环境工程专业英语试题
环境工程专业英语复习(二)
1.Four characteristics of community structure(空间分布)physical appearance, species diversity or richness（多样性）, species abundance（丰度）, niche structure（生态地位结构）.2.Three major factors affect species diversity: latitude（纬度）in terrestrial communities（地球群落）; depthin aquatic system; pollution in aquatic system（水环境）.3.Where is most of the W orld’s Biodiversity Found?Tropical rain forests, coral reefs, the deep sea, largetropical lakes.4.What determines the number of species on island?Size and degree of isolation（隔离程度）.5.Four types of species:native species（本土物种）: normally live and thrive（繁衍）in a particular ecosystem; nonnative species: migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans;indicator species（指示性生物）: serves early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem(Birds are excellent biological indicators because they are found almost everywhere and respond quickly toenvironmental change.); keystone species（关键物种）: the roles of some species in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance or biomass suggests.6.Five basic types of interaction between species: interspecific competition, predation（掠夺）, parasitism（寄生）, mutualism（互利共生）, commensalism（共生）7.Intraspecific competition: competition between members of the same species for the same resources.Interspecific competition: competition between members of two or more different species for food, space, or any other limited resource.8.What is the competitive exclusion principle?Sometimes one species eliminates another species in aparticular area through competition for limited resources.9.How have some species reduced or avoided competition? One way this happens is through resourcepartitioning，the dividing up of scarce（紧缺的）resources so that species with similar needs use them(1) at different times, (2)in different ways, (3)in different places.10.Symbiosis: a relationship in which species live together in an intimate associatio n（密切联合）. Three types:parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.11.Parasitism: occurs when one species feeds on part of another organism by living on or in the host（宿主）.In this relationship, the parasite（寄生物）benefits and the host is harmed.12.Mutualism: two species involved in a symbiotic relationship interact in ways that benefit both. Suchbenefits include(1)having pollen and seeds dispersed for reproduction, (2)being supplied with food,or(3)receiving protection.mensalism: a symbiotic interaction that benefits one species but neither harms nor helps the otherspecies much, if at all.14.Tectonic plates: both convection currents and mantle plumes move upward as the heated material isdisplaced by denser, cooler material sinking under the influence of gravity. These flows of energy and heated material in the mantle convection cells cause movement of rigid plates.Plate tectonics（构造板块）: The theory explaining the movement of the plates and the processes that occur at their boundaries.15.Mineral: an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally and is solid.16.Rock: any material that makes up a large, natural, continuous part of the earth’s crust.17.Three major rock types and their characteristics: Igneous rock（火成岩）, sedimentary rock（水成岩）,metamorphic rock（变质岩）.18.Rock cycle: Rocks are constantly exposed to various physical and chemical conditions that can changethem over time. The interaction of processes that change rocks from one type to another.19.Earthquakes: stress in earth’s crust can cause solid rock to deform until it suddenly fractures and shiftsalong the fracture, producing a fault. The faulting or a later abrupt movement on an existing fault causes anearthquake.20.Risk: the possibility of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, economic loss, orenvironmental damage. Risk is expressed in terms of probability: a mathematical statement about how likely it is that some event or effect will occur.21.Risk assessment（评估）: （1）identifying a real or potential hazard, （2）determining the probability of itsoccurrence, （3）and assessing the severity（严重程度）of its health, environmental, economic, and social impact. Risk management: ⑪serious it is compared to other risks, ⑫how much the risk should bereduced, ⑬how such risk reduction can be accomplished, and ⑭how much money should be devoted to reducing the risk to an acceptable level.22.What determines whether a chemical is harmful? Whether a chemical is harmful depends on ⑪the sizeof the dose over a certain period of time,⑫how often an exposure occurs, ⑬who is exposed, ⑭how well the body’s detoxification systems work, an d⑮genetic makeup that determines an individual’s sensitivity toa particular toxic.23.Poison: a chemical that has an LD50 of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight.24.Toxic chemicals: defined as substances that are fatal to more than 50% of test animals (LD50) at givenconcentrations.25.Mutagens: agents, such as chemicals and ionizing radiation, that cause random mutation, or changes, in theDNA molecules found in cells.26.Teratogens: chemicals radiation, or viruses that cause birth defects while the human embryo is growing anddeveloping during pregnancy, especially during the first 3 months.27.Nontransmissible disease: not caused by living organisms and does not spread from one person to another.Transmissible disease: caused by a living organism and can be spread from one person to another.Risk analysis: ⑪identifying hazards and evaluating their associated risks, ⑫ranking risks, ⑬determining options and making decisions about reducing or eliminating risks, and ⑭informing decision makers and the public about risks.28.Populations grow or decline through the interplay of three factors: births, deaths, and migration.Population change: calculated by subtracting the number of people leaving a population from the number entering it during a specific period of time:Population change= (Births + Immigration)-(Deaths + Emigration)29.Factors affect birth rate and fertility rates:①importance of children as a part of the labor force; ②urbanization; ③cost of raising and educating children; ④educational and employment opportunities for women; ⑤infant mortality rate（夭折率）, ⑥average age at marriage, ⑦availability（有效性）of private and public pension system（抚恤金体系）, ⑧availability of legal abortions; ⑨availability