维多利亚时代【英文】
维多利亚时期文学
维多利亚时期⽂学Part Ⅷ The Victorian Age(维多利亚时代)A.The Victorian Age1.It refers to the period of the reign of Queen Victoria, from heraccession in 1937 and her death in 1901, but the era of literature is from the Reform Bill（改⾰法案） in 1932 to the end of the Boer War（布尔战争）in 1902.2.Three phrases :The early Victorian Period (1832--1854), the time of troubles,the Reform Bill & ChartismMid—Victorian Period (1855—1879), a time of economicprospering, highest point of development as a world powerLast Period (1880—1902), a time characterized by decay ofVictorian values (e.g. Self-control, family loyalty, thrift,hard work, etc).B.The backgroundAmid the multitude of social and political forces of this great age, four things stand out clearly.First, the age of democracy;Second, the age of popular education, of religious tolerance;Third, the age of comparative peace;Fourth, the age of all the arts and sciences and in mechanicalinventions.C.Chartist Movement(宪章运动)Chartist Movement (1836-1848) was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.D.Literature Current(⽂学思潮)1.Chartist literature(宪章⽂学)The English working class created a literature of its own whichcan be, in full justice, called the Chartist Literature.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature— the struggle of the proletariat(⽆产阶级) for its rights.Some great Chartist poets are Ernest Jones (1819-1869), ThomasCooper (1805-1892), and William James Linton (1812-1897).2.Critical Realism(批判现实主义⽂学)Critical Realism is one of the literary genres that mainlyflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s in the 19th century.The critical realists not only gave the criticism tobourgeoisie and all ruling classes, bur also showed their deepsympathy for the common people. Hence humor and satire aboundin the English realistic novels of the 19th century. But thecritical realists did not find a way to eradicate(根除) socialevils. They did not realize the necessity of changing thebourgeois society. They were unable to find a good solutionto the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their worksis not of revolution but rather of reformism. Here we see atonce the strength and the weakness of critical realism. Threegreatest representatives of Critical Realism are CharlesDickens(狄更斯), William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷), andGeorge Eliot(艾略特). E.………………………………………………………………………………………………. F.…………………………………………………………………………………………………G.………………………………………………………………………………………………….H.Some Exercises1.The precisian may limit the Victorian period to the years betweenthe Queen’s accession in 1837 and her death in 1901, but a newera really began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 andclosed at the end of the Bore war in 1902.2.Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took onits quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sacked andcomplex, and reflected both romantically and realistically thegreat changes that were going on in people’s life and thought.3.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trendcritical realism appeared after the romantic poetry, andflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s.4.Critical realism found its expression in the form of novel; mostof the critical realists were novelists.5.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule ofcash upon human nature. Here lies in the essentially democraticand humanistic character if critical realism.6.The Chartist Movement appeared in the 30s of the 19th century.7.The most important poet of the Victorian Age was Tennyson, nextto him, were Robert Browning and his wife.8.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature: thestruggle of the proletariat for its rights.9.The Chartist poetry played an important role in the developmentof English proletariat literature; the greatest Chartist poet was Ernest Jones. I.．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．J.Charles Dickens（狄更斯）A.LifeCharles Dickens (1812--1870) was born in a poor family in the Portsmouth. He gave up schooling to work after his father was put into the prison because of the debt. In 1870, he died of overwork.B.The three period of his literary career1.the first period of youthful optimismAt this stage Dickens believed that all the evils of the capitalist world would be remedied if only men behaved to each other with kindliness, justice, and sympathetic understanding.Main works in this period:Sketches by Boz 《博兹随笔》Pickwick Paper 《匹克威克外传》Oliver Twist 《雾都孤⼉》Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯尼克贝》Old Curiosity Shop 《⽼古玩店》Barnaby Rudge 《巴纳⽐卢杰》2.the second period of excitement & irritationDickens' second period began from 1842, the year after his first visit to America.Main works in this period:American Notes 《美国札记》Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁朱杰尔维特》A Christmas Carol 《圣诞欢歌》The Chimes 《钟声》The Cricket on the Hearth 《炉边蟋蟀》Dombey and Son 《董贝⽗⼦》David Copperfield 《⼤卫科波菲尔》3.the third period of steadily intensifying pessimismThe last period of Dickens's literary career began with the publication of "Bleak House" in 1852-1853.Up to this time Dickens maintained some hope of reform under capitalism but beginning from "Bleak House" there was an "underlying tone of bitterness" which showed the novelist's loss of hope for English bourgeois society.Main works in this period:Bleak House《荒凉⼭庄》Hard Time《艰难时世》Little Dorrit《⼩杜丽》A Tale of Two Cites《双城记》Great Expectations 《远⼤前程》Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》Edwin Drood（unfinished) 《埃德温多鲁德》C.Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & Exaggeration(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating Satire(3) Complicated & Fascinating Plot(4) The Power of Exposure/doc/f75742644.htmlments of DickensCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age.In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London..Characterization is the most outstanding feature of his works.Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works.Yet he is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors.E.Some works1.The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》Plot2.Oliver Twist 《雾都孤⼉》PlotThe novel tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.After experiencing an unhappy apprenticeship to an undertaker, he runs away to London, where he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves.Then he is made to be a pickpocket. A benevolent rich old man called Mr. Brownlow rescues him and takes him home, but the thieves kidnap him and make him join them once again. A bad person named Monks, who turns out to be Oliver’s half-brother, helps the thieves in keeping Oliver in the gang, in order to ruin him and obtain the whole of his father’s property. Then Oliver is made to help one the thieves in breaking into a lady’s house. He gets wounded, and comes into the hands of her aunt. Finally the thieves in the gang are punished and Oliver’s half brother is compelled to confess his evil doing and put into prison. Oliver is adopted by Mr. Brownlow.F.Some exercises1. Charles Dickens was the greatest representative of English Critical Realism.2. Of all of Dickens’s novels, David Copperfield is regarded as his masterpiece.3. In A Tale of Two Cities, the two cities are London and Paris in the time of revolution.4. The novel Nicholas Nickleby touches upon a burning question of Dickens’s time; the education of children in the private schools.5. The novel Oliver Twist tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist who was born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.6. The novel Hard Times makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois systemof education and the bourgeois philosophy Utilitarianism.G.OthersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray（萨克雷）A.His worksThe Books of Snobs 《势⼒⼈》Vanity Fair《名利场》Pendennis 《潘丹尼斯的历史》The Newcomers《纽卡母⼀家》The Rose and the Ring (fairy tale) 《玫瑰与戒指》（通话）Henry Esmond《亨利·艾斯芒德》The Virginians (historical novels) 《弗吉尼亚⼈》B.Characteristics of Thackeray’s novels1．William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century.The pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life. He is good at describing the life of the upper class with which he is familiar.2．Thackeray is a satirist.3．He is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.C.Vanity Fair《名利场》1．The Origin of the TitleThis title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’sProgress (天路历程) by Bunyan. It means “a fair, wherein aresold all sorts of vanity.”2．The Implication of the Subtitle----Novel Without a HeroNo exactly positive characterAbout women instead of menNot about some particular person but about the society3．Theme of the novelIn this novel Thackeray describes the life of the upper class of England in the early decade of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individual in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for allmembers of the upper class.4． Characters: A brief comment on Amelia and Becky in Vanity Fair In Vanity Fair Thackeray successfully characterizes two heroines who stand in contrast in their characters and attitudes towards life.Amelia is a character of milk-and-water type, good in nature, tame and moral, sentimental and sympathetic, but unable to master her own fate. Becky, who is more impressively character and can be said to be the real heroine of the novel in a way, is different from Amelia;she is crafty, unscrupulous, and resourceful and she is neverobedient to her destiny and always rebels in order to have a change in her life, regardless of morality and the social judgment of her.The two heroines are, to Thackeray, the victims of the social environment that is inhuman in its nature.5．D.Some exercise1.In 1847, Thackeray published his masterpiece Vanity Fair, whichmarks the peak of his literary career.2.The sub-title of Vanity Fair is Novel without a Hero. The writer’sintention was not to portray individuals, but bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.3.The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women:Amelia Sedlley and Rebecca Sharp, whose characters are sharp contrast.E.othersGeorge Eliot（爱略特）----Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.A.Her WorksScenes of Clerical Life 《教区⽣活场景》Adam Bede《亚当贝德》Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织⼯马南》Middlemarch《⽶德尔马奇》需要补充B.Some exercises1.George Eliot was the Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.2.The author of The Mill on the Floss is George Eliot.3.George Eliot produced three remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.4.In the novel Adam Bede, Adam falls in love with a village girl calledHetty Sorrel who is seduced and deserted by a squire.C.OthersCharlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte（夏洛特和爱⽶丽）A.Works of Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte Professor《教授》Jane Eyre《简·爱》Shirley《雪丽》Villette.