曼昆宏观经济学最新英文版参考答案第26章
宏观经济学曼昆第六版课后答案
答：股票分析师在确定股票的价值时应该考虑公司未来的盈利能力。公司的盈利能力取决于以下因素：市场对其产品的需求、所面临的顾客忠诚度、面对的政府管制和税收等。因此，股票分析师就要考虑所有上述因素以决定公司的一股股票价值为多少。
6．描述有效市场假说，并给出一个与这种理论一致的证据。
2．现值（present value）
答：现值指按现行利率为获得一个既定的未来货币量而在今天所需要的货币量。现值可用倒求本金的方法计算。由终值求现值，称为贴现。在贴现时使用的利息率称为贴现率。现值的计算公式可由终值的计算公式导出：fvn?pv?1?i?，则有：
pv?fvn?1n?1?i?n
上述公式中的1
5．风险厌恶（risk averse）
答：风险厌恶又称“风险规避”，指不喜欢不确定性。风险厌恶者总是以无风险或低风险作为衡量各种备选方案优劣的标准，把那些可能发生风险的备选方案拒之于外。
6．多元化（diversification）
答：多元化又称分散化，指通过分散投资于多项资产来降低投资风险的一种投资方式。从理论上来讲，一个证券组合只要包含了足够多的相关性较弱（甚至负相关）的证券，就完全可能消除所有风险，但是现实中，各证券收益率之间的正相关程度较高，因为各证券的收益率在一定程度上受同一因素影响（如经济周期、利率的变化等），因此分散化投资可以消除资产组合的非系统性风险，但是并不能消除系统性风险。也就是说，随着纳入同一资产组合的资产的收益率之间的相关系数（或协方差）的减小，该资产组合的收益率的方差（或标准差）也随之减小。各个证券之间的收益率变化的相关性越弱，分散投资降低风险的效果就越明显。
9．基本面分析（fundamental analysis）
曼昆宏观经济学第四版答案
曼昆宏观经济学第四版答案曼昆宏观经济学第四版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(6)】ass=txt>政府购买＝税收－公共储蓄g＝1．5－0．2＝1．3 万亿美元储蓄＝投资i＝0．7 万亿美元消费＝国民收入－投资－政府购买c＝8－0．7－1．3＝6 万亿美元7．假设英特尔公司正考虑建立一个新芯片工厂。
a．假设英特尔公司需要在债券市场上借钱，为什么利率上升会影响英特尔关于是否建立这个工厂的决策?答：因为利率上升增加了英特尔公司在债券市场上借钱的成本，减少了建立这个工厂预期利润，因此英特尔公司有可能不会建立这个工厂。
b．如果英特尔公司有足够的自有资金来为新工厂筹资而不用借钱，利率的上升还会影响英特尔公司关于是否建立一个工厂的决策吗？解释之。
答：也会。
因为利率上升意味着英特尔公司自有资金的其他投资方式的预期回报增加，因而增加了建立这个工厂的机会成本。
8．假设政府明年将借的款比今年多200 亿美元。
a．用供求图分析这种政策。
利率会上升还是会下降?答：图26－3 货币市场供求图当政府明年借款增加200 亿美元时，它将使可贷资金需求增加200 亿美元。
与此相比，由于政府借款并不影响在任何一种既定利率时家庭的储蓄量，所以它不影响可贷资金的供给。
在图中，可贷资金需求增加使得可贷资金需求曲线向右从d1 移动到d2，可贷资金需求的增长使可贷资金市场的均衡利率从i1 增加到i2。
b．投资会发生什么变动？私人储蓄呢？公共储蓄呢？国民储蓄呢？将这些变动的大小与政府200 亿美元的额外借款进行比较。
答：可贷资金市场上的利率上升改变了参与贷款市场的家庭和企业行为。
特别是许多可贷资金需求者受到高利率的抑制，买新房子的家庭少了，选择建立新工厂的企业也少了，因此，投资会减少。
利率上升后，家庭会增加他们的储蓄量，所以私人储蓄增加，由于公共储蓄不受利率的影响，所以公共储蓄不变，最后国民储蓄会增加。
c．可贷资金供给弹性如何影响这些变动的大小？答：(a)可贷资金供给弹性大(b)可贷资金供给弹性小141【篇二：曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(2)】生活水平。
中级宏观经济学课件 ch26(曼昆经济学原理)
▪ 在下面的两种情形中，公共储蓄，私人储蓄，国
民储蓄和投资会发生怎样的变动
1. 消费者把所有的减税都作为储蓄存起来 2. 消费者把减税的1/4存起来，花掉另外的3/4
6
主动学习 1
参考答案：B
在两种情形下，公共储蓄都减少了2千亿美元，预算 赤字从3千亿美元上升到5千亿美元
14
主动学习 2
参考答案
利率
6% 5%
S2 S1
预算赤字减少了国民储 蓄和可贷资金的供给
这增加了均衡利率， 并减少可贷资金与投 资的均衡数量
50 60
D1
可贷资金 (十亿美元)
15
可贷资金 (十亿美元)
储蓄、投资和金融体系
赋税减免增加
利率
了可贷资金的需求
S1
6%
这导致均衡利率上升
5%
并增加了可贷资金的
均衡数量
D2
D1
60 70
可贷资金 (十亿美元)
储蓄、投资和金融体系
13
主动学习 2
练习
用可贷资金模型分析政府预算赤字的影响：
▪ 画出表示最初均衡的图形 ▪ 当政府有预算赤字时，哪条曲线会发生移动 ▪ 在图形中画出新的曲线 ▪ 利率与投资的均衡值会发生什么变化？
储蓄、投资和金融体系
10
均衡
利率调整使可贷资金
利率
供求平衡
供给
可贷资金的均衡数
5%
量等于均衡投资，
也等于均衡储蓄
需求
60 可贷资金 (十亿美元)
储蓄、投资和金融体系
11
政策 1: 储蓄激励
储蓄的税收激励增
利率
加了可贷资金的供
S1 S2
曼昆经济学原理英文第六版答案
曼昆经济学原理英文第六版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案8章】ation a new in the news box on ―the tax debate‖ has been added.by the end of this chapter, students should understand:? how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus.? the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. ? why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. ? how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax.chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. in theprevious section on supply and demand, chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. chapter 7 developed welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. the purpose of chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in chapter 6. students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government.144? a tax on a good reduces the welfare of buyers and sellers of the good, and the reduction in consumer and producer surplus usually exceeds the revenue raised by the government. the fall in total surplus—the sum of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and tax revenue—is called thedeadweight loss of the tax.taxes have deadweight losses because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less, and these changesin behavior shrink the size of the market below the level that maximizes total surplus. because the elasticities of supply and demand measure how much market participants respond to market conditions, larger elasticities imply larger deadweight losses.as a tax grows larger, it distorts incentives more, and its deadweight loss grows larger. because a tax reduces the size of a market, however, tax revenue does not continually increase. it first rises with the size of a tax, but if the tax gets large enough, tax revenue starts to fall. ? ?i. the deadweight loss of taxationa. remember that it does not matter who a tax is levied on; buyers and sellers will likely share inthe burden of the tax.b. if there is a tax on a product, the price that a buyer pays will be greater than the price