中文译本

Ⅱ. Literature Review

A.Related Translation Theory

1.Foreignization Translation

美国着名翻译理论学家劳伦斯·文努提(Lawrence Venuti) 1995 年在他的《译者的隐身》中提出了异化和归化的概念。所谓异化,指“要求译者向作者靠拢,采取相应于作者所采用的原语表达方式来传达原文的内容。他提出一种反对译文通顺的翻译理论和实践,认为翻译目的不是在翻译中消除语言和文化的差异,而是要在翻译中体现这种语言和文化的差异”他主张异化翻译,其目的是要发展一种抵御以目的语文化价值观占主导地位的翻译理论和实践,以表现外国文本在语言和文化上的差异。异化翻译的前提是文化是有差异的,交际因语言社团之间和语言社团之内的文化差异而变得复杂。异化是以原语或原文作者为归宿,着眼于民族文化的差异性, 坚持文化的真实性, 旨在保存和反映异域民族特性和语言风格特色, 为译文读者保留异国情调, 让读者感受不同的民族情感, 体会民族文化、语言传统的差异性, 有利于文化的交流, 丰富译文语言的表现力。

把异化翻译法归因于十九

世纪德国哲学家Schleiermacher[2]的翻译论译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近{“The

translator can either leave the writer in peace as much

as possible and bring the reader tO him ，or he can leave

the reader in peace as much as possible and bring the

writer tO him ．‘Bring the reader tO the original text’

would correspond tO requiring him tO process the trans—

lation in context of the original；The translator thus

tries tO transport the reader tO its location，which，in

all reality，is foreign tO him．”(Schleiermacher，1838：

219，as translated in Wilss，1982：33)。

2. Domestication Translation

所谓归化翻译,是在翻译处理中要求译者向目的语读者靠拢,采取读者所习惯的目的语表达方式,来传达原文的内容。奈达认为,“翻译是一种不同文化间的交流,在这一过程中要看人们在听、说、读译文时获得的是什么。判断一个译本的效用不宜拘泥于相应的词汇意义,语法类别和修辞手段的对比,重要的是考查接受者正确理解和欣赏译语文本的程度”。

翻译已不再仅仅是两种语言文字之间的转换,而是两种文化之间的交流。然而,文化各有其特性,没有完全相同的文化。所以,在翻译这种两种文化之间的交流过程中,不可避免地存在文化差异。如果不对信息接受者的信息进行全面研究,对交际作任何分析都不是完整的。重视读者反映是为了让译语文本读者能大致和原语读者一样去理解和欣赏一个文本。译文的表达方式是完全通顺自然的。通顺自然的翻译能让读者更好地理解原文,避免文化冲突,消除文化障碍,最终达到文化交流的目的。所以,通顺可以看成是归化翻译理想的策略。

2.relationship between D &T

"Domestication" and "foreignization"are two major strategies applied to solve the cultural conflicts between the source language and the target language.

“归化”与“异化”是缓和源语文化和译语文化在翻译过程中矛盾冲突的主要方法,长期以来“归化”译文出现频率往往较高,然而在当今文化全球化的时代背景下,适度增加“异化”翻译的运用对本土文化的传播和外来文化的接受不无裨益。

在翻译实践中不可能永远只遵循一种原则或采用一种方法。因此, 也不可能有任何译作完全是以原语文化为归宿, 或完全是以目的语文化为归宿的, 只是表现出在处理原语文化信息时的基本倾向。过度的异化或归化都有损译文的质量。刻意的异化会使译文晦涩难懂, 索然无味, 甚至会闹笑话。作为两种翻译策略, 异化和归化是对立统一, 相辅相成的, 各自以对方的存在为前提。两者密不可分, 相互依存, 异化寓于归化之中, 归化中也包含着异化, 绝对的异化和绝对的归化都是不存在的。平常所说的异化与归化, 主要是就译者的倾向性而言, 即或异化为主或归化为主。异化翻译和归化翻译并不是互相排斥的对抗性概念,而是互相补充、相得益彰的翻译策略和方法，在翻译实践中, 两者的统一并非平分秋色, 而是依翻译的目的、文本类型的不同而显示为现实的、具体的和动态的统一。根据旅游翻译的目的和旅游文本的特点，在翻译目的论和文本功能理论的指导下，探索了旅游文化的翻译策略。

翻译的异化(Foreignizing Translation)与归化(Domesticating Translation)一直是翻译界争论的焦点.信息时代的到来,更是把单纯的语言现象上升到文化的高度;中英互译不仅仅是语言学层面上的直译或意译,而是更多地关注到语言背后的文化背景.在中英文习语互译中只有采用合理的翻译策略才能更好的体现语言的魅力及文化的内涵.在习语翻译中归化翻译与异化翻译策略应合理的运用,而不是把二者对立起来.

