Applications of Three-dimensional CAD in
中英文文献翻译—基于CATIA的汽车改装式升降台数字样机建模及应用研究
附录附录AModified Car Lifting Platform Based on CATIA Modeling andApplication of Digital PrototypingDescribes the use of CATIA V5 mechanical parts i and zero-dimensional modeling, virtual assembly of the basic process components and steps, and worm assembly, for example in detail. The effect of improving the mechanical design to improve design efficiency and shorten the design cycle time, has some practical significance1 OverviewCATIA software from IBM and Dassault company to launch high-end CAD / CAM software, has become the international aviation industry preferred design software. With its strong surface design features in the machinery, aircraft, automobile, shipbuilding and other widely used design, CATIA surface modeling capabilities is reflected in the features and advantages it provides a very rich modeling tools to support the user modeling needs. As its unique high-order Bezier curve and surface features, the number can reach 15, can well meet specific industry demanding requirements of surface smoothness. Application CATlA constructed solid model can be directly applied to other analysis software ANSYS finite element analysis CATIA software with three-dimensional CAD software and other standard data interface for easy data conversion model.CATIA V5 is based on the Windows platform, and to fully parametric feature modeling technology as the core feature-based modeling software, which is consistent with the Windows-style menu bar, standard shortcuts, contextual menus, multi-document interface, you can make the difference Windows applications to share data, OLE integration, so work quickly and efficiently, can significantly reduce training time. CATIA parts assembly is basic, but also the most advantages and features function modules, including the creation of an assembly, add the specified components or parts to the assembly, the assembly relationship between componentsto create, move and layout of the assembly members, generated an explosion of products diagram, assembly interference and gap analysis and other major features?.2 three-dimensional modeling based on CATIA and assembly2.1 Design sketchesSketch design is the starting point of three-dimensional design, and its essence is a two-dimensional line, surface design, software design with a traditional two-dimensional functions. Parametric design of the basic approach is to start from scratch design, size and geometric constraints imposed by creating a sketch feature, then apply the size-driven technology to automatically generate parts of the three-dimensional solid model, in the use of technology to generate two-dimensional contour sketches do not have to outline the exact size of the input , the parameters in the future to get the design process. Thus, during the product design, you can always adjust the design size, without a clear early in the design of the design size, enhance the ease of CAD software, to better achieve a user-friendly design, but also for the design of series improvement of products and original products and parts "borrowed" are convenient.2.2 to generate three-dimensional part blankCATIA has a strong three-dimensional solid modeling functionality, the user plane in the sketch, after drawing two-dimensional graphics, into the part design (Part Design) modules, you can rotate, stretch, lofting, stiffened, and other methods to generate the draft three-dimensional parts to be rough. Constraints can also use parameterized functions to be modified according to need. Designers can change for the body part blank to achieve the design process by "drawing" to "design" changes, and CATIA V5 provides three-dimensional model of the specific features make the design more similar to the production process, better to achieve a combination of design and processing.2.3 complete the three-dimensional modelingCATIA V5 provides feature-based design, will feature as a design element, the characteristics of the product as a combination, through the object from the class to be achieved step by step description of the specific shape of the design. After generating the rough three-dimensional parts can be used to drilling, slotting, shells, chamfer, plus convex sets, such as T with internal and external threads on the "rough" to "processing", the final completion of mechanical parts solid modeling.2.4 complete the virtual assemblyVirtual assembly is using virtual assembly technology, three-dimensional computer model will be assembled together, it can avoid the application of physical prototypes, but also for parts for clearance and interference testing, reduce the sample error rate. In the product design process can use various techniques such as analysis, evaluation, simulation, and give full consideration to the assembly areas and related products during the various possible factors. Product performance and functionality to meet the conditions to improve the product assembly