英语政治演讲语篇中篇尾自问自答句的组织功能
英语作文必备万能句型结尾句子
英语作文必备万能句型结尾句子在英语写作中，结尾句子的选择至关重要。
一个恰当的结尾可以为整篇文章画上完美的句号，留下深刻的印象。
本文将为大家介绍一些英语作文中常用的万能句型结尾句子，希望能够帮助大家提高写作水平。
总结性结尾句型1.In conclusion, …2.To summarize, …3.All in all, …4.To sum up, …这类句型适合用在总结全文内容的结尾，表达对文章主题的概括和总结，使文章更具整体性。
观点强调结尾句型1.Clearly, …2.Undoubtedly, …3.It is evident that …4.It is clear that …这类句型可以帮助作者突出文章中的观点，使读者更容易理解和接受作者的立场。
建议性结尾句型1.It is recommended that …2.We should take immediate action to …3.We must strive to …4.It is high time we …这类句型适用于文章中提出建议或呼吁行动的情况，鼓励读者积极思考并采取行动。
引用性结尾句型1.As the saying goes, …2.In the words of …3.To quote a famous person, …4.In the famous words of …通过引用名人或格言，可以为文章结尾增添一份智慧和深度，提升文章的文学性和趣味性。
展望性结尾句型1.Looking to the future, …2.With this in mind, …3.It is hopeful that …4.Let us look forward to …展望未来，表达对未来的美好期许和展望，给读者以希望和鼓励。
通过运用以上这些万能句型结尾句子，不仅能够使英语作文更具逻辑性和条理性，而且能够给读者留下深刻的印象。
希望大家在写作中能够灵活运用这些句型，写出优秀的英语作文！。
英语演讲答问环节
1.Why do you use the three colors to describe your dream?Thank you for your question, that’s really a very interesting point.And I think there are three reasons for the point.To begin with, colors have rich meanings in our Chinese culture.For example; our five-star flag uses red which means the victory of revolution and the coming of a new and prosperous China. And people also like to decorate their homes in red because it’s the color of double happiness. In a word, colors can reflect our mood whether we’r e happy or not. They can also reflect our attitudes towards life and our ambitions or goals in life.Besides, my dream mainly contains three aspects: my work, my life and the environment I work and live in. I just think the three aspects of my dream can be expressed in three colors.First, When I have been a scholar with critical thinking in a university, I will be highly honored and have the sense of achievement.And this aspect of my dream can be expressed in gold because gold means hornor and glory. Second, when my relatives, friends and I can always lead a happy and healthy life, my life will be filled with happiness. And this aspect of my dream can be expressed in red because red has the meaning of double happiness. Third, when the environment I work and live in is clean and tidy, I will work more efficiently and live more happily. Above all, this is a harmonious society. So I use green to describe this aspect of my dream because green means harmony.To conclude, I use the three colors to describe the three aspects of my dream because they are well matched.2.The relationship between your dream and Chinese dream？Of course, my dream is closely related to Chinese dream. Specifically [spiˈsifikəli],the three aspects of my dream are related to the three aspects of Chinese dream.First, my gold dream is becoming a scholar in a desired university. I will work hard by conducting academic research and teaching the students. With this method, I can make a contribution to our education and the power of education is an important part in realizing the the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Second, my red dream is that all my relatives and friends can be healthy and happy. In that case, we can always help each other, support each other and get on well with each other. In this case, the people’s