Basic Numerical Procedures

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Multi-axis NC Machining 优化方法复杂表面处理过程参数说明书

6th International Conference on Electronics, Mechanics, Culture and Medicine (EMCM 2015) Optimization Method of Process Parameters for Multi-axis NC Machiningof Complex SurfacesMei TianCollege of Mechanical Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal UniversityNo. 3050 Kaixuan Road Kuancheng District, 130052 Changchun China***************Keywords: Complex surface; Multi-axis; Numerical Control (NC) machining; PrecisionAbstract. In the process of actual machining, there are many factors that can affect the precision of multi-axis machining of complex surface, such as process parameters, tool path, programming errors and so on. This paper proposes a new method—adaptive error compensation algorithms by combining the adaptive control method with the programming error control. This method, based on the theory of analytic geometry, is applied to modeling for controlling the precision of the multi-axis NC machining of complex surface, and combines some examples to obtain the ratio of processing time and the machining precision before and after the improvement.IntroductionIn today's society, the application of complex surface in the fields of aviation, automobile, shipbuilding, mold, toy and shoe making industry has become more and more widely.[1] So people's requirements of the machining precision is also getting higher and higher. In the traditional processing methods, different processes need to be processed on different equipment, multi axis machining can save this step, in the process of saving time and improve processing efficiency and processing accuracy.Influencing Factors of Multi Axis NC Machining Error of Complex SurfaceMulti-axis NC Milling Error Causes. CNC machining process is actually the process of interpolation, that is, the curve of the need to be processed into a lot of small parts, and then use the basic line to fit the curve or surface to be processed. Before processing, according to the geometric information and process information on parts of the drawings to prepare the corresponding procedures. Will process the input of NC machine tool, by the numerical control device control machine tool main movement speed, start, stop, the feed movement of the direction, velocity and displacement, as well as the tool to choose the exchange and the workpiece clamping and cooling and lubricating switches etc.[2]When machining surface due to the different surface accuracy and processing will it is discretized into a series of plane micro, because processing surface on the vector method is changing, so cutter axis vector is constantly changing, resulting in the track of cutter contact points is different from the first discrete curve segment, and produce error.Error Accumulation in NC Machining Process. In complex surface machining process, the accuracy of generated influence factors and error sources there are many, such as process system accuracy of machine tools, machine tool motion accuracy, process system by vibration, heat deformation factors, CNC programming technology, types of tools, cutting tolerance and spacing, knife and retreat knife, knife, etc.And the error accumulation to a certain extent, it will seriously affect the surface quality of the parts to be processed, so, we should find ways to reduce the cumulative error, until the accuracy requirements are met.Error modeling and analysis is the main technical means to achieve this purpose.[3]Adaptive Error Compensation Method and Its AlgorithmCompensation Method. The key to realize the error compensation is the linear combination of the data parser to the interpolation data and the error data.[4] Numerical control device according to the input of the parts of the program information, between the starting point and end point curve segment is described by spatial data closely, thus forming the contour, for complex shape, if the direct generation algorithm will become very complex, and the amount of work a computer will be great.[5] The interpolation errors produced in the multi axis NC machining are nonlinear. There are many ways to reduce the error, such as the linear encryption method, the adaptive method of tool location and so on. In order to make the errors in the machining process within the allowable tolerance range, the knife site adaptive compensation method is adopted to make the cutter location close to the complex.Compensation Algorithm. Error compensation is to create a new error to offset the original error of the current problem. [6]Taking the five axis NC milling machine of A and B as an example, the rotation axis is analyzed and calculated, and the method is applied to the following compensation algorithm.In Fig. 1, the ()00,w w u p and ()11,w w u p are located adjacent to the cutter location data, corresponding to the ()00,w w u p of each linkage control axis motion position is ()00000,,,,B A Z Y X , corresponding to the ()11,w w u p movement position respectively is ()11111,,,,B A Z Y X , then each axis movement is:()()()()()()()()()()()10010010010010010≤≤⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧-+=-+=-+=-+=-+=t B B t B t B A A t A t A Z Z t Z t Z Y Y t Y t Y X X t X t X (1)When the machine tool to do interpolation movement, the locus of the tool locus p is ()t p w : []()()()()()[][]Tt t w T w p t B t A t Z t Y t X Q t p 1,,,,,1),(,⋅= (2) Programming linear ()t p wL direction vector()()0101/w w w w p p p p a --= (3)Then, the distance of any point on the ()t p w to ()t p w is ()t ε:()()()()[]{}a a p t p p t p t w w w w ⋅⋅-+-=00ε (4)()t εof t derivative, obtained the maximum error max ε. If than allowed value, you need to insert a new cutter location in the knife two sites at the midpoint, and then in accordance with the method of calculation, error checking whether within the allowed range, if it is still not in the range, and then insert the new cutter location until it reaches accuracy requirements.[7]F ig. 1 Nonlinear error sampleModeling of Multi Axis NC Machining Precision of Complex SurfaceGeometric Model of Spiral Cutting Edge of Ball end Mill.[8] The ball end milling cutter is developed on the basis of the end milling cutter, which is mainly used to process the surface of the mold cavity and the other forming surface.[9]Coordinates of orthogonal helical surface equations:⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=πϕϕθϕθπϕϕϕ2/sin sin cos sin 2/sin cos P R R P R R z y x r c c (5) Formula of coordinate system for spherical equation:()()⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-=⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-=⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=θϕθϕθθϕϕcos 1sin sin cos sin cos 1sin cos R R R R R R z y x r c c (6) In the formula, R is the radius of the ball of the milling cutter; θ is cutting edge point and center line and cutter axis angle; ϕ is the helix lag angle; P is a spiral surface guide; c R is the distance between the cutting edge and the tool axis.The equations (5) and (6) are obtained simultaneously.()πϕθ2cos 1P R =- (7) Because PR πβ2tan 0=, then: ()θβϕcos 1tan 0-= (8)The edge line equation of the ball end mill is obtained()()()()()⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡---=⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=θθβθθβθcos 1cos 1tan sin sin cos 1tan cos sin 00R R R z y x r (9) Application ExamplesIn order to compare the changes in the size of the workpiece machining error before and after adaptive compensation, do two sets of experiments. Section of the design surface is a sine curve, tool path planning, determine the cutting parameters. In the first set of experiments using CAXAFig. 3 2D cutter head Fig. 2 Ball end milling cutterManufacturing Engineer in the automatic generation of NC code and in the second set of experiments using error compensation to rewrite the NC code, taking the mouse as an example to get the precision ratio of the optimization.Tabel 1Accuracy comparison of partsMaximum deviation +0.162/-1.040 +0.144/-0.087Minimum deviation +0.053/-0.045 +0.050/-0.029standard deviation 0.100 0.052Figure5.Tool path diagramIn this paper, the influence factors of complex surface NC machining errors are analyzed, including the influence of programming errors on machining accuracy. In addition, the characteristic of NC machining process system and the precision of the numerical control system are also important factors that affect the machining accuracy. [10]The data in the table show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is feasible and effective.References[1]Y.J. Chen and X.T. Chen: Modular Machine Tool & Automatic ManufacturingTechnique,(2013) No.3,p96. (In Chinese)[2]J.K. Yang: Management and technology of small and medium sizedenterprises,(2014)No.06,p.248.(In Chinese)[3]Q. Huang and C.J. Gao: China Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 25 (2014) No.7, p.857.[4]K. Ren, W.H. Chen, J. Pan, H.G. Chen and S.D. Lin: Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol.46 (2010) No.15, p.155. (In Chinese)[5] C.H. Yu: Occupation, (2013) No.26, p.248.(In Chinese)[6]J.G. Yang, Y.Q. Ren, W.B. Zhu, M.L. Huang and Z.H. Pan: Chinese Journal of MechanicalEngineering, Vol. 39 (2003) No.3, p.81. (In Chinese)[7].F. Ji, L.S. Zhou, L.L. An and C. Zhang: Journal of Chongqing University, Vol.33, p.37. (InChinese)[8] B.Yan,A.P.Xu,D.W.Zhang and T.Huang: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, (2002)No.02, p.160.(In Chinese)[9]M.Q. Sun and Z.Y. Weng: Tool technology, vol.40 (2006) No.9, p7. (In Chinese)[10]R.Q. He, S.J. Yan and Y.F. Zhou: Machine Tool & Hydraulics, (2006) No.9, p80. (In Chinese)。

