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翻译的名词解释生物学

翻译的名词解释生物学

翻译的名词解释生物学 翻译是我们日常生活中的一项重要技能,既是一种语言交流的工具,也是一种文化传播的媒介。然而,对于生物学这一学科而言,翻译扮演着更为关键的角色。生物学是研究生命现象和生物体结构、功能、发育以及演化等的科学领域。它与医学、生态学、遗传学等学科紧密相关,因此准确地翻译生物学术语对于学科发展和跨学科合作至关重要。本文将探讨翻译这一名词在生物学领域的含义和重要性。

首先,翻译可以被理解为将一种语言中的信息转化成另一种语言的过程,包括词汇、语法、句子结构和上下文等方面的转换。在生物学中,翻译的对象通常是科研论文、教科书和期刊等文献资料。由于生物学的专业性和复杂性,翻译工作不仅仅局限于文字的表层转换,更重要的是要理解和传达生物学概念和原理。

生物学术语的翻译是生物学领域中的一项重要任务。生物学术语通常具有特定的含义和上下文背景,因此如何准确地翻译这些术语成为翻译者所面临的挑战之一。此外,生物学中的新发现和新知识不断涌现,需要及时翻译和传播。对于翻译者来说,他们不仅需要具备扎实的生物学知识,还需要了解最新的研究进展和科学术语的变化。

生物学中的翻译工作还需要与其他学科进行跨学科合作。例如,医学翻译是生物学领域中的一个重要分支,它将生物学知识与医学实践相结合。医学翻译不仅要求翻译者掌握生物学专业知识,还需要了解医学术语和临床实践。在国际合作和知识交流不断增加的今天,生物学与其他学科的交叉研究日益深入,这就需要生物学领域的翻译工作与其他学科的翻译工作相互配合。

另一方面,生物学领域的翻译工作也有助于促进学科的发展和传播。生物学作为一门前沿学科,很多研究成果和新发现尚未被广泛传播。准确地翻译和传播这些领先的研究成果可以促进学科的发展,加速科学研究的进程。同时,翻译还可以帮助不同国家和地区的科学家进行合作,促进国际间的学术交流和合作。 最后,对于学习生物学的学生和从事生物学研究的科学家而言,准确地理解和使用生物学术语是至关重要的。因此,在生物学教育和学术研究中,翻译的角色不可忽视。生物学教材的翻译质量直接关系到学生对知识的理解和掌握程度,而科研论文的翻译质量则影响到研究结果的传播和影响力。

生物制药工程专业英语

生物制药工程专业英语

As time passed ,the art of the apothecary became combined with priestly functions , and among the early civilizations the priest-magician or priest-physician became the healer of the body as well as of the soul . Pharmacy and medicine are indistinguishable in their early history , since their practice was generally the function of the tribal religious leaders.随着随着时间的推移,药剂师的制造工艺以及结合祭司的功能,以及早期文明的药剂魔法或魔术师成为身体以及灵魂的治疗。

制药和医学在早期历史上是没有区别的,因为他们的做法通常是部落宗教领袖的功能。

civilizations n. 文明indistinguishable adj. 不能区别的,不能辨别的;不易察觉的Early Drugs 早期的药品Due to the patience and intellect of the archeologist ,the types andthe specific drugs employed in the early history of drug therapy are not asindefinable as one might suspect .Numerous ancient tables ,scrolls,andother relics dating as far back as 3000 B.C.have been uncovered anddeciphered by archeologic scholars to the delight of historians of bothmedicine and pharmacy ,for contained in these ancient documents arespecific associations with our common heritage.由于考古学家的耐心和智慧,早期使用的类型和特定的药物药物治疗的历史不像人们所怀疑的那样不确定,无数古老的表、卷轴和其他文物约在公元前3000年被发现和被考古学家破译,令人高兴的是在这些远古的文献中的历史学家医学和制药包含特定的药物是我们的共同遗产。