the sellerreceives. thus, there is a tax wedge between the two prices and the quantity sold will be smaller if there was no tax.c. how a tax affects market participants1. we can measure the effects of a tax on consumers by examining the change in consumersurplus. similarly, we can measure the effects of the tax on producers by looking at the change in producer surplus.then the benefit from the tax revenue must not be ignored.3. welfare without a taxa. consumer surplus is equal to: a + b + c.b. producer surplus is equal to: d + e + f.c. total surplus is equal to: a + b + c + d + e + f. 4. welfare with a tax a. consumer surplus is equal to: a.b. producer surplus is equal to: f.5. changes in welfare a. consumer surplus changes by: –(b +c). b. producer surplus changes by: –(d + e). c. tax revenue changes by: +(b + d). d. total surplus changes by: –(c + e). 6. definition of distortion, such as a tax. d. deadweight losses and the gains from tradec. tax revenue is equal to: b +d. d. total surplus is equal to: a +b + d + f.1. taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from benefiting fromtrade.2. this occurs because the quantity of output declines; trades that would be beneficial to both the buyer and seller will nottake place because of the tax.3. the deadweight loss is equal to areas c and e (the drop intotal surplus).4. note that output levels between the equilibrium quantity without the tax and the quantitywith the tax will not be produced, yet the value of these unitsto consumers (represented by the demand curve) is larger than the cost of these units to producers (represented by the supply curve).ii. the determinants of the deadweight lossa. the price elasticities of supply and demand will determinethe size of the deadweight loss that occurs from a tax. 1. givena stable demand curve, the deadweight loss is larger when supply is relatively elastic.2. given a stable supply curve, the deadweight loss is larger when demand is relatively elastic. b. case study: the deadweight loss debate1. social security tax and federal income tax are taxes onlabor earnings. a labor tax places a tax wedge between thewage the firm pays and the wage that workers receive.2. there is considerable debate among economists concerning the size of the deadweight lossfrom this wage tax.3. the size of the deadweight loss depends on the elasticity of labor supply and demand, andthere is disagreement about the magnitude of the elasticity of supply.【篇二：曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案31章】basic conceptsthere is a new in the news feature on the changing nature of u.s. exports and an updated presentation of the u.s. trade deficit.by the end of this chapter, students should understand:??how net exports measure the international flow of goodsand services.??how net capital outflow measures the international flow of capital.??why net exports must always equal net foreign investment.??how saving, domestic investment, and net capital outflow are related.??the meaning of the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate.??purchasing-power parity as a theory of how exchange rates are determined.chapter 18 is the first chapter in a two-chapter sequence dealing with open-economy macroeconomics. chapter 18 develops the basic concepts and vocabulary associated with macroeconomics in an international setting: net exports, net capital outflow, real and nominal exchange rates, and purchasing-power parity. the next chapter, chapter 19, builds an open-economy macroeconomic model that shows how these variables are determined simultaneously.the purpose of chapter 18 is to develop the basic concepts macroeconomists use to study open economies. it addresses why a nation’s net exports must equal its net capital outflow. it also addresses the concepts of the real and nominal exchange rate and develops a theory of exchange ratedetermination known as purchasing-power parity.298??net exports are the value of domestic goods and services sold abroad (exports) minus the value offoreign goods and services sold domestically (imports). net capital outflow is the acquisition of foreign assets by domestic residents (capital outflow) minus the acquisition of domestic assets by foreigners (capital inflow). because every international transaction involves an exchange of an asset for a good or service, an economy’s net capital outflow always equals its net exports.an