of reliable birth control methods; ⑩religious beliefs（宗教信仰）, traditions, and cultural norms（规范）.30.Factor affects death rate: two useful indicators（指标）of overall health of people in a country or regionare (1)life expectancy and (2)the infant mortality rate.31.age structure: the proportion of the population at each age level. Demographers typically construct apopulation age structure diagram by plotting the percentages or numbers of males and females in the total population in each of three age categories: (1)prereproductive, (2)reproductive, and (3)postreproductive 32.Three system provide Us with food: (1)croplands（耕地）(mostly for producing grains, which provideabout 76% of the world’s food); (2)rangelands牧场(which supply about 17% of the world’s food);(3)oceanic fisheries海洋渔业(which supply about 7% of the world’s food).33.What plants and animals feed the world? Although the earth has perhaps 30,000plants species with partsthat people can eat, only 15plant and 8 terrestrial animal species supply an estimated 90% of our global intake of caloriesMajor types of food production: industrialized agriculture(high-input agriculture); plantation agriculture大垦殖农业; Traditional subsistence agriculture传统温饱型农业; traditional intensive agriculture传统集约耕作.34.Green revolution: most of the increase in global food production has come from increased yields per unitof area of cropland in a process.35.Three steps of green revolution: (1)developing and planting monocultures of selectively bred orgenetically engineered high-yield varieties of key crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; (2)producing high yields by using large inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and water on crops;(3)increasing the number of crops grown per year on a plot of land through multiple cropping.36.Undernutrition: people who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs.37.Malnutrition: people who are forced to live on a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet consisting only ofgrains such as wheat, rice, or corn.38.What are the environmental effects of producing food? Future ability to produce more food will belimited by a combination of (1)soil erosion侵蚀, (2)desertification沙漠化, (3)salinization and waterlogging 水浸of irrigated lands, (4)water deficits and droughts, (5)loss of wild species that provide the genetic resources for improved foams of foods, and (6)the effects of global warming.39.Important properties of water: (1)there are strong forces of attraction between molecules of water;(2)water sexists as liquid over a wide temperature range because of the strong forces of attraction betweenmolecules; (3)liquid water changes temperature very slowly because it can store a large amount of heat without a large change in temperature; (4)it takes a lot of heat to evaporate liquid water because of the strong forces of attraction between its molecules; (5)liquid water can dissolve a variety of compounds;(6)water molecules can break down into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, which help maintain a balancebetween acids and bases in cells, as measured by the pH of water solutions; (7)the strong attractive forces between the molecules of liquid water cause its surface to contract and to adhere to and coat a solid;(8)water filters out wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation that would harm some aquatic organism; (9)unlikemost liquid, water expands when it freezes40.Surface runoff: precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation.41.Groundwater: some precipitation infiltrates the ground and percolates downward through voids in soil androck.42.Recharge area: any area of land through which water passes downward or laterally into an aquifer.43.Natural recharge: aquifers are replenished naturally by precipitation that percolates downward through soiland rock in what is called ~44.How can we increase freshwater supplies? Six ways to increase the supply of fresh water in a particulararea are to (1)build dams and reservoirs to store runoff, (2)bring in surface water from another area,(3)withdraw groundwater, (4)convert salt water to fresh water, (5)waste less water, and (6)import food toreduce water use.45.Advantages of withdrawing groundwater: (1)can be removed as needed year round, (2)is not lost byevaporation, and (3)usually is less expensive to develop than surface water systems.46.Disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater: (1)water table lowering, (2)aquifer depletion, (3)aquifersubsidence; (4)intrusion of salt water into aquifers, (5)drawing of chemical contamination in groundwater toward wells, and (6)reduced stream flow.47.Desalination: removing dissolved salts from ocean water or from brackish groundwater. Two majordisadvantages: it is expensive because it takes large amounts of energy; it produces large quantities of wastewater containing high level of salt and other minerals.48.Floodplain: heavy rain or rapid melting of snow is the major cause of natural flooding by streams. Thiscauses water in a stream to overflow its normal channel and flood the adjacent area.49.Methods of reducing flood risks: (1)straightening and deepening streams; (2)building levees; (3)buildingdams; (4)restoring wetlands to take advantage of the natural flood control provided by floodplains;(5)identifying and managing flood-prone areas.50.Petroleum(crude oil): a thick liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons along with smallamounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities.51.Advantage of nuclear: large fuel supply; low environmental impact; emits 1/6 as much CO2 as coal;moderate land disruption and water pollution; moderate land use; low risk of accidents because of multiple safety systems.Disadvantage of nuclear: high cost; low net energy yield; high environmental impact; catastrophicaccidents can happen; no acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes anddecommissioning worn-out plants; spreads knowledge and technology for building nuclear weapons.52.Energy effects能源效应: the percentage of total energy input into an energy conversion device or systemthat does useful work and is not converted to low-quality, essentially useless heat.53.Advantage of use solar energy: moderate net energy; moderate environmental