英语语言学名词解释
语言学得名词解释英语
语言学得名词解释英语Language learning is an important process forindividuals who aspire to become proficient in a foreign language. In this process, it is necessary to understand various linguistic terms that are associated with the language. In this article, we will discuss some of the most important linguistic terms that are associated with the English language.1. Grammar: This term refers to the set of rules that govern the structure of a language. These rules include how words are formed, how they are used in sentences, and how the different parts of speech interact with one another.2. Syntax: Syntax refers to the order in which words are arranged in a sentence. It is important to understand syntax in order to produce clear and effective sentences.3. Vocabulary: Vocabulary refers to the totality of words that exist in a language. Learning new vocabulary is essential for effective communication in a foreign language.4. Pronunciation: Pronunciation refers to the correct way of saying words and sentences in a language. It is important to develop good pronunciation in order to be understood by native speakers.5. Intonation: Intonation refers to the rise and fall ofa speaker's voice when speaking. It is an important aspect of communication, as it can convey different emotions and meanings.6. Idioms: Idioms are expressions that have a different meaning than the literal interpretation of the words.Learning idioms is important for understanding the nuances ofa language.7. Colloquialisms: Colloquialisms are informal expressions that are commonly used in everyday speech. It is important to understand colloquialisms in order to fully grasp the language as it is spoken by native speakers.8. Reading and Writing: Reading and writing areessential components of language learning. They enable learners to understand written texts and express themselvesin written form.In conclusion, learning a foreign language involves more than simply memorizing words and phrases. It requires an understanding of the linguistic terms that underpin the language. The terms discussed in this article are essential for effective communication in English and should be studied by anyone seeking to become proficient in the language.。
语言学名词解释
1.Semantics: the study of meaning2.Synonymy: the sameness or close similarity of meaning.3.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning4.Homonymy: the phenomenon thea words having different meanings have same form, i.e.,different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both5.Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word6.Antonymy: words that are opposite in meaning7.Pragmatics: it is the study of how speakers of a language ues sentences to effect successful communication8.Speech act theory: it is a philosopher explanation of the nature of linguistic communicatin. It is aim to answer the question “what do we do when suing lanfuage?”9.Constatives: either state or discribe, and were thus verifiable10. Performatives: did not state a face or describe a state, and were not verifiable11.Locutionary act: It is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.12.Illocutionary act: It is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.13.Perlocutionary act: It is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something14.cooperative principle: in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to coopreate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk15.historical linguistics:it is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.16.blending: a way of forming a new word by combining parts of two other words17.semantic broadening:the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning18.protolanguage: the original form of a language family which has ceased to existnguage family: a group of historically relate laguages that have developed from a common ancestral language20.socilinguistics: the subdiscipling of linguistics thet studies language variation and language ues in social contexts21.speech community: a group of people who form a community andshare at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms22.lingua franca: a variety of language that serves as a sommon speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languages or dialects23.pidign:a marginal contact language with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammatical structures, used by native speakers of other languages as a means of business communication24.diglossia: a sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieries of languag co-exist in a speech community, each serving a particular social function and used for a particular situation25.euphemism:a word or expression that is thought to be mild, indirect, or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh and unpleasant word or expression26.psycholinguistics: the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the processes of language production, comprehension and acquisition27.cerebral cortex: the outside surface of the brain which receives messages from all the sensory oragns and where human cognitive abilities reside28.brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain29.linguistic lateralization: hemispheric specialization or dominance forlanguage30.the critieal period: an early period of one’s life extending to the age of puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire language naturally and effortlessly, a period that coincides with the period of brain lateralization for language functions31.caretaker speech: simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter, etc.when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native languagenguage transfer:the effect of one’s first language knowledge on the learning of a second language33.interlanguage:the aproximate language system that a second language learner constructs which represents his or her transitional competence in the target language34.acculturation: a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language communnity。
英语语言学部分名词解释(英文版)
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole.3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say).5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C)6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. (06C/ 04)7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (06C)8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（08F/09C）linguistic competence: universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker.11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(08C)15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s users.16. duality（double articulation）: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker.( regardless of time or space) (04)18. cultural transmission: The capacity for language is genetically based while the details of any language system have to be taught and learned.( Language is culturally transmitted rather than by instinct).19.Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch.20.Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing, comprehending and production, as well as language acquisition.municative competence:the ability to use language appropriately in social situations.Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium : The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonetic medium of language.