economy’s saving can be used to finance investment at home or buy assets abroad. thus, national saving equals domestic investment plus net capital outflow.the nominal exchange rate is the relative price of the currency of two countries, and the real exchange rate is the relative price of the goods and services of two countries. when the nominal exchange rate changes so that each dollar buys more foreign currency, the dollar is said to appreciate or strengthen. when the nominal exchange rate changes so that each dollarbuys less foreign currency, the dollar is said to depreciate or weaken.according to the theory of purchasing-power parity, a dollar (or a unit of any other currency) should be able to buy the same quantity of goods in all countries. this theory implies that the nominal exchange rate between the currencies of two countries should reflect the price levels in those countries. as a result, countries with relatively high inflation should have depreciating currencies, and countries with relatively low inflation should have appreciating currencies. ?? ?? ??i. we will no longer be assuming that the economy is a closed economy.a. definition of in the world.b. definition of around the world.ii. the international flows of goods and capitala. the flow of goods: exports, imports, and net exports1. definition of abroad.2. definition of domestically.imports, also called the trade balance.4. definition of : the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports, also called net exports.5. definition of .6. definition of .7. definition of .8. there are several factors that influence a country’s exports, imports, and net exports:a. the tastes of consumers for domestic and foreign goods.b. the prices of goods at home and abroad.c. the exchange rates at which people can use domestic currency to buy foreign currencies.d. the incomes of consumers at home and abroad.e. the cost of transporting goods from country to country.f. government policies toward international trade.9. case study: the increasing openness of the u.s. economy a. figure 1 shows the total value of exports and imports (expressed as a percentage of gdp) for the united states since 1950. b. advances in transportation, telecommunications, and technological progress are some of the reasons why international trade has increased over time. c. policymakers around the world have also become more accepting of freetrade over time. 10. in the news: the changing nature of u.s. exports a. growing u.s. exports include entertainment royalties, tourism, travel, and services. b. this article from the wall street journal describes the growth in new exports. b. the flow of financial resources: net capital outflow1. definition of residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreigners.2. the flow of capital abroad takes two forms. a. foreign direct investment occurs when a capital investment is owned and operated by a foreign entity.b. foreign portfolio investment involves an investment that is financed with foreign money but operated by domestic residents.3. net capital outflow can be positive or negative.a. when net capital outflow is positive, domestic residents are buying more foreign assets than foreigners are buying domestic assets. capital is flowing out of the country.b. when net capital outflow is negative, domestic residents are buying fewer foreign assets than foreigners are buying domestic assets. the country is experiencing a capital inflow. 4. there are several factors that influence a country’s net capital outflow:a. the real interest rates being paid on foreign assets.b. the real interest rates being paid on domestic assets.c. the perceived economic and political risks of holding assets abroad.d. the government policies that affect foreign ownership of domestic assets.c. the equality of net exports and net capital outflow1. net exports and net capital outflow each measure a type of imbalance in a world market.a. net exports measure the imbalance between a country’s exports and imports in world markets for goods and services.b. net capital outflow measures the imbalance between the amount of foreign assets bought by domestic residents andthe amount of domestic assets bought by foreigners inworld financial markets.2. for an economy, net exports must be equal to net capital outflow.3. example: you are a computer programmer who sells some software to a japanese consumer