巴卡拉克诊断器产品说明书

NONOXOR IIINSTRUCTION 0019-9120Portable NO X AnalyzerRev. 8 - May 2010®Bacharach, Inc.621 Hunt Valley Circle, New Kensington, PA 15068PH: 1-800-736-4666 • FAX: 724-334-5001 • Web: E-mail:********************Printed in U.S.A. ® Registered TrademarksWARRANTYBacharach, Inc. warrants to Buyer that at the time of delivery this Product will be free from defects in mater i al and manufac t ure and will conform substan t ially to Bacharach Inc.’s ap p licable speciﬁ cations. Bacharach’s liability and Buyer’s remedy under this warranty are limited to the repair or replacement, at Bacharach’s option, of this Product or parts thereof returned to Seller at the factory of manufac t ure and shown to Bacharach Inc.’s reasonable satisfaction to have been defective; provided that written notice of the defect shall have been given by Buyer to Bacharach Inc. within one (1) year after the date of delivery of this Product by Bacharach, Inc.Bacharach, Inc. warrants to Buyer that it will convey good title to this Product. Bacharach’s liability and Buyer’s remedy under this warranty of title are limited to the removal of any title defects or, at the election of Bacha r ach, to the replacement of this Product or parts thereof that are defective in title.All expendable items, such as electrochemical sensors, are warranted for a period of six months.THE FOREGOING WARRANTIES A RE EXCLUSIVE A ND A RE GIVEN A ND A C-CEPTED IN LIEU OF (I) ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHAN T ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE: AND (II) A NY OBLIGA T ION, LIABILITY, RIGHT, CLAIM OR REMEDY IN CONTRACT OR TORT, WHETHER OR NOT A RISING FROM BACH A R ACH’S NEGLIGENCE, ACTUAL OR IMPLIED. The remedies of the Buyer shall be limited to those provided herein to the exclusion of any and all other remedies includ i ng, without limita t ion in-cidental or consequen t ial damages. No agree m ent varying or extending the foregoing warranties, remedies or this limitation will be binding upon Bacharach, Inc. unless in writing, signed by a duly authorized ofﬁ cer of Bacharach.A Declaration of ConformityManufacturer'sName:Bacharach,Inc. Manufacturer's Address: 621 Hunt Valley CircleNewKensington,PA15068 ProductName: NONOXORIIConforms to the following product speciﬁ cations EMC: EuropeanDirective89/336/EEC EN500081-1(Emissions)EN500082-1(Immunity)Copyright © 1995–2010 Bacharach, Inc.1WARNING!Because this instrument is used to detect and monitor materials and conditions which are listed by OSHA or others as potentially hazardous to personnel and property, the information in this manual must be fully understood and utilized to ensure that the instrument is operating properly and is both used and maintained in the proper manner by quali ﬁ ed personnel. An instrument that is not properly calibrated, operated and maintained by quali ﬁ ed personnel is likely to provide erroneous information, which could prevent user awareness of a potentially hazardous situation for the instrument user, other personnel and property.If, after reading the information in this manual, the user has questions regarding the operation, applica-tion or maintenance of the instrument, supervisory or training assistance should be obtained before use. Assistance is available by calling your nearest Bacharach Service Center.Figure 1. Nonoxor ® II 1 INTRODUCTIONThe Nonoxor ® II is a commercial-gradeportable instrument designed to displayoxide of nitrogen (NO X ) concentrations gasbetween 0 and 2000 ppm. This instrumentshows the level of NO X in a gas sampleby drawing the sample into its sensorchamber by a built-in motorized pump.Part #0019-7036 comes with a probe. Part#0019-7042 comes without a probe (Allnon-probe related functions remain thesame in this instruction).Other features and accessories of the Non-oxor II include: A large, back-lit LiquidCrystal Display (LCD), which allows thedisplay to be read in any lighting conditionfrom direct sun-light to total darkness; asemi-detachable elastic strap that permitsthe instrument to be either hand held, orhung on nearby objects; a rigid stainlesssteel probe with handle, connected to aﬂ exible hose that allows gas samples to be taken from cramped and con ﬁ ned areas (alternate probes and condensate traps may be used).2Figure 2. Battery Installation 2 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICSNO X Display Range .............0-1999 ppm NO XAccuracy ..............................±10 ppm or ±5% of reading whichever is greaterResponse Time .....................90% of ﬁ nal value within 40 sec.Battery Requirements ...........1.5 V , “C” cells, Qty. 4Operating Time* ..................14–16 hours, alkaline cells Operating Temp. Range .......23 to 104°F (-5 to 40°C)Relative Humidity ................10–85% non-condensing Weight (w/o batteries) ..........12 ozs. (341 grams)Dimensions ..........................8.6 x 3.5 x 2.9 in. (218 x 89 x 74 mm)To prepare the instrument for operation, youmust install four “C” size batteries, and (ifdesired) install the hose and probe as describedin the following paragraphs.For your convenience, and to ensure that the in-strument will provide reliable NO X indications,the NO X sensor is installed and the instrumentcalibrated on a known nitric oxide concentra-tion at the factory.3.1 Battery InstallationDetach the elastic strap's metal clip at the bot-tom of the instrument, and slide off the bat-tery cover as shown in Figure 2. Then whileobserving proper battery polarity, install four“C” size batteries into the instrument’s batterycompartment. (Recommended battery types:Duracell Alkaline or equivalent). After thebatteries are installed, replace the battery coverand the elastic-strap clip.* Times are with the backlight turned off. Continuous use of the backlight will decrease battery life.3 PREPARING THE NONOXOR II FOR OPERATIONFigure 3. Probe Installation 3If batteries are accidently installed in the wrong polarity, a positive temperature coef ﬁ cient (PTC) thermistor will protect the instrument’s electronic circuitry. The instrument will operate once batteries are properly installed and the PTC thermistor is allowed to cool.3.2 Probe InstallationInstall the probe by sliding the end of its tubing over the gas inlet port on the top right side of the instrument as shown in Figure 3. The tubing may be dif ﬁ cult to slide over the gas inlet port of the unit for the ﬁ rst time. This was done intentionally to allow for a snug ﬁ t. Use a little dish washing liquid diluted in water or heat the end of the tube in hot tap water to help it slide onto the port.GAS INLET PORTLINEDRYERPROBEHANDLEWhen changingprobe tubes,hand tighten nut,and then use awrench to tighten≈1 ﬂ at to seal.44 OPERATIONTo operate the Nonoxor II, you simply . . .• Set its POWER switch to ON,• Wait for the instrument to warm up (approx. 1 minute), • Zero the display (if necessary),• Take a gas sample.Detailed operating procedures are presented below:4.1 Power ON/OFFTurn on the instrument by sliding its POWER switchto ON. Observe that when power is ﬁ rst applied, allnumerical LCD segments are tested for 5-15 sec-onds; after which, the LCD shows the detected NO X level. (A minus sign may appear during power up as the sensor stabilizes.) Turn off the instrument by sliding the POWER switch to OFF.Important! Bias voltage must be maintained on the sensor at all times in order to ensure proper NO X readings. This means that there must be good batteries installed in the instrument even when it's switched off. If the batteries go dead, or are removed, the sensor will need to restablize (see Section 4.7) after the installation of fresh batteries.4.2 Zeroing the InstrumentAfter being turned on and warmed up for at least 1 minute, the instru-ment should indicate 000 ±2 ppm in fresh air. If the instrument needs to be zeroed, proceed as follows:1. Ensure that the instrument is sampling air that is free of NO. NOTE: An indication that the instrument was not zeroed in fresh air is when a large negative NO X display appears when the instru-ment is moved into another area.2. Using a 1/8" ﬂ at-blade screwdriver, turn theADJUST potentiometer until the LCD shows0 ppm. The display shows negative numbers forzeroing purposes. An instrument can be considered zeroed with adisplay bounce of up to ±2 ppm.4.6 Interpreting the DisplayGas Display The LCD shows NOXlevels in therange from 0 to 1999 ppm. The display on the rightindicates an NOXlevel of 40 ppm.Overrange W hen the gas sample exceeds 1999 ppm, a “1” is displayed on the LCD. To clear an overrange condition, leave instrument turned on and samplefresh air until the LCD returns to displaying NOX .4.3 Backlight ON/OFFThe LCD can be read in low-light areas by setting the front panel LIGHT switch to ON. The backlight stays on until turned off, or until the POWER switch is set to OFF.4.4 Using the StrapThe instrument's elastic strap allows the unit to be either hand-held, or hung on nearby objects.By sliding your hand between the instrument and its elastic strap, you can hold onto the Nonoxor II with a minimum of effort. The instrument's front panel slide switches can then be actuated by your thumb for one-handed operation. Or, by releasing the metal clip at the bottom of the instrument's case, you can hang the instrument by its strap on nearby objects such as nails, sheet metal, or valve handles.4.5 Using the ProbeA rigid stainless steel probe with handle is used to draw a gas sam-ple from the room, boilers, and other combustible furnaces through a line dryer and ﬂ exible hose into the instrument. A ﬂ exible probe option (see Section 6) is also available.The probe tube is detachable from the handle when sampling with a different probe is desired. See Figure 3.Important! The line-dryer will remove moisture from the gas sample. If the line-dryer becomes saturated, however, condensation may be observed within the hose. If this occurs, stop sampling and replace the line-dryer’s ﬁ lter-packing material.5Low Battery Indications When the battery voltagebecomes low, the “LO BAT” indicator appears.Although the instrument will continue to operatereadings under these conditions, the batteries should and give NOXbe replaced as soon as possible.When battery voltage becomes too low for theinstrument to operate, a “-1” is displayed on theLCD. No NOreadings are provided under theseXconditions.4.7 Long-Term StorageBias voltage must be maintained on the sensor at all times in orderreadings. This means that there must be good to ensure proper NOXbatteries installed in the instrument even when it's switched off. If the batteries go dead, or are removed, the sensor will need to restablize after the instillation of fresh batteries. Restabilization times vary proportionally to the amount of time the sensor is left without power. See Table 4-1 for typical restabilization times.Table 4-1. Sensor Restabilization TimesTime without Power Typical Restabilization TimesLess than 15 min. Less than 1 min.Less than 1 Hr. Less than 5 min.Less than 2 days Less than 4 hr.Greater than 2 days Up to 2 days5 MAINTENANCEThe Nonoxor II needs to be calibrated at regular intervals to ascer-tain that it still meets its accuracy speciﬁ cation. A regular calibration schedule should be established between you and your nearest Bacha-rach Service Center, unless your facility has the necessary calibration equipment and personnel trained in the maintenance of gas-detection equipment. Detailed calibration procedures are provided upon request from the factory. Detailed maintenance procedures and parts lists are provided in the Service Manual (0019-9166).66 PARTS / SERVICE6.1 Parts List Item Part No. Battery Cover 0019-3029 Probe/Hose/Line Dryer Assy. 0019-3084 Flexible Probe Tube (optional) 0019-3104 Line Dryer Filter Packing 0011-01226.2 Bacharach Sales / Service Centers 7United States Bacharach, Inc.621 Hunt Valley Circle New Kensington, PA 15068Phone: 1-800-736-4666Fax: 724-334-5723Email:********************CanadaBacharach of Canada, Inc.20 Amber St. Unit #7Markham, Ontario L3R SP4CanadaPhone: 905-470-8985Fax: 905-470-8963Email:*******************7 PROPERTIES & HAZARDS OFOXIDES OF NITROGENProperties:Nitric oxide (NO) at room temperature is a colorless, non-ﬂ am-mable, toxic gas that when mixed with air forms brown fumes of), which is extremely reactive and a strong nitrogen dioxide (NO2oxidizing agent.In light commercial and residential combustion applications, nitric oxide gas is typically present with nitrogen dioxide in a ratio of one part NOto nineteen parts NO. At normal ambient temps., nitric2oxide combines with atmospheric oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide at a rate dependent on the concentration of oxygen and the square of the concentration of the concentration of nitric oxide.Physiological Effects:Nitric oxide, with the attendant formation of nitrogen dioxide, re-sults in a strong respiratory irritant, which may be fatal. Symptoms may be moderate at ﬁ rst, and include tightness in the chest, head-aches, irritation of the eyes, nausea, and a slow loss of strength. Delayed symptoms may be severe and cause increased difﬁ cultyin breathing, and pulmonary edema (abnormal ﬂ uid buildup in the lungs). Untreated cases could lead to eventual death.PPM Level Attributes:25 ppm - Eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit set by (OSHA)[1][2].100 to 150 ppm - Exposure for 30-60 min. could lead to delayed pulmonary edema.200 to 700 ppm - A few breaths may result in fatal pulmonary edema after 5-8 hours have passed.8First Aid:Move the victim to fresh air and administer oxygen. If breath-ing has stopped, give artiﬁ cial respiration. The main objective of the treatment is to provide an adequate supply of oxygen to the tissues so as to prevent, or at least minimize, the development of pulmonary edema. Oxygen must be supplied as soon as possiblein amounts adequate to maintain the normal color of the skin and mucous membranes. Seek medical attention immediately. References:[1] Code of Federal Regulations, Title 19 CFR Parts 1900-1910 (Labor), Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Ofﬁ ce, Washington, DC 20402.[2] Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 1989-90 ed., American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygien-ists (ACGIH), 6500 Glenway Ave., Bldg. D-7, Cincinnati, OH 45211.9。

IEC系列协议简介

IEC 系列规约国电南自四方工程部徐昀制定标准的国际组织国际标准化组织ISO 和国际电报询问委员会CCITT 以及1993 年3 月1 日后取代CCI T T相关职能的国际电信联盟电信标准部门ITU-T 为国际上制定计算机系统与其RTU进展数据通信协议标准的主要机构。

但由于电力系统对实时性和牢靠性的特别要求，1976 年ISO 和国际电工委员会IEC 规定：凡属强电工业和电子工业领域的标准化问题连续由IEC 负责，其他领域由ISO负责。

为此IEC TC-57 在CCITT 和ISO 的国际数据通信协议标准根底上制定了性能增加型构造EPA 协议，即IEC 60870-5 远动传输协议，成为电力信息传输协议的根底。

IEC TC-57 成立于1964 年，原名远动，远方保护及通信技术委员会。

1994 年起更名为电力系统掌握及其通信技术委员会。

我国对应的原全国远动通信标准化技术委员会从2022 年起更名为全国电力系统掌握及其通信标准化技术委员会。

IEC TC-57 的工作方式是成立各个工作组，分别制定各个领域的国际标准，其中与通信协议有的工作组有：第3 工作组：远动，协议第7 工作组：远动，与ISO 和ITU-T 标准兼容的协议第9 工作组：承受配电线载波的配电自动化第10 工作组：负责IEC61850 中变电站数据通信协议的整体描述和总体功能要求第11 工作组：负责IEC61850 中站级数据通信总线的定义第12 工作组：负责IEC61850 中过程级数据通信协议的定义远动协议系列IEC 60870-5：远动设备和系统第5 局部，传输协议〔Transmission Protocols〕IEC 60870-5-1：传输帧格式〔Transmission Frame Formats,1990〕IEC 60870-5-2：链路传输规章〔Link Transmission Procedures,1992〕IEC 60870-5-3：应用数据的一般构造〔General Structure of Application Data,1992〕IEC 60870-5-4：应用信息元素的定义和编码〔Definition and Coding of Application Information Elements,1992〕IEC 60870-5-5：根本应用功能〔Basic Application Functions,1995〕IEC 60870-5-101：根本远动任务的配套标准〔国标为DL/T634-1999，非等效承受〕〔Transmission Protocols-Companion Standard for Basic Telecontrol Tasks,1995〕IEC 60870-5-102：电力系统电能计量传输的配套标准〔国标为DL/T719-2022，等同承受〕〔Transmission Protocols-Companion Standard for the Transmission ofIntegrated Totals in Electric Power Systems,1996〕IEC 60870-5-103：继电保护设备信息接口的配套标准〔国标为DL/T667-1999，等同承受〕〔Transmission Protocols-Companion Standard for the Informative Interfaceof Protection Equipment,1997〕IEC 60870-5-104：承受标准传输协议子集的IEC 60870-5-101 的网络访问，即网络远动任务的配套标准，是目前唯一可供选择的网络访问协议〔Transmmsion Protocol Network access for IEC60870-5-101 using standardtransport profiles〕数据通信协议系列IEC 60870-6：远动设备和系统第6 局部，与ISO 标准和ITU-T 建议兼容的远动协议〔Telecontrol Protocols Compatible with ISO Standards and ITU_TRecommendations〕该传输协议主要应用于计算机之间的数据通信及联网，如变电站内的计算机和远方调度工作站，调度工作站和调度工作站之间，调度局和调度局之间。

fluent噪声培训资料(上)

Tutorial:Modeling Flow-Induced (Aeroacoustic)NoiseProblems Using FLUENT Introduction This tutorialdemonstrates how to model 2D turbulent ﬂow across a circular cylinder using large eddy simulation (LES)and compute ﬂow-induced (aeroacoustic)noise using FLUENT ’s acoustics model.You will learn how to:•Perform a 2D large eddy simulation.•Set parameters for an aeroacoustic calculation.•Save acoustic source data for an acoustic calculation.•Postprocess aeroacoustic results.PrerequisitesThis tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the FLUENT interface and that you have a good understanding of basic setup and solution procedures.Some steps will not be shown explicitly.In this tutorial you will use the acoustics model.If you have not used this feature before,ﬁrst read Chapter 21,Predicting Aerodynamically Generated Noise ,of the FLUENT 6.2User’s Guide福昕软件（Ｃ）２００５－２０１０，版权所有，仅供试用。

出纳岗位职责英文描述

出纳岗位职责英文描述A cashier plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth financial transactions of a company. They are responsible for handling cash, credit, and debit card transactions while providing excellent customer service. This role requires strong attention to detail, accuracy, and the ability to work efficiently in a fast-paced environment.Responsibilities:1. Cash Handling: The primary responsibility of a cashier is to handle cash transactions accurately. They must count cash at the beginning and end of their shift to ensure the register's balance. This includes accepting cash payments, providing change, and processing refunds accurately.2. Credit/Debit Cards: Cashiers should be proficient in processing credit and debit card payments. They must familiarize themselves with the electronic payment systems used by the company and ensure the secure processing of transactions. This includes verifying card signatures, checking identification when necessary, and processing transactions using the provided technology.3. Customer Service: Cashiers are often the first point of contact for customers, so providing excellent customer service is essential. They should greet customers with a friendly and professional attitude, answer any questions or concerns, and provide assistance when needed. Cashiers should aim to create a positive shopping experience forcustomers by ensuring their satisfaction.4. Product Knowledge: Cashiers should have a good understanding of the products or services offered by the company. This enables them to provide accurate information to customers, answer their queries, and suggest additional products or services that may be of interest. Product knowledge helps in upselling and enhancing the customer's overall experience.5. Records and Reports: Cashiers are responsible for maintaining accurate records of cash transactions throughout their shift. This includes maintaining a daily log of all sales, voided transactions, and refunds. Cashiers may also be required to generate reports on a daily or weekly basis, summarizing the cash and card transactions. Attention to detail is crucial in maintaining accurate records and reports.6. Security: Cashiers are entrusted with handling cash, so they must be vigilant and ensure the security of the payments they receive. They should follow established procedures to minimize the risk of theft or fraud. Cashiers should also be aware of counterfeit currency and promptly inform the supervisor if any suspicious activities are observed.7. Cash Register Maintenance: Cashier duties also include taking care of the cash register or point-of-sale system. This includes replenishing cash in the register when necessary, ensuring all scanning and weighing equipment is working correctly, and reporting any technical issues to theappropriate department.8. Teamwork: Cashiers often work as part of a team, especially during busy periods. They should be able to collaborate with other cashiers and store staff to ensure a smooth and efficient checkout process. Being proactive and offering assistance to colleagues when needed is highly valued in this role.Requirements:- High school diploma or equivalent qualification is usually required.- Previous cashier or customer service experience is preferred.- Excellent numerical skills and ability to handle cash accurately.- Strong attention to detail and highly organized.- Good communication and interpersonal skills.- Ability to work in a fast-paced environment and handle multiple transactions simultaneously.- Familiarity with electronic payment systems and cash registers.- Basic computer skills and familiarity with relevant software.- Honest, trustworthy, and able to maintain confidentiality.A cashier's role requires a balance of technical skills in handling cash and card transactions, along with exceptional customer service skills. Cashiers contribute to creating a positive shopping experience for customers by ensuring efficient and accurate financial transactions.。