impact; no CO2 emissions;fast construction; costs reduced with natural gas turbine backup.Disadvantage: low efficiency; high costs; needs backup or storage system; need access to sun most of the time; high land use; may disturb desert areas.54.Advantage of using solar cells: fairly high net energy; work on cloudy days; quick installation; easilyexpanded or moved; no CO2 emissions; low environmental impacts; last 20-40years; low land use; reduces dependence on fossil fuels.Disadvantage: need access to sun; low efficiency; need electricity storage system or backup; high land use could disrupt desert areas; high costs; DC current must be converted to AC.55.Advantage of using large dams: moderate to high net energy; high efficiency(80%); low-cost electricity;long life span; no CO2 emissions during operation; may provide flood control below dam; provides water for year-round irrigation of crop land; reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation.Disadvantage: high construction costs; high environmental impacts; high CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs; flood natural areas; converts land habitat to take habitat; danger of collapse; uproots people; decreases fish harvest below dam; decreases flow of natural fertilizer to land below dam.58. Advantage of using wind: moderate to high net energy; high efficiency; moderate capital cost; very lowenvironmental impact; no CO2 emissions; quick construction; easily expanded; land below turbines can be used to grow crops or graze livestock.Disadvantage: steady winds needed; backup systems needed when winds are low; high land use for wind farm; visual pollution; noise when located near populated areas; may interfere in flights of migratory birds and kill birds of prey.59. Advantage of burning solid biomass: large potential supply in some areas; moderate costs; no net CO2increase if harvested and burned sustainably; plantation can be located on semiarid land not needed for crops; plantation can help restore degraded lands; can make use of agricultural, timber, and urban wastes;Disadvantage: nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably; moderate to high environmental impact; CO2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably; low photosynthetic efficiency; soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat; plantation could compete with cropland; often burned in inefficient andpolluting open-fires and stoves,60.Advantage of using geothermal energy: very high efficiency; moderate net energy at accessible sites;lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels; low cost at favorable sites; low land use; low land disturbance;moderate environmental impact.Disadvantage: scarcity of suitable sites; depleted if used too rapidly; CO2 emissions; moderate to high local air pollution; noise and odor; cost too high expect at the most concentrated and accessible sources.61.Atmosphere: we lived at bottom of a sea of air.62.Troposphere对流层: ~, which expends延伸only about 17 kilometers above sea level at the equator赤道and about 8 kilometers over the poles极地.63.Air pollution: the percentage of one or more chemicals in the atmosphere in sufficient quantities andduration to (1) cause harm to us, other forms of life, and materials or (2)alter climate.64.Photochemical smog: a mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of sunlight.65.Industrial smog: consisting mostly of (1)sulfur dioxide; (2)suspended droplets of sulfuric acid, and (3)avariety of suspended solid particles and droplets.66.Green effects: it occurs because molecules of certain atmospheric gases, warm the lower atmosphere byabsorbing some of the infrared radiation radiated by the earth’s surface.(CO2, CH4, N2O, CFOs, HCFCs, HFCs, Halons, Carbon tetrachloride)67.Global warming: most climate scientists believe that increased inputs of CO2 and other greenhouse gasesfrom human activities will (1)enhance the earth’s natural greenhouse effect and (2)raise the average global temperature of the atmosphere near the earth’s surface.68.Effects of warmer atmosphere: (1)less severe winters; (2)more precipitation in some dry areas; (3)lessprecipitation in some wet areas; (4)increased food production in some areas; (5)expanded population and range for some plant and animal species adapted to higher temperature.69.W ater pollution: any chemicals, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect onliving organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses.70.Point sources: discharge pollutants at specific locations through pipes, ditches, or sewers into bodies ofsurface water.Nonpoint sources: cannot be traced to any single site of discharge. They are usually large land areas or airsheds that pollute water by runoff, subsurface flow, or deposition from the atmosphere.71.Cultural eutrophication: near urban or agricultural areas, human activities can greatly accelerate the inputof plant nutrient to a lake, which results in a process.72. Why is groundwater pollution such a serious problem?(1)storage lagoons, (2)septic tanks, (3)landfills;(4)hazardous waste dumps, and (5)deep injection wells.73.How can we protect groundwater? Contaminated aquifers are almost impossible to clean because oftheir (1)enormous volume, (2)inaccessibility, and (3)slow movement.74.Solid waste: any unwanted or discarded material that is not a liquid or a gas.75.Hazardous waste: legally defined as any discarded solid or liquid material that (1)contains one or more of 39 toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic compounds at levels that exceed established limits,(2)catches fire easily , (3)is reactive or unstable enough to explode or release toxic fumes, or (4)is capable of corroding metal containers such as tanks, drums, and barrels. Does not include: (1)radioactive wastes,(2)hazardous and toxic material discarded by household, (3)mining wastes, (4)oil-and gas-drilling wastes, (5)liquid wastes containing organic hydrocarbon compounds, (6)cement kiln dust, produced when liquid hazardous wastes are burned in a cement kiln, and (7)wastes from the thousands of small businesses and factories that generate less than 100 kilograms.76.Advantage of incinerating solid and hazardous wastes: reduced trash volume, less need for landfills, low water pollution.Disadvantage: high cost; air pollution; produces a highly toxic ash; encourage waste producting.77.Advantage of injecting liquid hazardous wastes: simple technology; safe method if sites are chosen carefully; wastes can be retrieved if problems develop; easy to do; low cost.Disadvantage: leaks or spills at surface; leaks from corrosion of well casing; existing fractures or earthquakes can allow wastes to escape to groundwater; encourages waste production.。
