Translation
The methods of translation
异化法（Foreignizing method） 归化法（Domesticating method）
直译/意译 vs 异化/归化 直译 意译 异化 归化
• 直译（literal translation） 就是在译文语言条件许可 时，在译文中既保持原文 的内容，又保持原文的形 式。 • 当原文的思想内容与译文 的表达形式有矛盾不宜采 取直译法处理时就应采取 意译（free translation） 法。意译要求译文能正确 表达原文的内容，但不拘 泥与原文的形式。 • 异化法（ foreignizing method ）就是要求译者向 作者靠拢，采取相应与作者 使用的原语（source language）表达方式来传达 原文内容。 • 归化法（domesticating method）要求译者向译语 (target language)读者靠拢， 采取译语读者习惯的译语表 达方式，来传达原文内容。
Examples
• They will be ice-skating in hell the day, when I vote the aid for them. • 要我投票赞成给他们援助，除非太阳从西边出来。 • （ice-skating in hell如译成“在地狱里滑冰”就很难为 中国读者所理解和接受。） • He was so fond of talking that his friends nicknamed him "magpie". • 他如此唠叨,同伴们给他起了个 "麻雀"的外号. • (英语中 "喜鹊" 喻义 "唠叨、饶舌", 但在汉语中 "喜鹊" 却象征着 "喜事、吉祥", 而 "麻雀" 表示 "唠叨、饶舌", 所以用归化法.)
Translation
词类转换
动词---名词 例1： 原文： 他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。
译文： His arrival at this conclusion was
the result of much deliberate thought. 动词---介词 例1 ： 原文： 他支持这个建议，但我反对。
译文： He is for the suggestion, but I am against it.
2 It may be advisable to wait till they come back.
3 It is diligence that makes for deficiency.
确立谓语：
汉语的谓语具有开放性，除了动词之外，名 词、形容词等词类都可以直接充当谓语， 而且可以横排式连用多个动词，而英语的 谓语通常只能由某个动词或系表结构担任， 其他动词往往以非谓语动词的形式出现。
例2： 原文：同学们的精彩表演给校领导留下良好的印象。
译文： The school leaders were __favorably impressed_by the excellent performance of the
students.
词的增补：
1 语法需要：由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要 补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语 语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了 语言简洁省去的成分，增补的词多为冠词、代词或名词、 连词和介词等。
译文： A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people _in__ good mood.
translation
• Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.
• Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last.
• 志同道合，友谊才会持久。
语句间的逻辑关系
3.However, many women who begin their careers on an equal
直译
• 保持原作的风姿
• 求其易懂
直译=逐字译？
• 无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来
• Without limit falling trees bleakly-bleakly shed,not exhaustible long river rolling-rolling come.
直译=逐字译？
•逻辑方面的增词
• ROWE has resulted in greater reported happiness among employees, less attrition（消耗）and a 35 percent increase in profits. ROWE在员工中取得很好的反响，既减少了消耗同 时又增加了35%的利润。 员工们反映在这种环境下工作更加愉快，同时 ROWE模式也降低了成本消耗，使利润增长了35%。