structure, the design of the product not only assembly, and minimize assembly cost and total product costs, shorten design cycles.CATIA-based virtual assembly model has parallel, bottom-up and top-down approach to product development, this article focuses on bottom-up design. Construct the first module in the parts of parts of the three-dimensional model, then components in the assembly module to create constraints between the position, orientation relationships, about the relationship between parts to quantify the actual with the virtual assembly process between the various components entities location constraint relationship. In this way, parts of the geometry is being used in the assembly process, and not simply be copied to the assembly, to truly realize the part of the "virtual" assembly.CATIA assembly workbench provides a flexible and intuitive tool to determine the relationship between parts. Workbench allows users to assemble the component parts and various sub-assemblies combined together to form the final assembly in the assembly environment, according to the defined constraints, parts can be modified, analysis, and relocation HJ. CATIA features with a single database, regardless of how editors edit parts and components where the whole assembly of parts to maintain the consistency of association, if you modify the components, assemblies that reference it automatically updated, real-time components reflect the latest change. Virtual assembly steps: the assembly provided in CArllA bench, leaders need to assemble the parts and components (CATIA provides the main method of inserting parts into parts, into the products, parts and insert new components into existing, etc.) . Then, the constraints on the components and the establishment of appropriate assembly relationship, according to the requirements of the different parts of the assembly, use a different constraint relations, and finally get a complete assembly model.And Pro / E compared to the assembly process using CATIA has automatically created two parts to be assembled their design basis points of overlap between components to facilitate the designer a clear design basis between the assembly and parts between the base difference.3 Design ExampleThe worm drive, for example, the use of CATIA modeling and assembly process and methods described.3.1 to create three-dimensional model wormAnalysis of the structure of the worm part, clearly the main features of the structure to determine the modeling steps. By rotating the worm body, composed of the alveolar and keyway parts, the basic characteristics of a rotating body.3.1.1 Create three-dimensional model of the worm part(1) in draft mode to draw shapes according to the rough shape of the worm rough sketches, the establishment of size constraints, such as size changes, chamfer, etc. (of course, also in the formation of rough chamfer after the entity).(2) In the design mode, the use of rotating parts (Shaft) tool to generate worm blank.(3) According to the worm's parameters, to calculate the alveolar pitch worm and the worm screw according to the mode of curves and surfaces generated a worm wrapped around the spiral, as the slot scanning wire.(4) Since the end of cylindrical worm Archimedes Archimedes spiral, oblique axial plane to a straight line ∞], so the worm shaft can choose almost plane, in draft mode, draw a trapezoid (must be a closed curve), its distance from the axis of the bottom margin is just the worm tooth root radius, both sides of the edge and face angle of 20. (Note: The pitch at both sides of the edge distance should be the pitch circle space width).(5) in the part design mode using the narrow slot (Slot) tool to generate an alveolar; use the whole array of tools to worm out of the alveolar process.(6) in draft mode to draw shapes keyway, the use of stretch cutting (Pocket) tool to generate key slot, to complete the three-dimensional construction of the worm Mode.3.1.2 create three-dimensional model worm partsAnalysis of worm parts of the structure, clearly a major componentcharacteristics to determine the modeling steps. As the worm gear and ring gear teeth by the core 2 parts, so the ring gear and the tooth should be separated from the core model, and then assembled.Parts using CATIA modeling platform provided by the ring gear and the worm were generated tooth core.3.2 parts of the assembly3.2.1 Import PartsAssembly in CATIA provides the product structure workbench tool bar, use of existing parts into the function of the prior conductivity has been designed worm and worm parts.3.2.2 the establishment of bindingAs part of the import process CAITA has established a worm in the worm and the axial profile width of 1 / 2 of the face overlap constraint relations, has pledged its profile in the worm drive of the main (center section) on the alignment, in The only other two to determine the direction of the constraint relationship. Center distance worm gear in accordance with requirements (center