for 10,000 yen. a. thesale is an export of the united states so u.s. net exports increase.b. there are several things you could do with the 10,000 yenc. you could hold the yen (which is a japanese asset) or use it to purchase another japanese asset. either way, u.s. net capital outflow rises.d. alternatively, you could use the yen to purchase a japanese good. thus, u.s. imports will rise so the net effect on net exports will be zero.e. one final possibility is that you could exchange the yen for dollars at a bank. this doesnot change the situation though, because the bank then must use the yen for something.alternative classroom example: assume that u.s. residents do not want to buy any foreign assets, but foreign residents want to purchase some stock in a u.s. firm (such as microsoft). how are the foreigners going to get the dollars to purchase the stock? they would do it the same way u.s. residents would purchase the stock—they would have to earn more than they spend. in other words, foreigners must sell the united states more goods and services than they purchase from the united states. this leads to negative net exports for the united states. the extra dollars spent by u.s. residents on foreign-produced goods and services would be used to purchase the stock in microsoft. 4. this example can be generalized to the economy as a whole.a. when a nation is running a trade surplus (nx 0), it must be using the foreign currencyto purchase foreign assets. thus, capital is flowing out of the country (nco 0).b. when a nation is running a trade deficit (nx 0), it must be financing the net purchase of these goods by selling assets abroad. thus, capital is flowing into the country (nco0).5. every international transaction involves exchange. when a seller country transfers a good orservice to a buyer country, the buyer country gives up some asset to pay for the good or service.6. thus, the net value of the goods and services sold by a country (net exports) must equal thenet value of the assets acquired (net capital outflow).d. saving, investment, and their relationship to the international flows1. recall that gdp (y ) is the sum of four components: consumption (c ), investment (i ),government purchases (g ) and net exports (nx ).【篇三：曼昆宏观经济学课后答案(英文版)】quizzes:1. gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyonein the economy; and (2) the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services. it can measure both of these things at once because income must equal expenditure for the economy as a whole.2. the production of a pound of caviar contributes more to gdp than the production of apound of hamburger because the contribution to gdp is measured by market value and the price of a pound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. the four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption;(2) investment; (3)government purchases; and (4) net exports. the largest component is consumption, which accounts for more thantwo-thirds of total expenditure.4. nominal gdp is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. realgdp is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. real gdp is a better measure of economicwell-being because it reflects the eco nomy’s ability to satisfy people’s needs and desires. thus a rise in real gdp means people have produced more goods and services, but a rise in nominal gdp could occur either because of increased production or because of higher prices.5. although gdp is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger gdp means that a nation can afford better health care, better educational systems, and more of the material necessities of life.questions for review:1.2.3.4. an economys income must equal its expenditure, since every transaction has a buyer and a seller. thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers. the production of a luxury car contributes more to gdp than the production of an economy car because the luxury car has a higher market value. the contribution to gdp is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that is sold. the sale of used records does not affect gdp at all because it involves no current production.5. the four components of gdp are consumption, such as the purchase of a music cd;investment, such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order for military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of american