wellbeing is improved.Finally, my green dream is that everyone can take actions to protect the environment and advocate low-carbon life. If all of us can keep our city clean and tidy, protect the animals and nature. And lead a low-carbin life which can reduce carbon emissions. We will promote sustaninable and harmonious development in China.Therefore, my dream is closely related to Chinese dream. With the joint efforts of all the individual Chinese, our Chinese dream will come ture.3.Which aspect of your dream is the most important of all?Well, that’s really a very difficult question to me. To be honest, the three aspects are of equal importance. They depend on one another and promote one another. In my lifetime, there are three interdependent parts: my work, my life and the environment where I work and live. And they are corresponding[ˈkɔrisˈpɔndiŋ tu:]to the three aspects of my dream.First, in terms of my gold dream that is becoming a scholar in a desired university, this is very importamt because the value of my life lies in this career. To tell you the truth, I’m interested in doing academic research and teaching students.Second, in terms of my red dream, if one of my relatives or friends is not healthy or happy, I will also be upset and depressed and I can hardly work efficiently. So this asepect of my dream is also very importamt because it lays the foundation of my happy life.At last, the environment is also very important. You can just imagine what our life will be like if we live in a world with the air and water heavily polluted. Of course, by no means can we lead a happy and healthy life. In this case, how can we work efficiently?Therefore, the three aspects of my dream are closely realted with one another. They are all important.4.Why are the three aspects of your dream related to one another?First, when I am able to teach in auniversiry and obtain a large portion of academic achievements, I can realize the dream of improving the quality of my family life to the fullest. Moreover, I will be more flexible and capable in devoting myself in the cause of enviroment protection. Second, when all my relatives and friends are always healthy and happy, my life is full of joy and happiness. In this case, I will be more absorbed in my academic reaserch and work more efficiently. At the same time, with a healthy body and a good mood, I will be more willing to undertake activities of protecting the environment.Finally, the environment is important both to our work and life. If we live in a world with the air and water heavily polluted, how can we lead a happy and healthy life? If we are not leading a happy and healthy life, how can we devote ourselves to our work? How can we realize the value of our life?Ladies and gentlemen, I suggest that all of us consider our work, life and the environment seriously because they are closely related to one another. Thank you very much!5.Why do you highlight your dream (rather than Chinese dream) in your speech?Needless to say, Both Chinese dream and my dream are very important. However, I put more emphasis on my dream for the following three reasons:To start with, Chinese dream is a concept quite familiar to Chinese people. Most people