distance worm and worm gear during physical modeling, based on the geometric parameters of worm and worm calculated), the establishment of the worm and worm wheel axis offset between the axis of restraint to ensure that the difference between the distance to meet the design requirements.Along the axis of the worm to establish worm constraint relation, which is to ensure "in the middle of the worm and worm gear worm side of the axis of symmetry perpendicular to the plane" and "worm width 1 / 2 symmetry on the alveolar surface profile" coincidence (Note: during the worm and worm wheel solid modeling calculations must be accurate, otherwise it will not be accurate worm and worm wheel working position) to ensure that the worm and worm gear installed in the corresponding position. Generated as shown in Figure 1 worm drive assembly model.4 ConclusionCATIA 3D design software design tools provide a complete and convenient user interface, the interface and options designed with a consistent style with Microsoft products, greatly reducing the user for the software to learn and adapt to the cycle, to a large extent improved the operation of complex 3D modeling software defects. Meanwhile, CATIA feature-based 3D modeling functions it has the followingadvantages:(1) inherited the use of solid modeling software for product design, the user can directly see on the screen the true three-dimensional model of the product characteristics, to model their ideas closer to the body composition, more intuitive design.(2) parametric design changes to facilitate the graphic size, quickly plotted, relative to the two-dimensional graphics methods, designed to greatly reduce the workload, especially in the subsequent parametric design for the technical staff provides an easy design, easy to modify the platform, facilitating product serial design.(3) The feature-based modeling idea, the use of Boolean operators seeking intersecting lines, intersecting lines, the engineering drawing speed faster, more accurate line.(4) assembly method using a virtual machine, you can directly check the product design space mechanical system components and assembly of interference and to further visualize the design and analysis, concurrent engineering has a certain significance.附录B基于CATIA的汽车改装式升降台数字样机建模及应用研究介绍了利用CATIA V5进行机械零件i维造型以及零、部件虚拟装配的基本过程与步骤，并以蜗轮蜗杆装配为例进行详细说明。
3D打印外文文献翻译译文
文献出处:Paul G. 3D printing technology and its application[J]. Anatomical sciences education, 2015, 10(3): 430-450.原文3D printing technology and its applicationPaul GAbstract3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is being a trend and hot topic.Desktop level gradually mature and application of 3D printing devices began to promote the rise of the Global 3D printing market, Global industrial Analysis pany (Global Industry Analysis Inc) research report predicts Global 3D printing market in 2018 will be $2.99 billion. Keywords: 3D printing;Application; Trend13D printing and 3D printers3D printing and 3D printing are two entirely different concepts.3D printing is separated into different angles the picture of the red, blue two images, then the two images according to the regulation of parallax distance overprint together, using special glasses to create the 3D visual effect, or after special treatment, the picture printed directly on the special grating plate, thus rendering 3D visual effect of printing technology.And 3D printing refers to the 3D ink-jet printing technology, stacked with hierarchical processing forms, print increase step by step a material to generate a 3D entity, meet with 3D models, such as laser forming technology of manufacturing the same real 3D object digital manufacturing technology.3D printers, depending on thetechnology used by its working principle can be divided into two categories:1.1 3D printer based on 3D printing technologyBased on 3D printing technology of 3D printer, by stored barrels out a certain amount of raw material powder, powder on processing platform is roller pushed into a thin layer, then the print head in need of forming regional jet is a kind of special glue.At this time, met the adhesive will rapidly solidified powder binder, and does not meet the adhesive powder remain loose state.After each spray layer, the processing platform will automatically fall a bit, according to the result of puter chip cycle, until the real finished.After just remove the outer layer of the loose powder can obtain required for manufacturing three-dimensional physical.1.2 3D printers based on fused deposition manufacturing technologyBased on fused deposition manufacturing technology of the working principle of 3D printer is first in the control software of 3D printers into physical data generated by CAD and treated generated to support the movement of materials and thermal spray path.Then hot nozzle will be controlled by puter according to the physical section contour information in printed planar motion on the plane, at the same time by thermoplastic filamentous