文献翻译-保持微创新鲜已加工果蔬的微生物和感官质量的新兴技术

文献翻译-保持微创新鲜已加工果蔬的微生物和感官质量的新兴技术

Emerging technologies for keeping microbial and sensory quality of minimally fresh processed fruits and vegetablesThe emphasis in post-harvest fruit protection against quality attributes losses, physiological disorders, diseases and insects has shifted from using agro-chemicals to various alternative techniques, including biological control, cultural adaptations and physical methods such as controlled atmosphere (CA), MAP and irradiation. Given the restrictions of chemical use in plant foods and because many of them cause ecological problems or are potentially harmful to humans and may be withdrawn from use, the advantage of these alternative techniques is that no chemicals are involved (Artés, 1995; Graham and Stevenson, 1997; Reddy et al., 1998; Mathre et al., 1999; Sanz et al., 1999; Daugaard, 2000; Harker et al., 2000; Marquenie et al., 2003). Additionally, preservation techniques are becoming milder in response to demands of consumers for higher quality, more convenient foods that are less heavily processed and preserved and less reliant on chemical preservatives (Abee and Wounters, 1999).The unique way to assure microbial and sensory quality of minimally fresh processed plant products relies on refrigerated storage and distribution, although combination of refrigeration and subinhibitory preservation techniques could prolong their shelf-life.As mentioned above, many non-conventional methods are now being investigated; however, there are some limitations to their application since some methods are not applicable to fresh-cut fruits and vegetables because of damage to plant tissue but only to liquid foods such as fruit juices (Carlin and Nguyen-the, 1997). Therefore, in this section those techniques that can be used to preserve fresh processed plant foods will be revised.The most critical step in the production chain of minimal fresh processing of fruits and vegetables is washing-disinfection. For this reason, special attention to the alternative sanitizing agents as well as the new technologies for disinfection of these commodities will be given. To develop or improve washing and sanitizing treatments, special attention should be paid to the compatibility of treatments with commercial practices, cost, absence of induced adverse effects on product quality and the need for regulatory approval and consumer acceptance (Sapers, 2001). Some alternatives to sanitizing agents are: O3, ClO2, peracetic acid (about 90–100 ppm), H2O2, organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric, malic, sorbic and propionic acids at 300–500 mg/ml), electrolysed water, radio frequency, hot water treatments and UV-C radiation (Adams et al., 1989;Masson, 1990; Castañer et al., 1996; Tomás-Barberán et al., 1997; Delaquis et al., 1999, 2000, 2004; Sapers, 2001; Suslow, 2002; Jacxsens, 2002; Aguayo, 2003; Allende, 2003).1. Hydrogen peroxideTreatments of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) seem to be a promising alternative to chlorine for disinfecting minimally fresh processed vegetables (Soliva-Fortuny and Martín-Belloso, 2003). H2O2 is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for some food applications, but has not yet been approved as an antimicrobial wash. It does not produce residues since it is rapidly decomposed by the enzyme catalase to water and O2 (Sapers, 2001). Various experimental antimicrobial applications of H2O2 for foods have been described, including preservation of vegetable salads, berries and fresh-cut melons (Hagenmaier and Baker, 1997) since it reduces microbial populations and extends the shelf-life without causing loss of quality. Sapers and Simmons (1998) recommended its use for fresh-cut melon as it extended the shelf-life for 4–5 days in comparison to chlorine treatments. However, they demonstrated that H2O2 is injurious to some commodities, causing bleaching of anthocyanins in mechanically damaged berries. H2O2 vapour delayed or reduced the severity of bacterial soft rot in fresh processed cucumber, green bell pepper and zucchini, but no effect on spoilage of fresh-cut broccoli was found (Hagenmaier and Baker, 1997). Additionally, an extended shelf-life was found in fresh processed cucumbers, green bell peppers and zucchini after washing in a 5–10 per cent solution of H2O2 for 2 min (Sapers and Simmons, 1998). It means that the applicability of H2O2 to a broad range of minimally fresh processed vegetables should be determined, especially with commodities that are subject to rapid spoilage.2. Acidic electrolysed waterThis is a new disinfectant technique for fresh produce that has been shown to be efficient due to its antimicrobial and antiviral activities for fruit and vegetables (Izumi, 1999; Koseki and Itoh, 2000). Electrolysis of water containing a small amount of sodium chloride generates a highly acidic hypochlorous acid solution containing 10–100 ppm of available chlorine. Koseki et al. (2001) found that acidic electrolysed water (pH 2.6, oxidation reduction potential, 1140mV; 30 ppm of available chlorine) reduced viable aerobes in shredded lettuce by 2 log cfu/g within 10 min, showing a higher disinfectant effect than ozonated water. They