测绘专业英语

Geomatics is a relatively new scientific term created by Pollock and Wright in 1969, with the intention of combining the terms geodesy and geoinformatics.It includes the tools and techniques used in Surveying and Mapping, Remote Sensing (RS), Cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS, i.e.,GPS, Glonass, Galileo, Compass),Photogrammetry, Geography, Geosciences, Computer Sciences, Information Science and various spatial observation technologies, land development and environmental sciences, etc.测绘学是一种相对较新的科学术语由波洛克和赖特在1969年提出，目的是将大地测量学与地理信息学结合起来。

它包括的工具和技术应用于测绘、遥感(RS)、地图学、地理信息系统(GIS)、全球导航卫星系统(GNSS,即。

、GPS、Glonass、伽利略、北斗),摄影测量、地理学、地球科学、电脑科学、信息科学和各种空间观测技术、土地开发、环境科学等。

Surveying may be defined as the tech nology and science of the study of earth’s shape and size, as well as making measurements of the relative positions of natural and man-made features on, above or below the earth’s surface, and representing these information in analog forms as contoured maps or sections, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer.测量的技术和科学可以定义为研究地球的形状和大小,以及测量位于地球外表上或者低于或者高于地球外表的自然的或人造的物体的相对位置,并将这些信息以模拟形式的波状外形的地图、剖面图、论文计划、图表、数据报告表中呈现或以数字形式存储在电脑三维数学模型中。

Option pricing a simplified approach

Option Pricing: A Simplified Approach†John C. CoxMassachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford UniversityStephen A. RossYale UniversityMark RubinsteinUniversity of California, BerkeleyMarch 1979 (revised July 1979)(published under the same title in Journal of Financial Economics (September 1979))[1978 winner of the Pomeranze Prize of the Chicago Board Options Exchange][reprinted in Dynamic Hedging: A Guide to Portfolio Insurance, edited by Don Luskin (John Wiley andSons 1988)][reprinted in The Handbook of Financial Engineering, edited by Cliff Smith and Charles Smithson(Harper and Row 1990)][reprinted in Readings in Futures Markets published by the Chicago Board of Trade, Vol. VI (1991)][reprinted in Vasicek and Beyond: Approaches to Building and Applying Interest Rate Models, edited byRisk Publications, Alan Brace (1996)][reprinted in The Debt Market, edited by Stephen Ross and Franco Modigliani (Edward Lear Publishing2000)][reprinted in The International Library of Critical Writings in Financial Economics: Options Marketsedited by G.M. Constantinides and A..G. Malliaris (Edward Lear Publishing 2000)]AbstractThis paper presents a simple discrete-time model for valuing options. The fundamental economic principles of option pricing by arbitrage methods are particularly clear in this setting. Its development requires only elementary mathematics, yet it contains as a special limiting case the celebrated Black-Scholes model, which has previously been derived only by much more difficult methods. The basic model readily lends itself to generalization in many ways. Moreover, by its very construction, it gives rise to a simple and efficient numerical procedure for valuing options for which premature exercise may be optimal.____________________† Our best thanks go to William Sharpe, who first suggested to us the advantages of the discrete-time approach to option pricing developed here. We are also grateful to our students over the past several years. Their favorable reactions to this way of presenting things encouraged us to write this article. We have received support from the National Science Foundation under Grants Nos. SOC-77-18087 and SOC-77-22301.1. IntroductionAn option is a security that gives its owner the right to trade in a fixed number of shares of a specified common stock at a fixed price at any time on or before a given date. The act of making this transaction is referred to as exercising the option. The fixed price is termed the strike price, and the given date, the expiration date. A call option gives the right to buy the shares; a put option gives the right to sell the shares.Options have been traded for centuries, but they remained relatively obscure financial instruments until the introduction of a listed options exchange in 1973. Since then, options trading has enjoyed an expansion unprecedented in American securities markets.Option pricing theory has a long and illustrious history, but it also underwent a revolutionary change in 1973. At that time, Fischer Black and Myron Scholes presented the first completely satisfactory equilibrium option pricing model. In the same year, Robert Merton extended their model in several important ways. These path-breaking articles have formed the basis for many subsequent academic studies.As these studies have shown, option pricing theory is relevant to almost every area of finance. For example, virtually all corporate securities can be interpreted as portfolios of puts and calls on the assets of the firm.1 Indeed, the theory applies to a very general class of economic problems — the valuation of contracts where the outcome to each party depends on a quantifiable uncertain future event.Unfortunately, the mathematical tools employed in the Black-Scholes and Merton articles are quite advanced and have tended to obscure the underlying economics. However, thanks to a suggestion by William Sharpe, it is possible to derive the same results using only elementary mathematics.2In this article we will present a simple discrete-time option pricing formula. The fundamental economic principles of option valuation by arbitrage methods are particularly clear in this setting. Sections 2 and 3 illustrate and develop this model for a call option on a stock that pays no dividends. Section 4 shows exactly how the model can be used to lock in pure arbitrage profits if the market price of an option differs from the value given by the model. In section 5, we will show that our approach includes the Black-Scholes model as a special limiting case. By taking the limits in a different way, we will also obtain the Cox-Ross (1975) jump process model as another special case.1 To take an elementary case, consider a firm with a single liability of a homogeneous class of pure discount bonds. The stockholders then have a “call” on the assets of the firm which they can choose to exercise at the maturity date of the debt by paying its principal to the bondholders. In turn, the bonds can be interpreted as a portfolio containing a default-free loan with the same face value as the bonds and a short position in a put on the assets of the firm.2Sharpe (1978) has partially developed this approach to option pricing in his excellent new book, Investments. Rendleman and Bartter (1978) have recently independently discovered a similar formulation of the option pricing problem.Other more general option pricing problems often seem immune to reduction to a simple formula. Instead, numerical procedures must be employed to value these more complex options. Michael Brennan and Eduardo Schwartz (1977) have provided many interesting results along these lines. However, their techniques are rather complicated and are not directly related to the economic structure of the problem. Our formulation, by its very construction, leads to an alternative numerical procedure that is both simpler, and for many purposes, computationally more efficient.Section 6 introduces these numerical procedures and extends the model to include puts and calls on stocks that pay dividends. Section 7 concludes the paper by showing how the model can be generalized in other important ways and discussing its essential role in valuation by arbitrage methods.2. The Basic IdeaSuppose the current price of a stock is S = $50, and at the end of a period of time, its price must be either S* = $25 or S* = $100. A call on the stock is available with a strike price of K = $50, expiring at the end of the period.3 It is also possible to borrow and lend at a 25% rate of interest. The one piece of information left unfurnished is the current value of the call, C. However, if riskless profitable arbitrage is not possible, we can deduce from the given information alone what the value of the call must be!Consider the following levered hedge:(1) write 3 calls at C each,(2) buy 2 shares at $50 each, and(3) borrow $40 at 25%, to be paid back atthe end of the period.Table 1 gives the return from this hedge for each possible level of the stock price at expiration. Regardless of the outcome, the hedge exactly breaks even on the expiration date. Therefore, to prevent profitable riskless arbitrage, its current cost must be zero; that is,3C – 100 + 40 = 0The current value of the call must then be C = $20.3 To keep matters simple, assume for now that the stock will pay no cash dividends during the life of the call. We also ignore transaction costs, margin requirements and taxes.Table 1Arbitrage Table Illustrating the Formation of a Riskless Hedgeexpiration datepresent datewrite 3 calls 3C— –150buy 2 shares –100 50 200borrow 40 –50 –50total — —If the call were not priced at $20, a sure profit would be possible. In particular, if C = $25, the above hedge would yield a current cash inflow of $15 and would experience no further gain or loss in the future. On the other hand, if C = $15, then the same thing could be accomplished by buying 3 calls, selling short 2 shares, and lending $40.Table 1 can be interpreted as demonstrating that an appropriately levered position in stock will replicate the future returns of a call. That is, if we buy shares and borrow against them in the right proportion, we can, in effect, duplicate a pure position in calls. In view of this, it should seem less surprising that all we needed to determine the exact value of the call was its strike price, underlying stock price, range of movement in the underlying stock price, and the rate of interest. What may seem more incredible is what we do not need to know: among other things, we do not need to know the probability that the stock price will rise or fall. Bulls and bears must agree on the value of the call, relative to its underlying stock price!This example is very simple, but it shows several essential features of option pricing. And we will soon see that it is not as unrealistic as it seems.3. The Binomial Option Pricing FormulaIn this section, we will develop the framework illustrated in the example into a complete valuation method. We begin by assuming that the stock price follows a multiplicative binomial process over discrete periods. The rate of return on the stock over each period can have two possible values: u – 1 with probability q, or d – 1 with probability 1 – q. Thus, if the current stock price is S, the stock price at the end of the period will be either uS or dS. We can represent this movement with the following diagram:uS with probability qSdS with probability 1 – qWe also assume that the interest rate is constant. Individuals may borrow or lend as much as they wish at this rate. To focus on the basic issues, we will continue to assume that there are notaxes, transaction costs, or margin requirements. Hence, individuals are allowed to sell short any security and receive full use of the proceeds.4Letting r denote one plus the riskless interest rate over one period, we require u > r > d . If these inequalities did not hold, there would be profitable riskless arbitrage opportunities involving only the stock and riskless borrowing and lending.5To see how to value a call on this stock, we start with the simplest situation: the expiration date is just one period away. Let C be the current value of the call, C u be its value at the end of the period if the stock price goes to uS and C d be its value at the end of the period if the stock price goes to dS . Since there is now only one period remaining in the life of the call, we know that the terms of its contract and a rational exercise policy imply that C u = max[0, uS – K ] and C d = max[0, dS – K ]. Therefore,Cu = max[0, uS – K ] with probability qCC d = max[0, dS – K ] with probability 1 – qSuppose we form a portfolio containing Δ shares of stock and the dollar amount B in riskless bonds.6 This will cost ΔS + B . At the end of the period, the value of this portfolio will beΔuS + rB with probability qΔS + BΔdS + rB with probability 1 – qSince we can select Δ and B in any way we wish, suppose we choose them to equate the end-of-period values of the portfolio and the call for each possible outcome. This requires thatΔuS + rB = C uΔdS + rB = C dSolving these equations, we findrd u dC uC B S d u C C u d d u )(,)(!!=!!=" (1)4 Of course, restitution is required for payouts made to securities held short.5 We will ignore the uninteresting special case where q is zero or one and u = d = r .6 Buying bonds is the same as lending; selling them is the same as borrowing.With Δ and B chosen in this way, we will call this the hedging portfolio.If there are to be no riskless arbitrage opportunities, the current value of the call, C , cannot be less than the current value of the hedging portfolio, ΔS + B . If it were, we could make a riskless profit with no net investment by buying the call and selling the portfolio. It is tempting to say that it also cannot be worth more, since then we would have a riskless arbitrage opportunity by reversing our procedure and selling the call and buying the portfolio. But this overlooks the fact that the person who bought the call we sold has the right to exercise it immediately.Suppose that ΔS + B < S – K . If we try to make an arbitrage profit by selling calls for more than ΔS + B , but less than S – K , then we will soon find that we are the source of arbitrage profits rather than the recipient. Anyone could make an arbitrage profit by buying our calls and exercising them immediately.We might hope that we will be spared this embarrassment because everyone will somehow find it advantageous to hold the calls for one more period as an investment rather than take a quick profit by exercising them immediately. But each person will reason in the following way. If I do not exercise now, I will receive the same payoff as a portfolio with ΔS in stock and B in bonds. If I do exercise now, I can take the proceeds, S – K , buy this same portfolio and some extra bonds as well, and have a higher payoff in every possible circumstance. Consequently, no one would be willing to hold the calls for one more period.Summing up all of this, we conclude that if there are to be no riskless arbitrage opportunities, it must be true thatB SC +!=r d u dC uC d u C C u d d u )(!!