understand who raised it and what it is about. For example, as an important part of Chinese dream, people will lead a relatively comfortable life by the year of 2020; by 2050, China will have achieved socialist modernization. Therefore, I just gave a general description of Chinese dream. Second, although I lay great emphasis on my dream, my dream is in accordance with Chinese dream. Specifically, the realization of my gold dream, that is to be a scholar, will make a contribution to the realization of the great rejuvenation of the great nation; when my relatives and friends are healthy and happy; this reflects the improvement of the people’s wellbeing. And my green dream that everyone can take actions to protect the environment and advocate low-carbon life, palys a part in China’s building a harmonious society.Finally, the realization of Chinese dream depends on the dreams of all the individual Chinese. So as an individual, I should set up my dream and strive hard to realize it. And only with the joint efforts of all the individual Chinese can we realize our Chinese dream. As the saying goes, united, we stand.6.What are the opportunities and challenges in realizing your dream/ Chinese dream?Well, you really got me! There are both opportunities and challenges in realizing Chinese dream. On one hand, we are faced with certain opportunities. With the economy growing rapidly, our life has been improved a lot. For example, our salary is increasing; we have acesss to more convenienrt trafic, high-quality education, health care and socail insurance. All these things havelaid a solid material foundation for further development. And with the improvement of the People's life, more and more people are motivated to strive for Chinese dream. Moreover, with our international influence and status enhancing, we are more likely to create favorable international conditions.On the other hand, however, challenges also exist. First of all, we have a very large population of 1.5 billion people. Although our economy has risen to the second place in the world, there is still a great gap between rich and poor. Therefore, many people are not happy with their life; they are dissatisfied with this situation. Besides, the issues of Diaoyu islands and so on still influence the stability of our society.In a word, we shoiuld make full use of the opportunities and avoid the negative influences of the challenges. As the saying goes, united, we stand. The realization of Chinese dream needs the joint efforts of every one of us.7.Explain how you can make sure that all the individuals will be united to realize Chinesedream?This is a very interesting question. In my opinion, I think it’s unlikely to make sure that all the individuals will be united to realize Chinese dream.But we can make the majority of individuals united to realize Chinese dream, and two points should be considered carefully.On one hand, we should motivate people to strive for Chinese dream.But how to motivate? Specifically, the government should provide more employment opportunities, narrow income gaps and make Social security cover all the people. Besides, everyone should have access to basic medical and public health services. The system