reported that the use of this new technique could be applicable for food factory hygiene, meaning that the use of acidic electrolysed water at home or restaurant kitchen just before eating fresh fruits and vegetables could preventpoisoning.According to this, Park et al. (2002) reported population reductions on lettuce leaves exceeding2.49 log units for E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes and Horton et al. (1998) reported population reductions of E. coli O157:H7 on apples of3.7–4.6 log units cfu/g. However, Izumi (1999) only found 1 log unit cfu/g reduction in the microbial population of fresh-cut vegetables.3. Chlorine dioxideChlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a strong oxidizing agent (about 2.5 times the oxidative capacity of chlorine) having a broad biocide efficacy (Singh et al., 2002), including a good biofilm penetration. To date, the FDA (USFDA, 1998) has allowed the use of aqueous ClO2 in washing of uncut and unpeeled fruit and vegetables. However, ClO2 is unstable and it must be generated on-site and can be explosive when concentrated (Jacxsens, 2002). Zhang and Farber (1996) found that the initial microbial load decreased by 1 log cycle of cfu/g for shredded lettuce inoculated with L. monocytogenes at levels of 5 mg/l ClO2 in aqueous solution. However, Reina et al. (1995) found that bacterial populations present on fresh processed cucumbers were not greatly influenced by ClO2 treatment, even at concentration of 5.1 mg/l. More recently, Singh et al. (2002) found that increasing the concentration of ClO2 in deionized water (5 mg/l for 1 and 5 min) resulted in a decrease in E. coli O157:H7 population on lettuce and baby carrots in comparison to washing with deionized water (control) for the same period.Increasing the washing period from 1 to 15 min with aqueous ClO2 (5 mg/l) showed no significant reduction in the population of E. coli O157:H7 on shredded lettuce. However, after washing baby carrots a reduction in E. coli O157:H7 was found.4. Organic acidsSeveral organic acids have been tested as alternative disinfectants to sanitize fresh-cut vegetable surfaces (Hilgren and Salverda, 2000). They may retard and/or prevent the growth of some microorganisms (Beuchat, 1998). Their antimicrobial activity is not generally due to killing of the cells but they affect the cells’ ability to maintain pH homeostasis, disrupting substrate transport and inhibiting metabolic pathways (Seymour, 1999). Peracetic acid has been recommended for treatment of process water (Hilgren and Salverda, 2000); however, population reductions for aerobic bacteria, coliforms, yeast and moulds on fresh-cut celery, cabbage and potatoes, treated with 80 ppm peracetic acid, were less than 1.5 log units cfu/g (Forney et al., 1991). Wright etal. (2000) obtained a 2 log units cfu/g reduction in apple slices inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 using 80 ppm peracetic acid, with an interval of 30 min between inoculation and treatment.On the other hand, Wisniewsky et al. (2000) found a reduction of less than 1 log unit cfu/g at the same concentration but in an interval of 24 h. Citric acid has been proposed as a very good coadjutant to the washing of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables due to its antibrowning power. It is a phenolase Cu-chelating agent and the inhibition of PPO was attributed to its chelating action (Jiang et al., 1999). Santerre et al. (1988) reported that application of citric acid can prevent browning of sliced apple thus extending shelf-life and it was shown that the combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid exhibited even more beneficial effects (Pizzocaro et al., 1993). Additionally, Jiang et al. (2004) found that the application of citric acid was effective in extending shelf-life and maintaining the quality of fresh-cut Chinese water chestnut slices during storage.5. OzoneOzone (O3) is a strong oxidant and potent disinfecting agent and, when it is applied to food, it leaves no residues since it decomposes quickly. The biocide effect of O3 is caused by a combination of its high oxidation potential, reacting with organic material up to 3000 times faster than chlorine (EPRI, 1997). Even though it is new for the USA, it has been utilized in European countries for a long time (Guzel-Seydima et al., 2004).For instance, it has been commonly used as a sanitizer in water treatment plants since the early 1900s (Gomella, 1972) and also for disinfection of swimming pools, sewage plants, disinfection of bottled water and prevention of fouling of cooling towers in Europe (Gomella, 1972; Rice et al., 1981; Legeron, 1982; Schneider, 1982; Echols and Mayne, 1990; Costerton, 1994; Videla et al., 1995; Strittmatter et al., 1996). In 1997, an expert panel decreed that O3 was a GRAS substance for use as a disinfectant or sanitizer for foods when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices in the USA (Suslow, 2003) and it has now been approved for use as a disinfectant or sanitizer in foods and food processing in the USA (USDA, 1997, 1998). The bactericidal action of O3 has been studied and documented on a wide variety of organisms, including those that are resistant