footing with their male colleagues fail to reach the highest levels of management because of rigid organizational structures that inhibit an achievable work-life balance. • 然而，许多妇女与男同事在平等基础上开始自己的职业生 涯，却不能达到同样高的管理层，因为僵化的组织结构影 响了她们实现工作与生活的平衡。 • 然而，虽说许多女性和他们的男性同事在职业生涯初期都 是平等的，却最终无法触及最高管理层。她们原本可以合 理安排好工作和生活的时间，却因为硬性的机制无法做到 这一点。 • 一成不变的公司制度 → 女性无法进入最高管理层
翻译理论——精选推荐
翻译理论07本《翻译理论与实践》考试理论部分复习提纲⼀、翻译定义：1. 张培基——翻译是⽤⼀种语⾔把另⼀种语⾔所表达的思维内容准确⽽完整地重新表达出来的语⾔活动。
10. “Translation is the expression in one language of what has been expressed in another language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.” --- Dubois12. “Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.” --- Peter Newmark13. Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text.⼆、翻译标准1. 翻译的标准概括为⾔简意赅的四个字：“忠实（faithfulness）、通顺（smoothness）”。
翻译~`translation and interpretation
翻译与口译对很多在学一门外语的中国学生来讲，翻译与口译的唯一的区别是一个媒介：口译在口头翻译，而翻译则在纸上做工。
翻译和口译都把对一个语言的一定成都的爱和对几种语言的掌握当做先决条件的。
然而，在培训技能和才能方面的不同在翻译和口译中都是确定的、明白的。
一个很好的翻译者的关键的技能是在目标语言中通过写作能明确表达自己的能力。
这就是为什么翻译专家们几乎通常只在一个方向上，即把其他语言翻译成母语的原因。
甚至双语言的个体很少能用两种语言同样好的表达特定的主题。
很多优秀的翻译家都很难成为双语的—他们可能不是，而且不必在源语言（翻译成另一种语言的语言）上非常流利。
他们成功的表现基于理解源语言和和那文本从中出来的文化的理解，基于好的辞典和参考资料，而且就把那些资料实用于目标语言。
另一方面，一个口译是另外一回事。
不用任何辞典的情况下，他/她要有能力当场进行双向翻译。
有两种类型的口译形式：交传口译和同声传译。
在同声传译的最流行的形式中，口译者坐在公用电话亭里面，戴上耳机，向一个话筒说话。
严格来说，说“同声”是用词不当。
有时候，口译者在理解句子的大概意思之前，他/她不能开始翻译。
口译者在听完在源语言中的一整个句子之前可能连一个单词的意思都表达不出来！这个应该能表现出口译者的任务真的有多难：当他/她在听和理解对方的下一句的同时他/她需要把那个句子翻译成目标语言。
即使你是一种语言的，你能经历这任务的难度：在听某人的演讲的时候，试着意译上半句，要确保你在意译前半句时能理解后半句。
同声传译的一个关键技能是要果断：时间不允许权衡各种翻译的优点或者回想起在目标语言中对应的成语。
若有任何的耽搁，你会错过演讲者说出的几个单词（可能是一种想法）。
既然说话者走远了，或者甚至在另一个房间里面，这样的失去会是永恒的。
在交传口译过程中说话者会在没1-5分钟停一次（通常在每一个“段落”结束时或者一个完整的想法），口译者把所说的话译到目标语言里面。
翻译汉译英课件翻译方法Translationmethods
• 世人都晓神仙好， 只有娇妻忘不了 ，
Discussion of Assignment
The Won-Done Song
Men all know that salvation should be won, But with ambition won’t have done, have done. Where are the famous ones of days gone by? In grassy graves they lie now, everyone. Men all know that salvation should be won, But with their riches won’t have done, have done. Each day, they grumble they’ve not made enough When they’ve enough, it’s goodnight everyone! Men all know that salvation should be won, But with their loving wives they won’t have done. The darlings every day protest their love, But once you are dead, they’re off with another one. Men all know that salvation should be won, But with their children won’t have done, have done. Yet though of parents fond there is no lack, Of grateful children saw I ne’er one.