of housing for low-income groups should take shape, and there should be social harmony and stability. In this case, people will be highly motivated to work hard to make joint efforts to realize Chinese dream.On the other hand, sometimes we should require others to behave themselves. In order to keep our society stable, we can enforce a lot of laws and regulations; In order to build a harmonious society, the government can put forward some plans about environment protection. For example, Last Thursday, the State government released a clean air action plan, according to the plan; most cities should work hard to reduce the concentration of PM 2.5 and decreasing heavily-polluting motor vehicles from the streets.To conclude, we can make more individuals united to realize Chinese dream by motivating them and requiring them in their activities.。
英语报告讲座用语 开始 中间 结束 -回复
英语报告讲座用语 开始 中间 结束 -回复 中括号内的主题是 "英语报告讲座用语"。下面是一篇1500-2000字的文章，分为开始、中间和结束三部分，一步一步回答这个主题。
开始： 英语报告讲座用语的使用是提高口语表达能力的重要组成部分。在日常学习、工作和生活中，我们经常需要进行一些报告和讲座，良好的英语使用能够帮助我们更加流畅地表达自己的观点，有效地传达信息。在本文中，我将向大家介绍一些常用的英语报告讲座用语，帮助我们提升口语表达能力。
中间： 首先，让我们从报告的开头部分开始。在开场白中，我们需要简要介绍自己并对主题进行引言。以下是一些常用的开场用语：
1. Good morning/afternoon/evening ladies and gentlemen. （女士们先生们，上午好/下午好/晚上好。） 2. Thank you for coming/attending today's presentation/talk. （感谢大家来参加今天的报告/讲座。） 3. My name is [Your Name] and I will be your speaker today. （我叫[你的名字]，我将是今天的演讲者。） 4. Today, I'm here to talk about... （今天，我在这里讲述关于……的事情。）
进入报告的主体部分，我们需要清晰地陈述自己的观点和提供相关资料。以下是一些常用的过渡和表达观点的句型和短语：
1. Let's move on to the next point... （让我们继续下一个观点……） 2. According to the data/statistics/research... （根据数据/统计数据/研究……） 3. It is widely believed that... （人们普遍认为……） 4. In my opinion/view... （在我的观点中……） 5. From my point of view... （从我的角度来看……） 6. Another important aspect to consider is... （另一个重要的方面是……） 7. This brings us to the next topic... （这就带我们来到了下一个话题……）
英语演讲作文的结尾怎么写
英语演讲作文的结尾怎么写
在进行英语演讲作文时，结尾部分的质量同样至关重要。
一个精彩的结尾可以为整篇演讲作文锦上添花，留下深刻印象。
接下来将探讨一些有效的英语演讲作文结尾写作技巧。
总结核心内容
首先，结尾部分应该回顾演讲作文的核心内容。
利用简洁的语言概括出演讲作文的主要论点和立场，让听众对整个演讲作文的主旨有清晰的理解。
引用名人名言
其次，可以考虑在结尾部分引用一句名人名言或者有趣的格言。
这样不仅可以为演讲作文增添一些文采，还可以让听众感受到你的睿智和深度。
提出建议或展望未来
另外，结尾部分也可以给出一些建议或者展望未来的发展趋势。
通过提出具体的行动建议或者对未来的展望，让听众感受到你的思考和主张。
感谢听众
最后，不要忘记在结尾部分向听众表达感谢之情。
感谢听众的聆听和支持，展现出你的礼貌和谦虚。
在进行英语演讲作文结尾时，总结核心内容、引用名人名言、提出建议或者展望未来、感谢听众是几个常见的写作技巧。
通过灵活运用这些技巧，你可以写出一个引人入胜的演讲作文结尾。
希望以上建议能为你提供一些帮助，让你的演讲作文在结尾部分更加出色！。
考研英语复试自我介绍开场白及结束语（大全）
考研英语复试自我介绍开场白及结束语（大全）本站小编为你整理了多篇相关的《考研英语复试自我介绍开场白及结束语(大全)》，但愿对你工作学习有帮助，当然你在本站还可以找到更多《考研英语复试自我介绍开场白及结束语(大全)》。
第一篇：考研英语复试自我介绍开场白及结束语考研英语复试自我介绍开场白及结束语先来看看考研英语复试面试主要包括哪些内容：1 Introduce yourself 介绍个人信息2 Introduce your college 介绍你的.大学3 Introduce your family 介绍你的家庭4 Introduce your hometown 介绍你的家乡5 Introduce your reasons for preparing the postgraduate exam 介绍自己为何要考研6 Why do you choose to study in our department? 讲述报考该院校的原因7 About your future plans 你的未来计划8 Do you have any hobbies? 个人爱好开场问好的几种方式Good morning, teachers, I am honored to be informed to have this interview.Good morning. I am glad to be here for this interview. First let me introduce myself.Good morning. It’s my great honor to attend this interview.Good morning. I’m very glad to have this opportunity for this interview.Good morning. I’m so glad to attend the interview.