桂林理工大学环境科学与工程学院2021年英语面试复试题
桂林理工大学环境科学与工程学院2021年英语面试复试题30道1. Question: What is the English term for “生态系统” in environmental science?Answer: Ecosystem.解析: “生态系统”常见的英语表达是“Ecosystem”，这是环境科学中的基本词汇。
2. Question: How would you explain “pollution control” in environmental science?Answer: Pollution control refers to the measures and strategies taken to reduce or eliminate pollutants in the environment. These pollutants can be in the form of air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, water pollutants such as heavy metals and organic waste, and soil pollutants. Pollution control includes methods like using cleaner production technologies, treating waste before disposal, and promoting environmental protection awareness to limit the release of pollutants.解析: 污染控制是环境科学中的重要概念，包括采取措施减少或消除环境中的污染物，涵盖空气、水、土壤等方面的污染物控制，如采用清洁生产技术、废物处理等。
专业英语四级(环境类阅读理解)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语四级（环境类阅读理解）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.5mm a year, the team reports, in addition to the 2mm a year caused by expansion of the warming ocean. The scientists are careful to point out that lower-altitude glaciers in the Asian mountain ranges—sometimes dubbed the “third pole”—are definitely melting. Satellite images and reports confirm this. But over the study period from 2003-10 enough ice was added to the peaks to compensate. The impact on predictions for future sea level rise is yet to be fully studied but Bamber said: “The projections for sea level rise by 2100 will not change by much, say 5cm or so, so we are talking about a very small modification.”Existing estimates range from 30cm to lm. Wahr warned that while crucial to a better understanding of ice melting, the eight years of data is a relatively short time period and that variable monsoons mean year-to-year changes in ice mass of hundreds of billions of tonnes. “It is awfully dangerous to take an eight-year record and predict even the next eight years, let alone the next century,” he said. From The Guardian, February 8, 2012 6．Why did the new research shock some scientists?A．It sounds not reasonable.B．It lacks sound evidence.C．It is out of their expectation.D．It is exactly the same to their study.正确答案：C解析：本题为细节题。
环境工程-考研英语复试专业问题
1. Environmental ProblemsThe environment is our physical surroundings. This includes both human (man-made), social and physical (natural) features. Natural features include soil, the atmosphere, vegetation and wildlife. Human features include housing, transport and industry. Social features include things such as culture, language and political systems.Geographers are concerned about human action in the environment. Human interference with the environment causes problems such as soil erosion, global warming and acid.You may ask how we as individuals can have an impact on the environment. Our actions can help to increase and decrease the problems highlighted above. For example turning off lights that are not being used helps to reduce global warming.Questions：1．What is the environment?2．How can we help to decrease the global warming problems?Global WarmingGlobal warming is the worldwide warming of the atmosphere.To understand global warming you first need to know about the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that controls the balance of heat within the earth's atmosphere. It is the process whereby the natural layer of gases in our atmosphere trap a small percentage of the sun's radiation reflected from the earth's surface. Without the greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature would be about -18 degrees Celsius.Global warming is caused by the increases in the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases being released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. These gases add to the natural greenhouse effect. Causing global temperatures to rise.Questions：1.What is global warming?2.What causes global warming?Atmospheric particulate matterIn recent years,our country appear much haze weather,which is now often referred to PM2.5.Specifically,PM2.5 is in the atmosphere of diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micron particles,which is also known as enters the lung particle matter.Its diameter is less than the thickness of a human hair 1/20.Atmospheric particulate matter- also known as particulates or particulate matter(PM) - are tiny pieces of solid or liquid matter associated with the Earth's atmosphere. They are suspended in the atmosphere as atmospheric aerosol, a term which refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate matter alone. However, it is common to use the term aerosol to refer to the particulate component alone.Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of particulates. Coal combustion in developing countries is the primary method for heating homes and supplying energy.Particulate matter emissions are highly regulated in most industrialized countries. Due to environmental concerns, most industries are required to operate some kind of dust collection system to control particulate emissions. These systems include inertial collectors (cyclone collectors), fabric filter collectors (baghouses), wet scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators.Questions:1、1.What is Atmospheric particulate matter?2.What causes global warming?The acidity of acid rainAcidity in rain is measured by collecting samples of rain and measuring its pH. To find the distribution of rain acidity, weather conditions are monitored and rain samples are collected at sites all over the country. The areas of greatest acidity (lowest pH values) are located in the Northeastern United States. This pattern of high acidity is caused by the large number of cities, the dense population, and the concentration of power and industrial plants in the Northeast. In addition, the prevailing wind direction