1.DefinitionofTranslation翻译的定义
1. Definition of Translation 翻译的定义Down through the ages, people’s definitions of translation are diversified. It differs from person to person, it evolves with time. Changes of the world also helped to shape the connotation of translation. From the following definitions, you may have a glimpse of what translation is.﹒Translating is both a craft and an art, that is to say, it involves an accurate andcontrolled manipulation of language, tempered by a degree of freedom,imagination and creativeness.﹒Transferring the meaning of a stretch or unit of language, the whole part of astretch or unit of language, the whole part of a text, from one language toanother.﹒Translation is like busy matchmakers: they sing the praises of some half-veiled beauty and extol her charms, and arouse an irresistible longing for the original.（歌德）﹒The replacement of textual material in one language (ST) by equivalent textual material in another (TL) (Catford, 1965:20)﹒Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closestequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style (Nida&Taber1969)Assignment 1What is your idea of “meaning” and “style” of Nida’s work? What is the connotation of style ? Exercise:If you were given two poems, one is by Li Bai (李白) , the other is by Dufu (杜甫) can you differentiate them, what is the author’s habitual use of the language? Similarly, if you were offered two pomes, one by Li Qingzhao (李清照)，the other by Xin Qiji(辛弃疾)，could you differentiate them?2. Principles and Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准The so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two aspects of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow these principles while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Y an Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would be mentioned, namely the principle of “信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance).In the past decades, Mr. Y an’s principle of translation has been generally regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal fortranslators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.Three kinds of opinions are expressed on the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The first group maintains the original three characters, and in the meantime, adds some new concepts to the character “雅”. According to them, “雅”means far more than the English word “elegance”. Apart from the traditional interpretation, it also means classicism, and the adherence to the original style and flavor. The second group, however, argues that the word “雅” is out of place in tradition. While adopting the first two characters of Mr. Y an Fu’s principle, they discard the character “雅” and try to find some other new criteria instead. Noticeably, there are revisions such as “信、达、切” (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness), “信、达、贴” (faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness), and so on. The third group of people, by casting away the three-word guide, proposes some new principles or criteria of translation of their own. Of the various popular theories, two of them are the most influential: spiritual conformity (神似) and sublimed adaptation (化境), the former, proposed by Fu Lei (傅雷) , emphasizes the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original, while the latter, advocate by Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书), focuses on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted, namely the criteria of faithfulness and accuracy (忠实准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these tow criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness and accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expressions in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanically copying from dictionaries.Assignment 2Exercise: 对比原文与译文，探讨忠实与通顺的关系1) All your moods are created by your thoughts o r “cognitions. “Y ou feel the way you do right now because of the thoughts you have at this moment. ”所有的情绪都是由思维产生的，或者说来源于“认识”，“你之所以感到这么做是对的，那是因为你的大脑就是这么想的。
Translation-翻译
• Cap binding protein, eIF4E, binds to cap
• The N-terminus of eIF4G binds eIF4E and the Cterminus binds eIF4A
• Th20e21/44/40S subunit binds to eIF4G via eIF3
AAAAAA
1
A “Simple” Eukaryotic Gene
Transcription Start Site
5’ UTR
Introns
3’ UTR
5’
Exon 1 Int. 1 Exon 2 Int. 2 Exon 3
3’
Promoter/ Control Region
Exons
Transcription
• 70-80 nt long
• 3’ end has the 5’- CCA sequence to which aa are linked
• The opposite end contains the anticodon loop
• Contains modified
ba2s02e1/4s/4
7
2021/4/4
4
Model of eukaryotic ribosome
• rRNAs are believed to play a catalytic role in protein synthesis.
• After removal of 95% of the ribosomal proteins, the 60S subunit can catalyze formation of peptide bonds.