结束语I’m so glad to attend this interview today. This opportunity of interview is precious to me. In face of it, I feel the wish to enterthis university is so urgent. It seems that my dream will soon come true. I sincerely hope all professors here can give me this opportunity to realize my dream. In a word, if luckily I get the chance to learn MBA in Dalian University of Technology, I will do my best on the study and research in my graduate time, and I hope I can form a systematic view of business management and make a solid foundation for my profession after three years study here.第二篇：英语自我介绍结尾怎么写Good morning !It is really my honor to have this opportunity for a interview,I hope I can make a good performance today. I'm confident that I can succeed.Now I will introduce myself briefly.I am 26 years old,born in shandong province .I was graduated from qingdao university. my major is electronic.and I got my bachelor degree after my graduation in the year of 2003.I spend most of my time on study,i have passed CET4/6 . and I have acquired basic knowledge of my major during my school time.In July 2003, I begin work for a small private company as a technical support engineer in QingDao city.Because I'm capable of more responsibilities, so I decided to change my job.And in August 2004,I left QingDao to BeiJing and worked for a foreign enterprise as a automation software test engineer.Because I want to change my working environment, I'd like to find a job which is more challenging. Morover Motorola is a global company, so I feel I can gain the most from working in this kind of company ennvironment. That is the reason why I come here to compete for this position.I think I'm a good team player and I'm a person of great honesty to others. Also I am able to work under great pressure.That’s all. Thank you for giving me the chance.第三篇：英文自我介绍结尾金句范文当站在台上面对陌生人时，是一个对外介绍自己的机会，来好好的准备一下属于自己的自我介绍吧!下面就是小编为大家准备的几篇英文自我介绍结尾，希望能帮助到大家!更多自我介绍相关内容推荐↓↓↓大学见面的自我介绍范文面试最佳自我介绍范文小学生自我介绍有创意个人自我介绍范文600字高中生五分钟自我介绍范文英文自我介绍结尾1Good morning everyone.my name is song chen_iaohao，i am 22 years old .i e from luoyang，a very beautiful aicent city.my undergratuade period will be acplished in chang"an university in july ，20__;and now，i am trying my best for obtaining a key to tongji university.Generally speaking ，i am a hard working student especially do the thing i am interested in. i will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is. when i was sophomore， i found web design very interesting， so i learned it very hard . to weaver a homepage for myself， i stayed with my pesonel puter for half a month.，and i am the first one in my class who own his homepage. For thermore，i am a person with great perserverence. during the days preparing for the first e_amination，i insist on running every day， no matter what the weather was like.and just owning to this，i could concentrate on my study and succeeded in the end.well ，in my spare time ，i like basketball，tennis and chinese chess. also english is my favorate.i often go to englishcorner to practise my oral english on every thursday，and write positions to improve my witten ability .but i know my english is not good enough ，i will continue studying.