brings storms and pollution to the Northeast from the Midwest, and dust from the soil and rocks in the Northeastern United States is less likely to neutralize acidity in the rain.Questions：1.How do we measure the acidity of rain?2.How do the density of power plants affect acidic rain?4. The Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse effect is the effect produced by the accumulation of carbon dioxide crystals and water vapor in the upper atmosphere, which insulates the earth and raises the atmospheric temperature by preventing heat loss. Chlorofluorocarbons also help create the greenhouse effect.A number of gases in the atmosphere are transparent to incoming sunlight but absorb the heat emitted from the Earth's surface and reradiate it in all directions, including back toward the surface. As a result, the surface is warmed more than it would have been in the absence of these gases, which serve a purpose similar to that of the glass walls of a greenhouse.Global warming refers to the enhancement of the natural greenhouse effect due to rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities.Questions：1. What is the greenhouse effect?2.How to reduce atmospheric particulate pollution？3. WATER POLLUTIONComprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate. In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.Questions：1.Why is it important for us to understand the water pollution problems?2.How important is water for our human being?What is acid rain?The term "acid rain" is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles. The more accurate term is "acid precipitation." Distilled water, which contains no carbon dioxide, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acid, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline (or basic). "Clean" or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of 5.6, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid. Around Washington, D.C., however, the average rain pH is between 4.2 and 4.4.The extra acidity in rain comes from the reaction of air pollutants, primarily sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, with water in the air to form strong acids (like sulfuric and nitric acid). The main sources of these pollutants are vehicles and industrial and power-generating plants. In Washington, the main local sources are cars, trucks, and buses.Questions:What is the pH of the clean rain?Why is the pH of clean rain less than 7?The acidity of acid rain（2）Acidity in rain is measured by collecting samples of rain and measuring its pH. To find the distribution of rain acidity, weather conditions are monitored and rain samples are collected at sites all over the country. The areas of greatest acidity (lowest pH values) are located in the Northeastern United States. This pattern of high acidity is caused by the large number of cities, the dense population, and the concentration of power and industrial plants in the Northeast. In addition, the prevailing wind direction brings storms and pollution to the Northeast from the Midwest, and dust from the soil and rocks in the Northeastern United States is less likely to neutralize acidity in the rain.Questions：How do we measure the acidity of rain?How do the density of power plants affect acidic rain?1.Which kind of professor do you like best?2.What impressed you most when you were atuniversity?3.Do you think the subjects you are studying today arerelevant to present-day society?Why?4.Does your family support your decision on studying?What help do they offer?5.Where have you been traveling to?Which placeinterested you most?6.What do you think about the relationship between education andemployment after graduation from the University可编辑可修改7. .8.9. .10.11.欢迎下载，希望能帮到您。
人大环境科学专业英语试卷
人大环境科学专业英语试卷The Environment Science Major English Test Paper。
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions。
1. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?a) Carbon dioxide。
b) Methane。
c) Nitrous oxide。
d) Oxygen。
2. The ozone layer is located in which part of the Earth's atmosphere?a) Troposphere。
b) Stratosphere。
c) Mesosphere。
d) Thermosphere。
3. What is the primary cause of acid rain?a) Carbon dioxide emissions。
b) Volcanic eruptions。
c) Deforestation。
d) Sulfur dioxide emissions。
4. The process of converting waste materials into reusable materials is called:a) Recycling。
b) Composting。
c) Incineration。
d) Landfilling。
5. Which of the following is NOT a renewable energy source?a) Solar power。
b) Wind power。
c) Nuclear power。
d) Hydropower。
Section B: Short Answer Questions。
1. Define biodiversity and explain why it is important for the environment.Biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species in a particular habitat or ecosystem. It is important for the environment as it contributes to ecosystem stability, resilience, and productivity. Biodiversity also provides essential ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, pollination, and water purification.2. Discuss the main causes and impacts of deforestation.Deforestation is primarily caused by human activities such as logging, agriculture, and urbanization. It has significant impacts on the environment, including loss of biodiversity, increased greenhouse gas emissions, soil erosion, and disruption of local water cycles. Deforestation also contributes to climate change and threatens the livelihoods of indigenous communities.3. Explain the concept of sustainable development and provide an example.Sustainable development refers to the practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing economic, social, and environmental factors. An example of sustainable development is the promotion of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, which reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.4. Describe the process of eutrophication and its consequences.Eutrophication is the excessive enrichment of water bodies with nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, leading to increased growth of algae and other aquatic plants. This excessive plant growth depletes oxygen levels in the water, leading to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms. Eutrophication also disrupts the balance of ecosystems and can result in the loss of biodiversity.Section C: Essay Questions。