(and the individual sounds within this range are speech sounds)2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in the world’s languages. (06C)3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. (03)4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the physical properties of the stream of sounds which the speaker issues.QR It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another)6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong : the individual vowel.18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels and are produced by moving one vowel position to another through intervening positions.(08F)19. phone: A phonetic unit,the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.20. phoneme : An abstract phonological unit that is of distinctive value;it’s represented by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. (06F/ 04)或者The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone : the different phones which can represent the same phoneme in different phonetic enviroments are called allophones of that phoneme (07C/ 05)22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds form patterns and function to distinguish and convey meaning.(06C)23. phonemic contrast : two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning,they form phonemic contrast.24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except forone sound segment which occurs in the same position.26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments(syllable, word, sentence),including stress tone intonation.(08F)30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isola tion, they’re collectively known as intonation.32. nucleus: It refers to the major pitch change in an intonation unit.32. minimal set: sound combinations which are identical in form except for the initial consonant together constitute a minimal set.。
新编语言学教程名词解释(部分重点)
(1) linguistics: （语言学）the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) language: （语言）a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(3) arbitrariness: （任意性）the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign andwhat it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.(4) duality:（双重性）the way meaningless elements of language at one level (soundsand letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) competence:（语言能力）knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formalabstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.(6) performance:（语言运用）Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from theknowledge that underlies it, or competence.(11) synchronic linguistics: （共时语言学）the study of language and speech as they are used ata given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.(12) diachronic linguistics: （历时语言学）the study of linguistic change over time in contrastto looking at language as it is used at a given moment.(6) phoneme:（音位）the abstract element of a sound, identified as being distinctive in aparticular language.(7) phonetics（语音学）: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they areproduced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(8)phonology: （音位学）the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language.(1) morphology:（形态学）the study of the structure of words.(2) morpheme:（词素）the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or serves agrammatical function.(3) free morpheme: （自由词素）a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.(4) bound morpheme: （黏着词素）a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word,e.g. ment (as in establishment), and -er (as in painter).(5) morph:（语素变体）the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the levelof parole.(6) allomorph: a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. -s, -es, and en are allallomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.(1) syntax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentencestructure.（句法学）(5) IC analysis:（Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法）the approach to divide thesentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining itsultimate constituents.(11) ideational function（概念功能）: the use of language as a means of giving structure to ourexperience of the real or imaginary world.(12) interpersonal function（人际功能）: the use of language for maintaining social roles andinteracting with others.(13) textual function（语篇功能）: to create written or spoken texts which cohere withinthemselves and which fit the particular situation in which they are used.(1) semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.语义学(14) synonymy:(同义) the sense relations of equivalence of meaning between lexicalitems, e.g. small/little and dead/deceased.(15) antonymy:(反义关系) the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning betweenlexical items, e.g. big/small, alive/dead and good/bad.(16) hyponymy:（上下义关系）the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy,where a more particular term (the hyponym) is included in the more general one (thesuperordinate): X is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a plant.(17) meronym:（整体部分关系）the sense relation between body and its parts which are notonly sections of the body but defined in terms of specific functions. For example, thehead is the part of the body which carries the most important sense organs, i.e. eyes, ears, nose and tongue.(1) pragmatics:（语用学）a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.(2) deixis:（指示）the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situations withrespect to certain points of reference such as the place (here/there) and time (now/then) of utterance.(1) sociolinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and society, that is, howsocial factors influence the structure and use of language.（社会语言学）(8) diglossia:（双语） a situation when two distinct varieties of the same languageare used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.(9) bilingualism:（双语现象）the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by agroup of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.(11) taboo:（禁忌）a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from generaluse.(12) euphemism:（委婉语）a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoidreference to certain acts or subjects, e. g. “powder room” for “toilet”.(1) cognitive linguistics: a new approach to the study of language and mind. According to thisapproach, language and language use are based on our bodily experience and the way we conceptualize it.（认知语言学）。
语言学名词解释
lexical meaningn(Linguistics) the meaning of a word in relation to the physical world or to abstract concepts, without reference to any sentence in which the word may occur1) Language planning●Language planning, also named language policy, refers to any effort to modify languageform or use.●Language acquisition policy or language education policy, e.g., languages of ethnicgroups, learning of foreign languagesCultural meaning—Cross-cultural understanding of language meaningMulti-competence: knowledge of two or more languages in the same mind.multicompetence perspective, the different languages a person speaks are seen as one connected system, rather than each language being a separate system. People who speakmerely attached another language to their repertoire.The concept has been backed up by studies showing how the different languages a personthe second, has long been known. More recent research has also shown that the second language also affects the first in various subtle ways. There is also evidence that people who learn other languages gain general cognitive benefits.Under multi-competence, the second language speaker is seen as more than the sum of the languages he speaks. This is in contrast with the assumptionin much of second language research that the ideal model of a language is the monolingual native speaker. Setting the native speaker as the golden standard implies that second language speakers are somehow deficient in each language that they speak, whereas multi-competence sees them as having gained from learning a second language.Lingua franca—a language which is widely used in some region for communication among different groups of people speaking a variety of language. It could be an internationally used language of communication (e.g. English ), or the native language of one of the groups, or a pidgin.Cultural context: includes social norms of specific culture，knowledge of the objective world．