wheat to russia.6. economists use real gdp rather than nominal gdp to gauge economic well-beingbecause real gdp is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts being produced. if nominal gdp rises, you do not know if that is because of increased production or higher prices.7.the percentage change in nominal gdp is (600-200)/200 x 100 = 200%. the percentage change in real gdp is (400-200)/200 x 100 = 100%. the percentage change in the deflator is (150-100)/100 x 100 = 50%.8. it is desirable for a country to have a large gdp because people could enjoy more goodsand services. but gdp is not the only important measure of well-being. for example, laws that restrict pollution cause gdp to be lower. if laws against pollution were eliminated, gdp would be higher but the pollution might make us worse off. or, for example, an earthquake would raise gdp, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. but an earthquake is an undesirable event that lowers our welfare.problems and applications:1. a. consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by ahousehold.b. investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, butinvestment decreases because the car in ford’s inventory had been counted as aninvestment good until it was sold.d. consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. government purchases increase because the government spent money to providea good to the public.f. consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household,but net exports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2.3. with transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to gdp. purchases of new housing are included in the investment portion of gdp because housingprovides services for a long time. for the same reason, purchases of new cars could be thought of as investment, but by convention, they are not. the logic could apply to any durable good, such as household appliances.if gdp included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year, plus sales of goods produced ina previous year. it would double-count goods that were sold more than once and would count goods in gdp for severalyears if they were produced in one year and resold in another. 4.5. a. 2001: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 50 qts. honey)= $2002002: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $4002003: ($2 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $8002001: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. ofhoney ? 50 qts. honey)= $2002002: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $4002003: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $4002001: ($200/$200) ? 100 = 1002002: ($400/$400) ? 100 = 1002003: ($800/$400) ? 100 = 200b. percentage change in nominal gdp in 2002 = [($400 - $200)/$200] ? 100 =100%.percentage change in nominal gdp in 2003 = [($800 -$400)/$400] ? 100 =100%.percentage change in real gdp in 2002 = [($400 - $200)/$200] ? 100 = 100%.percentage change in real gdp in 2003 = [($400 - $400)/$400] ? 100 = 0%.percentage change in the gdp deflator in 2002 = [(100 -100)/100] ? 100 = 0%.percentage change in the gdp deflator in 2003 = [(200 -100)/100] ? 100 =100%.prices did not change from 2001 to 2002. thus, thepercentage change in thegdp deflator is zero. likewise, output levels did not change from 2002 to 2003.this means that the percentage change in real gdp is zero.c. economic well-being rose more in 2002 than in 2003, since real gdp rose in2002 but not in 2003. in 2002, real gdp rose and prices didn’t. in 2003, realgdp didn’t rise and prices did.6.a.b.c.d.e.f.7. the growth rate of nominal gdp is higher than the growth rate of real gdp because of inflation. the growth rate of real gdp is ($8,367 - $8,203)/$8,203 ? 100% = 2.0%. real gdp in 2000 (in 1996 dollars) is $9,873/(118/100) = $8,367. real gdp in 1999 (in 1996 dollars) is $9,269/(113/100) = $8,203. the growth rate ofthe deflator is (118 - 113)/113 ? 100% = 4.4%. the growth rate of nominal gdp is ($9,873 - $9,269)/$9,269 ? 100% = 6.5%. economists ignore the rise in peoples incomes that is caused by higher prices becausealthough incomes are higher, the prices of the goods and services that people buy are also higher. therefore, they will not necessarily be able to purchase more goods and services. for this reason, economists prefer to look at real gdp instead of nominal gdp.many answers are possible.a. gdp equals the dollar amount barry collects, which is $400.8. 