+!!=r C d u r u C d u d r d u /!"#$%&'()*+,--+'()*+,--= (2)if this value is greater than S – K , and if not, C = S – K .7Equation (2) can be simplified by definingd u d r p !!" and du r u p !!"!1 so that we can writeC = [pC u + (1 – p )C d ]/r (3)It is easy to see that in the present case, with no dividends, this will always be greater than S – K as long as the interest rate is positive. To avoid spending time on the unimportant situations where the interest rate is less than or equal to zero, we will now assume that r is always greater 7 In some applications of the theory to other areas, it is useful to consider options that can be exercised only on the expiration date. These are usually termed European options. Those that can be exercised at any earlier time as well, such as we have been examining here, are then referred to as American options. Our discussion could be easily modified to include European calls. Since immediate exercise is then precluded, their values would always be given by (2), even if this is less than S – K .than one. Hence, (3) is the exact formula for the value of a call one period prior to the expiration in terms of S, K, u, d, and r.To confirm this, note that if uS ≤K, then S < K and C = 0, so C > S – K. Also, if dS ≥K, then C = S – (K/r) > S – K. The remaining possibility is uS > K > dS. In this case, C = p(uS – K)/r. This is greater than S – K if (1 – p)dS > (p – r)K, which is certainly true as long as r > 1.This formula has a number of notable features. First, the probability q does not appear in the formula. This means, surprisingly, that even if different investors have different subjective probabilities about an upward or downward movement in the stock, they could still agree on the relationship of C to S, u, d, and r.Second, the value of the call does not depend on investors’ attitudes toward risk. In constructing the formula, the only assumption we made about an individual’s behavior was that he prefers more wealth to less wealth and therefore has an incentive to take advantage of profitable riskless arbitrage opportunities. We would obtain the same formula whether investors are risk-averse or risk-preferring.Third, the only random variable on which the call value depends is the stock price itself. In particular, it does not depend on the random prices of other securities or portfolios, such as the market portfolio containing all securities in the economy. If another pricing formula involving other variables was submitted as giving equilibrium market prices, we could immediately show that it was incorrect by using our formula to make riskless arbitrage profits while trading at those prices.It is easier to understand these features if it is remembered that the formula is only a relative pricing relationship giving C in terms of S, u, d, and r. Investors’ attitudes toward risk and the characteristics of other assets may indeed influence call values indirectly, through their effect on these variables, but they will not be separate determinants of call value.Finally, observe that p ≡ (r – d)/(u – d) is always greater than zero and less than one, so it has the properties of a probability. In fact, p is the value q would have in equilibrium if investors were risk-neutral. To see this, note that the expected rate of return on the stock would then be the riskless interest rate, soq(uS) + (1 – q)(dS) = rSandq = (r – d)/(u – d) = pHence, the value of the call can be interpreted as the expectation of its discounted future value in a risk-neutral world. In light of our earlier observations, this is not surprising. Since the formula does not involve q or any measure of attitudes toward risk, then it must be the same for any set of preferences, including risk neutrality.It is important to note that this does not imply that the equilibrium expected rate of return on the call is the riskless interest rate. Indeed, our argument has shown that, in equilibrium, holding the call over the period is exactly equivalent to holding the hedging portfolio. Consequently, the riskand expected rate of return of the call must be the same as that of the hedging portfolio. It can be shown that Δ≥ 0 and B ≤ 0, so the hedging portfolio is equivalent to a particular levered long position in the stock. In equilibrium, the same is true for the call. Of course, if the call is currently mispriced, its risk and expected return over the period will differ from that of the hedging portfolio.Now we can consider the next simplest situation: a call with two periods remaining before its expiration date. In keeping with the binomial process, the stock can take on three possible values after two periods,u2SuSS duSdSd2SSimilarly, for the call,C uu = max[0, u2S – K]C uC C du = max[0, duS – K]C dC dd = max[0, d2S – K]C uu stands for the value of a call two periods from the current time if the stock price moves upward each period; C du and C dd have analogous definitions.At the end of the current period there will be one period left in the life of the call, and we will be faced with a problem identical to the one we just solved. Thus, from our previous analysis, we know that when there are two periods left,C u = [pC uu + (1 – p)C ud]/rand (4)C d = [pC du + (1 – p)C dd]/rAgain, we can select a portfolio with ΔS in stock and B in bonds whose end-of-period value will be C u if the stock price goes to uS and C d if the stock price goes to dS. Indeed, thefunctional form of Δ and B remains unchanged. To get the new values of Δ and B, we simply use equation (1) with the new values of C u and C d.Can we now say, as before, that an opportunity for profitable riskless arbitrage will be available if the current price of the call is not equal to the new value of this portfolio or S – K, whichever is greater? Yes, but there is an important difference. With one period to go, we could plan to lock in a riskless profit by selling an overpriced call and using part of the proceeds to buy the hedging portfolio. At the end of the period, we knew that the market price of the call must be equal to the value of the portfolio, so the entire position could be safely liquidated at that point. But this was true only because the end of the period was the expiration date. Now we have no such guarantee. At the end of the current period, when there is still one period left, the market price of the call could still be in disequilibrium and be greater than the value of the hedging portfolio. If we closed out the position then, selling the portfolio and repurchasing the call, we could suffer a loss that would more than offset our original profit. However, we could always avoid this loss by maintaining the portfolio for one more period. The value of the portfolio at the end of the current period will always be exactly sufficient to purchase the portfolio we would want to hold over the last period. In effect, we would have to readjust the proportions in the hedging portfolio, but we would not have to put up any more money.Consequently, we conclude that even with two periods to go, there is a strategy we could follow which would guarantee riskless profits with no net investment if the current market price of a call differs from the maximum of ΔS + B and S – K. Hence, the larger of these is the current value of the call.Since Δ and B have the same functional form in each period, the current value of the call in terms of C u and C d will again be C = [pC u + (1 – p)C d]/r if this is greater than S – K, and C = S – K otherwise. By substituting from equation (4) into the former expression, and noting that C du = C ud, we obtainC = [p2C uu + 2p(1 – p)C ud + (1 – p)2C dd]/r2(5)= [p2max[0, u2S – K] + 2p(1 – p)max[0, duS – K] + (1 – p)2max[0, d2S – K]]/r2A little algebra shows that this is always greater than S – K if, as assumed, r is always greater than one, so this expression gives the exact value of the call.8All of the observations made about formula (3) also apply to formula (5), except that the number of periods remaining until expiration, n, now emerges clearly as an additional determinant of the call value. For formula (5), n = 2. That is, the full list of variables determining C is S, K, n, u, d, and r.8 In the current situation, with no dividends, we can show by a simple direct argument that if there are no arbitrage opportunities, then the call value must always be greater than S – K before the expiration date. Suppose that the call is selling for S –K. Then there would be an easy arbitrage strategy that would require no initial investment and would always have a positive return. All we would have to do is buy the call, short the stock, and invest K dollars in bonds. See Merton (1973). In the general case, with dividends, such an argument is no longer valid, and we must use the procedure of checking every period.We now have a recursive procedure for finding the value of a call with any number of periods to go. By starting at the expiration date and working backwards, we can write down the general valuation formula for any n :n j n j j n j n j r K S d u p p j n j n C /],0max[)1()!(!!0!!"#$$%&''(()*++,-'=''=. (6)This gives us the complete formula, but with a little additional effort we can express it in a more convenient way.Let a stand for the minimum number of upward moves that the stock must make over the next n periods for the call to finish in-the-money. Thus a will be the smallest non-negative integer such that u a d n-a S > K . By taking the natural logarithm of both sides of this inequality, we could write a as the smallest non-negative integer greater than log(K /Sd n )/log(u /d ).For all j < a ,max[0, u j d n-j S – K ] = 0and for all j ≥ a ,max[0, u j d n-j S – K ] = u j d n-j S – K Therefore,n j n j j n j n a j r K S d u p p j n j n C /][)1()!(!!!"#$%&''(()*++,-'=''=.Of course, if a > n , the call will finish out-of-the-money even if the stock moves upward every period, so its current value must be zero.By breaking up C into two terms, we can write!!"#$$%&''()**+,-''()**+,-=--=.n j n j j n j n a j r d u p p j n j n S C )1()!(!!!"#$%&'(()*++,-'''='.j n j n a j n p p j n j n Kr )1()!(!!Now, the latter bracketed expression is the complementary binomial distribution function φ[a ; n , p ]. The first bracketed expression can also be interpreted as a complementary binomial distribution function φ[a ; n , p ′], wherep ′ ≡ (u /r )p and 1 – p ′ ≡ (d /r )(1 – p )p ′ is a probability, since 0 < p ′ < 1. To see this, note that p < (r /u ) andj n j j n j n j n j j n j p p p r d p r u r d u p p !!!!"!"=#$%&'(!=#$%&'(=))*+,,-.!)1()1()1(In summary:Binomial Option Pricing FormulaC = Sφ[a; n, p′] – Kr–nφ[a; n, p]wherep ≡ (r – d)/(u – d) and p′≡ (u/r)pa ≡ the smallest non-negative integergreater than log(K/Sd n)/log(u/d)If a > n, then C = 0.It is now clear that all of the comments we made about the one period valuation formula are valid for any number of periods. In particular, the value of a call should be the expectation, in a risk-neutral world, of the discounted value of the payoff it will receive. In fact, that is exactly what equation (6) says. Why, then, should we waste time with the recursive procedure when we can write down the answer in one direct step? The reason is that while this one-step approach is always technically correct, it is really useful only if we know in advance the circumstances in which a rational individual would prefer to exercise the call before the expiration date. If we do not know this, we have no way to compute the required expectation. In the present example, a call on a stock paying no dividends, it happens that we can determine this information from other sources: the call should never be exercised before the expiration date. As we will see in section 6, with puts or with calls on stocks that pay dividends, we will not be so lucky. Finding the optimal exercise strategy will be an integral part of the valuation problem. The full recursive procedure will then be necessary.For some readers, an alternative “complete markets” interpretation of our binomial approach may be instructive. Suppose that πu and πd represent the state-contingent discount rates to states u and d, respectively. Therefore, πu would be the current price of one dollar received at the end of the period, if and only if state u occurs. Each security — a riskless bond, the stock, and the option — must all have returns discounted to the present by πu and πd if no riskless arbitrage opportunities are available. Therefore,1 = πu r + πd rS = πu(uS) + πd(dS)C = πu C u + πd C dThe first two equations, for the bond and the stock, implyr d u d r u 1!"#$%&''=( and rd u r u d 1!"#$%&''=(Substituting these equalities for the state-contingent prices in the last equation for the option yields equation (3).It is important to realize that we are not assuming that the riskless bond and the stock and the option are the only three securities in the economy, or that other securities must follow a binomial process. Rather, however these securities are priced in relation to others in equilibrium, among themselves they must conform to the above relationships.From either the hedging or complete markets approaches, it should be clear that three-state or trinomial stock price movements will not lead to an option pricing formula based solely on arbitrage considerations. Suppose, for example, that over each period the stock price could move to uS or dS or remain the same at S . A choice of Δ and B that would equate the returns in two states could not in the third. That is, a riskless arbitrage position could not be taken. Under the complete markets interpretation, with three equations in now three unknown state-contingent prices, we would lack the redundant equation necessary to price one security in terms of the other two.4. Riskless Trading StrategiesThe following numerical example illustrates how we could use the formula if the current market price M ever diverged from its formula value C . If M > C , we would hedge, and if M < C , “reverse hedge”, to try and lock in a profit. Suppose the values of the underlying variables areS = 80, n = 3, K = 80, u = 1.5, d = 0.5, r = 1.1In this case, p = (r – d )/(u – d ) = 0.6. The relevant values of the discount factor arer -1 = 0.909, r -2 = 0.826, r -3 = 0.751The paths the stock price may follow and their corresponding probabilities (using probability p ) are, when n = 3, with S – 80,。