《维莱特》Emily Bronte Wuthering House《呼啸⼭庄》Ann Bronte Agnes Grey 《安格尼斯·格雷》The Tenant of Wildfell Hall《维尔德·霍的佃户》B.Jane Eyre1．The theme of the novelThe criticism of the bourgeois system of educationThe position of the women in society ---- the women should theequal rights with men2．The limitation of the novelCharlotte believes that education is the key to all social problems, and that by the improvements of the school system, most of the social evils could be removed.3．Why the novel is greatly admired?1) Jane’s characteristics.2) Jane’s treatment of her love and marriage.Jane, differentfrom many other women in the mammon worship society, considersmarriage not as a bargain but as a union of kindred souls.3) Jane sticks to her principles, successfully resists theoppression and other social evils in the inhuman world andacquires her own happiness.4) It contains the author’s criticism of bourgeois attitudetoward marriage and love, and her ruthless expose of inhumanmisery in charity schools of her days which were establishedand run in the name of philanthropy. She attacks the terribleeducational system in her day and points out the miserable fateof poor girls as charity school pupils and as governess.4．C.Wuthering HouseD.Some exercises1.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and AnnBronte.2.Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece is Jane Eyre.3.Emily Bronte’s masterpiece is Wuthering House.E.D. E.。
The Victorian Period (维多利亚时期)
• The Victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional prose.
orian value; Irish question (爱尔兰的问题);bad working
condition ; Inequality Between
men and women ; Karl Marx’s theory (卡尔·马克思理论);
unsettling of Religious belief (令人不安的宗教信仰)
• American Notes 《美国札记》（1842） • Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁·瞿述伟》（1843） • Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》（1848） • David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》（1852）
Features of Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯文学创作的特色
Sharp social criticism. 尖锐的社会批评
Gentle humanitarian. 温和的人道主义
vivid outward portrayal 生动的人物塑造
Humorous and Pungent irony 幽默辛辣的讽刺
Reform bill （改革法案）of 1832; Chartist Movement（宪章运动）.
Mid-Victorian period: economic prosperity
and relative stability
维多利亚时代
The Last Period
England was called “the empire on which the sun never sets”. It was a period of serenity and security. Writers such as Mattew Aonord (1882-1888), Samuel Butler (1835-1902), Thomas Hardy, and Bernard Shaw exposed the cant and hypocrisy of the Victorian complacency. In the 80s there appeared the school of art for art’s sake, Walter Pater (1839-1894) and Oscar Wilde (1854-1900). In the 90s, melancholy became the spirit of the time and the intellectuals were tainted by a feeling of fin-de-siecle.
The First Period:
The first reform bill made industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. The Reform Bill of 1832 extended the right to vote to all men owning property. With the introduction of the steam engine, it was possible for the capitalists to hire unskilled workers. The Chartist Movement reached its peak in 1838,1842, and 1848. The philosophy of Utilitarianism(功利主义) was founded by Jeremy Bentham (1772-1832) and continued by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Opposed to the Utilitarian philosophy were thinkers and writers such as Thomas Carlyle (1759-1881), Charles Dickens (1812-1870), Charles Kingsley (1819-1875), Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865), Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861), and Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
维多利亚时代文化英语介绍
维多利亚时代文化英语介绍维多利亚时代文化英语介绍For much of this century the term Victorian， which literally describes things and events in the reign of Queen Victoria （1837-1901），conveyed connotations of “prudish，” “repressed，” and “old fashioned.” Although such associations have some basis in fact， they do not adequately indicate the nature of this complex， paradoxical age that was a second English Renaissance. Like Elizabethan England， Victorian England saw great expansion of wealth， power， and culture. （What Victorian literary form do you think parallels Elizabethan drama in terms of both popularity and literary achievement？）In science and technology，the Victorians invented the modern idea of invention ——the notion that one can create solutions to problems，that man can create new means of bettering himself and his environment.In religion， the Victorians experienced a great age of doubt，the first that called into question institutional Christianity on such a large scale. In literature and the other arts，the Victorians attempted to combine Romantic emphases upon self， emotion，and imagination with Neoclassical ones upon the public role of art and a corollary responsibility of the artist.In ideology， politics， and society， the Victorians created astonishing innovation and change：democracy，feminism，unionization of workers，socialism，Marxism，and other modern movements took form. In fact，this age of Darwin，Marx，and Freud appears to be not only the first that experienced modern problems but also the first that attempted modern solutions. Victorian， in other words， can be taken tomean parent of the modern —— and like most powerful