9.c.d.e.10. national income = nnp - sales taxes = $350 - $30 = $320. personal income = national income - retained earnings = $320 - $100 = $220. disposable personal income = personal income - personal income tax = $220 - $70 = $150. in countries like india, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that isnot included in gdp. so gdp per person in india and the united states will differ by more than their comparative economicwell-being.if the government cares about the total income of americans,it will emphasize gnp, since that measure includes the income of americans that is earned abroad and excludes the income of foreigners. if the government cares about the total amount ofeconomic activity occurring in the united states, it will emphasize gdp, which measures the level of production in the country, whether produced by domestic citizens or foreigners.a. the increased labor-force participation of women has increased gdp in theunited states, since it means more people are working and production hasincreased.if our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and takingleisure, it wouldnt rise as much as gdp, since the rise in womens labor-forceparticipation has reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in womens increasedlabor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women inthe workforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spentwith children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. such aspectswould be quite difficult to measure. 11. 12. b. c.24章quick quizzes1. the consumer price index tries to measure the overall cost of the goods and servicesbought by a typical consumer. it is constructed by surveying consumers to fix a basket of goods and services that the typical consumer buys, finding the prices of the goods and。
曼昆宏观经济学-课后答案-中文版
3、劳工统计局把经济中每个人分为三种类型：就业、失业以及不属于劳动力。一
失业率是失业者在劳动力中所占的百分比，其中劳动力为就业者和失业者之和。一
-I、奥肯定理是指失业与实际GDP之间的这种负相关关系。就业工人有助于生产物品与劳务，
而失业工人并非如此。失业率提高必定与实际GDP的减少相关。舆肯定理可以概括为等式：
济活动不完善的衡量。一旦男管家的工作成为他家务劳动的一部分，他的劳务就不再计入GDP。
这例子说明，GDP不包括任何在家里产出的价值。同样，GDP也不包括耐用品（汽车以及电冰箱
等）的估算租金和非法贸易等物品或劳务。一
_I、政府采购、投资、净出口、消费、投资一
6、(1)2000年名义GDP-10000000，2010年名义GDP-15200000，2010年实际GDP-IOOOOOOO
清模型无用。首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。市场出清模型
并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。价格的伸缩性对研究我
们在几十年中所观察到的实际GDP增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。
第二章宏观经济学数据
复习题
1、GDP既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。
2010年GDP隐含的价格平减指数-1. 52，2010年(’PI-1.6一
(2)隐含的价格平减指数是帕氏指数，因为它是用一篮子可变物品计算的。CPI是拉斯派
尔指数，因为它是用一篮子固定物品计算的。由(1)中计算得2010年隐含的价格平减指数
是1.52，它表示物价从2000年到2010年上涨了5)0，o；而（1PI是1.6，它表示物价从2000年到2010
随着劳动力增加而递减。因此，实际工资下降。一
(完整版)曼昆宏观经济学原理答案
第一篇导言复习题第一章宏观经济学的科学1、解释宏观经济学和微观经济学之间的差距，这两个领域如何相互关联？【答案】微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。
微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境况更好。
而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。
应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业之间的相互作用所构成的。
因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。
2、为什么经济学家建立模型？【答案】一般来说，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。
经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。
这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。
另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。
3、什么是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设是适用的？【答案】市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。
市场出清模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。
但是，我们知道价格具有伸缩性是一个很强的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。
比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。
因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。
现在一般认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时，最好假设价格具有刚性。
因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。
曼昆经济学原理答案(宏观部分)
第八篇宏观经济学的数据第二十二章一国收入的衡量复习题1．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出?答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。
因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。
一个买者的1美元支出是另一个卖者的1美元收入。
因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。
由于GDP既衡量总收入又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为总支出来衡量，GDP都相等。
2．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对GDP的贡献更大?为什么?答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP的贡献大。
因为GDP是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。