工装术语

Acronyms2-D Two-Dimensional3-D Three-DimensionalADT Applied Digital TechnologiesANC Automated Numerical ControlANSI American National Standards InstituteASAP As Soon As PossibleASEQI Aerostructures South East Quality InstructionASL Approved Supplier ListASME American Society of Mechanical EngineerASNT American Society for Non-destructive TestingASQ American Society for QualityASTM American Society for Testing and MaterialsAVO Memo (Avoid Verbal Orders)AWS American Welding SocietyBCAG Boeing Commercial Airplane GroupBO Blanket OrderBOM Bill of MaterialC/A Corrective ActionCAB Corrective Action BoardCAD Computer Aided DesignCADAM Computer-Graphics Augmented Design and ManufacturingCAE Computer Aided EngineeringCAI Computer-Aided InspectionCAM Computer Aided ManufacturingCATIA Computer-graphics Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application CCD Configuration Control DocumentCM Coordinate MetrologyCM Configuration ManagementCMLO Computerized Master LayoutCMLOT Computerized Master Layout (Company tool-type code)CMM Coordinate Measurement MachineCMS Coordinate Measurement SystemCOB Close of BuisnessCP Control PointCRB Change Review BoardCRI Cost Reduction InitiativeCSA Create-Same-AsCSV Contour Surface VerificationCTE Coefficient of Thermal ExpansionCUM CumulativeCVG Change Verification GroupDBI Digital-Based InspectionDCMC Defense Contract Management CommandDD Department of DefenseDDC Digital Data CoordinatorDER Designated Engineering RepresentativeDEV DeviationDIM Digital Inspection MediaDM Data ManagementDMT Discrepant Material TagDMU Digital Mock UpDNC Distributed Numerical ControlDOD Department of DefenseDQI Dallas Quality InstructionsDR Discrepancy ReportDR Data ReleaseDRB Design Review BoardDS Design SpecificationDS Discrepancy SheetDS Design Standard (for tool designs)DTC Design to CostEBOM Engineering Bill of MaterialEC Effectivity CodeECD Estimated Completion DateEL Engineering LiaisonELECT Electronic TimekeepingEMD Engineering Mylar / Master DataEMIS Engineering Management Information SystemEO Engineering OrderEOF End of FieldEOP Edge of PartERACTS Engineering Request and Change Tracking System ERR Engineering Rapid ResponseERRWT Engineering Rapid Response Withholding Tag ERS Enhanced Reference SystemF3CK Form, Fit, or Function CheckFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFAI First Article InspectionFAIR First Article Inspection ReportFAITS First Article Inspection Tracking SystemFAR Federal Aviation RegulationFC Fracture CriticalFIFO First-in/First-outFN Find NumberFO Firing OrderFOA Fabricate on AssemblyFOD Foreign Object DebrisFOE Foreign Object EliminationFTO Fabrication Tool OrderGAC Gulfstream Aerospace CorporationGDAT Geometric Dimensioning and TolerancingGIV Gulfstream IVGO General Order, Account/Charge Number or Network Activity GSS Grumman Standard SpecificationGV Gulfstream VHR Human ResourcesHVS Hardware Verification SheetHW/SW Hardware and/or SoftwareI&R Interchangeability and ReplaceabilityI&R Interchangeable and ReplaceableI&T Identification & TraceabilityID IdentificationID Identification NumberIE Industrial EngineerIE Industrial EngineeringII Interchangeable ItemIM Inspection MediaIOF Incomplete Operation FormIOS Inspection Operation SheetsIPT Integrated Product TeamIPTL Integrated Product Team LeaderIPTM Integrated Product Team MemberIR&D Independent Research and DevelopmentIRAN Inspect and Repair As NecessaryIRR Initial Reliability RequirementISO International Standards OrganizationIT Interim TestIT Information TechnologyITT Incorrect Tool TagJSF Jefferson Street FacilityKC Key CharacteristicLAN Local Area NetworkLCS Low Cost Scrap (Automated in MESNC)LD Long DistanceLH Left HandLUNO Line Unit NumberMBOM Manufacturing Bill of MaterialMCD Master Control DrawingMCR Manufacturing Change RequestMCS Manufacturing Control SystemMCSI Manufacturing Control System IMCSII Manufacturing Control System IIMDAY Manufacturing DayMDR Material Discrepancy ReportME Manufacturing EngineeringMECO Manufacturing Engineer Change OrderMEMO MemorandumMEP Manufacturing Engineering ProcedureMES Manufacturing Execution SystemMESNC Manufacturing Execution System NonconformanceMESOW Manufacturing Engineering Statement of WorkMFG ManufacturingMG Master GageMG Master GeometryMGUD Master Geometry Undimensioned DrawingMIL-HDBK Military HandbookMIL-STD Military StandardMIPS Master Integrated Program ScheduleMIS Material Information SystemMLOT Master Layout TemplateMMUD Manufacturing Master Undimensioned DrawingMOD Modification (Formated as OIS or MOT/MOI)MOP Manufacturing Organization ProcedureMOT/MOI Manufacturing Operations Transmittal / Manufacturing Operations Instruction MPK Methyl Propyl KetoneMP Measurement PlanMPP Manufacturing Process ProcedureMPP Material Process ProceduresMQ Material QualityMR Manufacturing RequirementsMRB Material Review BoardMRP Material Review PlanMRR Material Review ReportMS MicrosoftMS Military SpecificationMS Military StandardMSERRWT Multiple-Ship Engineering Rapid Response Withholding TagMSF Marshall Street FacilityMSF(W)Marshall Street Facility (West)MSWT Multiple-Ship Withholding TagMTA Military Transport AircraftMTDD Master Tool Digital DatasetMTE Measurement and Test EquipmentMTO Materiel Technical OperationsN/A Not ApplicableN/EAT Nacelle/Engine Affordability TeamN/R Non-RecurringNAS National Aerospace StandardNASA National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNC Numerically ControlledNC NonconformanceNC Numerical ControlNCAD Northrop Computer Aided DesignNCAL Northrop Computer Aided LoftingNCD Nonconformance DiscrepancyNCSL National Conference of Standards LaboratoriesNDI Nondestructive InspectionNDT Nondestructive Testing (or Test)NG Northrop GrummanNIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program OEM Original Equipment ManufacturerOIL Operation and Instruction LogOILVC Operation and Inspection Log Verification CopyOIR Operation and Inspection RecordOIS Operation and Inspection SheetOJT On Job TrainingOLT Optical Laser TechnologyOPS OperationsOS Operation ScreenOSIR Operation Sheet Interface RecordOTP Optical Tooling PointsP/N Part NumberPA Product AcceptancePA Procedures AnalystPAS Planning Action SheetPC Production ControlPC Personal ComputerPCE Process Control EngineeringPCI Process Control InstructionPCM Photo Contact MasterPCM Planning Control MasterPCMM Portable Coordinate Measuring MachinePD Product DesignPD Program DirectivePDD Product Definition DataPDM Product Data ManagerPDP Product Development ProcedurePDP Product Documentation ProcedurePDP Product Design PracticePDR Preliminary Design ReviewPE Production EngineeringPEQ Production Engineering QualityPL Parts ListPM Program ManagerPMO Program Management OfficePMP Performance Management ProcessPMS Performance Measurement SystemPMS Program Master SchedulePN Part NumberPO Purchase OrderPPC Proposed Planning ChangePRA Preliminary Review AuthorityPT Integrated Process TeamPTI Periodic Tool InspectionPTIM Periodic Tool Inspection ManualPWM Pulse Width ModulationQA Quality AssuranceQAB Quality Alert BulletinQAMT Quality Advanced Measurement Technologies QAPM Quality Assurance Program ManagementQCA Quality Corrective ActionQCRS Quality Calibration Recall SystemQDTP Quality Digital Technologies ProcedureQE Quality EngineerQE Quality EngineeringQI Quality InstructionQID Quality Inspection DataQIP Quality Inspection PlanningQP Quality ProceduresQP Quality ProvisionQPP Quality Program PlanQSR Quality System RecordR&D Rework & DeviationR&D Research and DevelopmentR&D Rework and DeviationR&R Repeatability and ReproducibilityR/T Receiver/TravelerR3 Rework, Repair, and Re-fabricationRA Records AdministratorRA Release AuthorityRAWO Repair Action Work OrderRD Reference DataRF Rapid FlowRFC Request for CalculationRFC Request for CalibrationRFD Request for DeviationRFDD Request for Digital DataRFI Request For InformationRFID Request for Inspection DataRFP Request for ProposalRFPC Request for Planning ChangeRH Right HandRI Replaceable ItemRIAPO Replaceable/Interchangeable at Attach Points Only RIPM Reference installation Planning MasterRM Records ManagementRM Risk ManagementRMM Records Management ManualRMS Root Mean SquareRN Root NumberRN/RFC Recall Notice/Request for CalibrationRO Read OnlyRT Rejection TagRTE Request to EngineeringRTM Request to MaterielRTME Request to Manufacturing EngineeringRTV Return to VendorS/N Serial NumberSD Standard DesignSDR Systems Design ReviewSE Support EquipmentSE Systems EngineeringSI Système Internationale (International System of Units) SMR Spherically Mounted RetroreflectorSMX Trademark of Spatial Metrix CorporationSN Serial NumberSO Special OrderSPA Special Process AuthorizationSQAR Supplier Quality Assurance RequirementsSQR Supplier Quality RequirementsSQR Supplier Quality RepresentativeSQS Supplier Quality SupportSQSR Supplier Quality Surveillance ReportSS Standard SpecificationSW Stop workSWA Shop Work AuthoritySWA Shop Work AuthorizationTAC Traditional Aim CompensationTAR Tooling Action RequestTBD To Be DefinedTCU Tracker Control UnitTD Tool DesignTDAR Tool Design Action RequestTDC Tool Design ChangeTI Tool InstructionTIRF Tool Inspection Record Folder TIRL Tool Inspection Record Logbook TIS Tooling Inspection SystemTLUT Tool Limited Use TagTMO Tool Material OrderTMR Tracker Mounted ResetTQD Tool Quality DocumentTRN Tool Revalidation NoticeTSS Tooling Scheduling SystemTWA Tool Work AroundTWO Tool Work OrderUD Undimensioned DrawingUDM Undimensioned Drawing MasterUGII UniGraphics IIUI Ultrasonically InspectedUNIX Workstation Login Software USERID User IdentificationUT Ultrasonic TestingVAC Variance at CompletionVAI Vought Aircraft IndustriesVAII Vought Aircraft Industries, Inc.VIP Verification Inspection PlanVIW Vought Information WebVP Vice PresidentVRM Vought Records ManagementWA Work AroundWA Work AuthorizationWARF Work Action Request FormWIP Weight Improvement ProgramWIP Work In ProcessWM White MasterWO Work OrderWOSN Work Order Serial NumberWOSN Shop Work Authority Serial Number WT Withholding TagDEFINITIONS:@Station1- In SMX software, the “world coordinate system established by the SMX laser tracker at job startup that puts the head aperture at X=0,Y=0 and Z=0, with no scaling applied.Absolute Distance Measurement (ADM)- The ability of a laser tracker, using an additional laser beam, to measure range without the need of a known reset distance.Absolute Distance Meter (ADM)- An instrument that uses laser light polarization to measure distance.Accuracy - The difference between the average result of a measurement with a particular instrument and the true value of the quantity being measured. Accuracy - The extent to which the measured value of a quantity agrees with the accepted value for that quantity.Authority Digital Datasets - Authority digital datasets are CAD models that establish the configuration requirement for production parts or tooling.Axis - A reference line from which distances or angles are measured in a coordinate system.Axis Alignment - A minimum fit coordinate transformation method by which the axes of a coordinate system are aligned to points, planes, or gravity. This applies to Leica systems, in SMX it is referred to as Frame-Origin/Point/Point.Axis Mounted Mirror (AMR)- A device used for on-axis measuring during aim compensations. It is magnetically mounted to the beam aperture assembly at the trihedral hollow. (SMX)Axis Mounted Retroreflector (AMM)- A device used for on-axis measuring during aim compensations. It is magnetically mounted to the beam aperture assembly at the trihedral hollow. Each AMM is specially calibrated to a single tracker and may not be interchanged. (SMX)Azimuth Angle- The angle measured in the horizontal plane.Backsight- A tracker configuration in which elevation angles of measures points are between 180 and 360 degrees. Backsight also refers to the process of driving the laser beam to the backsight configuration. The output of backsight checks is linear.Ball Bar- A device that moves a retroreflective target in a circle while being dynamically measured by a laser tracker. The measurements fro the ball bar can then be used to check calibration or to calibrate the laser tracker.Barometer- An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.Base Coordinate System- A spherical coordinate system with its origin at the center of the laser tracker instrument. The horizontal angle zero is away from the birdbath, and the vertical angle zero is 90 degrees to the horizontal rotation axis. (For Leica systems, equivalent to Station frame in SMX)Best Fit- A method of finding the best-fit solution for shapes and point data, using least-squares mathematical equations. The best-fit solution has the least amount of errors for a given dataset.Bird Bath- See “target reflector holder”Bird Bath Distance- The distance from the mirror in the center of the laser tracker to the center of the reflector, when the reflector is sitting in the birdbath.Calibration - The set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system and the corresponding standard or known values derived from the standard.Category I tools - Program Master Tools/Master Tools (includes interface control tools, master control tools, master models, master gages and master templates).Category II tools - Production Tooling (includes interchangeability tooling, production end item assembly tools, and check fixtures for end item assemblies and/or I&R assemblies. All tools (including handling equipment) which are furnished to Boeing by suppliers.Category III tools - All other tools (except Category I and II) used by suppliers and subcontractors.Cat’s eye- A retro reflective target, usually contained in a spherical housing, with two or more concentric glass hemispheres. One of the hemispheres is a mirror designed to reflect the laser beam.CMS Software - CMS Software is any software package that is used to acquire, manipulates, or analyzes coordinate measurement data. This includes OEM provided software, and any auxiliary software developed for use with CMS technologies.CMS Hardware - CMS Hardware includes all of the physical components of a coordinate measurement system.Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)- A factor by which the change in temperature and the length of an object is multiplied to determine the amount of thermal expansion for the object. (Also known as TCE thermal coefficient of expansion)Common Points (CP)- Points used to pass information necessary for the orientation/resection process to determine the location of theodolites or laser trackers.Computer Aided Measurements System (CAMS)- Photogrammetry, coordinate measuring machines, computer aided theodolites, and laser tracker are all examples of CAMS.Control Plan - For processes in which process control is being used as a method of product acceptance, the control plan shall document relevant process control information. The control plan shall include, as a minimum, process description, key characteristics, key parameters, and key parameter settings.Control Points - A set of points, usually well distributed within the measurement envelope, used for repeatability checks.Conventional Optics- Optical and laser systems that do not use a computer. Examples: alignment, scope, laser alignment scope, transit and levels. Coordinates- A set of numbers that define a point relative to a coordinate system.Coordinate System- A method by which to describe the location of a point, such as Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate system.Corner cube- A retroreflective target contained in a spherical housing with three mutually perpendicular mirrors. The effect of this mirror arrangement is that a laser beam entering the corner cube will be reflected back parallel to the incoming beam, but offset by twice the amount by which it misses the exact center.Data Analysis - The evaluation of 3-D data to engineering drawings or engineering datasets, and/or to tool design drawings or tool design datasets. Data Collection - The data collected on all PTI routines, as applicable. The data will be utilized to demonstrate tool stability with respect to current PTI schedules as well as to provide stability data to support any petition in PTI frequency. A tool history summary will also be maintained to provide an overview of a specific tool’s activity.Delayed Dating – Term that applies to MTE that has calibration intervals, which start on date of issue.Delinquent Inspection - Tools past due for periodic inspection are not to be used for production without the approval of Quality Assurance.Discrepancy Sheet - The DS is an electronic form in MESNC used when a manufacturing anomaly can be corrected to design requirements in accordance with applicable procedures.Detail Tooling - Tooling used as an inspection media may be inspected by the using department Quality Assurance at the time of part acceptance.Digital Inspection Media - Digital inspection media is any form of inspection media that has been derived from authority digital datasets, as opposed to 2-D drawings or plots.Digitize- To convert to digital information.Drift - A measurement inaccuracy resulting from tracker movement, or movement of the measurement article.Enhanced Reference System (ERS)- A reference system that has been temperature compensated to 68 F.Elevation Angle- An angle measured from a vertical or plumb line.Full Aim Compensation (FAC)- Aim compensations are performed to correctFrame- A three dimensional coordinate system in which the coordinates of a point in space are defined by its distances from each of three mutually perpendicular lines that intersect at an origin.Functional Manager/Custodian – A person responsible for a functional department or organization. Each functional manager/custodian is responsible and accountable for procedures or processes that constitute a portion of the Company Quality Management System. The functional manager/custodian also identifies the department’s Vital, Contractual, Regulatory and Quality System records and their retention periods.Full Aim Compensation (FAC)- Aim compensations are performed to correct backsight error. The FAC consists of the collection of data from both on-axis and remote points. From this data a software error model (compansation) is calculated and used to correct mechanical error in the tracker. The FAC is performed whentwo consecutive RAC’s fail to correct backsight errors. (SMX)Home Point- A point with known X, Y, and Z values, which is used to re-index a laser tracker when the beam has been broken, or to verify the accuracy of a survey.Index of refraction- The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium under consideration. As applied to the laser tracker, the index of refraction value is used to adjust the laser interferometer for the atmospheric conditions in which measurements will be made.Interferometer- An optical instrument that measures changes in distance using the interference phenomena between a reference wave and an experimental wave.In-Rig - A term used to describe a part that is positioned in its correct relationship to itself (i.e., the part is not warped or twisted), but that is not necessarily positioned in the normal aircraft position.Inspection Media - Inspection media is any form of media that has been approved for use by QA to accept product or tooling.Interim Disposition – A short-signed WT providing disposition instructions to specific departments, requiring specific actions to be taken, documented on the WT, and the results reviewed by MRB prior to final disposition.Interval - The period of time between successive, scheduled calibrations for a given piece of equipment.Laser Tracker- A computer-aided measuring system that uses two angle encoders and a laser interferometer to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distance, and then calculates X, Y and Z coordinates.Least Squares- A method of determining the curve that best describes the relationship between expected and observed sets of data by minimizing the sums of the squares of deviation between observed and expected values.Level - Flatness of a toolMajor Periodic Tool Inspection - A dimensional inspection of details for location utilizing approved CM Systems (e.g. Computer-Aided Theodolite, Photogrammetry, Laser Tracker, or CMM), other inspection methods, or rerigging of master tools/gages. (Reference IV.A.4 for special cases.)Master Gage/Tool Applications - There are three cases when periodic tool inspections will include the positioning of master gages in assembly tools:a. When discrepancies with tool details are discovered by the CM survey, and are controlled by master tooling, they must be corrected by relocating tooling details to master tooling.b. When CM is more time consuming than positioning the master.c. When a tool is not adaptable to CM measurement.NOTE: Use of CM in lieu of physical master tooling must be approved by the customer.Master set/Electronically Mastered Details - Actual data will be recorded for the location of all master set details. Before and after data will be recorded for any details that are reset.Measurement Plan - A measurement plan shall document the process and methodology used for the measurement of production parts and/or tools, using approved CMS technologies. Documentation shall include, a detailed description of the measurement event requirements, including system set-up, field checks, data collection, and data alignment.Periodic System Control - A notification, tracking, and data collection system supporting the periodic tool inspection operation is required at each center/site. Periodic Tool Inspection (PTI) - A system involving the reinspection of special tooling at regulated intervals to ensure accuracy for product control. The reinspection is,based on prescribed conditions and may vary based upon tool classification, history, usage, application, PTI plans/manuals, and/orprogram/contractual requirements.PTI Team - Team comprised of, but not limited to, representatives from Tooling Quality, Tool Manufacturing, and Manufacturing Engineering.Plumb - Vertical square of toolPulse Width Modulation (PWM)- The PWM is an indication of the current temperature of the laser tube relative to its range or operating temperature. (+/- 18 degrees F) 50% is nominal while any reading greater than 80% or less than 20% indicates a need to recycle the laser. (SMX)QA Plans - For the purpose of this procedure, a QA plan is a measurement plan or control plan used in association with digital inspection processesQuality System Record - A quality system record provides objective evidence of conformity to specified requirements and of the effective operation of the quality management system. Quality system records contain direct and indirect evidence that the product (including services) meets technical requirements and complies with internal, contractual and regulatory authority requirements.Record - Information on any media that can be retrieved at a later date.Record Series - A group of similar or related records used or filed as a group.Records Administrator (RA) - An employee assigned responsibility for coordinating the planning, transfer and eventual disposal of Company records for an organization. A listing of RAs is available on the Vought intranet on the Records Management webpage at the following location: Vought Home Page > Vought Sites > Dallas > Records Management. Changes in RA designations must be forwarded to Vought Records Management.Records Management Manual - A handbook providing Records Administrators general guidance in the performance of their duties, instructions for completing forms, and other information related to records retention and archival. The current Records Management Manual is available on the Records Management webpage.Recycle the laser- Turning off the laser (recycling the laser) whenever the PWM exceeds its allowable limits. This resets the PWM’s range.Reference Standard - A standard of the highest order or accuracy which is calibrated by a qualified commercial or government laboratory, or has been derived from accepted values of natural physical constants, or has been derived by a ratio or reciprocity type of self-calibration technique.Refraction- The deflection of light when it passes through a different medium: occurring when the speed of the light changes in the different mediums. Refractometer- An optical instrument that measures the index of refraction. Repeatability - The extent to which repeated measurements of a particular object with a particular instrument produces the same value.Retroreflector- Any of several targets designed to reflect light back to the origin of the light source.Right hand rule- In a Cartesian coordinate system, the right hand rule controls the direction and location of the X,Y and Z axes based on the position of the thumb and first 2 fingers of the right hand. The index finger points from the origin of the coordinate system along the positive X-axis. The middle finger, when held at a right angle to the index finger points in the direction of the positive Y axis and the thumb, pointing perpendicular to the plane of the first 2 fingers points in the direction of the positive Z axis.Root Mean Square (RMS)- The square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of a set of numbers.Rotation - A mathematical solution whereby the active coordinate system is rotated about any or all of its coordinate axes.Routine Aim Compensation (RAC)- Aim compensations are performed to correct backsight error. The RAC consists of collection of data from on-axis points using the AMM and AMR. This data is then used with the data collected from the most recent FAC to correct backsight errors.Scale Factor- The ratio between the size of a geometrical representation of an object and the actual size of the object.Short-Signed WT - A WT signed by MRB personnel in the body of the disposition instructions and not in the MRB final approval fields.Supersede WT - A new WT written when the original WT has been closed or voided in error, or to revise engineering disposition or effectivity as necessary.Supplier Inspection - Quality Assurance and/or supplier delegated the authority will conduct PTI on tools at suppliers in accordance with program contractual requirements as noted on the applicable procurement documentation.Theodolite- A calibrated optical instrument used to determine relative position in surveying, navigation, and meteorology. It is similar in construction to a surveyor's transit, consisting of a telescope fitted with a spirit level and mounted on a tripod so that it is free to rotate about its vertical and horizontal axes.。