parents，it provoked a powerful reaction against itself.The Victorian age was not one，not single，simple，or unified， only in part because Victoria's reign lasted so long that it comprised several periods. Above all， it was an age of paradox and power. The Catholicism of the Oxford Movement，the Evangelical movement， the spread of the Broad Church， and the rise of Utilitarianism， socialism， Darwinism， and scientific Agnosticism，were all in their own ways characteristically Victorian； as were the prophetic writings of Carlyle and Ruskin，the criticism of Arnold， and the empirical prose of Darwin and Huxley；as were the fantasy of George MacDonald and the realism of George Eliot and George Bernard Shaw.More than anything else what makes Victorians Victorian is their sense of social responsibility， a basic attitude that obviously differentiates them from their immediate predecessors，the Romantics. T ennyson might go to Spain to help the insurgents， as Byron had gone to Greece and Wordsworth to France；but Tennyson also urged the necessity of educating “the poor man before making him our master.” Matthew Arnold might say at mid-century thatthe world，which seems T o lie before us like a land of dreams，So various， so beautiful， so new，Hath really neither joy， nor love， nor light，Nor certitude， nor peace， nor help for pain.but he refused to reprint his poem “Empedocles on Etna，” in which the Greek philosopher throws himself into the volcano，because it set a bad example；and he criticized an Anglican bishop who pointed out mathematical inconsistencies in the Bible not on the grounds that he was wrong，but that for abishop to point these things out to the general public was irresponsible.。
加拿大与维多利亚时代【英文】
Native Peoples/First Nations
The Native Peoples
Native peoples were pushed to the outskirts of society. They were forgotten and ignored unless the Europeans wanted to buy “Indian” lands to employ “Indian” labourers. The Indian way of life was changed due to this displacement. For example Algonquians, had traditionally relied on hunting and fishing for food. However, they had to turn to small-scale fruit and vegetable gardening and even started to shop at the local food stores due to the growth of immigrant settlements throughout the Eastern woodlands.
The Native Peoples Many Native bands had to rent out their prime reserve land due to dire living conditions. Despite many measures to assimilate Native peoples into White society, Native cultures stayed alive by oral histories and traditions passed down by the eles (cont’d)
英语研究生-维多利亚时代Victorian-eraPPT课件
'Sun never sets.'
Magnificence-Literaure
Bronte Sisters
George Eliot Female
Literature
Dickens
Thackeray
Critical Hardy Realism
Aestheticism
D输e入te文ct字ive Story
Magnificence and Darkness ----The Victorian era
Name: Code：
contents
1 Introduction
2 Magnificence
3
Darkness
4 Conclusion
Introduction
The Victorian era took its name from Queen Alexandrina Victoria,ranging from 1837 to 1901.It was the period that the British Empire moved toward the top of the world. But,actually,it was a peculiar and attractive era mixed with darkness and magnificence.
And then,in after 20 years,the country,especially the middle
class,formed the Victorian Ethics --conservative,ational and restrained.It eased the class conflict.
英国文学Victorian Era 维多利亚时代 PPT
Edwardian period(1901-1910)
•a long period of prosperity:
profits
overseas Brபைடு நூலகம்tish Empire industrial improvements at home
•a long period of peace :
known as the Pax Britannica(不列颠治世), and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation
The Representative Authors of the Victorian Time
I． Charles Dickens
• His life story • his literary achievements:
• 1) his writing career and his major works
2.William Makepace Thackery
• His life story • his literary achievements:
• 1) his major works
• 2) his literary characteristics:
• （1）his attitude toward life: he was cynic who saw no good in anything and had doubt about the goodness of human nature Critics say he was a spectator of the battle of life, that is he preserved detachment, and he always held himself under control even in pathetic scenes.
victorian era 维多利亚时期介绍
• Population of England
Ireland
•House of Commons
Whigs Tories
1850s Liberals Conservatives
The population of Britain in
Hale Waihona Puke populatioVictorian era
n/million
35
30.5
The sun never sets
• “Russia and the North American plains is our corn, Chicago and Odessa is our granary, Canada and the Baltic Sea is our forests, our Australian sheep farms, Argentina and North American prairie to the west of our cattle grazing, and sent Peruvian silver, gold sent Australia and South Africa, India and China has provided us with tea, East Indies to provide us with coffee, sugar and spices. "
Victorian era
------ BRIEF INTRODUTION
•a long period of prosperity
overseas British Empire
•profits
industrial improvements at home
英语研究生-维多利亚时代Victorian era
hairstyle
hat
183018Βιβλιοθήκη 019001900
Darkness-About Women
The Victorian era women 's social status were low.They had no action right,voting right and property right.They were limited by Victorian Ethics,including magnificent clothing,asceticism and so on.
the harm of Corset（束腰）
The Angel in the House
Man must be pleased; but him to please Is woman's pleasure; down the gulf Of his condoled necessities She casts her best, she flings her breast ... As grass grows taller round a stone.