英文自我介绍结尾2It’s my pleasure to introduce myself to you here. My name is __, I come from __ which is a beautiful city. And I am a candidate for the position of Sales Representative.I attended Nantong University in ～. My major is Information and Computing Science and I got my Bachelor’s degree four years later. I am especially interested in “computer and web”. And in ～, I became a member of The Communist party.I am 25 years old, and have had one years working e_perience in an e_port company, which I am leaving to look for better opportunities. I have learned a lot about business and mastered basic office skills. In addition, I learned how to cooperate with my colleagues from my previous job. With strong determination, I believe I can succeed in the future.The position your company offers is a great opportunity for me. I look forward to becoming part of the Action team. Thank you.英文自我介绍结尾3Hi, My name is , I'm from the beautiful ancient city of Kaifeng. As you can see, I am a very casual girl, and a lot of people here, like 18-year-old, I love a lot, I love guitar, love to sing love dancing, very fond of English, I am very love to watch "Prison Break", like the actor micheal clever wit.I like making friends, and hope you will be able to and I have become good friends, I think I will, and you get along with.英文自我介绍结尾4Good morning!My name is __. It is my great honor to be herefor this interview. I graduated from __ University. The deeper knowledge I have mined during undergraduate studies, the more interested I am in Finance.During my sophomore year and junior year in college, I had passed the tests of __ and __ and got the qualifications separately. For a more targeted learning, I choose your honorable school to further my professional knowledge.I had organized many activities, for e_ample: __ and __ when I was an undergraduate student. During these activities, I was mainly responsible for logistics and budget because I am prudent.I am also good at logical thinking and have a solid foundation of math, so I choose to start the second degree of them. In my spare time, I also read some articles about Accounting and Finance.They’re all very useful and helpful for my study.If I am enrolled, I will spare no efforts to acquire knowledge and improve myself; if not, which means I have more reasons to strengthen myself.That is my self-introduction, and thanks for your time again!英文自我介绍结尾51. If you would like to know more about my ability, I can be available for an interview at any time convenient to you.倘若阁下愿意接见本人以了解我的能力，我将随时侯教。
英语演讲稿经典句型
英语演讲稿经典句型英语演讲稿经典句型演讲是一种交流技巧，用于向观众传递信息、观点或感情。
在一篇成功的演讲中，经典句型的使用是非常重要的。
经典句型可以帮助演讲者更清晰、准确地表达自己的观点，同时也能够让听众更容易理解和接受。
本文将为您介绍一些经典句型，希望对您的英语演讲能有所帮助。
1. 开场白- Good morning/afternoon/evening, ladies and gentlemen. (女士们先生们，早上/下午/晚上好。
)- Thank you all for being here today. (谢谢大家今天的到来。
)- I am honored to stand here today to share my thoughts on... (今天能站在这里，与大家分享我的思考，我感到十分荣幸。
)2. 引言- "As Shakespeare once said..." (就像莎士比亚曾经说过的那样...)- "According to a recent study by..." (根据最近一项研究...)- "In the words of Albert Einstein..." (用爱因斯坦的话说...)3. 表达观点- I believe that... (我相信...)- It is my firm conviction that... (我坚信...)- There is no doubt that... (毫无疑问...)- It goes without saying that... (不言而喻...)- It is worth noting that... (值得注意的是...)- I am convinced that... (我相信...)- I would like to emphasize that... (我想强调的是...)- It is crucial/vital/essential to... (......是至关重要的)4. 表达原因- The main reason for this is... (其中的主要原因是...)- One of the key factors is... (其中一个关键因素是...)- There are several reasons for this. First of all... Secondly... Finally... (有几个原因导致了这一结果。