material for wire agency sent to the hot shower, and after the nozzle to add heat and melt into a liquid extrusion, and spraying in the corresponding work platform.Spray thermoplastic material on the platform after rapid cooling form the outline of a thickness of 0.1 mm wafer, forming a 3D printing section.The process cycle, load, decrease of bench height then layers of cladding forming stacked 3D printing section, ultimately achieve the desired three-dimensional object.2 The application of 3D printing needsThe 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, construction, automotive, aerospace, dental, medical, and even food, etc. Different areas., according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resin, nylon, gypsum, ABS, polycarbonate (PC) or food ingredients, etc.3D printers of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market, the huge potential in the production application, hot applications outlined below.2.1 Industrial applications"Air cycling" is located in Bristol, UK the European aeronautic defense and Space pany using 3D printers, application of 3D printing technology to create the world's first print bike.The bike to use as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon, the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials.More interestingly, "air bike", chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time, without the original manufacture parts first, and then the parts together of assembly process, after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely.Bicycle manufacturing process like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines, 3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other. 2.2 Medical applicationsIn medicine, the use of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional materials bination modified into the capillaries, not only has good flexibility and patibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood vessels, bined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drugdevelopment.Biotechnology in Germany in October 2011 show, Biotechnical Fair), using 3D printers print artificial blood capillary to attract the attention of the participants, these artificial capillary has been applied in clinical medicine.2.3 application of daily life"3D food printer" is developed by Cornell University in New York, the United States food manufacturing equipment.The "3D food printer" used similar routine puter printers, the working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container (cartridge) in advance only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD software can keep the food "print out".For many chefs, the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality, higher food ing the "3D food printer" making food, from raw materials to finished products can significantly reduce the link, so as to avoid the pollution in the links of food processing, transportation, packing and so on and preservation, etc.Because of the cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer, so food raw materials must be liquid or other can "print" state.2.4 IT applicationsRecently, a group of researchers in Disney's use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic glass high pervious to light plastic, at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors, realize the new breakthrough in the IT ing 3D printing light pipe can produce high-tech international chess; the chess pieces can detect and display the current location.Although the monochrome screen pared with in the daily life, rich and colorful display some insignificant, but it hasa 3D printing the advantages of low cost, simple manufacturing process.In addition to the display screen, the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors.These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the results output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT applications.3 The development trend of 3D printing technology3D printing technology continues to develop, greatly reduce the cost of the already from research and development of niche space into the mainstream market, the momentum of development is unstoppable, has bee a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts, souvenirs and arts and crafts, greatly attracted social attention and investment, development speed, the market began to quantity and qualitative leap.It is predicted that in 2020, 3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production.In the next 10 years on the puter to plete the product design blueprint, gently press the "print" key, 3D printers can bit by bit with the designed model.Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser sintering, 3D printer and its application to plex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days.Engine manufacturers through 3D printing, large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder head of sand core development cycles, reduced to 1 week from the past 5 months.The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers’ imagination space.As long as you can on the puter design into 3D graphics, whether is different styles of dress, elegant handicraft, or personalized car, as long as can solve the problem of material, can achieve 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed, size, its technology is constantly optimized, expanding application fields, especially in the field of graphic art potential, producer of the concept of 3D model can better municate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundred or even thousands of words of description. Professionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned a real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product, growth will be more than imagine, will shape the future of social applications.3D printing technology to eliminate traditional production line, shorten the production cycle, greatly reduce production waste, raw materials consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the original.3D printing is not only cost savings, improve production precision, also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing, and will rise rapidly in the civilian market, thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.译文3D打印技术及其应用Paul G摘要3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。
3d打印机介绍英文作文
3d打印机介绍英文作文3D printing is a revolutionary technology that has been gaining popularity in recent years. It allows users to create three-dimensional objects from digital files, usinga variety of materials such as plastics, metals, and even food.One of the main advantages of 3D printing is its versatility. With this technology, users can create almost anything they can imagine, from simple toys to complex medical implants. This makes it an ideal tool for designers, engineers, and artists who need to create prototypes or custom-made products.Another benefit of 3D printing is its speed.Traditional manufacturing methods can take weeks or even months to produce a single part, while 3D printing can create the same part in a matter of hours. This not only saves time but also reduces costs, making it an attractive option for small businesses and startups.In addition to its practical applications, 3D printing has also opened up new possibilities in the field of education. Students can use 3D printers to create models of scientific concepts or historical artifacts, allowing them to better understand and visualize complex ideas.Despite its many benefits, 3D printing is not without its limitations. The technology is still relatively new and expensive, and the quality of the final product can vary depending on the type of printer and material used. Additionally, there are concerns about the environmental impact of 3D printing, particularly in terms of waste generated by discarded or failed prints.Overall, 3D printing is an exciting and rapidly evolving technology with a wide range of applications. As the technology continues to advance and become more accessible, it is likely to have an increasinglysignificant impact on industries ranging from healthcare to manufacturing to education.。
数学专业英语第二版的课文翻译
2－A Why study geometry Many leading institutions of higher learning have recognized that positive benefits can be gained by all who study this branch of mathematics. This is evident from the fact that they require study of geometry as a prerequisite to matriculation in those schools. 许多居于领导地位的学术机构承认，所有学习这个数学分支的人都将得到确实的受益，许多学校把几何的学习作为入学考试的先决条件，从这一点上可以证明。
Geometry had its origin long ago in the measurement by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands inundated by the floods of the Nile River. The greek word geometry is derived from geo, meaning “earth” and metron, meaning “measure” . As early as 2000 . we find the land surveyors of these people re-establishing vanishing landmarks and boundaries by utilizing the truths of geometry . 几何学起源于很久以前巴比伦人和埃及人测量他们被尼罗河洪水淹没的土地，希腊语几何来源于geo ，意思是”土地“，和metron 意思是”测量“。
空间解析几何 英语
空间解析几何英语Spatial Analytic Geometry.Spatial analytic geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of geometric objects in three-dimensional space. It extends the concepts and techniques of two-dimensional analytic geometry to the three-dimensional realm, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of spatial relationships and structures. In this article, we will explore the fundamental principles and applications of spatial analytic geometry.1. Coordinate Systems in Three Dimensions.In spatial analytic geometry, the fundamental tool is the three-dimensional coordinate system. This system consists of three perpendicular axes, typically denoted as the x, y, and z axes. Any point in three-dimensional space can be uniquely identified by its coordinates (x, y, z) relative to these axes.2. Vectors in Three Dimensions.Vectors play a crucial role in spatial analytic geometry. A vector is a mathematical object that represents both magnitude and direction. In three