由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。
由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP的贡献更大。
3．农民以2美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。
面包师用小麦制成面包，面包以3美元的价格出售。
这些交易对GDP的贡献是多少呢?答：对GDP的贡献是3美元。
GDP只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了。
4．许多年以前佩吉为了收集唱片而花了500美元。
今天她在旧货销售时把她收集的物品卖了100美元。
这种销售如何影响现期GDP?答：现期GDP只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。
因而这种销售不影响现期GDP。
5．列出GDP的四个组成部分。
各举一个例子。
答：GDP等于消费(C)+投资(I)+政府购买(G)+净出口(NX)消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。
投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车厂。
政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇。
净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品(出口)减国内购买的外国物品(进口)。
曼昆《宏观经济学》完整版
曼昆《宏观经济学》完整版宏观经济学讲稿第⼀篇宏观经济变量第⼀章总产出⼀、总产出核算的指标1. 国民⽣产总值和国内⽣产总值（1）国民⽣产总值（GNP）：指⼀个国家或地区⼀定时期内由本地公民所⽣产的全部最终产品和劳务的价格总和。
GNP在统计时必须注意以下原则：第⼀，GNP统计的是最终产品，⽽不是中间产品。
最终产品供⼈们直接使⽤和消费，不再转卖的产品和劳务。
中间产品作为⽣产投⼊品，不能直接使⽤和消费的产品和劳务。
第⼆，GNP是流量⽽⾮存量。
流量是指⼀定时期内发⽣或产⽣的变量。
存量是指某⼀时点上观测或测量到的变量。
第三，GNP按国民原则，⽽不按国⼟原则计算。
（2）国内⽣产总值（GDP）：指⼀定时期内在⼀个国家或地区范围内所⽣产的全部最终产品和劳务的价格总和。
GDP与GNP的关系是：GDP = GNP-本国公民在国外⽣产的最终产品和劳务的价格+外国公民在本国⽣产的最终产品和劳务的价格2. 国民⽣产净值与国内⽣产净值国民⽣产净值（NNP）与国内⽣产净值（NDP）：GNP或GDP扣除折旧以后的余额。
它们是⼀个国家或地区⼀定时期内财富存量新增加的部分。
3. 国民收⼊（NI）：NNP或NDP扣除间接税后的余额。
它⼊体现了⼀个国家或地区⼀定时期内⽣产要素收⼊，即⼯资、利息、租⾦和利润的总和。
间接税指能够转嫁税负即可以通过提⾼商品和劳务的售价把税负转嫁给购买者的税收。
这类税收⼀般在⽣产和流通环节征收，如增值税、营业税、关税等。
直接税指不能转嫁税负即只能由纳税⼈⾃⼰承担税负的税收。
这类税收⼀般在收⼊环节征收，如所得税。
4. 个⼈收⼊（PI）：⼀个国家或地区⼀定时期内个⼈所得的全部收⼊。
它是国民收⼊进⼀些必要的调整后形成的⼀个指标。
最主要的扣减项有：公司未分配利润、社会保障⽀付；最主要的增加项有：政府对个⼈的转移⽀付，如失业救济、退休⾦、医疗补助等。
5. 个⼈可⽀配收⼊（DPI）：个⼈收⼊扣除所得税以后的余额。
国民经济核算体系（SNA）各级指标之间的关系是：GNP或GDP减折旧；等于——NNP或NDP减间接税；等于——NI减公司未分配利润、社会保障⽀付；加转移⽀付；等于——PI减个⼈所得税；等于——DPI⼆、总产出核算的⽅法1. 收⼊法：把⼀个国家或地区⼀定时期内所有个⼈和部门的收⼊进⾏汇总。
曼昆宏观经济学第四版答案
曼昆宏观经济学第四版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(6)】ass=txt>政府购买＝税收－公共储蓄g＝1．5－0．2＝1．3 万亿美元储蓄＝投资i＝0．7 万亿美元消费＝国民收入－投资－政府购买c＝8－0．7－1．3＝6 万亿美元7．假设英特尔公司正考虑建立一个新芯片工厂。
a．假设英特尔公司需要在债券市场上借钱，为什么利率上升会影响英特尔关于是否建立这个工厂的决策?答：因为利率上升增加了英特尔公司在债券市场上借钱的成本，减少了建立这个工厂预期利润，因此英特尔公司有可能不会建立这个工厂。
b．如果英特尔公司有足够的自有资金来为新工厂筹资而不用借钱，利率的上升还会影响英特尔公司关于是否建立一个工厂的决策吗？解释之。
答：也会。
因为利率上升意味着英特尔公司自有资金的其他投资方式的预期回报增加，因而增加了建立这个工厂的机会成本。
8．假设政府明年将借的款比今年多 200 亿美元。
a．用供求图分析这种政策。
利率会上升还是会下降?答：图 26－3 货币市场供求图当政府明年借款增加 200 亿美元时，它将使可贷资金需求增加 200亿美元。
和此相比，由于政府借款并不影响在任何一种既定利率时家庭的储蓄量，所以它不影响可贷资金的供给。
在图中，可贷资金需求增加使得可贷资金需求曲线向右从 d1 移动到 d2，可贷资金需求的增长使可贷资金市场的均衡利率从 i1 增加到 i2。
b．投资会发生什么变动？私人储蓄呢？公共储蓄呢？国民储蓄呢？将这些变动的大小和政府 200 亿美元的额外借款进行比较。
答：可贷资金市场上的利率上升改变了参和贷款市场的家庭和企业行为。
特别是许多可贷资金需求者受到高利率的抑制，买新房子的家庭少了，选择建立新工厂的企业也少了，因此，投资会减少。
利率上升后，家庭会增加他们的储蓄量，所以私人储蓄增加，由于公共储蓄不受利率的影响，所以公共储蓄不变，最后国民储蓄会增加。
c．可贷资金供给弹性如何影响这些变动的大小？答：(a)可贷资金供给弹性大 (b)可贷资金供给弹性小141【篇二：曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(2)】生活水平。
曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案
曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案【篇一：曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)】class=txt>课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1. 稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲望无限性之间的矛盾。
2. 经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
其中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定资源约束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。
3. 效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或者是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。
它与产出或收益大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。
4. 平等平等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
它是一个历史范畴，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不同而不同，不存在永恒的公平；它也是一个客观范畴，尽管在不同的社会形态中内涵不同对其的理解不同，但都是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。
5. 机会成本机会成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。
其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源具有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。
6. 理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。
7. 边际变动边际变动是指对行动计划的微小增量调整。
8. 激励激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
9. 市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置实际上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。
10. 产权产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也可以理解为人们对其所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或他人在经济利益上受益或受损的权力。
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Chapter 26 Problems and Applications
1. a. The bond of an eastern European government would pay a higher interest rate than the bond of the U.S. government because there would be a greater risk of default.