to chlorine, extending the shelf-life of a number of fruit and vegetables (Fetner and Ingols, 1956; Norton et al., 1968; Rice et al., 1982; Foegeding, 1985; Ishizaki et al., 1986; Foegeding and Busta, 1991; Restaino et al., 1995; Beuchat, 1998; Richardson et al., 1998; Aguayo, 2003). In fact, it has been proven thatO3 is suitable for washing and sanitizing solid food with intact and smooth surfaces (e.g. fruit and vegetables) and ozone-sanitized fresh produce has recently been introduced in the USA market. The use of O3 to sanitize equipment, packaging materials and the processing environment is currently being investigated (Kim et al.,2003). The modus operandi of O3 implicates the destruction of microorganisms by the progressive oxidationof vital cellular components. The bacterial cell surface has been suggested as the primary target of ozonation (Guzel-Seydima et al., 2004). Khadre and Yousef (2001) compared the effects of O3 and H2O2 against foodborne Bacillus spp. spores and found that O3 was more effective than H2O2. In shredded lettuce treated with O3, Kim et al. (1999) reported that bubbling O3 gas (49 mg/l, 0.5 l/min) in a lettuce-water mixture decreased the natural microbial load by 1.5–1.9 log unit cfu/g in 5 min. As a consequence, a number of patents have been issued for using O3 to treat fruit and vegetables. However, the results obtained by Singh et al. (2002) have shown that treatment with ozonated water (5.2 mg/l) did not result in any significant reduction in E. coli O157:H7 populations during 1–15 min of washing in shredded lettuce, although they found a reduction in microbial counts on baby carrots after 10 min exposure to 5.2 mg/l ozonated water. The reduced efficacy of ozonated water during lettuce washing might be due to more O3 demand of organic material in the medium as it was also found in melon fresh-cut pieces (Aguayo, 2003). It was shown that the use of O3 in the storage of vegetable products could have detrimental effects, as happened in some berries with very thin skin which can be easily penetrated by O3, oxidizing the fruit (Norton et al., 1968; Rice et al., 1982).The antimicrobial efficacy can be enhanced considerably when ozonation is combined with other chemical (e.g. H2O2) or physical (e.g. UV-C radiation) treatments. Mechanical action is also needed as a means to dislodge microorganisms from the surface of the food and expose them to the action of the sanitizer (Kim et al., 2003).6. Hot water treatmentsHeat preservation is one of the oldest forms of preservation known to man and has the potential to provide barriers to reduce microorganisms and inhibit enzyme activity, but this treatment is incompatible with fresh processed plant food since heat is associated with destruction of flavour, texture, colour and nutritional quality (Orsat et al., 2001). However, hot water treatments used to reduce or eliminate pathogens offer an alternative means to control the quality deterioration of fresh fruit and vegetables, as well as a means of enzyme inactivation (Bolin and Huxsoll, 1991). These mild heat treatments consist of subjecting the products to temperatures of 50–90°C for periods of time not exceeding 1–5 min. Loaiza-Velarde et al. (1997) reported that dipping lettuce in water at 45–55°C would extend the shelf-life and visual quality of minimally fresh processed lettuce by inhibiting the activity of PAL, which is the enzyme that initiates biosynthesis of phenolic compounds that leads to visible discoloration along the cut edge of the lettuce leaf (López-Gálvez et al., 1996). Additionally, Li et al. (2001) suggest that heat (50°C) treatment combined with 20 mg/l free chlorine for 90 smay have delayed browning and reduced initial populations of some groups of microorganisms naturally occurring on iceberg lettuce, but enhanced microbial growth during subsequent storage due to tissue damage.Delaquis et al. (1999, 2000) found a reduction of 2 log cfu/g in initial microbial load in lettuce washed with chlorinated water (100_l/l) at 47°C for 3 min, compared to washing at 4°C. However, in 2004, Delaquis et al. found that comparison between lettuce washed at 4°C and 50°C revealed that disinfection of the lettuce was improved by heat, although the difference in total microbial populations was only 1 log cfu/g.The application of mild heat treatments is commonly by using hot air, hot water or steam. Among them, hot water is the easiest conditioning treatment since it offers a great flexibility and easiest control(Barkai-Golan and Philips, 1991). However, Orsat et al. (2001) have demonstrated that it is possible to treat carrot sticks thermally with radio-frequency energy in less than 2 min at an internal temperature of 60°C, to reduce the microbial load before packaging while minimizing the detrimental effects on the sensory quality of the fresh-like product. The main difference in using this treatment is that in radio-frequency heating, the energy is absorbed directly within the material, the heating is rapid and uniform throughout the material and the technology is relatively simple to adapt to an existing processing line.保持微创新鲜已加工果蔬的微生物和感官质量的新兴技术(英文文献中文译稿)收获后水果对质量损失、生理病变、虫害等的保护的重点已经从使用农药转变为各种替代技术,包括生物控制、文化适应和物理方法如控制气氛、MAP和辐射。