dimensions, a vector can be represented as an ordered triplet of numbers (a, b, c), where each number corresponds to the component of the vector along one of the coordinate axes. Vectors can be used to represent displacements, forces, velocities, and other quantities that have both magnitude and direction.3. Geometric Objects in Three Dimensions.Spatial analytic geometry deals with a variety of geometric objects in three dimensions, including points, lines, planes, and more complex shapes such as spheres, cylinders, and cones. Each of these objects can be described and analyzed using the language and techniques of spatial analytic geometry.4. Equations of Geometric Objects.In spatial analytic geometry, equations are used to describe the geometric objects of interest. For example,the equation of a line in three dimensions can be expressed as a system of two linear equations in x, y, and z. Similarly, the equation of a plane can be expressed as a linear equation in x, y, and z. These equations provide a means to study the properties and relationships ofgeometric objects in a rigorous and systematic manner.5. Applications of Spatial Analytic Geometry.Spatial analytic geometry finds applications in various fields, including computer graphics, robotics, physics, and engineering. In computer graphics, for example, spatial analytic geometry is used to represent and manipulatethree-dimensional objects on a computer screen. In robotics, it is employed to model and control the movement of robotsin three-dimensional space. In physics and engineering, spatial analytic geometry is fundamental to the understanding and analysis of complex systems and structures.6. Conclusion.Spatial analytic geometry is a powerful tool for understanding and analyzing geometric objects in three dimensions. It extends the principles of two-dimensional analytic geometry to the three-dimensional realm, enabling the study of complex spatial relationships and structures. With its wide range of applications, spatial analytic geometry plays a crucial role in fields such as computer graphics, robotics, physics, and engineering. By mastering the concepts and techniques of spatial analytic geometry, one can gain a deeper understanding of the geometric world and apply this understanding to solve real-world problems.。
情报板的框架设计
摘要随着个人电脑和CAD技术的飞速发展，过去只有在工作站环境中，UNIX 平台的三维设计软件，它是目前普通PC平台和Windows环境下使用，成为普通的设计师，工程师的设计工具。
作为机械设计软件SolidWorks的Windows环境下，已与Windows用户友好，其强大的设计功能，操作简单的特点，充分满足广大机械产品设计的需要。
作为SolidWorks的三维设计软件，一个全面的零部件和装配建模功能实体，并进行分析和处理模型，它可以自动生成工程图纸。
在研究具体操作，首先必须正确地安装软件到电脑，然后与SolidWorks用户界面，通过设置选项来建立一个合适的工作环境和。
成三维零件设计，装配设计和工程图纸设计产生的三个阶段。
关系到整个设计过程，使修改后的设计会影响到设计阶段的其他结果的任何阶段，从而保持了在设计环境中的各种模型的一致性，从而提高设计效率。
关键词：CAD、三维设计软件、用户界面、soldworksAbstractWith the PC, and the rapid development of CAD technology, in the past only in workstation environments, UNIX platform 3D design software applications, it is now the ordinary PC platform and the use of the Windows environment, become ordinary designers, engineers design tools. SolidWorks as a Windows environment of mechanical design software, has fully with the Windows user-friendly, simple operation of the characteristics of its powerful design features to satisfy the vast majority of mechanical product design needs.SolidWorks as a three-dimensional design software, a comprehensive parts and assembly modeling capabilities entities, and the model for analysis and processing, which automatically generate engineering drawings. In studying specific operations, it must first be correctly installed software to a computer, and then work with SolidWorks user interface, and by setting options to build a suitable working environment.3D design into part design, assembly design and engineering drawings generated three stages. Related to the entire design process, makes any stage revised design will affect the other results of the design stage, thus maintaining the model in a variety of consistency in the design environment, thus improving design efficiency.Keywords：CAD、3D design software applications、user interface、soldworks目录第1章绪论 (1)1.1 软件荣誉介绍 (1)1.2 软件特点编辑 (2)第2章设计目的及意义 (3)第3章产品设计步骤 (4)3.1上边板的设计 (4)3.2 下边板的设计 (6)3.3 吊环加强板的设计 (8)3.4 中立柱的设计 (11)3.5 边立柱的设计 (12)3.6 下边支持板的设计 (14)3.7 下中支撑板的设计 (16)3.8 抗风角钢 (18)3.9 抗风底座 (19)3.10装配体设计 (21)第4章总结 (23)参考文献 (24)致谢 (25)第1章绪论1.1 软件荣誉介绍SolidWorks软件是世界上第一个基于Windows开发的三维CAD系统，由于技术创新符合CAD技术的发展潮流和趋势，SolidWorks公司于两年间成为CAD/CAM 产业中获利最高的公司。
第1章 CAD技术概述
（2） 蓬勃发展和进入应用的时期（ 20世纪60年代） 1962，Ivan Sutherland 研究出了Sketchpad交互式
图形系统。 计算机及图形设备价格昂贵，技术复杂。 计算机图形学的发展，如Coons曲面 。
（5）日趋成熟的时期（ 20世纪90年代） 出现基于PC平台的价廉物美的CAD系统。 CAD系统的标准化：CGI、GKS、GKS-3D、PHIGS、
OpenGL、IGES、STEP。 智能化CAD系统。 集成化 。 科学计算可视化、虚拟设计、虚拟制造。
1.1.5 CAD软件技术的发展
以机械行业为例，说明CAD软件技术的发展历程。
（3）西北电力设计院用CAD系统建渭河电厂主厂房三 维模型，对该厂原设计方案自动校验，共查出6处隐藏 在图纸中的错误，当即进行了修改。
（4）寰球化工工程公司应用CAD技术，在盘绵乙烯装 置工程中，进行碰撞检测后，使95%以上的错误得以 纠正，在总长20多万米的管道设计中，施工结束后剩 余钢管不到10米。
20世纪60年代，CAD的主要技术特点是交互式二维绘图和三 维线框模型。
20世纪70年代，CAD的主要技术特征是自由曲线曲面生成算 法和表面造型理论，代表软件CATIA。
20世纪80年代，CAD的主要技术特征是实体造型理论和几何 建模方法， 代表软件I-DEAS。