数学专业英语(Doc版).21

学专业英语－StatisticsThe term statistics is used in either of two senses.In common parlance it is ge nerally employed synonymously with the word data.Thus someone may say tha t he has seen”statistics of industrial accidents in the United States.”It would be conducive to greater precision of meaning if we were not to use statistics i n this sense,but rather to say “data (or figures ) of industrial accidents in the United States.”“Statistics”also refers to the statistical principles and methods which have be en developed for handling numerical data and which form the subject matter o f this text.Statistical methods,or statistics, range form the most elementary descr iptive devices, which may be understood by anyone , to those extremely compl icated mathematical procedures which are comprehended by only the most expe rt theoreticians.It is the purpose of this volume not to enter into the highly ma thematical and theoretical aspects of the subject but rather to treat of its more elementary and more frequently used phases.Statistics may be defined as the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpreta tion of numerical data.The facts which are dealt with must be capable of num erical expression.We can make little use statistically of the information that dw ellings are built of brick, stone, wood, and other materials; however, if we are able to determine how many or what proportion of,dwellings are constructed of each type of material, we have numerical data suitable for statistical analysi s.Statistics should not be thought of as a subject correlative with physics, chemi stry, economics, and sociology. Statistics is not a science; it is a scientific met hod. The methods and procedures which we are about to examine constitute a useful and often indispensable tool for the research worker. Without an adequat e understanding of statistics, the investigator in the social sciences may frequen tly be like the blind man groping in a dark closet for a black cat that isn’t t here. The methods of statistics are useful in an ever---widening range of huma n activities, in any field of thought in which numerical data may be had.In defining statistics it was pointed out that the numerical data are collected, p resented, analyzed, and interpreted. Let us briefly examine each of these four p rocedures.COLLECTION Statistical data may be obtained from existing published or un published sources, such as government agencies, trade associations, research bur eaus, magazines, newspapers, individual research workers, and elsewhere. On th e other hand, the investigator may collect his own information, going perhaps f rom house to house or from firm to firm to obtain his data. The first-hand col lection of statistical data is one of the most difficult and important tasks whicha statistician must face. The soundness of his procedure determines in an ove rwhelming degree the usefulness of the data which he obtains.It should be emphasized, however, that the investigator who has experience an d good common sense is at a distinct advantage if original data must be colle cted. There is much which may be taught about this phase of statistics, but th ere is much more which can be learned only through experience. Although a p erson may never collect statistical data for his own use and may always use p ublished sources, it is essential that he have a working knowledge of the proce sses of collection and that he be able to evaluate the reliability of the data he proposes to use. Untrustworthy data do not constitute a satisfactory base upon which to rest a conclusion.It is to be regretted that many people have a tendency to accept statistical dat a without question. To them, any statement which is presented in numerical ter ms is correct and its authenticity is automatically established.PRESENTATION Either for one’s own use or for the use of others, the dat a must be presented in some suitable form. Usually the figures are arranged in tables or presented by graphic devices.ANALYSIS In the process of analysis, data must be classified into useful and logical categories. The possible categories must be considered when plans are made for collecting the data, and the data must be classified as they are tabu lated and before they can be shown graphically. Thus the process of analysis i s partially concurrent with collection and presentation.There are four important bases of classification of statistical data: (1) qualitativ e, (2) quantitative, (3) chronological, and (4) geographical, each of which will be examined in turn.Qualitative When, for example, employees are classified as union or non—uni on, we have a qualitative differentiation. The distinction is one of kind rather t han of amount. Individuals may be classified concerning marital status, as singl e, married, widowed, divorced, and separated. Farm operators may be classified as full owners, part owners, managers, and tenants. Natural rubber may be de signated as plantation or wild according to its source.Quantitative When items vary in respect to some measurable characteristics, a quantitative classification is appropriate. Families may be classified according t o the number of children. Manufacturing concerns may be classified according to the number of workers employed, and also according to the values of goods produced. Individuals may be classified according to the amount of income ta x paid.Chronological Chronological data or time series show figures concerning a par ticular phenomenon at various specified times. For example, the closing price o f a certain stock may be shown for each day over a period of months of year s; the birth rate in the United States may be listed for each of a number of y ears; production of coal may be shown monthly for a span of years. The anal ysis of time series, involving a consideration of trend, cyclical period (seasonal ), and irregular movements, will be discussed.In a certain sense, time series are somewhat akin to quantitative distributions i n that each succeeding year or month of a series is one year or one month fu rther removed from some earlier point of reference. However, periods of time —or, rather, the events occurring within these periods—differ qualitatively from each other also. The essential arrangement of the figures in a time sequence i s inherent in the nature of the data under consideration.Geographical The geographical distribution is essentially a type of qualitative distribution, but is generally considered as a distinct classification. When the p opulation is shown for each of the states in the United States, we have data which are classified geographically. Although there is a qualitative difference b etween any two states, the distinction that is being made is not so much of ki nd as of location.The presentation of classified data in tabular and graphic form is but one elem entary step in the analysis of statistical data. Many other processes are describ ed in the following passages of this book. Statistical investigation frequently en deavors to ascertain what is typical in a given situation. Hence all type of occ urrences must be considered, both the usual and the unusual.In forming an opinion, most individuals are apt to be unduly influenced by un usual occurrences and to disregard the ordinary happenings. In any sort or inve stigation, statistical or otherwise, the unusual cases must not exert undue influe nce. Many people are of the opinion that to break a mirror brings bad luck. H aving broken a mirror, a person is apt to be on the lookout for the unexpecte d”bad luck “and to attribute any untoward event to the breaking of the mir ror. If nothing happens after the mirror has been broken, there is nothing to re member and this result (perhaps the usual result )is disregarded. If bad luck oc curs, it is so unusual that it is remembered, and consequently the belief is rein forced. The scienticfic procedure would include all happenings following the br eaking of the mirror, and would compare the “resulting”bad luck to the am ount of bad luck occurring when a mirror has not been broken.Statistics, then, must include in its analysis all sorts of happenings. If we are studying the duration of cases of pncumonia, we may study what is typical by determining the average length and possibly also the divergence below and ab ove the average. When considering a time series showing steel—mill activity,we may give attention to the typical seasonal pattern of the series, to the gro wth factor( trend) present, and to the cyclical behaviour. Sometimes it is found that two sets of statistical data tend to be associated.Occasionlly a statistical investigation may be exhaustive and include all possibl e occurrences. More frequently, however, it is necessary to study a small grou p or sample. If we desire to study the expenditures of lawyers for life insuran ce, it would hardly be possible to include all lawyers in the United States. Re sort must be had to a sample;and it is essential that the sample be as nearly r epresentative as possible of the entire group, so that we may be able to make a reasonable inference as to the results to be expected for an entire populatio n. The problem of selecting a sample is discussed in the following chapter.Sometimes the statistician is faced with the task of forecasting. He may be req uired to prognosticate the sales of automobile tires a year hence, or to forecast the population some years in advance. Several years ago a student appeared i n summer session class of one of the writers. In a private talk he announced t hat he had come to the course for a single purpose: to get a formula which w ould enable him to forecast the price of cotton. It was important to him and h is employers to have some advance information on cotton prices, since the con cern purchased enormous quantities of cotton. Regrettably, the young man had to be disillusioned. To our knowledge, there are no magic formulae for forecas ting. This does not mean that forecasting is impossible; rather it means that fo recasting is a complicated process of which a formula is but a small part. And forecasting is uncertain and dangerous. To attempt to say what will happen in the future requires a thorough grasp of the subject to be forecast, up-to-the-m inute knowledge of developments in allied fields, and recognition of the limitat ions of any mechanica forecasting device.INTERPRETATION The final step in an investigation consists of interpreting the data which have been obtained. What are the conclusions growing out of t he analysis? What do the figures tell us that is new or that reinforces or casts doubt upon previous hypotheses? The results must be interpreted in the light of the limitations of the original material. Too exact conclusions must not be drawn from data which themselves are but approximations. It is essential, howe ver, that the investigator discover and clarify all the useful and applicable mea ning which is present in his data.VocabularyStatistics统计学in tables 列成表Statistical 统计的tabular列成表的Statistical data统计数据sample样本Statistical method统计方法 inference推理，推断Original data原始数据 reliance信赖Qualitative定性的forecasting预测Quantitative定量的 in common parlance按一般说法Chronological年代学的 conducive有帮助的Time series时间序列grope摸索Cyclical循环的 akin to类似Period周期apt to易于Periodic周期的 undue不适当的Prognosticate预测 sociology社会学Authenticity可信性，真实性phase相位；方面Synonymously同义的categories范畴，类型Correlative相互关系的，相依的 concurrent会合的，一致的，同时发生的Notes1. It is the purpose of this volume not to enter into the highly mathematical and theoretical a spects of the subject but rather to treat of its more elementary and more frequently used phases.意思是：本书的目的并不是要深入到这个论题的有关高深的数学与理论的方面，而是要讨论它的更为初等和更为常用的方面，not…but rather 意思是“不是…而是”，而rather than意思是“宁愿…而不”，两者意思相近但有差别（主要表现为强调哪方面的差别）。