英文文献翻译

英文文献翻译

铅污染土壤的生物修复实验室进行了利用培养好的白腐菌和秸秆对被铅污染的土壤进行生物修复模拟。

监测了土壤的pH值,铅浓度,土壤微生物,微生物代谢商,微生物商和微生物生物量C和N的比值。

以上指标用来学习土壤中铅的强度和微生物在生物修复过程中的影响。

研究表明被施以白腐菌和秸秆的土壤含有更低的可溶性交换铅,更低的生物商和生物量C和N的比值(0 mg /kg 干土,1.9 mg CH2-C,生物量C 和4.9 在60天时),和更高的微生物生物量和微生物代谢商(2258 mg /kg 干土和7.86% 在第60天)。

另外,在logistic 等式中的动力参数是用BIOLOG数据进行计算。

对动力参数进行分析后,就能得到一些微生物群的微生物量的信息。

所有数据显示含铅土壤的生物利用度被减少,这样潜在铅的强度被缓解,并且土壤微生物影响和微生物群的微生物量有所提高。

1.简介土壤中的重金属是最常见的环境污染。

铅被认定是所有重金属中危害最为严重的。

铅污染的主要来源是采矿、冶炼、含铅汽油、污水污泥、废弃电池以及其他含铅产品。

这些种类繁多的铅来源导致土壤中含铅量偏高。

Linet al的报道指出在瑞典Falun西南部大量工厂废物聚集地,土壤含铅量超1000 mg /kg。

Buatier et al.指出在法国一个污染地,地表铅浓度达到460–2670 mg/kg。

铅的毒性和生物利用度受土壤pH、氧化还原和铅种类的影响。

土壤中的含铅化合物主要通过可交换物、碳酸盐类、Fe/Mn 氧化物有机物和残留态流失。

可溶性可交换状态铅的最大危害是铅非常容易浸入地下水,地表以及农作物。

然而铅在有机物和残留状态却无害,这是由于有机健的强度和硫化物,特别是在重污染土壤中。

因此,相对其他状态下的铅,铅在可溶状态时对环境,生态和人类更加有害。

这样怎样减小土壤中铅变为可溶状态是值得关注的。

相比传统的物理化学方法,生物修复是一种既不会加剧其他污染又能有效修复污染甚至还原土壤原先状态的技术。

四库全书总目原文翻译

四库全书总目原文翻译

四库全书总目原文翻译一、介绍四库全书是中国古代一部庞大的文集,收录了大量的历史、政治、经济、科学、文学等方面的典籍。

总目是四库全书中的一部分,是一份总览四库全书内容的目录。

本文将对四库全书总目原文进行翻译,并深入探讨其主题。

二、四库全书总目原文翻译以下是四库全书总目的原文翻译:1.本朝文献类(20门)–哲学类(经部)–历史类(史部)–经籍类(子部)–医药类(艺部)–术数类(工部)–农产类(农部)–性理类(礼部)–民俗类(兵部)–历法类(刑部)–地理类(地部)–政法类(户部)–教育类(礼部)–军事类(兵部)–工艺类(工部)–佛教类(刑部)–道教类(刑部)–儒教类(礼部)–诗文类(文部)–文学类(文部)–艺术类(艺部)2.外国文献类(30门)–亚洲类–欧洲类–非洲类–美洲类–大洋洲类–文艺类–自然科学类–社会科学类–经济类–政治类–军事类–医学类–宗教类–教育类–历史类–地理类–农业类–工程类–计算机类–语言类–数学类–物理类–化学类–生物类–环境类–心理学类–心理治疗类–犯罪学类–统计学类–地质学类–天文学类3.奉天承运类(20门)4.臣妾奏疏类(20门)5.编目类(30门)6.后记类(15门)三、详细探讨四库全书总目1. 本朝文献类本朝文献类是指收录了中国本朝时期(明清时期)的文献的部分。

它涵盖了哲学、历史、经典、医药、术数、农产、性理、民俗、历法、地理、政法、教育、军事、工艺、佛教、道教、儒教、诗文、文学和艺术等20个门类。

该部分的文献内容丰富多样,反映了明清时期社会的各个方面。

2. 外国文献类外国文献类是指收录了外国文献的部分。

它包括了亚洲、欧洲、非洲、美洲和大洋洲五个地区的文献,以及文艺、自然科学、社会科学、经济、政治、军事、医学、宗教、教育、历史、地理、农业、工程、计算机、语言、数学、物理、化学、生物、环境、心理学、心理治疗、犯罪学、统计学、地质学和天文学等30个门类。

该部分反映了世界各地的文化、科学、技术等方面的发展。

poultry science参考文献输出格式

poultry science参考文献输出格式

Poultry Science 参考文献输出格式一、引言Poultry science(家禽科学)是研究家禽生物学、饲养、繁殖等方面的学科,与农业生产密切相关。

在学术研究和论文写作中,引用参考文献是必不可少的部分。

正确的参考文献输出格式能够提高论文的可读性和学术专业性。

二、文献类型在 poultry science 领域,常见的文献类型包括期刊文章、会议论文、专著、专利、学位论文等。

针对不同类型的文献,其引用格式也有所不同。

下面将分别介绍各类文献的参考文献输出格式。

三、期刊文章1. 期刊文章的一般引用格式包括作者、文章题目、期刊名、卷号、期号、页码和出版年份。

2. 常见的期刊文章引用格式如下:- 期刊文章:作者. 文章题目[J]. 期刊名, 年, 卷(期): 起止页码.- 示例:Smith A, Johnson B. Impact of dietary protein on broiler growth[J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(5): 123-130.四、会议论文1. 会议论文的引用格式包括作者、论文题目、会议名、会议日期、会议地点和出版年份。

2. 常见的会议论文引用格式如下:- 会议论文:作者. 论文题目. 会议名, 会议日期, 会议地点, 出版地: 出版者, 出版年份: 起止页码.- 示例:Brown C. New perspectives on avian nutrition. Proceedings of the 10th International Poultry Conference, 2018, Atlanta, GA: World Poultry Publishers, 2018: 45-55.五、专著1. 专著的引用格式包括作者、书名、出版地、出版者和出版年份。

2. 常见的专著引用格式如下:- 专著:作者. 书名. 出版地: 出版者, 出版年份.- 示例:Johnson D. Poultry Genetics and Breeding. New York: Springer, 2017.六、专利1. 专利的引用格式包括专利申请人、专利名、专利号和申请日期。

知云文献翻译使用指南

知云文献翻译使用指南

知云文献翻译知云文献翻译软件PC版下载版本V5.4:不配一款神器,科研哪来效率!有了这款神器,科研都变得更简单!用它直接打开英文pdf文献,随便选中一段话,右侧立即给出翻译,不再需要拷贝到网页上翻译,不弹出讨厌的悬浮框,这种使用逻辑用起来舒心,兼顾理解与英文学习。

软件有多个翻译引擎供选择。

其中引擎3专门优化专业词汇,接近真人翻译,非常适合用来阅读科研文献,科研人员必备神器啊。

过段时间就要开始大量阅读文献构思2020年的国家/自然JIJIN了,还不赶快下载收藏起来!推荐等级:★★★★★这款软件的特点:1、使用流程舒心:直接打开pdf文献,选中句子右侧直接给出翻译,而不是悬浮显示,用起来很舒服,屏幕越大用的越舒服2、多个翻译引擎:百度、谷歌、生物医学专用翻译、有道。