b. A bond that repays the principal in 2025 would pay a higher interest rate than a bond that repays the principal in 2005 because it has a longer term to maturity, so there is more risk to the principal.
c. A bond from a software company you run in your garage would pay a higher interest rate than a bond from Coca-Cola because your software company has more credit risk.
d. A bond issued by the federal government would pay a higher interest rate than a bond issued by New York State because an investor does not have to pay federal income tax on the bond from New York state.
2. The stock market does have a social purpose. Firms obtain funds for investment by issuing new stock. People are more likely to buy that stock because there are organized stock markets, so people know that they can sell their stock if they want to.
3. When the Russian government defaulted on its debt, investors perceived a higher chance of default (than they had before) on similar bonds sold by other developing countries. Thus, the supply of loanable funds shifted to the left, as shown in Figure 1. The result was an increase in the interest rate. Figure 1 4. Companies encourage their employees to hold stock in the company because it gives the employees the incentive to care about the firm’s profits, not just their own salary. Then, if employees see waste or see areas in which the firm can improve, they will take actions that benefit the company because they know the value of their stock will rise as a result. It also gives employees an additional incentive to work hard, knowing that if the firm does well, they will profit.
But from an employee’s point of view, owning stock in the company for which she or he works can be risky. The employee’s wages or salary is already tied to how well the firm performs. If the firm has trouble, the employee could be laid off or have her or his salary reduced. If the employee owns stock in the firm, then there is a double whammythe employee is unemployed or gets a lower salary and the value of the stock falls as well. So owning stock in your own company is a very risky proposition. Most employees would be better off diversifyingowning stock or bonds in other companiesso their fortunes would not depend so much on the firm for which they work.
5. To a macroeconomist, saving occurs when a person’s income exceeds his consumption, while investment occurs when a person or firm purchases new capital, such as a house or business equipment.
a. When your family takes out a mortgage and buys a new house, that is investment because it is a purchase of new capital.
b. When you use your $200 paycheck to buy stock in AT&T, that is saving because your income of $200 is not being spent on consumption goods.
c. When your roommate earns $100 and deposits it in her account at a bank, that is saving because the money is not spent on consumption goods.
d. When you borrow $1,000 from a bank to buy a car to use in your pizza-delivery business, that is investment because the car is a capital good.
6. Given that Y = 8, T = 1.5, Sprivate = 0.5 = Y −T − C, Spublic = 0.2 = T − G. Because Sprivate = Y − T − C, then rearranging gives C = Y − T − Sprivate = 8 − 1.5 − 0.5 = 6. Because Spublic = T − G, then rearranging gives G = T − Spublic = 1.5 − 0.2 = 1.3. Because S = national saving = Sprivate + Spublic = 0.5 + 0.2 = 0.7. Finally, because I = investment = S, I = 0.7.
7. a. If interest rates increase, the costs of borrowing money to build the factory become higher, so the returns from building the new plant may not be sufficient to cover the costs. Thus, higher interest rates make it less likely that Intel will build the new factory.
b. Even if Intel uses its own funds to finance the factory, the rise in interest rates still matters. There is an opportunity cost on the use of the funds. Instead of investing in the factory, Intel could invest the money in the bond market to earn the higher interest rate available there. Intel will compare its potential returns from building the factory to the potential returns from the bond market. If interest rates rise, so that bond market returns rise, Intel is again less likely to invest in the factory.
Figure 2 8. a. Figure 2 illustrates the effect of the $20 billion increase in government borrowing. Initially, the supply of loanable funds is curve S1, the equilibrium real interest rate is i1, and the quantity of loanable funds is L1. The increase in government borrowing by $20 billion reduces the supply of loanable funds at each interest rate by $20 billion, so the new supply curve, S2, is shown by a shift to the left of S1 by exactly $20 billion. As a result of the shift, the new equilibrium real interest rate is i2. The interest rate has increased as a result of the increase in government borrowing.