AESJ002 Technically Acceptable Instrument沙特阿美仪表规范

Engineering StandardSAES-J-002 29 February, 2004 Technically Acceptable InstrumentInstrumentation Standards Committee MembersAl-Awami. L.H., ChairmanAl-Khalifa, A.H.Alqaffas, S.A.Al-Shiha, A.M.Fadley, G.L.Falkenberg, A.R.George, N.A.Hartman, R.A.Hazelwood, W.P.Khan, M.A.Mahmood, B.Trembley, R.J.Saudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Conflicts and Deviations (2)3 References (2)4 General (4)5 Application (5)6 Explanatory Notes (5)7 Technically Acceptable Instruments (6)Previous Issue: 31 December, 2003 Next Planned Update: 1 March, 2006Next Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments 1 ScopeThis Standard lists, by category, instrument Manufacturers whose products have been found, after technical evaluation, to be technically acceptable for use in Saudi Aramco installations. It does not list all instruments that may be technically acceptable for use by Saudi Aramco. It lists only those that have undergone, and passed, Saudi Aramco technical evaluation. This Standard does not apply to purchasing procedures associated with instrument materials for replenishment of SAMS stock.2 Conflicts and Deviations2.1 Any conflicts between this standard and other applicable Saudi Aramco EngineeringStandards (SAESs), Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs), Standard Drawings(SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be resolved in writing by theCompany or Buyer Representative through the Manager, Process & Control SystemsDepartment, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.2.2 Direct all requests to deviate from this standard in writing to the Company or BuyerRepresentative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302 and forward suchrequests to the Manager, Process & Control Systems Department, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.3 ReferencesThe selection of material and equipment, and the design, construction, maintenance, and repair of equipment and facilities covered by this standard shall comply with the latest edition of the references listed below, unless otherwise noted.Saudi Aramco ReferencesSaudi Aramco Engineering ProcedureSAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory SaudiAramco Engineering RequirementSaudi Aramco Engineering StandardsSAES-J-001 Instrumentation Numerical IndexSAES-J-003 Basic Design CriteriaSAES-J-200 PressureSAES-J-400 TemperatureSAES-J-502 Analyzer SheltersSaudi Aramco Materials System Specifications34-SAMSS-117 Turbine Flow Meters34-SAMSS-118 Positive Displacement Meters34-SAMSS-318 Automatic Tank Gauging Equipment34-SAMSS-511 ChromatographsNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments34-SAMSS-512 Oxygen Analyzers34-SAMSS-514 Combustible Gas and Hydrogen Sulphide Monitors34-SAMSS-515 Moisture Analyzers34-SAMSS-517 Density Meters34-SAMSS-611 Safety Relief Valves Conventional and Balanced Types34-SAMSS-619 Burner Management Systems for Watertube Boilers34-SAMSS-621 ESD Systems - Hard-Wired - Solid-State(Non-Programmable)34-SAMSS-622 ESD Systems - Electromagnetic Relay34-SAMSS-623 Programmable Controller Based ESD Systems34-SAMSS-625 Vibration, Axial Position and Bearing TemperatureMonitoring Systems34-SAMSS-634 Local ZV Shutdown Cabinets and Smart ZV Systems34-SAMSS-711 Control Valves - General Services34-SAMSS-716 Pneumatic Actuators On-Off Service34-SAMSS-717 Hydraulic Valve Actuators34-SAMSS-718 Electric Motor Operated Valve Actuators34-SAMSS-815 Annunciators34-SAMSS-820 Instrument Control Cabinets - Indoor34-SAMSS-821 Instrument Control Cabinets - Outdoor34-SAMSS-830 Programmable Logic Controller34-SAMSS-831 Instrumentation for Packaged Units34-SAMSS-913 Instrumentation and Thermocouple CableSaudi Aramco Standard DrawingsAE-036014 Pole SettingAB-036019 Thermowell Assembly and DetailAC-036413 Orifice Flange Assembly, Raised FaceAB-036414 Orifice Flange Assembly, Ring JointSaudi Aramco Library DrawingDA-950065 Local Shutdown Cabinet with Partial Stroke Test DoubleActing ActuatorDB-950129 Sht 1 & 2 Local Shutdown Cabinet, Conventional DoubleActing/Spring Return ActuatorsSaudi Aramco Instrument Specification SheetsNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable InstrumentsForm 8020-415-ENG Thermocouple (T/C) AssemblyForm 8020-416-ENG Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)Form 8020-418-ENG Thermowell4 General4.1 This Standard is intended to provide guidance to requisition originators and othersresponsible for the development and evaluation of bids for Saudi Aramco's instrumentationrequirements. The products listed below have been identified by Saudi Aramco as technicallyacceptable based on quality in relation to the state of the art, reliability, compatibility withexisting Saudi Aramco equipment and systems, familiarity with the product among SaudiAramco personnel, and, where appropriate, availability of local representatives for technicalassistance and maintenance. Although the instruments are listed by reference to their primaryManufacturers, an identical instrument manufactured by a licensee of a listed Manufacturer isalso technically acceptable.4.2 It is intended that all sources of instrumentation purchase come from the technicallyacceptable instrument manufacturers listed herein. All technically acceptable manufacturers'facilities shall be surveyed and approved by Vendor Inspection. All 9COM categories will bemaintained with an adequate number of technically acceptable instrument manufacturers.Changes to this standard shall be documented and approved in writing by the GeneralSupervisor, Process Instrumentation Division, Process & Control Systems Department, SaudiAramco.4.3 For any instrumentation purchases from manufacturers that are not listed in this standard, arequest for technical evaluation shall be submitted in writing to the General Supervisor,Process Instrumentation Division, P&CSD. The Instrumentation Unit/PID/P&CSD willevaluate the subject instrument product for technical acceptability, and shall inform therequestor in writing of the result. Only after the instrument has been identified as technicallyacceptable, and the manufacturer's facility approved by Vendor Inspection, can the purchaseorder be placed. These instrument products may or may not be added to the technicallyacceptable manufacturer's list.4.4 Some special instrumentation products are identified as 'simple commodities' or 'engineeredsystems'. See section 6 below for the special rules governing technical acceptability andselection of these products.5 ApplicationRequisition originators shall procure instrumentation products from the Manufacturers listed in this standard. When purchase from a Manufacturer not listed in this Standard is contemplated, approval per paragraph 4.3 shall be requested in writing from the General Supervisor, Process Instrumentation Division, Process & Control Systems Department, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.6 Explanatory NotesThe following notes explain the use of Section 7, Technically Acceptable Instruments.Next Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments6.1 The number preceding each category title identifies the Standard (SAES), Specification(SAMSS) or Instrument Specification Sheet (ISS Form) associated with that type ofinstrument as listed in SAES-J-001 Instrumentation Numerical Index.6.2 The phrase "Pending Technical Evaluation" following a category heading means thattechnical evaluations of products in that category have not been performed. For theseproducts quotations may be requested from any qualified source. The procedures describedin paragraph 4.3 apply.6.3 The phrase "Not Recommended" following a category heading means that for technicalreasons, Saudi Aramco does not recommend use of that type of instrument. Use of thesedevices for evaluation and developmental applications requires prior written approval by theGeneral Supervisor, Process Instrumentation Division, Process & Control SystemsDepartment, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran. Normally, optional listed technically acceptableinstruments are available.6.4 For various simple commodities, the following note may be referenced in the list oftechnically acceptable instruments. This note shall apply only to those categories in which itis referenced.Commentary Note:The list of Manufacturers in this category is for guidance only. This simplecommodity may be purchased from any qualified source that can comply with themandatory requirements that are listed in each category in which this note isreferenced. The selected vendor should have a valid QA/QC survey records and avalid SA vendor number. Verification of compliance shall be the responsibility ofthe requisition originator. No IU technical evaluation or approval is required.However, ESO will assist in such evaluations when requested to do so.6.5 For various engineered systems the following note may be referenced in the list of technicallyacceptable instruments. This note shall apply only to those categories in which it isreferenced.Commentary Note:It is not practical to list sources of supply for this engineered system. Purchasemay be from any qualified source that can comply with the mandatory requirementsthat are listed in each category in which this note is referenced. Verification ofcompliance shall be the responsibility of the requisition originator. No IU technicalevaluation or approval is required. However, IU will assist in such evaluationswhen requested to do so.6.6 The approved vendors in this standard are listed by company name only. For approvedmanufacturing facilities for any of the listed vendors, refer to Purchasing Department SAPlist.7 Technically Acceptable Instruments100 FlowNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments111 Flow TransmittersD/P TransmittersSee Category 211 - Pressure and Differential Pressure Transmitters112 Flow Indicators112.1 Rotameters9COM - 6000002916 (CCC 340289) - Flowmeter: Variable Area(Rotameter)Emerson-Brooks Instrument DivisionABBKrohneSolartron Mobrey112.2 Flow Sight Glasses9COM - 6000002744 (CCC 340105)Ernst Gage Co.ABBClark-Reliance-Jacoby-Tarbox Corp.Tyco Flow Control-Penberthy112.3 D/P GaugesSee Category 217 - Differential Pressure Gauges113 Flow Switches113.1 D/P Switches – 9COM- 6000002830 (CCC 340198)See Category 213 - Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches113.2 Target Switches – 9COM- 6000002831 (CCC 340199)ITT-McDonnell and MillerSORMagnetrol114 Not Assigned115 Orifice Assemblies115.1 Orifice Plates and Flanges9COM- 6000002792 (CCC 340157) - Orifice Assembly: Plate, Flange,Sealing Ring9COM- 6000002793 (CCC 340158) - Orifice: PlateCommentary note in paragraph 6.4 applies.Mandatory requirements:Next Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable InstrumentsFor orifice plates - Std. Dwg. AE-036014For RF orifice flanges - Std. Dwg. AC-036413For RJ orifice flanges - Std. Dwg. AB-036414Some qualified Manufacturers are:Emerson-Daniel Div.FMC Energy SystemsVickery - Simms Division /FTI IndustriesSolartron ISA115.2 Meter Runs - Prefabricated Gas: 9COM- 6000002778(CCC 340143) Liquids 9COM- 6000002779 (CCC 340144)Emerson-Daniel Europe, Ltd.FMC Energy SystemsAlderley Systems, Ltd.Imtech Systems B.V.Solartron ISA (For skids up to 20MMSCF/Day)115.3 Orifice Fittings - Retractable Single Chamber9COM- 6000002792 (CCC 340157) - Orifice Assembly: Plate, Flange,Sealing RingEmerson-Daniel Div.FMC Energy Systems115.4 Orifice Fittings - Retractable Dual Chamber9COM- 6000002792 (CCC 3450157) - Orifice Assembly: Plate, Flange,Sealing RingEmerson-Daniel Div.FMC Energy Systems116 Venturi Tubes9COM- 6000007215 (CCC 340095) - Flow Meter: Venturi TubeEmerson-DanielABBFMC Energy SystemsSolartron ISA117 Turbine Meters9COM- 6000002775 (CCC 340140) - Flow Meter: Turbine Type;34-SAMSS-117Emerson-Daniel DivisionFMC Energy SystemsThermo MeasurementBarton Instrument Systems118 Liquid Positive Displacement MetersNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments 9COM- 6000002722 (CCC 340082) - Flow Meter: Positive Displacement Type;34-SAMSS-118Badger Meter, Inc.Bopp and Reuther MessTechnik GMBHFMC Energy SystemsEmerson- Daniel DivisionBarton Instrument Systems119 Liquid Meter Provers119.1 9COM- 6000002772 (CCC 340136) -Meter Prover: BI Directional &AccessoriesEmerson- Daniel DivisionFMC Energy SystemsAlderley119.2 9COM- 6000002773 (CCC 340137)- Meter Prover: Small VolumeProverCalibron SVP (Model S-15 piston type)Emerson- Daniel DivisionAlderley120 Pitot Tubes9COM- 6000002677 (CCC 340032) - Flow Meter: Annubar, Pitot TubeEmerson-Rosemount DivisionMeriam Instruments DivisionSolartron Mobrey121 Magnetic Flowmeters9COM- 6000002735 (CCC 340096) - Flow Meter: MagneticFoxboro Co.ABBBopp and Reuther MessTechnik GMBHSolartron MobreyEmerson-Brooks Instrument DivisionsYokogawa Electric CorporationEmerson-Rosemount Division122 Ultrasonic Flowmeters9COM- 6000002738 (CCC 340099) - Flow Meter: Ultrasonic122.1 Liquid ServiceKrohneGE PanametricsNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments122.2 Gas ServiceEmerson-Daniel