shared knowledge and understanding between participants, etc. / cross-cultural understanding of language meaning. Context (language use): the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence language use, language variation, and discourse summary/ environment or situation the speech event takes placeBilingual education involves teaching academic content in two languages, in a native and secondary language with varying amounts of each language used in accordance with the program model.。
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释arbitrariness：the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic singals and the entities to which they refer.articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds，or the study of how speech sounds are produced/made.allophone:variants of the same phoneme.Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound,a term often used synonymously with”coarticulation” .affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).allomorph:a morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments. acronym:is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.assimilation: the change of a sound by the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically c alled. ”contact” or ” contiguous” assimilation.agreement: (or CONCORD) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories).Eg,—Whose is this pen?—Oh, it’s the one I lost.bound morphem e: refers to those which cannot occur alone and must appear with at least one other morpheme.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the firstword and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.backformation: refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.competence：unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. consonant:are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. cardinal vowels: a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined,fixed and unchanging,intended to provide a frame of reference for the descriotion of the actual vowels of existing languages.coarticulation: simultaneous or overlapping articulations,as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. compound: refers to the words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme or the way to join two separate words to produce a single from.closed-class: a word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited.co-occurrenc: it means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set of or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. construction: It refers to any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct contains.constituent: is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.coordination:a common syntactic pattern in English and other languages formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but and or.category:The term category in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, eg. noun, verb, subject, predicate, verb phrases, etc.More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of these general units: the categories of the noun, for example, include number, gender, case, and countability; and of the verb, for example, tense, aspect, voice, etc. communicative competence:is a sociolinguistic rule put forward by Dell Hymes in contrast with the “competence”vs.”performance”dichotomy in theoretic linguistics constative：In contrast to performative, sentences like “I pour some liquid into the tube”is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking. The speaker cannot pour any liquid into a tube by simply uttering these words. He must accompany his words with the actual pouring. Otherwise one can accuse him of making a false statement.cooperative principle：This is the principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads“Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occur, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which yo u are engaged”.There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxim, and manner maxims.conversational implicature：This is a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.design features：the disdinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from language of animals.diachronic：said of the study of development of language ang languages over time. descriptive：to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety.duality：the structural organization of language into two abstract levels meaningful units and meaningless segments.displacement：the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation.distinctive features:a means of working out a set of phonological contrast or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds,first suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other people.derivation: is the most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words.dissimilation: refers to the influence of one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different..elsewhere condition: the more specific rule applied first.It is applied when two or more rules are involved in derving the surface form from the enderlying form. endocentric: is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head. exocentric: It refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable “Center” or “Head” inside the group.embedding: Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in thesentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.eg,I saw the man who had visisted you last year. entailment：This is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows form the truth of the first, while the falasity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.function：the role language plays in communication or in particular social situations.free morpheme: refers to those which may occur alone or which may constitute words by themslives.grammatical word: refers to those which mainly work for constructing group, phrase, clause, clause complex, or even text.holophrastic stage：Holophrastic stage is the first phase of language acquisition. The main linguistic accomplishments during this stage are control of the speech musculature and se nsitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in the parents’ language.international phonetic alphabet: a set of standard phonetic symbols in the from of a chart,designed by the international phonetic association since 1888.It has been revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice.the latest version has been revised in 1993 and updated in 2005 ,sep.28. intonation: the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns,each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meaning,either on single words or on groups of words of varying length. inflection:the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.illocutionary act：The illocutionary