满足各自爱好。

3、翻译质量接近人工翻译:翻译引擎3翻译质量非常非常棒,没有理由不用,虽然名字叫生物医学翻译,但我感觉理工科文献翻译的也非常专业。

4、可以和EndNote结合使用:在EndNote中可以直接调用它打开文献阅读,用EndNote管理文献,用它阅读文献,绝配。

5、各个平台均有可用版本:WINDOWS版功能强大,mac、iPhone、安卓、ipad 等有在线版可用。

6、免费:官方给出的承若是永久免费,直到倒闭。

作为免费用户,我还是不希望他们倒闭啊。

现在我来详细说说这款软件吧。

首先看一张图吧,下图就是软件界面,软件叫知云文献翻译。

最开始我以为是知网出品的。

后来我发现不是。

但是咱们作为用户,管它谁出品的,只要好用我们就买账,而且还是免费的,没有理由拒绝的。

界面上没有任何广告。

软件本身就是一款pdf阅读器,可以同时打开多篇pdf。

选中一句话或者一段话,也可以是一个单词。

右侧立即给出翻译,不需要点击任何按键,而且翻译速度很快。

翻译结果我觉得非常非常不错,尤其是第三种谷歌生物医学专用翻译,据说是结合谷歌翻译提供的定制功能,通过大量生物医学中英文预料训练加强了对于文献的翻译结果。

替加环素类文献翻译

替加环素类文献翻译

翻译一:文章结束语和作者观点:《产碳青霉烯酶的肺炎克雷伯菌和其他肠杆菌科细菌--- 一场全球规模的危机》当前引起公众健康危机问题的是:来自世界上广泛传播的产碳青霉烯酶类耐药的肠杆菌科细菌(CPE),尽管这种耐药现象在几年前就已经出现,但至今仍令我们束手无策。

最近的很多文献报道称可能会另一轮CPE的出现或爆发,而这些文献中都有一个共同的观点,就是我们当前迫切需要采取有效措施来遏制这些耐药微生物。

那么不可回避的问题是:我们到底应该采取哪些具体措施?首先,应该要描绘出一幅清晰准确的全球耐药菌(CPE)分布图,根据这些数据进行有效的分析比对是非常重要的。

其次,在发达国家,关于耐药菌的许多研究已经在一些独立的机构和少数三甲医院开展实施了,但是覆盖面有限,因此,在有些情况下统计的数据样本会有偏差是可能的。

此外,在许多非洲国家如巴尔干,中东以及亚洲的广大地区缺少关于耐药菌株(CPE)系统的有规律的报告。

尤其是对一些受(CPE)影响较严重的国家来说, 尽可能完成流行病学数据的收集对于实施有效且能负担的起,可持续的措施来遏制 CPE的发展是必要的。

最后,如果国际社会对于耐药CPE的担忧是真实存在的,那么那些来自国际公共卫生组织的资源应该被给予适当的调动和分配。

有很多对耐药CPE菌株敏感的新药在快速研发中,但是却很少有短时间内用于临床的药物。

因此,在将来的很长时间里,我们将继续依赖现有抗生素进行治疗。

尽管如此,上述的很多研究结果表明我们现有的治疗方法仍有改善的空间。

多粘菌素和替加环素在CPE感染的治疗中是最常用的药物。

然而,仅有实验室和临床数据支持这种做法是远远不够的。

虽然这种替代方案是被承认的,但至今尚未被强有力的推荐广泛用于临床,因此合理设计一些临床试验,目的是(Ⅰ):确定多粘菌素的最佳给药方案;(Ⅱ):明确CPE感染时可以用替加环素得到有效控制;(Ⅲ):探究碳青霉烯类抗生素PK/PD特点;(Ⅳ):阐明多粘菌素和替加环素合用效果可能更佳。

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Intakes of Fruits, Vegetables, and Related Vitamins and Lung Cancer Risk: Results from the Shanghai Men's Health Study (2002–2009)摄入水果,蔬菜等维生素与肺癌的风险的相关性:关于上海男性健康研究的结果(2002–2009)Keywords关键词:水果,蔬菜,胡萝卜素,膳食摄入量,肺癌,流行病学Introduction引言观察性研究证明有支持保护作用的水果和蔬菜对肺癌的风险有相关(1–3)。