B. The Definition and Classification of Idioms

1.Defining ‘idioms’

One of the thorniest issues in idiom research has been the question of how to define

idiom. Throughout tiome , idiom has been define differently by different

idiomagtologists and scholars. It is therefore important to understanding of the

term.According to the definition given in the Oxford English Dictionary

(Murray,1989), an idiom is:

A form of expression, grammatical construction,phrase,etc.,peculiar to a language; a peculiarity of phraseology approved by the usage of the language, and often having a significance other than its grammatical or logical one.(p.624) This definition of idiom has been cited by many scholars (e.g.,Fernando,Makkai,1972;Strassler,1982) as it encompasses a great variety of multiword expressions that exemplify idiomaticity.

A more precise entry is given in the Longman Dictionary of English Idioms(Long et al.,1990):

An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special differet meaning from the meanings of the separate words. So, to spill the beans is not at all connected with beans: it means …to tell something that is secret.?(inside front cover)

Closely mirroring the definition above is that given in Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms(Sinclair et al.,2001):

An idiom is a special kind of phrase. It is a group of words which have a different meaning when used together from the one it would have if the meaning of each word were taken individually,(p.iv)

All of these entries emphasize the difficulty of inferring the meaning of the idiom as a whole from the meaning of its constituent parts, Makkai(1969), indeed, defines an idiom as, among other things, “a linguistic form whose meaning is unclear in spite of the familiar elements it contains”.(p.44) Following Makkai (1969), an idiom is a complex (i.e., multimorphemic) lexical unit.These units acquire a particular status, in that the complete idiom has a given meaning that is not equal to,or entirely predictable from, the sum of the usual meaning of its parts.

In the present study, in accordance with many idiomatologists and researchers of idiom processing (e.g.,Long et al.,1990;Sinclair et al., 2001;Cooper,1999), we would

define an idiom as a conventionalized expression whose meaning cannot always be readily derived from the canonical meaning of its constituent elements. As cautioned by Cronk & Schweigert (1992) ,however, referring to an idiom as an accepted phrase or expression having a meaning different from the literal is not to say that the phrase cannot have a literal meaning, but rather that an idiom has an alternate, figurative meaning,which cannot be determined from the combination of the meaning of the individual words.

2.Classification of idioms

Although space prevents a comprehensive review of the various idiom types,it is nonetheless helpful to note briefly how scholars have studied and classified idioms in the past.To begin,Weinreich(1967), Fraser(1970), Makkai(1972), and Strassler(1982) focus on lexically and grammatically regular idioms while Smith(1925),Roberts(1944,)and Fillmore,(1988)focus on the idiosyncratic idioms that demonstrate lexical and grammatical irregularities.Cowie and Mackin(1975) and McCaig(1983) include both tyoes in their idiom dictionaries. In light of these studies,idioms can be categorized according to (a) the morphemic, phrase,clause, or sentence patterns of which they are composed,(b) their grammatical categories or (c) their themes.

Carter(1987),taking a different approach in identifying multiword expressions as idioms, introduces a three-scale categorization covering a plethora of multiword expressions:(a) collocational restriction, from unrestricted(e.g., run a business, run a department) to restricted(e.g.,pitch black);(b)lexicogrammatical structure,from flexible (e.g., break someone? heart) to irregular (e.g., the more the merrier); and (c) semantic opacity,from transparent (e.g., long time no see) to opaque (overt:OK; covert:kick the bucket)

A much less complicated categorization, and perhaps more useful to the field of second language acquisition, is provided by Moon (1997:44-47),who considers the elements of (a) institutionalization(i.e., the degree to which a holistic multiword item is conventionalized as a unit in a language community),(b) fixedness(i.e.,the degree to

which a holistic multiword item is frozen as a sequence of words),and (c) non-compositionality (i.e., the degree to which a holistic multi-word item cannot be interpreted on a word-by-word basis) as those most relevant in her definition of the term idiom. In turn, these three criteria, as Moon states, are …not absolutes but variables, and they are present in differing degrees in each multi-word unit.”