act is the act performed in the performing of a locutionary act.When we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them ,they way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say.langue：the language system shared by a “speech community”.lexeme:in order to reduce the ambiguity of the term word, lexeme is postulated as the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language which appears in d ifferent grammatical contexts.lexical word: refers to those which mainly work for referring to substance, action andquality.lexicon: refers to the whole vocabulary of a language as against grammar of a language. loanword: the borrowing of a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight change, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.loanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.loss: the loss of sound refers to the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.language acquisition：Language acquisition is one of the central topics in psycholinguistics. Acquiring a first language is something every child dose successfully, in a matter of a few years and without the need for formal lessons. Four phases areidentified and acknowledged in the process of language acquisition：holophrastic stage , two-word stage, three-word utterances, and, fluent grammatical conversation stage.linguistic Determinism:is a theory which believes that our language will influence or decide our way of looking at the world.In a loose sense,linguistic determinism,linguistic relativity,and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis can be regarded as synonyms.linguistic relativity:is a view which “was first expounded by the German ethnologist,Wilhelm von Humboldt ”.In a loose sense,this term has the same meaning with linguistic determinism and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.linguistic Sexism:is a term used to refer to sex-biased phenomena in language use.More specifically,it aims to reveal and deal with linguistic issues related to male chauvinism. locutionary act：The locutionary act is the ordinary act we perform when we speak, i.e. we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning.metalanguage：a language used for talking about language.macrolinguage： a broad conception of linguistic enquiry,including psychological,cultural.manner of articulation: ways in which articulation of consonants can beaccomplished.maximal onset principle: a principle for dividing the Syllables when there is a cluster of consonants between two vowels,which states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant,it is put into the onset rather than the coda.morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms ofrelationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.metaphor：Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s often described in terms of a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.metonymy：Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing that of another.open-class: is one whose membershio is in principle infinite or unlimited. ontological metaphors：Ontological metaphors mean that human experiences withphysical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,as entities and substances.prescriptive：to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language.phatic communion：said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact. performance：the language actually used by people in speaking or writing parole：the concrete utterances of a speaker.phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived. phonolog y: the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.place of articulation: the point where an obstruction to the flow of air is made in producing a consonant.phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast.psycholinguistics：Psycholinguistics is the study ofpsychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use oflanguage.As an interdisciplinary academic field based on psychology and linguistics, psycholinguistics investigates the six following subjects：language acquisition, language comprehension, language production, language disorders, language and thought, and cognitive architecture of language, The most important research subjects are acquisition , comprehension and production.performative：A performative is a sentence like“I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth”,which dose not desc ribe things and cannot be said to be ture or false. The uttering of a performative sentence is,or is a part of, the doing of an action. Verbs like “name”are known as performative verbs.perlocutionary act：The perlocutionary act concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer.root: refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. recursiveness：it mainly means that a constituent can be embedded within another constituent having the same category, but it can be used to any means to extend any constituent.speech organs: those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech,also known as “vocal organs”.semi-vowels: segments that are neither consonants nor vowels. synchronic：said of n approach that studies language at a theoretical “point”in time. syllable: an important unit in the study of suprasegmentals.A syllable must have a nucleus or peak,which is often the task of a vowel or possibly that of a syllabic consonant,and often involves an optional set ofconsonants before or after the nucleus.stress: the degree of force used in producing a syllable.stem:is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.s ubordination: refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.syntax:the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language ,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.structural metaphors：Structural metaphors play the most important role becausethey allow us to go beyond orientation and referring and give us the possibility to structure one concept according to another.speech Community:ref ers to group of people who “share not only the same rules of speaking,but at least one linguistic variety as well.”sociilinguistics of language:examines issues related to the subject from a more linguistic perspective and,hence,is complementary with the Sociilinguistics of Society in terms of its coverage and concerns.sapir-whorf hypothesis:is a theoretic assumption which suggests that our langusgehelps mould our way of thinking and,consequently,different languages may probably express speaker’s unique w ays of understanding the world.tone: a set of fall-rise patterns affecting the meanings ofindividual words.two-word stage：Two-word stage is the second phase of language acquisition. Around 18 months, the child beings to learn words at a rate of one every two waking hours, and keeps learning that rate or faster through adolescence. The primitive syntax begins with two-word strings. Children announce when objects appear, disappear, and move about, point out their properties and owners, comment on people doing things and seeing things, reject and request objects and activities, and ask about who ,what, and where.voicing: the vibration of the vocal folds.vowel: a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.vowel glide: vowels that involve a change of quality,including diphthongs,when a single movement of the tongue is made,and triphthongs,where a double movement is perceived.。
英语语言学名词解释 - - 1 -