DivisionInstrometGE Panametrics122.3 Flare Line ServiceGE PanametricsRoxar Flow Measurement AS (previously Fluenta)122.4 Multipath Ultrasonic Flow Meter9COM- 6000002777 (CCC 340142) - Flow Meter: Multipath UltrasonicEmerson-Daniel DivisionFMCInstrometKrohne123 Vortex Shedding Flowmeters9COM- 6000002739 (CCC 340100) - Flow Meter: Vortex SheddingABBFoxboroSolartron MobreyEmerson-Rosemount DivisionYokogawa Electric Corporation124 Restriction Orifices - Union TypePending Technical Evaluation125 Multi Phase FlowmetersCCC 340094 - Flow Meter: Multiphase9COM- 6000002917 (CCC 340290) - Flow Meter: MultiphaseCommentary note in paragraph 6.2 applies - other vendors "Pending TechnicalApproval"Approved vendors are:3-Phase Measurement ASAgar Corporation, IncorporatedRoxar Flow Measurement AS (previously Fluenta)126 Thermal Flowmeters9COM- 6000002736 (CCC 340097) - Flow Meter: ThermalThermo Systems, Inc.Emerson-Brooks Instruments DivisionFluid Components, Inc.Next Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments127 Flow Nozzles9COM- 6000002740 (CCC 340101) - Flow NozzleCrane Manufacturing, Inc.Emerson-Daniel DivisionVickery Simms/FTI Industries128Flowmeters - Coriolis Mass- 9COM- 6000002915 (CCC 340288)Commentary note in paragraph 6.2 applies - other vendors "Pending TechnicalApproval"Approved vendors are:Emerson-Micro Motion DivisionFoxboroFMC Energy Systems200 Pressure211 Pressure and Differential Pressure Transmitters9COM- 6000002850 (CCC 340219) - Transmitter: Flow9COM- 6000002851 (CCC 340220) - Transmitter: PressureFoxboro Co.Honeywell, Inc.Emerson-Rosemount DivisionABBSMAR International CorporationYokogawa Electric CorporationSiemens212 Pressure Gauges9COM- 6000002754 (CCC 340116) - Indicator: PressureCommentary note in paragraph 6.4 applies. Mandatory requirements are specified inSAES-J-200. Some qualified manufacturers are:Ametek, Inc. (U.S. Gauge Div.)BudenburgDresser Industries, Ashcroft Instrument Div.Dwyer Instruments, Inc. (Magnehelic)Dresser Al-Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co./Ashcroft213 Pressure and Differential Pressure Switches9COM- 6000002830 (CCC – 340198) - Switch: Differential Pressure9COM- 6000002834 (CCC – 340202) - Switch: PressureCrane-Barksdale ControlsCustom Controls Sensors, Inc.Dresser Al-Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co /AshcroftNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments Mercoid Corp.Barton Instrument SystemsUnited Electric ControlsSOR, Inc.214 Multivariable Transmitters9COM- 6000002926 (CCC 340299) - Transmitters MultivariableHoneywell, Inc.Emerson Rosemount Division215 Chemical Seals9COM– 6000002693 (CCC 340052) - Chemical SealAmetek, Inc.Dresser Industries, Instrument Div.Barton Instrument SystemsDresser Al-Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co /Ashcroft216 (Not Assigned)217 Differential Pressure Gauges9COM- 6000002749 (CCC 340111) - Indicator: Differential PressureBarton Instrument SystemsABBDwyer Instruments, Inc.Dresser Al-Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co /AshcroftMeriam Instrument300 Level311 D/P Level Transmitters9COM- 6000002849 (CCC 340218) - Transmitter: Level; Differential PressureFoxboro Co.Honeywell, Inc.Emerson- Rosemount DivisionABBYokogawa Electric CorporationSiemensSMAR International Corporation312 Level Gauge Glasses9COM- 6000002744 (CCC 340105) - Glass: Sight9COM- 6000002886 (CCC 340255) - Glass: Level GaugeSimco Engineers Ltd.Clark-Reliance-Jerguson Gage and Valve Co.Tyco Flow Control-Penberthy IncorporatedNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments313 Level Switches - Float and Displacer Type9COM- 6000002832 (CCC 340200) - Switch: LevelInternational, Inc.Mercoid CorporationK-TekSOR, Inc.314 Level Instruments - Displacer9COM- 6000002763 (CCC 340125) -Level Instruments Displacer Type:(Transmitters/Controllers; NA)Emerson- Fisher Control DivisionMasoneilan International, Inc.Dresser Al-Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co.FoxboroSolartronFMC InvalcoMagnetrol International, Inc.315 Level Instruments - Ultrasonic9COM- 6000002762 (CCC 340124) - Level Instrument: UltrasonicEndress and HauserDrexelbrook Engineering Co.Magnetrol International, Inc.Ohmart/Vega316 Level Instruments - Capacitance9COM- 6000002761 (CCC 340123) - Level Control: Capacitance TypeMagnetrol International, Inc.Solartron MobreyFMC InvalcoDrexelbrook Engineeering Co.Endress + Hauser317 Level Instruments - Nuclear Radiation9COM- 6000002764 (CCC 340126) - Level Instrument: Radiation TypeThermo MeasureTechOhmart/Vega Corp.Endress + Hauser318 Tank Gauging Equipment - Servo and Float9COM- 6000002838 (CCC 340206) - Tank Gauging Equipment: Automatic;34-SAMSS-318Enraf Delft InstrumentsL&J Technologies (Shand and Jurs)Next Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments Endress + Hauser319 Tank Gauging Equipment - Radar9COM- 6000002822 (CCC 340190) - Tank Gauging Equipment: Automatic; RadarTypeSaab RosemountEnraf Delft Instruments320 Time-Domain-Reflectometry Level Transmitters9COM- 6000007390 (CCC 340132) - Transmitter: Level; TDRMagnetrolKrohne (BM-100 only)K-Tek400 Temperature411 Temperature Transmitters9COM- 6000002852 (CCC 340221) - Transmitter: TemperatureFoxboro Co.Honeywell, Inc.Rosemount, Inc.ABBSMAR International CorporationYokogawa Electric CorporationSiemens412 Temperature Indicators9COM- 6000002756 (CCC 340118) - Indicator: TemperatureCommentary note in paragraph 6.4 applies. Mandatory requirements are specified inSAES-J-400. Some qualified manufacturers are:Ametek, Inc. (U.S. Gauge Div.)Dresser Industries, Ashcroft Instrument Div.ABBThermo Electric CompanyE2 Technology413 Temperature Switches - Mechanical9COM- 6000002835 (CCC 340203) - Switch: TemperatureCustom Contol Sensors, Inc.Kidde-Fenwal IncorporatedMercoid Corp.United Electric Co.SOR, Inc.Dresser Al-Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co /AshcroftNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments 414 (Not Assigned)415 Thermocouples9COM- 6000002888 (CCC 340258) - ThermocoupleCommentary note in paragraph 6.4 applies. Mandatory requirements are specified inForm 8020-415-ENG. Some qualified manufacturers are:Honeywell, Inc.Minco Products, Inc.Thermo Electric Co.ABBGay Engineering and Sales Co. (GAYESCO)United Electric ControlsConax Buffalo Technologies416 Resistance Temperature Detectors9COM- 6000002814 (CCC 340181) - Resistance Temperature Detector: (RTD)AssemblyCommentary note in paragraph 6.4 applies. Mandatory requirements are specified inForm 8020-416 ENG. Some qualified manufacturers are:Conax Buffalo TechnologiesMinco Products, Inc.Emerson-Rosemount DivisionThermo-Electric Co.ABB417 ThermistorsNot Recommended418 Thermowells9COM- 6000002845 (CCC 340214) - Thermowell:Standard Drawing AB-036019Commentary note in paragraph 6.4 applies. Mandatory requirements are specified inForm 8020-418 ENG. Some qualified manufacturers are:Dresser Industries, Ashcroft Instrument Div.Minco Products, Inc.Thermo Electric Co.ABBConax Buffalo TechnologiesDresser Al-Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co /Ashcroft419 Temperature Monitor Systems9COM- 6000002780 (CCC 340145): Monitor:34-SAMSS-625GE Power Systems-Bently Nevada Corp.Next Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments Rockwell Automation- Entek (IRD)Ametek-Rochester InstrumentThermo MeasurementSKF Condition Monitoring500 Analytical511 Chromatographs9COM- 6000002914 (CCC 340287) - Chromatograph: Process Gas or Liquid;34-SAMSS-511Siemens-Applied AutomationYokogawa Electric CorporationABB Process Analytics512 Oxygen Analyzers9COM- 6000002666 (CCC 340020) - Analyzer: Oxygen;34-SAMSS-512Ametek Process & Analytical InstrumentsServomexABBSiemens-Applied AutomationTeledyne Analytical InstrumentsEmerson- Rosemount Analytical DivisionGE PanametricsYokogawa Electric Corporation513 pH Analyzers9COM- 6000002667 (CCC 340022) - Analyzer: pHABBFoxboro Co.GLI InternationalHoriba InstrumentsEmerson - Rosemount Analytical DivisionYokogawa Electric Corporation514 Hydrogen Sulfide Monitors9COM- 6000002786 (CCC 340151) - Monitor: Hydrogen Sulfide in Air;34-SAMSS-514General MonitorsDetector ElectronicsDetcon, Inc.515 Trace Moisture Analyzers9COM- 6000002664 (CCC 340018) - Analyzer: Moisture;34-SAMSS-515Next Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments GE PanametricsAlpha Moisture SystemsShaw Moisture MetersAmetek Process & Analytical Instruments516 Analyzer Shelters9COM- 6000002898 (CCC 340270) - Analyzer Building, SAES-J-502ABB PastechSiemens Applied Automation517 Density Meters - Gas and Liquid9COM- 6000002720 (CCC 340080) - Density Meter: Gas and Liquid Service;34-SAMSS-517Thermo Measurement-SarasotaSolartron MobreyYokogawa Electric Corporation518 Gravitometers9COM- 6000002746 (CCC 340107) - GravitometerThermo Measurement-SarasotaSolartron Mobrey519 (Not Assigned)520 BS&W Analyzers9COM- 6000002655 (CCC 340008) - Analyzer: Bottom Sediment and WaterThermo MeasurementFMC-InvalcoHalliburton Energy ServicesAgar Corporation521 Chlorine Analyzers and Chlorinators9COM- 6000002658 (CCC 340011) - Analyzer: ChlorineABBEmerson-Rosemount AnalyticalYokogawa Electric CorporationGLI International522 Combustible Gas Monitors9COM- 6000002782 (CCC 340147) - Monitor: Combustible Gas9COM- 6000002787 (CCC 340152) - Monitor: Open Path Combustible Gas;34-SAMSS-514General Monitors, Inc.Detector ElectronicsNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments Detcon, Inc.523 Conductivity Analyzers9COM- 6000002660 (CCC 340013) - Analyzer: ConductivityEmerson-Rosemount AnalyticalGLI InternationalYokogawa Electric CorporationHoribaABB530 Process Color Analyzers9COM- 6000002659 (CCC 340012) - Analyzer: ColorHoribaABBAmetekMetrisa, Inc.610 Surge relief Valves, 9COM- 6000002896 (CCC 340267)610.1 Gas Loaded Surge Relief ValvesEmerson-Daniel DivisionSPX-Daniel Valve Company610.2 Pilot Operated Surge Relief ValvesEmerson-Daniel DivisionSPX-Daniel Valve CompanyControl Component, Inc.611 Safety Relief Valves - Flanged Conventional and Balanced9COM- 6000002869 (CCC 340238) - Valve: Safety Relief, Flanged Conventionaland Balanced Bellows Type; 34-SAMSS-611Tyco-Anderson GreenwoodDresser Industries (Consolidated)Dresser Al-Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co.Tyco- Safety Systems UKFarris Engineering612 Safety Relief Valves Pilot Operated9COM- 6000002868 (CCC 340237) - Valve: Safety Relief; Pilot Type612.1 For Processing PlantsTyco-Anderson GreenwoodDresser Industries (Consolidated)Dresser AL-Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co.Next Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable InstrumentsTyco- Safety Systems UKFarris Engineering612.2 For Storage Tanks and SpheroidsTyco – Whessoe (UK Factory)Tyco – Varec (USA Factory)Tyco-Anderson-Greenwood Crosby613 Vent Valves9COM- 6000002867 (CCC 340236) - Valve: Pressure Vacuum VentFor Pressure and Vacuum TanksTyco-Anderson-GreenwoodL&J Technology Co. (Shand & Jurs)Tyco – Whessoe (UK Factory)Tyco – Varec (USA Factory)614 Rupture Discs9COM- 6000002815 (CCC 340182) - Rupture Disc AssemblyBS&B Safety Systems, Inc.Fike Metal Products Corp.615 Flame Arrestors9COM- 6000002679 (CCC 340034) - Arrestor: FlameL&J Technologies (Shand and Jurs)Tyco – Varec616 Check Valve (Gauge Glasses)9COM- 6000002680 (CCC 340035)- Valve: Backflow Preventer9COM- 6000002854 (CCC 340223) - Valve: Check; Level Gauge Glass; FlowShut-OffClark-Reliance-Jerguson Gage and Valve Co.Tyco Flow Control-Penberthy IncorporatedSimco Engineers617 Flame Monitoring Systems9COM- 6000002732 (CCC 340092) - Flame Monitoring;34-SAMSS-619Fire EyeForney CorporationHoneywell, Inc.Hamworthy Combustion EngineeringABB618 Fire Detection Systems DeletedNext Planned Update: 1 March, 2006 Technically Acceptable Instruments619 Burner Management Systems for Watertube BoilersSee Category 623 ESD Systems for acceptable hardware vendors.620 Purge Systems Deleted621 ESD Solid State Logic Systems9COM- 6000002725 (CCC 340085) - Emergency Shutdown System: Solid StateLogic; 34-SAMSS-621Commentary note in paragraph 6.2 applies - other vendors pending technicalapprovalHIMA (Planar4 System)Yokogawa [Prosafe-DSP (SLS) System]622 ESD Relay Systems9COM- 6000002724 (CCC 340084) - Emergency Shutdown System: Relay;34-SAMSS-622Commentary note in paragraph 6.2 applies - other vendors pending technicalapprovalSilvertech623 ESD Programmable Controller Systems9COM- 6000002723(CCC 340083) - Emergency ShutdownProgrammable Logic Controller; 34-SAMSS-623Triconex Corporation (Tricon Versions 8&9)ICS Triplex (Regent, Regent Plus+ &Trusted)624 Speed Sensors (RPM)9COM- 6000002820 (CCC 340187) - Sensor: SpeedAI-TEK (Previously Airpax)GE Power Systems-Bently Nevada Corp.Woodward GovernorSKF Condition MonitoringRockwell Automation- Entek (IRD)625 Vibration Monitors - Noncontacting Type9COM- 6000002796 (CCC 340162) - Vibration MonitoringNon-Contacting Vibration and Axial Position; 34-SAMSS-625GE Power Systems-Bently Nevada Corp.Rockwell Automation- Entek (IRD)Bruel and KjaerSKF Condition Monitoring627 Shutdown Cabinets - Local, Pneumatic (Deleted)。

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