20世纪90年代，CAD技术基础理论主要是以PTC的 Pro/Engineer为代表的参数化造型理论和以SDRC的I-DEAS 为代表的变量化造型理论，形成了基于特征的实体建模技术。
1.2.2 CAD系统的类型
工业工程专业英语
Lesson 2 CAD课程2 CADComputer-aided design (CAD) involves the use of computers to create design drawings and product models. Computer-aided design is usually associated with interactive computer graphics, known as a CAD system. Computer-aided design systems are powerful tools and are used in the design and geometric modeling of components and products.计算机辅助设计（CAD）涉及计算机来设计图纸、产品模型的使用。
计算机辅助设计通常与交互式计算机图形学，称为CAD系统。
计算机辅助设计系统是功能强大的工具，用于和零部件和产品几何造型设计。
Drawings are generated at workstations, and the design is displayed continuously on the monitor in different colors for its various components. The designer can easily conceptualize the part designed on the graphics screen and can consider alternative designs or modify a particular design to meet specific design requirements. Using powerful software such as CATIA (computer-aided three-dimensional interactive applications), the design can .be subjected to engineering analysis and can identify potential problems, such as excessive load, deflection, or interference at mating surfaces during assembly. Information (such as a list of materials, specifications, and manufacturing instructions) is also stored in the CAD database. Using this information, the designer can analyze the manufacturing economics of alternatives.图纸生成工作站，和设计的连续显示在监视器上不同的颜色，不同的部分。
fdm技术成型原理
fdm技术成型原理英文回答：Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology that uses a process called material extrusion to create three-dimensional objects. The basic principle of FDM involves the layer-by-layer deposition of thermoplastic materials to build up the final object.In FDM, a spool of thermoplastic filament is fed into a heated nozzle. The filament is then melted inside the nozzle and extruded onto a build platform. The nozzle moves in a controlled manner, following the path defined by the computer-aided design (CAD) model of the object being printed. As the molten plastic is extruded, it quickly solidifies and bonds with the previously deposited layers, forming a solid structure.The key to FDM's success lies in its ability toprecisely control the temperature of the nozzle and the speed of the extrusion process. By carefully adjusting these parameters, it is possible to achieve the desired level of detail and strength in the printed object. Additionally, FDM allows for the use of different types of thermoplastics, each with its own unique properties, enabling the production of objects with specific characteristics such as flexibility, strength, or heat resistance.FDM technology has a wide range of applications across various industries. It is commonly used in prototyping and product development, as it allows for rapid iteration and testing of designs. FDM is also utilized in the production of functional parts, tooling, and even end-use products. Its ability to produce complex geometries and intricate details makes it a popular choice for creating customized consumer products, medical devices, and aerospace components.中文回答：FDM技术是一种利用熔融沉积的方式制造三维物体的增材制造技术。
数学专业英语(吴炯圻)翻译5-A
5-A The coordinate system of Cartesian geometryAs mentioned earlier, one of the applications of the integral is the calculation of area. Ordinarily we do not talk about area by itself, instead, we talk about the area of something.就像前面提到的，积分的一个应用就是计算面积. 通常我们不讨论面积本身, 相反, 是讨论某物的面积.This means that we have certain objects (polygonal regions, circular regions, parabolic segments etc.) whose areas we wish to measure.这意味着我们想测量一些物体的面积（多边形区域，圆域，抛物弓形等。
If we hope to arrive at a treatment of area that will enable us to deal with many different kinds of objects, we must first find an effective way to describe these objects.如果我们希望获得面积的计算方法以便能够用它来处理各种不同类型的图形，我们就必须首先找出表述这些图形的有效方法。
The most primitive way of doing this is by drawing figures, as was done by the ancient Greeks.描述图形最原始的方法是画图, 就像古希腊人做的那样A much better way was suggested by Rene Descartes, who introduced the subject of analytic geometry (also known as Cartesian geometry).R.笛卡儿提出了一种好得多的办法，并建立了解析几何（也称为笛卡儿几何）这个学科。
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Applications of Three-dimensional CAD in Design of Twin Rollers Sheet Feeder
Yan-fei Liang Mechatronics & Information Engineering School, Foshan University, Foshan , Guangdong Province, China liangyanfei@tsinghua.org.cn Jin-chang Yang Foshan Nanhai Hunan Hardware Factory, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China yjcchang@163.com
Abstract: The method of realizing three-dimensional modelsƍ parameterized design in the three-dimensional CAD system was described. Its application in creating parts, assemblages, animations and finite element analysis were illustrated by applying Solidworks software in twin rollers sheet feeder. Three dimensional modeling and the assembly of all parts were completed based on parameter computation, which realized the evaluation and optimization of products in the design stage.