探讨英语语篇中的语调功能-以奥巴马就职演说为例（推荐阅读）
探讨英语语篇中的语调功能-以奥巴马就职演说为例（推荐阅读）第一篇：探讨英语语篇中的语调功能-以奥巴马就职演说为例摘要：在日常交流中，人们经常借助语调实现话语的涵义，表达自己的情感、态度、判断和评价。
而英语语调是英语语音中的重要组成部分，它通常反映了说话者话语中的音高的高低和抑扬的变化。
本文以美国总统奥巴马的就职演说为例，探讨了口语语篇中英语语调的表意功能。
关键词：英语语调口语语篇奥巴马就职演说表意功能一、引言英语是世界上最受欢迎，也是应用最广的一门语言。
其声调抑扬顿挫，音节轻重缓急，节奏清晰明快，富有音乐美（朱成鹏、白志敏，1994），因此，语调也经常被称为“语言的韵律”。
目前关于英语语调的研究多为传统的研究，对于英语语调在语篇中的功能研究更是凤毛麟角（曲明文，2006），本文从口语语篇的实例分析入手，对英语语调的实际应用作一探讨。
二、英语语调的语法功能在口头交流中，英语语调对表达意思、传递信息起着重要的作用，它使听话者更加容易理解说话者所要传递的信息。
英语语调的语法功能已被广泛地接受，它把语调与句子结构联系起来改变语调。
语调与语法紧密相关，我们甚至可以说它是语法的一部分。
如：（本文语料皆选自奥巴马总统的就职演说的文化价值）1.Forty-four Americans/have now`taken/the presidential`oath.2.That we are in the midst of′crisis/is now well`understood.（“/”表示停顿，“`”表示降调，“′”表示声调，“ˇ”表示降升调，“^”表示升降调，下同）陈述句中用降调标志一句话的结束，表示说话者的肯定语气。
升调则常用于疑问句中，尤其是一般疑问句。
降升调表示限制性肯定，通常含有言外之意。
一般情况下，陈述句、祈使句、感叹句和特殊疑问句使用降调，一般疑问句使用升调，其它句型和从句也都有固定的语调模式（朱成鹏、白志敏，1994）。
高考英语应用文写作类型和技巧篇首句、篇中句、篇尾句
邀请信 范文鉴赏
Dear Jim， I’m writing to tell you my exciting plan for the summer holiday. I intend to join a Dragon Boat Training Camp. I wonder if you’d like to go with me.(点出活动；发出邀请) This camp will open on July 20th. It offers teenagers, like you and me, a chance to enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture. If you are interested in it, let me know and I’ll send you more information.(具体时间、大致内容等) Hope to meet you at the training camp this summer. (再次 邀请) You目的。
1. I'm sorry to hear that you are having trouble fitting in your new school. Such problems are quite normal. Perhaps the following suggestions are helpful.很遗憾听说你在适应新学校方面有困难。 这是很正常的。可能下面的建议会有一些帮助。
邀请信 黄金模板
Dear ________，(邀请对象) How’s everything with you? I’m writing to tell you that there
will be a ________(活动) at/in ________(地点)on ________(时间)．I wonder if you’d like to go with me.(发 出邀请) The occasion will start at ________.(具体时间) This will be followed by a________.(进一步的安排) At around __________ (时间)，______________.(另一个安排) If you are interested in it, let me know. Hope to meet you at the_________. /I really hope you can make it.(再次邀请) My phone number is ________( 号码)．Looking forward to____________. Yours sincerely， Li Ming
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〔摘要〕自问自答句是讲话人提出问题但不需要听话人回答，而由讲话人自己提供答语的问
句。根据讲话人提供答语的方式，这种问句可以分为提供显性答语的自问自答句（简称显性
答语句）和提供隐性答语的自问自答句（简称隐性答语句）。隐性答语句在英语政治演讲语篇
中的存在是自身特点与这类语篇的特点相互作用，进而相互适应的结果。它在语篇中位置比
较灵活，甚至可以出现在这类语篇的篇尾。作为一种非常规的用法，篇尾自问自答句具有独
特的语篇组织功能：当它的隐含答语可以从上文语篇推知时，它具有总结-延续功能；当它的
隐含答语可以根据常识推知时，则具有总结-突显功能。
〔关键词〕自问自答句；英语政治演讲语篇；语篇组织功能
〔中图分类号〕h0〔文献标识码〕a〔文章编号〕1008-2689（2015）04-0019-07
引 言
公众政治演讲是一种较正式的目的性很强的公共言语交流活动。在这种言语交流活动中，
演讲人主要运用语言这种媒介，针对一定的内政和外交事务，向听众阐述和表达自己的立场
和观点，宣扬其政治主张。同日常对话一样，演讲的特点“具有外在的和公平的对话性”。公
众政治演讲的目的性很强并与政治相关，这就要求演讲人选取一些特定的语言表达方式组织
语篇②，因为“从语言的语法系统里选取的某一特定的形式是与语言所要服务的社会和个人
的需求紧密联系在一起的”，这样才能确保这类语篇的逻辑更严谨，对话性和互动性更强①。
与其他类型的语篇一样，政治演讲语篇也大体可以分为开端（introduction）、主体（body）
和结尾（conclusion）三个部分，并且各个部分有其自身的特点和组织方式。本文主要关注
这类语篇的结尾部分。lucas指出，演讲结尾部分与开端部分同等重要，甚至可以说更重要，