在前瞻性研究中,水果的摄入量比蔬菜摄入量有更一致的方向结合与肺癌的风险相关(2-3)。

富含抗氧化的类胡萝卜素的保护作用可能解释这种方向结合(4)。

一些前瞻性研究发现,患肺癌的风险和β-胡萝卜素,番茄红素,β-隐黄质,和叶黄素摄入量之间呈负相关 (4–6)。

相反,在做两个临床试验时用高剂量的β-胡萝卜素补充吸烟者或给石棉作业工人补充,因此发现了一个更高的风险患肺癌的补充组与安慰剂组(7,8)。

这两项试验中,补充被中断了六年后,患肺癌的风险评价和风险较高的初步观察在补充组明显减弱,不再具有统计学显著性(9,10)。

用低剂量β-胡萝卜素补充其他试验,随着补充部分阿司匹林或其他微量营养素,并得知肺癌的风险没有增加(11,12)。

同样,一个前瞻性队列研究的汇总分析,主要在北美国和欧洲进行的,摄入维生素C和叶酸(无论从食物或补充剂),都没有发现患肺癌的风险(13)。

现有的证据对肺癌患者的饮食研究,绝大多数是来自北美国和欧洲的人口。

膳食摄入对其他地区肺癌的作用,如中国,一直没有得到很好的研究。

年2008的数据显示,中国男人在吸烟的患病率是世界上最高的(59.5%)(14),然而,在每100000人肺癌的发病率是45.9%。

这是在中间范围的数据,在许多发达国家和某些发展较低的国家,于2008的数据显示:在美国每100000人患肺癌的比率为71.2%(15),其中比起中国有一个低的吸烟率是在男性方面只有21.3%(16)。

此外,中国的传统饮食是植物性的饮食和营养,并在中国人群中的摄取模式不同于那些其他国家的人群。

因此,一个以人群为基础的前瞻性队列研究出现,以61491名中老年人为对象。

我们研究了水果,蔬菜中维生素A,维生素C,叶酸(SMHS)的摄入量和在上海男性健康研究肺癌风险的关联。

Materials and methods材料和方法Study population研究人群2002和2006之间为基线,SMHS中包括61491人住在城市上海八个社区的40岁到74岁人群(17)。

个人被诊断出患有任何类型的癌症在招聘时被排除在本研究。

问卷调查的人,由经过培训的调查员在家访问。

人体测量数据,包括体重,身高,臀部和腰围,并访问期间的问题进行了解。

所有的参与者提供书面,知情同意,并且研究得到了所有参与机构的机构审查委员会批准。

Dietary assessment饮食评估食物频率问卷(FFQ)共81项,其中38项为水果、蔬菜,并询问典型的摄入量在一年前的频率(五类从不会每天重复)和粮食(谷物)的消费量(1两≈50克)。

FFQ在每月十二日进行验证,并进行24小时膳食回顾,包括大致相同的为期一年的问卷,随机抽取195的参与者进行研究(18)。

Spearman相关系数为类胡萝卜素,维生素C,蔬菜和水果的总和,分别为0.38,0.42,0.42,和0.72。

重复性的报道被给予同样的饮食摄入FFQ两次,相隔一年评估一次。

相应的Spearman相关系数为类胡萝卜素,维生素C,蔬菜和水果的总和,分别为0.40,0.38,0.43,和0.64。

参与者的两个测试之间的摄入量四分位数很少出现相反的错误分类,最后利用中国食物成分表计算Follow-up and cancer ascertainment跟进和癌症的确定随访了3年的每2次家访确定癌症的发病率,和其他慢性疾病的发生,并所有的数据有了重要地位。

这些后续补充我们的参与者的文件的年度联动的上海癌症登记处和上海生命统计登记数据库。

从诊断为原发性肺癌的癌症登记处的初步报告[使用国际疾病分类第九版(ICD-9)的定义,编码162 ]或自我报告的参与者在随访期间的病历进行审查验证。

我们得到的所有病例的诊断和肿瘤原发部位的日期,被包括在本分析确诊为原发性肺癌2002十月和十二月2009之间被包括在本分析。

Statistical analyses 统计分析参与者被排除在这一分析的内容主要包括1)那些第一次随访期间丢失数据,基线调查两年后发生的(N = 14);2)那些被删除由于肺癌诊断后第一年(N = 66)或死亡(n = 227);3)那些报告总的热量摄入量在500–4000大卡/天范围(N = 91)。

此外,一个参与者是因为不完整的烟世被排除,因此,目前61092名参与者被纳入分析。

身体质量指数(BMI)值缺失的37名参与者,他们被分为队列中的最常见的类型(23≤BMI小于25 kg/m2)。

同样,教育缺失值(n = 860)和职业(N = 70)是最常见的类别取代(分别由高中和体力劳动者代替)。

对于这个的分析,进行了结果(替代值)和分析排除反应是相当类似的缺失结果后进行。

研究人群的特征进行比较的情况下和非之间的情况下,调整后的年龄基线。

对营养素的摄入量,水果和蔬菜的摄入,比较两组在进一步调整总的热量摄入量下的不同。

Cox回归线性分析,是以年龄为时间尺度的分析,这是第一位的。

分析进入时间被定义为年龄在研究开始和退出的时间(被定义为年龄是在肺癌诊断出的时间或审查出结果的时间)以2009年12月31日,最新的记录进行联动,日期或死亡日期为准。

所有的分析进行了调整年龄(包括岁数),吸烟吸烟年限(四类)和每天吸烟的数量(四类)和教育类型(四类,教育从小学或更少的大学或以上),BMI(五类从< 20 > 27.5公斤/平方米),经常喝茶(至少每周三次,持续至少六个月),慢性支气管炎史(ICD-9代码491,是或否),肺癌患者一级亲属家族史(是或否),和总热量摄入(千卡/天,需要连续的记录)。

