为磨损机制的主要切割原因。然而，对于8HCr和7.5HCr堆焊合金，这些机制，切割和耕作，是同时发生的。
3.3现场试验观测
一场测试已经在一个安装了硬质面与非硬质面刀片的旋耕机之后的稻田里进行。刀片的不同磨损量显示在图7也可以从现场试验结果观察到。所有的刀片磨损的趋势表明，磨损从前缘外端向内移动，继而转向刀片表面，相同的结果由Kang，Karoonboonyanan提出。非硬质面的刀片（标准热处理刀片）在现场测试期间具有最大量的重量损失，如图7（e）。前缘的外端的形状改为一个完整的曲率和几乎整个前缘现在已经开始磨损。磨损的程度是相当严重的即使测试是在50英亩的地区进行的。这是由于土壤颗粒的高耐磨性，可大大加速磨损过程。
相反，拥有硬质面刀片的12HCrh合金与非硬质面相比，有非常明显的降低磨损破坏的作用，正如图7（c）展示的。前缘仍保持其轮廓和堆焊层沿边缘，这是因为硬铬碳化物导致刀片前缘的表面堆焊呈现高耐磨性。下面的衬底是暴露沿前缘的外端。另一方面，前缘附近的刀片座是完全覆盖的堆焊合金。
图7硬质面旋耕机刀片在50亩田间试验后（a）5HCr。硬质面合金和大型金属几乎去除它们的前缘(b）8HCr。堆焊合金具有显著的清除，仍部分保留前缘剖面（c）12HCr。大量的堆焊合金仍然呈现在前缘（d）7.5HCr。巨大的底层衬底被暴露（e）非硬质面。完成大量的金属从前缘和外端剖面曲率的删除
硬质面刀片8HCr ，7.5HCr显示中度磨损，如图7所示（b和d）。前缘外端的叶片轮廓和尺寸的变化表示下层基板的磨损。磨损破坏大多发生在前缘，在现场测试后发现这归结于明显的重量损失。前缘堆焊接近刀片表面的已经发生部分磨损。如图7（b），硬质面刀片5HCr经历了严重的磨损。磨损似乎从前缘发生磨损最严重的地方开始，露出一个大面积基板。积极的环境下，重叠堆焊合金上的前缘以及衬底完全去除因为土壤质量的极端性。该堆焊合金和别的比较起来不给提供很多的耐磨性。
3.4重量损失和磨损率评价
现场测试的结果被绘制在累积的重量损失和耕作现场试验之间在不同的时间间隔，如图8所示的区域，以确定每个刀片精确的磨损率。非硬质面不锈钢刀片前10亩田间试验的重量损失是25克，而硬质面刀片5HCr，8HCr,12HCr, 7.5HCr 堆焊合金的重量损失分别是40，25，18和37克。
WRI定义为非硬质面不锈钢刀片磨损率除以硬质面不锈钢刀片的磨损率。这表明测试刀片的优势超过了非硬质面不锈钢刀片。测试叶片的WRI列于表4。
图8旋耕机刀片现场测试的结果（累积重量损失与耕种面积）
这已经可以从一个大约20亩的现场试验可以观察到，非硬质面不锈钢刀片的磨损率与硬质面不锈钢刀片相比仍然较低。但稍后20亩的田间试验，非硬质面刀片的磨损率要高于硬质面刀片，接下来的10亩情况如图8所示。与此相反，可以说在大约20到25亩的区域，非硬质面刀片比硬质面刀片表现的要好。在研究事实后得出结论，这种类型的磨损行为归因于在前缘后堆焊厚度的增加，这反过来又增加了前缘切土阻力。鉴于此，在最初的几亩的不锈钢刀片表现出更多的磨损，但是在土壤颗粒的研磨作用下，大约20亩的土地耕作它们的前沿地。这导致前缘的边缘锐化，依次减小土壤的切削阻力。
堆焊5HCr由于低的断裂韧性而不能给刀片提供额外的耐磨性，造成大量的堆焊合金在前缘的边缘磨损。它只提供了1.4倍的优势。这超过了非硬质面不锈钢刀片，如表4中的表。堆焊合金8HCr,7.5HCr的耐磨性显示只有轻微的增加。分别有1.7,1.6倍的优势。硬质面堆焊合金刀片12HCr显示约2.5倍的最大耐磨性指数。对于12HCr堆焊合金，前缘保持在前缘外端的轮廓，即使在50亩现场试验。
4结论
在实验室和现场试验条件下，堆焊合金相比非硬质面钢EN-14B在磨料耐磨性方面有非常明显的优势
1.该堆焊合金的磨损率低于EN-14B 钢
2. 最小的磨损率是在12HCr堆焊合金中观察到的情况。这可能是由于硬铬碳
化物的存在
3.硬质面刀片8HCr，7.5HCr相对En-14B钢有比较大的耐磨性。
4.硬质面合金5HCr不会提供超过非硬质面钢所提供的磨料耐磨性。
5.实验室和田间试验结果表明，随着Cr含量增加，相应的增加合金的耐磨性。
6.在干燥条件下，随滑动距离的增加，硬质面的重量损失呈现线性变化。
7.在现场测试后，非硬质面不锈钢刀片表现出非常明显的重量损失。这归结
于土壤颗粒的磨料作用。这已经从前缘外端表现到刀片表面。
8.犁式磨料磨损机理由于硬度较低在En-14B， 5HCr中占主导地位。
而犁沟和切削机制都存在于堆焊合金8HCr， 7.5HCr。但对于堆焊合金12HCr，由于高硬度，微切削机制占主导地位。
因此可以得出结论，刀片重叠的12HCr堆焊合金显示出比非硬质面刀片更高的耐磨性。WRI对于12HCr，8HCr,7.5HCr, 5HCr不锈钢刀片分别是2.5，
1.7，1.6和1.4。因此，刀片重叠12HCr旋耕机刀片会更合适，更可靠，可
以延长旋耕机刀片的工作寿命。这将大大减少恢复磨损刀片的空闲时间，从而显著地降低劳动成本。
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工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
智能交通灯控制系统_英文翻译
英文 Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task. Preface In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly control. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems. In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility. About AT89C51 (1)function characteristics description: AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in