环境科学专业英语期末试题
理工学院期末考试试卷（ 08 级 环境科学 专业2011 ～2012 学年度 第 二 学期）课程名称 环境科学专业英语 A 卷本试卷共 六 大题，卷面满分100分，答题时间120分钟。
一、一、 请根据缩写写出单词全称：（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）1. BOD ： Biological Oxygen Demand 2. TOC ： Total Organic Carbon 3. VSS ： V olatile Suspended Solid 4. CBA ： Cost Benefit Analysis 5. NPS ： New Production Skill 二、二、 请写出下列术语的英文表达：（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）1.1. 富营养化：Eutrophication2.2. 活性淤泥：activated sludge3.3. 反向渗透：reverse osmosis4.4. 新陈代谢：metabolization5.5. 曝气池：aeration tank三、三、 请根据下列英文解释写出相应的英文词汇：（本题共4小题，每题2分，共10分）题号 一二 三 四 五 六 总分 复核人 得分 得分评卷人 得分评卷人 得分评卷人Evaporation Environment Primary treatment Biodegradation Flocculation 得分评卷人1. According to the passage, laws are designed for the purpose of __A__. 2. The word "job" in paragraph 1 refers to ___C____. 3. The author used the Indiana law as an example to explain ___C___. 4. What's the problem with the law concerning motor vehicles? B . 5. We can conclude from the passage that ____D_____. come. Much effort and human energy have been used to try to prevent such terrifying thing thing from from from happening happening happening again. again. again. So So So far far far there there there is is is no no no guarantee guarantee guarantee that that that it it it will will will not. not. not. Countries Countries which which already already already possess possess possess nuclear nuclear nuclear knowledge knowledge knowledge and and and resources resources resources have have have bombs bombs bombs stored stored stored away away which which are are are powerful powerful powerful enough enough enough to to to wipe wipe wipe out out out all all all life life life on on on earth.But earth.But earth.But this this this is is is not not not all. all. all. Other Other countries, which previously were not so advanced in technology, are gradually buying materials materials that that that can can can be be be used used used for for for making making making atomic atomic atomic devices. devices. devices. This This This nuclear nuclear nuclear energy energy energy will will naturally be of great value in helping the economy of poor nations, but it also means that there are far more opportunities for the manufacture of bombs. The The generation generation generation of of of electricity electricity electricity through through through nuclear nuclear nuclear power power power came came came directly directly directly from from from the the original work on the atom bomb. Because of the increase in demand for energy and the possibility of decreasing supplies of oil and natural gas, the interest in electiricity has increased, One One of of of the the the by-products by-products of of nuclear nuclear power stations is is plutonium plutonium produced from nuclear fuel:plutonium is ingredient in bomb-making. This This brings brings brings the problem to the problem to a full circle again. How can something so valuable and and useful useful useful be be be controlled controlled controlled so so so that that that it it it works works works for for for the the the benefit benefit benefit and and and not not not the the the destruction destruction destruction of of man? 6. In the writer ’s view, effects of dropping the first atomic bomb D . A are not over B may gone on forever C could last much longer D will not be over in the near future 7. 7. The The The writer writer writer says says says that that that enough enough enough atomic atomic atomic bombs bombs bombs have have have already already already been been been manufactured manufactured manufactured to to D . A wipe out Japan B last forever C act as a peacr-keeping device D destroy all living things 8. 8. The The The writer writer writer believes believes believes that that that the the the advantage advantage advantage of of of less less less developed developed developed countries countries countries being being being able able able to to make atomic devices is that it B . A gives them more opportunities for work B will help poor countries to become richer C will enable them to make better explosives D will be of great value to them 9. The writer implies that most people today do not reject nuclear weapons because C . A they are unimportant B they think that their existence will prevent countries from going to war C they are stored out of the way D they have become accutomed to them 10. 10. The The The second second second paragraph paragraph paragraph tells tells tells us us us that that that the the the increased increased increased demand demand demand for for for electricity electricity electricity today today D . A has led to the decrease in supplies of oil B means that more countries are interested in nuclear power C has increased the risk of accidental explosions D has increased the very means of producing more atomic bombs 五、英译汉（本大题共6小题，每小题5分，共30分）：1. Catalyst is the chemical which can be used repeatedly in a reaction without being consumed. 催化剂是在反应过程中可重复使用且不会消失的化学物质。
环境工程专业英语第二版课后习题答案
鐘理主編環境工程專業英語課後習題Unit 1 (P.4)1 Based on Reading Material, put the following into Chinese.life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均壽命poverty-stricken ：貧窮の，貧困の，貧乏のsmog-laden air ：煙霧彌漫の天空，煙霧繚繞の空氣，陰霾天氣global conditions ：全球狀況haves and have-nots ：富人和窮人underprivileged ：社會地位低下の，相對貧困の，生活水平低下の，弱勢のsavanna ：熱帶大草原，稀樹草原predator ：食肉動物，捕食者environmental disruptions ：環境破壞，環境失調2 Put the following into English.農藥—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide)化肥—chemical fertilizer有機廢物—organic wastes微生物—microorganism / microbe衰減—attenuation阻滯の—retardant / blocking稀釋—dilution添加劑—additive合成塑料—synthetic plastic再生—regenerationUnit 3 (P.19)1 Put the following into Chinese.(1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on the shelf too long become waste.原材料放置過久會失去它們本身性能而變成廢棄物。
(2) Poor cleaning of parts or inadequate dragout time will reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals, increase the cost of waste disposal, and the cost of chemical replacement.不良の零件清洗或者不充分の接觸時間將減少工藝過程中化學品の有用性，增加處理廢棄物の費用以及替換化學藥品の費用。
环境工程专业英语--Unit 2
Unit 2 Environmental Engineering
2. System, according to webster’s dictionary, is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system，supply system, the world or universe”.
1. Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste.