Magnificence-Fashion
Lace（蕾丝）
Flounce（荷叶边）
Ribbon（缎带）
Magnificence-Fashion
High waist Frill（抓褶）
Magnificence-Fashion
Gigot sleeve（羊腿袖）
Bustle Dress（撑裙）
Magnificence-Fashion
the ideal wife
Darkness-Imperialism
When the middle and later period of the era,the country changed from laisser-faire capitalism to monopoly capitalism--imperialism.It invaded other countries and competed against other imperialist countries.And then,finally,First World War broke out.
英国文学Victorian Era 维多利亚时代共52页PPT
பைடு நூலகம்
6、最大的骄傲于最大的自卑都表示心灵的最软弱无力。——斯宾诺莎 7、自知之明是最难得的知识。——西班牙 8、勇气通往天堂，怯懦通往地狱。——塞内加 9、有时候读书是一种巧妙地避开思考的方法。——赫尔普斯 10、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。——笛卡儿
英国文学Victorian Era 维多利亚时代
1、合法而稳定的权力在使用得当时很 少遇到 抵抗。 ——塞 ·约翰 逊 2、权力会使人渐渐失去温厚善良的美 德。— —伯克
3、最大限度地行使权力总是令人反感 ；权力 不易确 定之处 始终存 在着危 险。— —塞·约翰逊 4、权力会奴化一切。——塔西佗
5、虽然权力是一头固执的熊，可是金 子可以 拉着它 的鼻子 走。— —莎士 比
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Queen Victoria
•
Queen Victoria ruled over one hundred and fifty years ago. • She started to rule the British Empire in 1837 and died in 1901, so she ruled for 64 years. • Queen Victoria is associated with Britain's great age of industrial expansion, economic progress and, especially, empire. At her death, it was said, Britain had a worldwide empire on which the sun never set. In the early part of her reign, she was influenced by two men: her first Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, and her husband, Prince Albert.
Princess Victoria in 1824 11 years old.
At 20 years of age.
Victoria with her husband and 9 Children.
The Duchess of Kent with Victoria, aged 2 years.
At 18 years of age
Victoria getting married to Prince Albert her cousin.
பைடு நூலகம்
In the age of 66.
• Queen Victoria had nine children with her husband Albert called Alice, Alfred, Louise, Arthur, Leopold and Beatrice. • The Royal Family today is related to many European monarchies because of the marriages of Queen Victoria's children. • Eight of Victoria's children sat on the thrones of Europe, those of Great Britain, Prussia, Greece, Romania, Russia, Norway, Sweden and Spain. • Queen Victoria was survived by 6 children, 40 grandchildren and 37 great-grandchildren, including four future sovereigns of England: Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII and George VI.
Victoria and Albert
• On the 10th of February 1840, she was married to her cousin Prince Albert, the son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. • He was born in the Saxon duchy of SaxeCoburg-Saalfeld to a family connected to many of Europe's ruling monarchs. At the age of 20 he married his first cousin, Queen Victoria.
Queen Victoria Cont….
• The Queen loved singing. She loved to draw and paint and kept a regular diary throughout her life. As a girl Victoria had a fabulous collection of dolls, while in later life she became fond of the opera and the theatre. • Queen Victoria published two books during her lifetime, 'Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands' and 'More Leaves' in 1868 and 1884 respectively.
The Victorians
A brief summary by Y5B
Queen Victoria
• Victoria was born in 24 May 1819 Kensington palace, London. She died in 22 January 1901 (aged 81). • Her Full name was Alexandrina Victoria . Warmhearted and lively, Victoria had a gift for drawing and painting; educated by a governess at home, she was a natural diarist. • She became Queen at the age of 18.
Prince Albert
• At first, Albert felt constrained by his position as consort, which did not confer any power or duties upon him. Over time, he adopted many public causes, such as the abolition of slavery and educational reform, and took on the responsibilities of running the Queen's household, estates and office.