翻译的英语短语
翻译的英语短语学习英语的时候，我们也会遇到一些需要翻译的题目，比如把英语翻译成汉语，或者把汉语翻译成中文。
下面是店铺给大家整理的翻译的英语短语，供大家参阅!翻译的英语短语篇11. The papers have been sent to Saudi Arabia for translation.文件被送到沙特阿拉伯进行翻译。
2. When a book goes into translation, all those linguistic subtleties get lost.当一部书被翻译成另一种语言后，所有那些语言上的精妙之处就都丢失了。
3. The translations were carried out with the assistance of a medical dictionary.这些翻译是借助一本医学词典完成的。
4. Much of the wit is lost in translation.很多诙谐的成分都在翻译中丢失了。
5. The girls waited for Mr Esch to translate.女孩们等待埃施先生作翻译。
6. You can't really appreciate foreign literature in translation.看翻译作品不能真正欣赏到外国文学原著的美妙之处。
7. She works as a translator of technical texts.她的工作是科技翻译。
8. He was placed in Xin Hua News Agency as a translator.他被安排在新华通讯社当翻译.9. He quickly interpreted to us what the Russian was saying.他很快把那个俄国人所说的话翻译给我们听.10. Her love of languages inclined her towards a career as a translator.她对语言的热爱使她倾向于从事翻译工作.11. Listening to the speech through an interpreter lessened its impact somewhat.演讲辞通过翻译的嘴说出来,多少削弱了演讲的力量.12. He believed in the students being taught on the translation method.他觉得用翻译法教学生比较好.13. The translation is well done except for a few small mistakes.除却几处小错,翻译练习做得就是很好的了.14. I can read Spanish but can't translate into it.我能阅读西班牙语,但不能翻译成西班牙语.15. The book being translated is provided for in your contract.在你们的合同中已确定要翻译这本书.翻译的英语短语篇2请你帮我翻译一下好吗?Would you mind translating for me?翻译时设法把握住原文中难以捉摸的风韵。
翻译术语(理论笔译)
Absolute translation 绝对翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abstract translation 摘要翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abusive translation 滥译路易斯（Lewis）Acceptability 可接受性托利（Toury）Accuracy 准确Adaptation 改编Adequacy 充分性Adjustment 调整Analogical form 类同形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Analysis 分析奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Applied translation studies 应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Architranseme （ATR）元译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Autonomy Spectrum 自立幅度罗斯（Rose）Autotranslation 自译波波维奇（Popovic）Back translation 回译Class shift 词类转换韩礼德（Halliday）Close translation 贴近翻译纽马克（Newmark）Communicative translation 传意翻译；交际翻译纽马克（Newmark）Community interpreting 社群传译Compensation 补偿赫维（Hervey）Competence 能力托利（Toury）Componential analysis 语义成分分析奈达（Nida）Comprehensive theory 综合理论Conference interpreting 会议传译Consecutive interpreting 接续传译Contextual consistency 语境一致奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Conventions 常规诺德（Nord）Corpora 语料库Correspondence 对应Court interpreting 法庭传译Covert translation 隐型翻译豪斯（House）]Creative transposition 创造性移位雅可布逊Creative treason 创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮（Robert Escarpi）Deconstruction 解构主义德里达（Derrida）Descriptive translation studies 描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Diagrammatic translation 图表翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Differance 分延德里达（Derrida）Documentary translation 文献型翻译诺德（Nord）Domesticating translation 归化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Dynamic equivalence 动态对等奈达（Nida）Dynamic fidelity 动态忠信比克曼（Beekman）与卡洛（Callow）Effort models 用功模式贾尔（Gile）Equivalence 对等Excluded receiver 非目标接受者皮姆（Pym）Exegetic translation 诠释性翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Exoticism 异国情调赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Expectancy norms 期待规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Explicitation 明示维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Expressive text 表情型文本赖斯（Reiss）Extraneous form 外来形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Faithfulness 忠实Foreignizing translation 异化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Formal corresponding 形式对应卡特福德（Catford）Formal equivalence 形式对等奈达（Nida）Free translation [sense-for-sense translation 意对意翻译] {literal translation 字面翻译；word-for-word translation词对词翻译} 自由译Full translation 全文翻译General theories of translation 普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Gist translation 要旨翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Gloss translation 释词翻译奈达（Nida）Grammatical transposition 语法置换赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Hermeneutic motion 诠释步骤斯坦纳（Steiner）Hierarchy of Correspondences 对应层级霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Horizontal translation 横向翻译福勒纳（Folena）Hyperinformation 超额信息赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Idiomatic translation 地道翻译比克曼（Beekman）与卡洛（Callow）Imitation 拟译 1.德莱顿（Dryden）2.