一些重要的定义 在本书中首次出现时，定义以大写字母或是如这里所示， 以粗体显示。 ① 环境是围绕在我们周围的物质和生物栖息地，我们可
Interaction of Systems: • Environmental problems:
➢ One system: water, air, or land
✓ Easier comprehension ✓ Sensible for managerial and administrative reasons
Specialty English for Environmental Science and Engineering
环境科学与工程专业英语
刘青
厚德博学 慎思笃行
环生院
Part 1 Introducineering
大学专业英语阅读教程给水排水与环境工程课后练习题含答案
大学专业英语阅读教程给水排水与环境工程课后练习题含答案IntroductionEnvironmental engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on studying the effects of human impact on the environment, and devising ways to reduce that impact. One of the most important aspects of environmental engineering is the field of water supply and sanitation.In this document, we will be presenting a set of practice questions on the topic of water supply and sanitation, with answers provided at the end.Practice QuestionsQuestion 1Which of the following is NOT a typical method of water treatment?A)Coagulation and flocculationB)FiltrationC)ChlorinationD)IncinerationAnswer: D) Incineration. Incineration is not a typical method of water treatment.Question 2What is the purpose of chlorination in water treatment?A)To remove sedimentB)To remove bacteria and virusesC)To remove dissolved solidsD)To remove taste and odorAnswer: B) To remove bacteria and viruses. Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to water to kill bacteria and viruses.Question 3What is the difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?A)Primary treatment removes suspended solids, while secondarytreatment removes dissolved solids.B)Primary treatment is a physical process, while secondarytreatment is a biological process.C)Primary treatment is more expensive than secondary treatment.D)Primary treatment produces more sludge than secondarytreatment.Answer: B) Primary treatment is a physical process, while secondary treatment is a biological process. Primary treatment involves physical processes such as screening, sedimentation and flotation to remove large particles, while secondary treatment involves biological processes such as activated sludge and trickling filters to remove dissolved and suspended organic matter.Question 4What is the purpose of aeration in the activated sludge process?A)To remove bacteria and virusesB)To remove dissolved solidsC)To provide oxygen for the growth of aerobic bacteriaD)To produce biogasAnswer: C) To provide oxygen for the growth of aerobic bacteria. Aeration is the process of adding r to the activated sludge tank to provide oxygen for the growth of aerobic bacteria, which break down organic matter in the wastewater.Question 5What is the purpose of a settling tank in the wastewater treatment process?A)To remove suspended solidsB)To remove dissolved solidsC)To remove bacteria and virusesD)To produce biogasAnswer: A) To remove suspended solids. A settling tank is used to allow the solids in the wastewater to settle to the bottom, so that they can be removed from the wastewater.Question 6What is sludge, and how is it disposed of in the wastewatertreatment process?Answer:Sludge is the solid material that is produced during the wastewater treatment process. It contns the organic matter that has been removedfrom the wastewater. Sludge is typically disposed of by either incineration, land application, or landfill.Question 7What is the purpose of a biosolids treatment plant?A)To remove suspended solids from wastewaterB)To remove bacteria and viruses from wastewaterC)To treat the sludge produced in the wastewater treatmentprocessD)To produce biogasAnswer: C) To treat the sludge produced in the wastewater treatment process. A biosolids treatment plant is used to treat the sludge produced in the wastewater treatment process, so that it can be safely disposed of or used as a fertilizer.ConclusionIn this document, we have presented a set of practice questions on the topic of water supply and sanitation. These questions cover topics such as water treatment, sewage treatment, and sludge disposal. By answering these questions, students can test their knowledge of the subject and prepare for exams.。
2023年度工程系列环境工程专业水平能力测试 英语
2023年度工程系列环境工程专业水平能力测试英语2023 Annual Engineering Series Environmental Engineering Proficiency TestSection 1: Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.In recent years, environmental engineering has become an increasingly important field due to the pressing need to address environmental issues caused by human activities. Environmental engineers play a vital role in designing and implementing solutions to minimize the impact of these activities on the ecosystem.One of the key areas of focus for environmental engineers is water resource management. With the increasing population and industrialization, the demand for clean water is on the rise. Environmental engineers are responsible for developing sustainable water treatment and purification systems to ensure a safe and adequate water supply. They also work on developing technologies for wastewater treatment and recycling to minimize the release of pollutants into the environment.Another important aspect of environmental engineering is air pollution control. Industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust gases contribute significantly to air pollution, which has detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Environmental engineers work on designing and implementing effective strategies to reduce air pollution levels through the development of emissioncontrol technologies and the promotion of renewable energy sources.Environmental engineers also play a crucial role in waste management. As human activities generate large amounts of waste, proper waste management is essential to prevent contamination of soil and water sources. Environmental engineers develop strategies for waste reduction and recycling, as well as the design and implementation of waste treatment facilities.In addition to these key areas, environmental engineers contribute to the protection and preservation of natural resources, such as forests and wildlife habitats. They assess the environmental impact of development projects and develop strategies to minimize negative effects.Overall, the field of environmental engineering requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving knowledge of engineering principles, environmental sciences, and sustainable development concepts. Graduates of environmental engineering programs are equipped to address the challenges of the 21st century and contribute to the sustainable development of our planet.Questions:1. What is the main purpose of environmental engineering?2. What are the key areas of focus for environmental engineers?3. How do environmental engineers contribute to air pollution control?4. Why is waste management important in environmentalengineering?5. What skills and knowledge are needed to succeed in environmental engineering?Section 2: VocabularyDirections: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.1. The __________ of pollutants into the water resulted in the contamination of the river.a) emissionb) reductionc) preservationd) treatment2. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are important for _________ air pollution.a) reducingb) promotingc) releasingd) increasing3. Proper ________ of waste is necessary to prevent environmental contamination.a) managementb) treatmentc) preservationd) reduction4. Environmental engineers assess the ________ impact of development projects.a) industrialb) environmentalc) technologicald) scientific5. The field of environmental engineering requires a ________ approach, involving knowledge from various disciplines.a) multidisciplinaryb) specializedc) singled) narrowSection 3: Written ExpressionDirections: In this section, you will be required to write a short essay about your experience and interest in environmental engineering. Answer the following question in 150-200 words: Why are you interested in pursuing a career in environmental engineering? What do you hope to achieve in this field?。
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环境工程专业英语试题 It was last revised on January 2, 2021 一、英汉互译 1. oxidizing agent——氧化剂 2. activated sludge——活性污泥 3. water purification——水净化 4. protozoa——原生动物 5. nitrogen dioxide——二氧化氮 6. phosphate——磷酸盐 7. the dew point——露点 8. food additives——食品添加剂 9. chemical plant——化工厂 air pollutant——一次大气污染物 analysis——定性分析 problem——环境问题 combustion——不完全燃烧 oxidants——光化学氧化剂 solid——悬浮固体 16.气布比——air to cloth ratio 17.一氧化碳——carbon monoxide 18.酵母——yeast 19.紫外线——ultraviolet light 20.反向渗透——reverse osmosis 21.水资源——water resource 22.有机物质——organic matter 23.地表水——surface water 24.引风机——draft fan 25.生物鉴定——bioassay 26.副产品——by-products 27.环境容量——environmental capacity 28.供水，给水——water supply 29.吸附——adsorption 30.环境污染——environmental pollution 二、英译汉 1. Protection of public health, the original purpose of pollution control, continues to be the primary objective in many areas. However, preservation of water resources, protection of fishing areas, and maintenance of recreational waters are additional concerns today. 污染控制的最初目的是保护公众的健康，在许多地方这仍然是主要目的。然而，目前保护水资源、保护渔区和维护娱乐水域也是关注的方面。 2. Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染：可以定义为空气、水或土壤的物理化学或生物特性发生恶化以至于对人类或生物有机体的健康、生存或活性造成了危害。 Environment can be defined as(1) the circumstance of conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or (2) the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community.环境可以定义为：（1）一个生物个体或生物群体周围的状况或条件；（2）影响个体或群体的复杂的社会或文化条件。 3. Fabric filters usually provide very high collection efficiencies, exceeding %, at pressure drops usually ranging from 4 to 6 inches of water. The amount of filter area required is often based o an air-to-cloth ratio of to cfm of gas/ft of cloth. 布袋过滤器经常提供超过%的高捕集效率，压力降一般在4-6英寸水柱。所需要的滤料面积通常是根据气布比为气体/平方英尺布来考虑的。 4. Sulfur and nitrogen oxides react in the atmosphere to form acidic compounds that attack metal surfaces, a problem that has been particularly acute for the communications, switchgear, and computer industries. 大气中的硫和氮的氧化物经反应后形成酸性化合物，这些化合物腐蚀金属表面，这个问题通讯设备、电力设施和计算机工业方面已经很严重。
三、选择题 1. The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environmental problems: their causes, why they are of concern, and how we can control them.（ C ） A. objective B. book C. environmental problems D. students 2. Thus, a pollutant species may present a toxicological hazard to plants or animals. It may also cause contamination of resources (such as air, water, and soil) so that they cannot be utilized for other purposes.（ C ） A. plants B. animals C. resources D. pollutant species 3. However, sewage may also contain pathogens from the excreta of people with infectious diseases that can be transmitted by contaminated water. （ D ） A. sewage B. pathogens C. people D. infectious diseases 4. In fact, knowledgeable scientists of the time accepted land irrigation and percolation into the porous underground formations as methods of waste treatment. Although these treatment methods may have been intended for non-hazardous materials, they were employed for hazardous materials as well. （ B ） A. knowledgeable scientists B. these treatment methods C. non-hazardous materials D. hazardous materials 5. Sulfur and nitrogen oxides react in the atmosphere to form acidic compounds which attack metal surfaces, a problem which has been particularly acute for the communications, switchgear, and computer industries. （ D ） A. Sulfur B. Sulfur and nitrogen oxides C. metal surfaces D. acidic compounds 四、英译汉，每小题10分，共30分
1. International cooperation in the field of environmental protection should be based on the principle of equality among sovereign states. The developing countries have the sovereign right to use their own natural resources in keeping with their developmental and environmental objectives and priorities. Furthermore environmental considerations should not be used as an excuse for interference in the internal affairs of the developing countries, nor should these be used to introduce any forms of conditionality in aid or development financing, or to impose trade barriers affecting the export and development efforts of the developing countries. 在环境保护领域的国际合作应该建立在主权国家之间的平等原则的基础上。 发展中国家有主权去利用自己国家的资源来维持发展和环境目标及其优先权。 不应该以保护环境为理由干涉发展中国家的内政， 不应借此在援助或发展资金上提出任何形式的附加条件 ， 也不应设置贸易壁垒影响发展中国家出口和发展的努力。 2. Impurities in water were classified as suspended, colloidal, or dissolved. Suspended particles are large enough to settle out or to be filtered. Colloidal