因为它是让听众明白演讲人的观点和立场的最后一个机会。演讲结尾部分的功能主要有两点：
1）让听众知道演讲即将结束；2）加强听众对演讲主题的理解。因此，如何有效地结束一个
演讲就显得格外重要。结束演讲语篇的方式有多种③，自问自答句是演讲人常常选择的语言
表达方式之一，它可以“直接体现语篇的互动性或对话性”。本文主要探讨位于英语政治演讲
语篇篇尾的自问自答句所具有的语篇组织功能。
一、 自问自答句的界定
问话人是否有填补信息空缺的期待，是划分有疑而问和无疑而问邵敬敏等指出：语法研
究者倾向于按照疑问程度的大小对疑问句进行等级分类，分类如下：全疑而问、半疑而问、
无疑而问， 或是强疑问句、高疑问句、中疑问句、低疑问句、无疑而问句。其中，无疑而问
的疑问程度最低。的标志。自问自答句的典型特征是无疑而问和自问自答，即讲话人本人知
道问题的答语，不期待听话人针对问题填补信息空缺，因而这种问句不同于典型的求取信息
的疑问句，是讲话人为了“答”而提问的，有其特殊的使用意图和功能。据此，本文将自问
自答句界定为：
自问自答句是讲话人提出问题但不需要听话人回答，而由讲话人自己提供答语的句式。
自问自答句常常用于英语政治演讲语篇中。演讲人通过使用这种句式，显性或隐性地为
听众提供问句的答语，从而有效地组织语篇，达到演讲的目的。自问自答句在英语政治演讲
语篇中的位置比较灵活，但能够置于语篇末端，用于结束语篇的多为隐性答语句，这是因为
与显性答语句相比，它具有提问和断言的双重特征，由于答语隐含在问句当中，其后就不必
再通过显性答语继续发展语篇，它可以通过提问诱导听众思考，并通过隐含的答语完成对上
文的总结，从而以一种非常规的方式结束语篇。
二、 隐性答语句与演讲语篇的特征关联性分析
隐性答语句是疑问句的一种特殊用法，兼具问句和断言的双重特征。第一个特征，即问
句特征，显性地体现了讲话人和听话人之间的互动和对话。面对问句，听话人自然而然地处
于准备回应的状态，从而与讲话人之间构成一个提问-回答的对话和互动模式。第二个特征，
即断言，就是该问句隐含的答语，可用于对上文语篇的总结，是隐性答语句的主要意义。这
种断言一般来讲具有althusser指出的易见性（obviousness）。也就是说，这种问句可以传
递出额外信息：隐含答语的内容“是显而易见的！是对的！”。这样，它“通过标示看起来显
而易见的但仍属于意识形态的信息，可以间接地‘邀请读者/听话人接受作者/讲话人传递的
代表其观点和立场的信息”。另外，在体现语篇逻辑性的同时，“这些疑问句的语义内容也表
明不同的对立声音或观点之间的微观对话（microdialogue）”。
隐性答语句的上述特点恰恰可以与政治演讲语篇的特点和需求相互作用和适应。演讲人
选用隐性答语句以提问的方式与听众互动，在他与听众之间以及语篇内部由问句所体现的各
种声音（voice）声音（voice）是bakhtin对话语篇中的一个中心概念。语言形式是与由社
会地位和意识形态等划分的不同的社会群体相联的。用某种“声音”说话就是指“使用代表
某一（些）社会地位的语句，因为这些语句是某一特定群体成员常常使用的”。如果某一讲话
人使用的语句与其他群体相关并体现其他群体的社会地位等，那么此时就出现了bakhtin所
定义的“双重声音/表达（double voicing）”。 之间创建对话，从而使演讲人和听众处于一
种强互动和强对话的状态。并且，作为对上文信息的一种总结，这种问句是顺应上文语篇逻
辑关系的需求而出现的，其断言所具有的易见性则有利于将演讲人想要传递的信息或想要表
达的意图顺利地传递给听众并为其接受。综上所述，演讲人组织政治演讲语篇时大量选用隐
性答语句是合理的。这是由隐性答语句的特点与政治演讲语篇的特点共同决定的，这种问句
可以解决政治演讲语篇非互易性和目标之间的矛盾从而满足其需求，同时，这类语篇也为隐
性答语句提供了存在的空间和价值。
三、 篇尾自问自答句的语篇功能
如果说隐性答语句的存在是英语政治演讲语篇的一种常见现象，那么，它在篇尾的出现
则是这类语篇的一大亮点。一般来讲，在常规的语篇信息流的传递过程中，位于篇尾的信息
是信息流的末端，意味着信息传递的终结，其后不再有信息，因此常常以非疑问句形式结束
语篇。然而，为了达到一定的修辞和组篇效果，在演讲即将结束时，演讲人有时更愿意“不
走寻常路”，选用一个或多个隐性答语句结束语篇。由于答语隐含在问句当中，表述的是断言
之义，这样，隐性答语句不仅可以与听众进行显性互动，给其提供思考的空间，同时又是对
整个演讲语篇的一种巧妙的总结。英语政治演讲语篇中的隐性答语句隐含的答语存在两种情
况：一种是通过对上文演讲语篇的回顾推论得知的答语；另外一种则是根据常识简单推理就
能得知的答语。这两种情况虽然都可以出现于语篇末端，但语篇功能稍有不同，分别具有总
结-延续功能和总结-突显功能。
1. 总结-延续功能
所谓总结-延续功能，是指英语政治演讲语篇中位于语篇末端的隐性答语句以诱导听众思
考的提问方式对上文语篇所传递的信息进行总结，同时也以这种方式延续语篇的空间。以这
种方式组织语篇的问句的答语常常是可以从上文语篇推知的。例如：
可见，这六个隐性答语句对整篇演讲起到了很好的总结作用，作为整个语篇的信息峰点，
既与听众进行了互动和对话，诱导听众思考，也向听众点明了演讲人的意图和期望。同时，
虽然演讲伴随着这六个隐性答语句的提出结束了，但实际上，语篇信息流在听众的头脑中并
未结束，这些问句仍然在诱导听众认真思考，通过对整个演讲语篇所传递信息的回顾，试图
回答它们，从而完成整个互动和对话过程。所以，这些隐性答语句起到总结语篇的同时，也
延续了语篇的空间。至于演讲人的演讲意图是否能达成，听众是否按照演讲人的提问意图推
出这些问句的答语，这很难掌控，因为“尽管演讲人企图用各种策略同听众对话，意欲达到
演讲目的，但听众仍有可能会对他们持敌对或批判态度，并不接受他们的观点”[18]（245）。
演讲人能做的就是综合考虑听众的社会阶层、个人政治倾向等因素，尽可能有效地组织语篇，
说服更多的听众。这一点也正说明了演讲人有效组织语篇的必要性。再如：
i yield back the balance of my time， mr. chairman.（barbara charline jordan，
statement on the articles of impeachment）
当演讲人选用隐性答语句组织英语政治演讲语篇时，倘若将该结构置于篇尾，并且其隐
含答语根据常识就可推知，那么该隐性答语句则具有总结-突显功能。换句话说，所谓总结-
突显功能，是指当演讲人在即将结束演讲时，选用隐性答语句可以对上文语篇进行总结，并
起到画龙点睛的作用。这是英语政治演讲语篇，尤其是就职演讲语篇的结尾部分常常选用的
一种组织语篇方式。例如：
god bless you and thank you. thank you very much.（ronald reagan， first inaugural
address）
四、 结语
语篇就是“自发话人向受话人传递的一股连续的信息流”，从语篇伊始到语篇末端，反映
着整个信息流的传递过程。英语政治演讲语篇是一种特殊的语篇类型，演讲人为了确保整个
语篇的信息传递过程和传递方式能够按照他的意图发展，顺利达成演讲目标，常常选用自问
自答句组织语篇。隐性答语句，作为自问自答句的一种，在英语政治演讲语篇中占有一席之
地，这是它的特点与这类语篇的特点相互作用，进而相互匹配、相互适应的结果。篇尾出现
的隐性答语句在组织语篇时有其独特之处：当它的隐含答语从上文语篇可以推知时，它具有
总结-延续功能；当它的隐含答语根据常识可以推知时，则具有总结-突显功能。