英语语言学名词解释 - - 1 -Chapter 12 : Language And Brain1. neurolinguistics: It is the study of relationship between brain and language. It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.2. psycholinguistics: the study of language processing. It is concerned with the processes of language acqisition, comprehension and production.3. brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive and perceptive functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.4. dichotic listening: A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cognitive function.5. right ear advantage: The phenomenon that the right ear shows an advantage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage.6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cognition are called as split brain studies.7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accident and so on.8. non-fluent aphasia: Damage to parts of the brain in front of thecentral sulcus is called non-fluent aphasia.9. fluent aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called fluent aphasia.10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia.11. phonological dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems to have lost the ability to use spelling-to-sound rules.12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems unable to recognize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spelling-to-sound rules. 13. spoonerism: a slip of tongue inwhich the position of sounds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let’s have chish and fips instend of Let’s have fish and chips.14. priming: the process that before the participants make a decision whether the string of letters is a word or not, they are presented with an activated word.15. frequency effect: Subjects take less time to make judgement on frequently used words than to judge less commonly used words . This phenomenon is called frequency effect.16. lexical decision: an experiment that let participants judge whether a string of letter is a word or not at a certain time.17. the priming experiment: An experiment that let subjects judge whethera string of letters is a word or not after showed with a stimulus word, called prime.18. priming effect: Since the mental representation is activated through the prime, when the target is presented, response time is shorter that it otherwise would have been. This is called the priming effect. (06F)19. bottom-up processing: an approach that makes use principally of information which is already present in the data.20. top-down processing: an approach that makes use of previous knowledge and experience of the readers in analyzing and processing information which is received.21. garden path sentences: a sentence in which the comprehender assumes a particular meaning of a word or phrase but discovers later that the assumption was incorrect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence.22. slip of the tongue: mistakes in speech which provide psycholinguistic evidence for the way we formulate words and phrases.Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language: A second language is a language which is not anative language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language: A foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.7. contrastive analysis: a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties for learners.8. contrastive analysis hypothesis: A hypothesis in second language acquisition. It predicts that where there are similarities between the first and second languages, the learner will acquire second language structure with ease, where there are differences, the learner will have difficulty.9. positive transfer: It refers to the transfer that occur when both the native language and the target language have the same form, thus making learning easier. (06F)10. negative transfer: the mistaken tran sfer of features of one’s native language into a second language.11. error analysis: the study and analysis of errors made by second and foreign language learners in order to identify causes of errors or common difficulties in language learning.12. interlingual error: errors, which mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc.13. intralingual error: Errors, which mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. Thetypical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association.14. overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well asspelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by anon-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge ofthe rules of that target language. 17. mistake: mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.18. input: language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn. 19. intake: the input which is actually helpful for the learner.20. Input Hypothesis: A hypothesis proposed by Krashen , which states that in second language learning, it’s necessary for the learner to understan d input language which contains linguisticitems that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence. Eventually the ability to produce language is said to emerge naturally without being taught directly.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.22. learning: learning is a conscious learning of second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.23. comprehensible input: Input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence. (06F)24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation: motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc. (06C)27. integrative motivation: the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes. (06F)29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.30. learning strategies: learning strategies are learners’ consciousgoal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
英语语言学名词解释[1]
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Chapter 12 : Language And Brain1. neurolinguistics: It is the study of relationship between brain and language. It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.2. psycholinguistics: the study of language processing. It is concerned with the processes of language acqisition, comprehension and production.3. brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive and perceptive functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.4. dichotic listening: A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cognitive function.5. right ear advantage: The phenomenon that the right ear shows an advantage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage.6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cognition are called as split brain studies.7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accident and so on.8. non-fluent aphasia: Damage to parts of the brain in front of the central sulcus is callednon-fluent aphasia.9. fluent aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called fluent aphasia.10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia.11. phonological dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems to have lost the ability to use spelling-to-sound rules.12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patient seems unable to recognize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spelling-to-sound rules.13. spoonerism: a slip of tongue in which the position of sounds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let’s have chish and fips instend of Let’s have fish and chips.14. priming: the process that before the participants make a decision whether the string of letters is a word or not, they are presented with an activated word.15. frequency effect: Subjects take less time to make judgement on frequently used words than to judge less commonly used words . This phenomenon is called frequency effect.16. lexical decision: an experiment that let participants judge whether a string of letter is a word or not at a certain time.17. the priming experiment: An experiment that let subjects judge whether a string of letters is a word or not after showed with a stimulus word, called prime.18. priming effect: Since the mental representation is activated through the prime, when the target is presented, response time is shorter that it otherwise would have been. This is called the priming effect. (06F)19. bottom-up processing: an approach that makes use principally of information which is already present in the data.20. top-down processing: an approach that makes use of previous knowledge and experience of the readers in analyzing and processing information which is received.21. garden path sentences: a sentence in which the comprehender assumes a particular meaning of a word or phrase but discovers later that the assumption was incorrect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence.22. slip of the tongue: mistakes in speech which provide psycholinguistic evidence for the way we formulate words and phrases.Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language: A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language: A foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.7. contrastive analysis: a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties for learners.8. contrastive analysis hypothesis: A hypothesis in second language acquisition. It predicts that where there are similarities between the first and second languages, the learner will acquire second language structure with ease, where there are differences, the learner will have difficulty.9. positive transfer: It refers to the transfer that occur when both the native language and the target language have the same form, thus making learning easier. (06F)10. negative transfer:the mistaken transfer of features of one’s native language into a second language.11. error analysis: the study and analysis of errors made by second and foreign language learners in order to identify causes of errors or common difficulties in language learning.12. interlingual error: errors, which mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc.13. intralingual error: Errors, which mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association.14. overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language.17. mistake: mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms andself-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.18. input: language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn.19. intake: the input which is actually helpful for the learner.20. Input Hypothesis: A hypothesis proposed by Krashen , which states that in second language learning, it’s necessary for the learner to understand input language which contains linguisticitems that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence. Eventually the ability to produce language is said to emerge naturally without being taught directly.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.22. learning: learning is a conscious learning of second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.23. comprehensible input: Input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence. (06F)24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation:motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc. (06C)27. integrative motivation: the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes. (06F)29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.30. learning strategies:learning strategies are learners’ conscious goal-oriented andproblem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.31. cognitive strategies: strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F)32. metacognitive strategies:the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learning.33. affect/ social strategies: the strategies dealing with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.Chapter 10: Language Acquisition1. language acquisition:It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.2. language acquisition device (LAD): A hypothetical innate mechanism every normal human child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language. (03)3. Universal Grammar: A theory which claims to account for the grammatical competence of every adult no matter what language he or she speaks.4. motherese: A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.(05)5. Critical Period Hypothesis: The hypothesis that the time span between early childhood and puberty is the critical period for language acquisition, during which children can acquire language without formal instruction successfully and effortlessly. (07C/ 06F/ 04)6. under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation.7. over-extension: Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.8. telegraphic speech:Children’s early multiword speech that contains content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemes.9. content word: Words referring to things, quality, state or action, which have lexical meaning used alone.10. function word: Words with little meaning on their own but show grammatical relationships in and between sentences.11. taboo: Words known to speakers but avoided in some contexts of speech for reasons of religion, politeness etc. (07C)12. atypical development: Some acquisition of language may be delayed but follow the same rules of language development due to trauma or injury.Chapter 9: Language And Culture1. culture : The total way of life of a person, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of human community.2. discourse community : It refers to the common ways that members of some social group use language to meet their needs.3. acculturation : A process in which changes on the language, culture and system of values of a group happen through interaction with another group with a different language, culture and a system of values.4. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis : The interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.5. linguistic relativity : A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language-----又叫Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (06C)6. linguistic determinism: It refers to the idea that the language we use, to some extent, determines the way in which we view and think about the world around us. (06C)7. denotative meaning: It refers to the literal meaning, which can be found in a dictionary.8. connotative meaning: The association of a word, apart from its primary meaning.9. iconic meaning: The image of a word invoked to people.10. metaphors: A figure of speech, in which no function words like like, as are used. Something is described by stating another thing with which it can be compared.11. euphemism: a word or phrase that replace a taboo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts or subjects, e.g. powder room for toilet.12. cultural overlap:The situation between two societies due to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human being13. cultural diffusion: Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about cultural diffusion. (05/03)14. cultural imperialism: The situation of increasing cultural diffusion all over the world.