利弗威尔（Lefevere）Indeterminacy 不确定性Information offer 信息提供弗米尔（Vermeer）Informative texts 信息文本赖斯（Reiss）Initial norms 初始规范托利（Toury）Instrumental translation 工具翻译诺德（Nord）Integral translation 整合翻译范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Interlineal translation 隔行翻译{free translation} 赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Interlinear translation 逐行翻译Interlingual translation 语际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intersemiotic translation 符际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intralingual translation 语内翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intra-system shift 系统内转换卡特福德（Catford）Inverse translation 逆向翻译Kernel sentence 核心句Keyword translation 关键词翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Level shift 层次转换卡特福德（Catford）Lexical translation 词汇翻译卡特福德（Catford）Liaison interpreting[Bilateral interpreting 双边传译] 联络传译凯斯（Keith）Linguistic translation 语言翻译Literal translation 字面翻译；直译Mapping 图谱霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Matricial norms 矩阵规范托利（Toury）Meta-language 元语言霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Metatext 元文本Mimetic form 模仿形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Mutation 变异范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Naturalness 自然性Negative shift 负面转换Norms 规范Obligatory equivalents 必要对等语奈达（Nida）Oblique translation 曲径翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Operational model 操作模式巴斯盖特（Bathgate）Operational norms 操作规范托利（Toury）Optional equivalents 可换对等语奈达（Nida）Overlapping translation 重合翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Overt translation 显型翻译豪斯（House）Overtranslation 超额翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Paradigmatic equivalence 范式对等波波维奇（Popovic）Paraphrase 释译德莱顿（Dryden）Partial theories of translation 局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Participative receiver 参与型接受者皮姆（Pym）Particularizing translation 具体化翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Performance 运用托利（Toury）Phonemic translation 音素翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Phonological translation 音位翻译卡特福德（Catford）Pivot language 中枢语言Polysystem theory 多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔（Even-Zohar）Pragmatic translation[pragmatic approach语用途径] 语用翻译Preliminary norms 预先规范托利（Toury）Prescriptive translation studies 规定翻译研究托利（Toury）Primary translation 首级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Problem-restricted theories of translation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Process-oriented translation theories 过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Product-oriented translation studies 成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Professional norms 翻译规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Prospective translation 前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Prototext 原型文本波波维奇（Popovic）Pseudotranslation 伪翻译Pure language[Logos 逻各斯] 纯语言沃尔特·本雅明（Walter Benjamin）Radical translation 原始翻译奎因（Quine）Rank-bound translation 级阶受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Realia 独有特征弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）Receptor language 接受语奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Translation with reconstruction 重构式翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Redundancy 冗余奈达（Nida）Refraction 折射利弗威尔（Lefevere）Regulative translational conventions 规约性翻译常规诺德（Nord）Relay interpreting 转接传译Repertoreme 知识库要素托利（Toury）Resistancy 阻抗韦努狄（Venuti）Restricted translation 受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Restructuring 重组奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Retrospective translation 后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Rewriting 重写利弗威尔（Lefevere）Rhymed translation 韵体翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Secondary translation 二级翻译迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Selective translation 选译古阿德克（Gouadec）Semantic disambiguation 语义消歧Semantic translation 语义翻译纽马克（Newmark）Serial translation 序列翻译卡塞格兰德（Casagrande）Service translation [Inverse translation 逆向翻译] 服务型翻译纽马克（Newmark）Sight translation 视译Signed language translation 手语传译Simultaneous interpreting 同声传译Skopos theory 目的论赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Source language 源语Source text 源文本Source text-oriented translation studies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification 具体化Structure shift 结构转换卡特福德（Catford）Stylistic equivalence 文体对等Target language 目标语Term banks 术语库Terminology 术语Text typology 文本类型学Textual equivalence 文本对等卡特福德（Catford）Textual norms 文本规范托利（Toury）Thick translation 增量翻译阿皮尔（Appiah）Think-aloud translation 有声思维记录Third code 第三语码弗劳利（Frawley）Time-restricted theories of translation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Total translation 完全翻译卡特福德（Catford）Transcription 注音Transeme 译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Transfer 转移Transference 迁移卡特福德（Catford）Translatability 可译性Translationese [Third language 第三语言] 翻译体Translatorial action 译者行动赫尔兹·曼塔里（Holz Mänttäri）Transliteration 音译Transposition 置换维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Unbounded translation 不受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Undertranslation 欠额翻译纽马克（Newmark）Unit of translation 翻译单位Universals of translation 翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency 词语一致Verifiability 可核实性赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Vertical translation 纵向翻译福勒纳Voids 空缺Whispered interpreting 耳语传译Writer-oriented machine translation 作者取向机器翻译。