Keywords: CAD, Three-dimensional design, Solidworks, Twin rollers sheet feeder
I. INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional CAD technology means the new design method of developing models of products, predicting products performance, improving product design and increasing products performance in computer. By using this method designer can carry rapid processing directly in computer. With a comparison made among different design schemes, the current problems can be found out and resolved in time in order to improve the quality of products, shorten the design Cyc, lower the developing cost.
Many three dimensional CAD/CAM /CAE application system have already made an integration of a series of function in a body including design, cartography, analysis, simulation, processing and so on. The most commonly used are Pro / ENGINEER, UG, 3D Studio MAX, Solidworks, etc.
Solidworks is a mid-range three-dimensional software which can meet the general machine design needs and its function is complete, while its operation is simple compared to other similar software. Solidworks becomes one of three dimensional machine design mainstream software for its innovation, usability and highly effective. It has strong
functions in three-dimensional modeling of parts, completing machine assembly, engineering plat plan, animation manufacture and model exaggeration, so it can provide complete three-dimensional design solution for the user[1-3].
II. THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF PARTS
Sheet Feeder is one of the most important parts of modern press. Its structure and quality of work performance play an important role in improving the quality of stamping parts, productivity and the level of automation, having a direct impact in the overall layout of punching machine design, ether. In the thin sheet punching and blanking craft, crisscross punching method was used to save raw material. The principle of work of the feeder is: while the crankshaft actuates the punch moved vertically, the sheet longitudinal intermittent feed was realized through cam ratchet wheel organization. On the other hand, the cylindrical gears cause the eccentric wheel rotate, and the eccentric wheel cause the sheet feeder to make the crosswise intermittent feed through the sliding-block linkage. This sheet feeder is compost of two parts of blanking and feeding. Blanking mechanism is composed of drift, crank, connecting rod, eccentric etc., its function being transforming crank's rotary motion to drift’s reciprocal motion. The feeding mechanism is composed of rollers, crank, connecting rod etc..
The rollers cause the sheet stock move section of distance along longitudinal. At the same time, the rollers, together with sheet stock, move certain distance transversely, realizing punch holes continuously and automatically. The movement is transmitted to these two mechanisms through the ratchet, the cylindrical gears organization and the bevel gear organization. Due to great differences between shapes of various components, the modeling methods of them are different. Shape analysis of various components was carried before three dimensional modeling, dividing them into some simple 978-1-4244-7739-5/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEEbasic body's superimposition, and each basic body's relative position relations were determined. Through the operation such as two-dimensional cartography, edition, setting geometry relations, the two-dimensional schematic diagram could be produced. Three dimensional solid modeling was realized by feature operation on two-dimensional graph such as stretch excision, revolving, scanning, lofting, shell, muscle, array and so on[4]. Solid body modeling of Solidworks is based on the characteristic parameterization modeling, using the tree structure to record the characteristic of each step in the design course. It can make the revision to the characteristic condition and the foundation order, and can backdate to some characteristic to continue in carrying on the modeling. It supports the foundation of characteristic lib and keeps some commonly used characteristic in characteristic lib. When the characteristic are used again, what will be needed is only that to locate and inputs certain size value and then foundation of characteristic can be completed. Figure 1 shows the three-dimensional model of the cam mechanism, and Figure 2 shows the three-dimensional model of the ratchet mechanism. Fig. 1 Three-dimensional model of cam mechanism Fig. 2 Three-dimensional model of ratchet mechanismIII. THREE DIMENSIONAL ASSEMBLY OF SHEET FEEDER