(06C)15. linguistics imperialism: it is a kind of kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the world-wide expansion of one language. (06C)16. linguistic nationalism: In order to protect the purity of their language, some countries have adopted special language policy. It is called linguistic nationalism.17. intercultural communication: It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event.18. language planning: planning, usually by a government, concerning choice of national or official language(s), ways of spreading the use of a language, spelling reforms, the addition of new words to the language, and other language problems.Chapter 8: Language And Society1. sociolinguistics: The subfield of linguistics that study language variation and language use in social contexts.2. speech community: A group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05)3. speech varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.4. regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.5. sociolect: A variety of language used by people, who belong to a particular social class.6. registers : The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.7. idiolect : A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)8. linguistic reportoire : The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic repertoire.9. register theory : A theory proposed by American linguist Halliday, who believed that three social variables determine the register, namely, field of discourse, tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior..11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.12. mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concerned with how communication is carried out.13. standard dialect: A superposed variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen.15. Pidgin: A blending of several language, developing as a contact language of people, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis.16. Creole : A pidgin language which has become the native language of a group of speakers used in this daily life.17. bilingualism : The use of two different languages side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C)18. diaglossia : A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist ina speech community, each having a definite role to play.19. Lingua Franca : A variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people, who speak different native languages or dialects20. code-switching: the movement back and forth between two languages or dialects within the same sentence or discourse. (04)1. historical linguistics:A subfield of linguistics that study language change.2. coinage: A new word can be coined to fit some purpose. (03)3. blending: A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.4. clipping: Clipping refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrases.5. borrowing: When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words.6. back formation: New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-formation.7. functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.9. protolanguage:The original form of a language family, which has ceased to exist.10. Language family:A group of historically related languages that have developed from a common ancestral language.Chapter 6: Pragmatics1. pragmatics: The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication.2. context: The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers. (05)3. sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract and de-contextualized features.4. utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context. (03)5. utterance: expression produced in a particular context with a particular intention.6. Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle, which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking. (05)7. constatives: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable. (06F)8. performatives:Performatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.9. locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology.10. illocutionary act:The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. (06F)11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from saying something and the consequence or the change brought about by the utterance.12. representatives: Stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true.13. directives: Trying to get the hearer to do something.14. commisives: Committing the speaker himself to some future course of action.15. expressives: Expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state.16. declaration: Bring about immediate changes by saying something.17. cooperative Principle: The principle that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible to carry on the talk.18. conversational implicature:The use of conversational maxims to imply meaning during conversation.19. formality: formality refers to the degree of how formal the words are used to express the same purpose. Martin Joos proposed five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, cold, and frozen. (06F)Chapter 5: Semantics1. semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2. Semantic triangle: It is suggested by Odgen and Richards, which says that the meaning of a word is not directly linked between a linguistic form and the object in the real world, but through the mediation of concept of the mind.3. sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. It is abstract and de-contexturalized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.4. reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5. synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.6. dialectal synonyms: synonyms that are used in different regional dialects.7. stylistic synonyms: synonyms that differ in style, or degree of formality.8. collocational synonyms: Synonyms that differ in their colllocation, i.e., in the words they go together with.9. polysemy : The same word has more than one meaning.(05/03)10. homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (04)11. homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.12. homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.13. complete homonymy: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms.14. hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.15. superordinate: The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate.16. co-hyponyms: Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms.17. antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning.18. gradable antonyms: Some antonyms are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. e.g, antonyms old and young, between them there exist middle-aged, mature, elderly.19. complementary antonyms: a pair of antonyms that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other. It is a matter of either one or the other.20. relational opposites: Pairs if words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites. For example, husband---wife, father---son, buy---sell,let---rent, above---below.21. entailment: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one is inferred from the truth of the other. E.g. Cindy killed the dog entails the dog is dead.22. presupposition: What a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the massage already knows. e.g. Some tea has already been taken is a presupposition of Take some more tea.23. componential analysis: an approach to analyze the lexical meaning into a set of meaning components or semantic features. For example, boy may be shown as [+human] [+male] [-adult].24. predication analysis: a way, proposed by British linguist G. Leech, to analyze sentence meaning.25. predication: In the framework of predication analysis, the basic units is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.26. predicate: A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.27. argument: An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.28. selectional restriction: Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by the rules called selectional restrictions, i.e. constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.29. semantic features: The smallest units of meaning in a word, which may be described as a combination of semantic components. For example, woman has the semantic features [+human] [-male] [+adult]. (04)30. presequence: The specific turn that has the function of prefiguring the coming action. (05)Chapter 4: Syntax1. syntax: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. category: It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.3. syntactic categories: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.4. major lexical category: one type of word level categories, which often assumed to be the heads around which phrases are built, including N, V, Adj, and Prep.5. minor lexical category: one type of word level categories, which helps or modifies major lexical category.6. phrase: syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase, the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.7. phrase category: the phrase that is formed by combining with words of different categories. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, NP, VP, PP, AP.8. head: The word round which phrase is formed is termed head.9. specifier: The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.10. complement: The words on the right side of the heads are complements.11. phrase structure rule:The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.12. XP rule: In all phrases, the specifier is attached at the top level to the left of the head while the complement is attached to the right. These similarities can be summarized as an XP rule, in which X stands for the head N,V,A or P.13. X^ theory: A theoretical concept in transformational grammar which restricts the form of context-free phrases structure rules.14. coordination: Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phenomenon is known as coordination.15. subcategorization:The information about a word’s complement is included in the head and termed suncategorization. (07C)16. complementizer: Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizer.17. complement clause: The sentence introduced by the complementizer is called a complement clause.18. complement phrase: the elements, including a complementizer and a complement clause is called a complement phrase.19. matrix clause: the contrusction in which the complement phrase is embedded is called matrix clause.20. modifier: the element, which specifies optionally expressible properties of heads is called modifier.21. transformation : a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.22. inversion : the process of transformation that moves the auxiliary from the Infl position to a position to the left of the subject, is called inversion.23. Do insertion : In the process of forming yes-no question that does not contain an overt Infl, interrogative do is inserted into an empty Infl positon to make transformation work.24. deep structure : A level of abstract syntactic representation formed by the XP rule.25. surface structure : A level of syntactic representation after applying the necessary syntactic movement, i.e., transformation, to the deep structure. (05)26. Wh question : In English, the kind of questions beginning with a wh- word are called wh question.27. Wh movement :The transformation that will move wh phrase from its position in deep structure to a position at the beginning of the sentence. This transformation is called wh movement.。
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英语语言学名词解释 ---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 英语语言学名词解释 Acronyms AffixationAcronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a A word formation approach that attaches morpheme –an affix to a base，group of words. which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference 前照应 A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应 A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference， which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people， animals or things. Compound A compound， the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination 并列词 Realized by coordinators （ also termed coordinating conjunctions） which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It 1/ 20 is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.） in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点 under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略 leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression ，especially our surprise ， excitement ， ---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ amazement，etc. It doesn?t take S-V inversion. exophoric reference 语言外照应 Nonlinguistic or situational context. Finite verb phrase Its head word is a finite verb， which is restricted by tense and keeps concord with the subject. Foreign pluralsWords that are borrowed from other languages often have foreign plurals. Fronting: Fronting is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked position to the marked presubject position. Infinitive The infinitive occurs as a verb in the base form which may go with or without to. Inherent adjectives Mass nouns Inherent adjectives denote inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. （e.g a big house） Nouns that can?t take plural.a Its first element is a non-finite verb free from the restrict of Non-inherent adjectives identify qualities in an indirect Non-finite Verb Phrase Non-inherent adjectives way. （e.g. a big eater）Non-predictive （non-epistemic）Non-predictive meanings of modal auxiliaries are very heterogeneous in nature，this category covers a variety of meanings，except “prediction”。 Non-restrictive adjectives 非限定性形容词Non-restrictive adjectives provide additional information not essential for the identification of the noun. Adjective 3/ 20 modifying proper noun are normally non-restrictive. （e.g. my fat wife） Predictive meaning （epistemic）The predictive meaning， rather homogeneous in nature， is concerned with the speaker?s assumption or assessment of probability and indicates the speaker?s confidence in the truth of his statement. Proper Nouns Proper nouns denote individual persons， places， etc， normally begins with a capital letter，has no plural form and can?t occur after an article. Pseudo-passive A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized； it can occur in a comparative construction，with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase， and with other link verbs besides be and get. Putative Should Putative should is not very meaningful in its own right； in many cases， its function is to fill in a structural slot. This use of should is commonly foundtense and concord of subject. ---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ in the that-clause after an adjective or a noun denoting a feeling or an opinion.e.g. It?s strange that she should wear her evening dress for such an informal party. Unit nouns Unit nouns are used to specify the quantities of the modified noun. Restrictive adjectives help identify the noun by describing its