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1 Translation Passage translation of Unit 5, Book 2 Numerous facts bear out the argument/ statement/claim that in order to recover speedily from negative emotion, you should allow yourself to cry. You needn't/don't have to be ashamed of crying. Anxiety and sorrow can flow out of the body along with tears. Consider the case of /Take Donna. Her son unfortunately died in a car accident. The intensity of the blow made her unable to cry. She said, " It was not until two weeks later that I began to cry. And then i felt as if a big stone had been lifted from my shoulders. It was the tears that brought me back to earth and helped me survive the crisis. "
Passage translation of Unit 6, Book 2 Nancy Hopkins is a biology professor at MIT. She craves knowledge and works hard. However, as a scientist, she could not help noticing all kinds of indications of gender inequality on campus. Men and women professors did the same work, but when it comes to promotion the administrators were rather selective. It was ironic that after 2
so much cultural progress, women were still at a disadvantage in institutions of higher education. When her request for more lab space was refused, she knew she had to fight. So she gritted her teeth and complained to the President. The fight ended in victory and Nancy was converted into a gender-equality advocate.
Passage translation of Unit 7, Book 2 Though how the English came into existence remains a mystery to many people, linguists believe that English and most other European languages have descended from a common source: the Indo-European parent language. English was first spoken by the Anglo-Saxons who invaded England in the fifth century. They passed onto us the basic vocabulary of English. In over fifteen centuries of its development, English has enriched itself by massive borrowing. As British immigrants landed in America and established the United States as an independent nation, a new variety was added to the English language: American English. Though some people worry about that the language is running out of control, many native speakers of English take pride in the tolerance of their language. 3
Passage translation of Unit 8, Book 2 This village was once famous for its beautiful natural surroundings. All the year around, the trees were green and the flowers in bloom. Clear streams flowed out of the hills through a checkerboard of rice fields. Birds sang all day, and deer came and went in a leisurely manner. However, with the coming of DDT and other pesticides, an evil spell seemed to have settled over the village. Misfortunes came one after another. Chicken died suddenly, cattle and sheep were stricken by mysterious maladies, and farmers complained about a sickening feeling that puzzled the village doctor. The village square, once throbbing with life, was not deserted.
Passage translation of Unit 1, Book 3 A decade ago, Nancy did what so many Americans dream about. She quit an executive position and opened / set up a household device store in her neighborhood. People like Nancy made the decision primarily for the improvement in the quality of their lives. But, to run a business on a small scale is by no means an easy job. Without her steady income, Nancy had to cut 4
back on her daily expenses. Sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premiums for the various kinds of insurance she needed. Fortunately, through her own hard work, she has now got through the most difficult time. She is determined to continue pursuing her vision of a better life.
Passage translation of Unit 2, Book 3 Shortly after he achieved freedom Henson became intent on assisting fugitive slaves. He secretly returned to the United States from Canada several times to help others to travel the Underground Railroad to freedom. Once some slave catchers closed in on the escaping slaves and Henson when they were on the run. He disguised them and successfully avoided capture. Later he built a small settlement in Dresden, Canada for escaped slaves, setting up a chapel and a school. He held to the conviction that slavery would be abolished, and the day was bound to come when racial discrimination no longer existed.