以下变量进行了评估作为潜在的混杂因素或变量,但不包括由于其对肺癌的风险小的影响:有乳腺癌家族史(是或否);哮喘史(ICD-9代码493,是或否),肺气肿(ICD-9代码492,是或不是),或肺结核(ICD-9代码011,是或否);职业(办公室人员,文员,或体力劳动者);家庭收入(四类从< 500 > 2000元/人);经常性的锻炼(至少每周一次持续至少三个月);腰臀比(连续);和饮酒(每周至少三次,至少持续六个月)。

每个变量的膳食摄入量有四分位数是根据进气分布在整个队列创建的基线。

危险比(HR)和95%可信区间(CI)为每个四分位数使用第一四分位数为基准计算。

膳食摄入量与肺癌风险之间的关联的线性趋势是通过分配每个四分位数中值和把它作为模型中的连续评估的。

但是,目前的分析不包括大豆的摄入量,这将会在一个单独的报告里写了。

此外,总的水果和/或蔬菜的摄入量,有五组(包括十字花科蔬菜,大蒜,绿色叶菜类,豆类,等)和一个水果子群(柑橘等)在当前的分析评估里会体现,因为在这些子群的水果和蔬菜相比有更多类似的营养状况,并且所有的水果或蔬菜会一起考虑。

为进一步阐明亚型的类胡萝卜素的影响,对以下五种蔬菜或水果组也进行了评价:类胡萝卜素丰富的蔬菜,β-胡萝卜素丰富的蔬菜,番茄(番茄红素丰富的植物),叶黄素/玉米黄质丰富的蔬菜,瓜果(一种富含番茄红素的水果)(20)。

亚组分析的分析,包括吸烟状况进行了(不吸,之前吸过,或目前的吸烟者都包括在基线里),包年的吸烟[不吸烟者,轻度吸烟者(<30包年),或重度吸烟者(≥30包年)],饮酒(没有或曾经),肺部疾病(慢性支气管炎,哮喘史,肺气肿,肺结核),或任何维生素补充剂的使用(使用任何单一的维生素A,B,C,D,E补充剂;维生素A / D;或复合维生素),和维生素A、维生素C补充剂的使用。

对吸烟史和膳食摄入量之间的乘法交互作用的统计意义包括和交叉项的模型和评估值的主要影响测试。

所有的统计分析采用SAS 9.3软件进行(SAS Institute Inc.,卡蕾,NC)。

并且所有的P值分别为双向计算。

Results 结果在中位随访5.5年,359例肺癌患者进行随访记录后的第一年。

肺癌患者比非例老年人的关系和有比基于教育和家庭收入的社会经济地位较低的非病例比较显示(表1)。

肺癌患者的一级亲属家族史是更常见的情况下比在非肺癌者不同,如会有更多的人患有肺气肿,慢性支气管炎和哮喘等的个人历史。

更多的情况下,抽烟比非病例吸烟者病发高出68.8%。

并且肺癌的发病率在吸烟者患病中最高(1.8每1000人年),其次是当前吸烟者(1.3每1000人年)和不吸烟者(0.4每1000人年)。

平均BMI的情况下病例和非病例不同,既是病例会减少,饮酒与茶更常见病例减少情况,还有补充任何维生素的使用(比如:维生素A,B,C,D ,E,或多种维生素)是不常见病例的情况或无病例的情况(会降低10.7%到15.3%左右)。

总的热量摄入量情况非病例表(表2)。

总的来说,情况有较低的平均的维生素A和C,类胡萝卜素,食用蔬菜(蔬菜包括,十字花科,绿色的叶子,富含类胡萝卜素的蔬菜,与β-胡萝卜素丰富的蔬菜)和水果(包括总的水果、瓜果和柑桔类水果),组中显示无病例。

分类分析显示一个稍微显着的负相关性的患肺癌的风险组合的水果蔬菜摄入总量总体的数据图(HR = 0.76;95% CI = 0.55–1.07的摄入量;第一四分位数比较第四P = 0.07)(表3)。

体现没有总蔬菜摄入量有以下数据(HR = 0.88,95% CI = 0.64–1.22;P = 0.49)。

在植物组,男人在绿色的叶菜类蔬菜摄入量的第四个四分位数降低了28%,患肺癌的风险比那些在第一(HR = 0.72,95% CI = 0.53–0.98),这种关联的线性趋势是轻微的(趋势P-= 0.08)。

具体来说,中国蔬菜的摄入量,占77.5%的绿色叶菜类蔬菜,与肺癌的风险成反比(HR = 0.70;95% CI = 0.51–0.98;P = 0.05),单独进行评估时,不是其他的绿色叶菜类蔬菜。

此外,该摄入富含β胡萝卜素的蔬菜也与降低肺癌风险正相关(HR = 0.69;95% CI = 0.51–0.94;P = 0.03)。

并且没有其他植物亚组与肺癌的风险。

逆总摄取水果协会是轻微的(HR = 0.75;95% CI = 0.54–1.04的摄入量;第一四分位数比较第四P = 0.09)。

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