Drawing on from cognitive semantics,some scholars purport that idioms cannot be regarded as linguistic expressions that are independent of any conceptual system and isolated from each other at the coneptual level. They argue that many idioms are products of our conceptual system, and not just simply a matter of language.Taking a cognitive perspective, Kovecses distinguish among three aspects of idiomatic meaning: 1) the general meaning of idioms appears to be determined by the particular “source domains” that apply to a particular target domain, 2) more specific aspects of idiomatic meaning are provided by the “ontological mapping” that applies to a given idiomatic expression, and 3) connotative aspects of idiomatic meaning can be accounted for by “epistemic correspondences,”

Ⅲ. The Difference Between Chinese and English Idioms

A.Cultural Difference

习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式, 最能体现一个民族的文化。

既然语言是文化的载体，反映文化，表达文化，是文化的重要组成部分，那么，作为社会文化风俗集中体现的习语间的差异势必受到来自历史文化、风俗习惯、生活方式、思维模式、宗教信仰、地理环境等

方方面面多种因素的影响。现逐一分析如下：

1. Historical Difference

中西方有着不同的生活方式。以饮食为例，中国人以米面为主食，与此有关的习语也比比皆是，例如，好吃不过饺子、茶壶里煮饺子——有货倒不出、生米煮成熟饭、不当家不知柴米贵、不蒸馒头争口气等。而在西方土豆则受到人们的普遍青睐，各种炸薯条、薯片等快餐食品与西方的快节奏生活密切相伴。相比之下，英语中有关土豆的习语较汉语多得多。例如：hot potato指难对付的人，the clean potato比喻正派人物, small potatoes指小人物。

英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的成语，这些成语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故成语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话，如meet one's waterloo（一败涂地）、Penelope's web （永远完不成的工作）、a Pandora's box（潘多拉之盒棗灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。2. Custom Difference

英汉习俗差异是多方面的，最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的成语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”狗嘴里吐不出象牙,仗人势等，尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改变，但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。在英语成语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如You are a lucky dog（你是一个幸运儿）, Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日）, Old dog will mot learn mew tricks（老人学不了新东西）等等。形容人“病得厉害”用sick as a dog，“累极了”是dog-tired。“爱屋及乌”love me love my dog. watchdog（守卫），lucky dog(幸运儿)，be as faithful as a dog（象狗一样忠实）, Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意时）。

3. Religious Difference

3、宗教信仰方面

与宗教信仰有关的成语也大量地出现在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的习语很多，如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”老天爷、天命不可违、人定胜天、天经地义、借花献佛、菩萨心肠等等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的习语如God helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人），Better to reign in hell, than serve in heaven. 宁肯地狱为王，不肯天堂为臣。Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。耶稣（Jesus）、上帝(God)、主(Lord)、天堂（heaven）、地狱(hell)等词则频繁出现在英语语言中。

b.Geographical Environment Difference

以中国和英国为例，中国是一个陆上大国, 土地对中国人来说十分重要，习语中到处可以看见“土”的影子。例如：土生土长、入土为安、土里土气、土洋结合、乡土气息等。而英国可以说是一个海上大国，四面环海，因此英语中关于海和水的习语较中国多。例如to rest on one?s oars（暂时歇一歇），（奋力图存）、（不知所措）、在风平浪静的海洋上人人都是领航员，等等。

Ⅳ.The Methods of Idioms Translation

在翻译的方法上，异化与归化一直是翻译理论界争论的焦点。争论的实质可用一句话概括: 在翻译过程中如何处理原文的表达形式问题。我们通过对一些翻译理论及资料的学习与实践认

为，直译与意译是相对的，两者之间相互联系，且没有绝对的界线。

?大到一部作品，小到一个句子的翻译都会兼有直译与意译。一件好的译作总是即有直译，又有意译，直译与决译相结合。我们认为，如果采用直译能准确传达原文多种意义的，就直译，如果不能译出原文多种意义，特别是不能准确译出隐含意义的就采用意译。如果字面意义或形象意义与隐含意义在翻译时由于文化的差异出现矛盾,字面意义或形象意义应当服从隐含意

义。只要一种语言忠实传达了另一种语言的思想文化, 则不论直译还是意译都是可取的。

?成语具有简洁、流畅、生动形象的特点,从翻译的角度看,要把具有这些特点的成语在译文里恰到好处地表达出来是很不容易的.由于民族文化、历史背景和比喻上的差异,很多汉英成语的意义差异较大,如果只注意对汉英成语字面的理解,而忽略其文化内涵,就容易造成理解和表达上的错误.因此,在汉英成语

互译时应对比其文化和内涵,考虑直译、意译、套译和混合译等多种译法.

A.Foreignizing and Domesticating in Literal Translation

B.Foreignizing and Domesticating in Liberal Translation

C.Foreignizing and Domesticating in Literal Translation with Explanation

V. Conclusion

以上从习语的定义、分类以及英语习语的对比差异的角度做了分析，并主要论述了两种英汉习语的翻译方法--异化与归化, 其实，无论汉语或英语，习语都是一种特殊的语言现象。对习语的翻译既要有原则性，又要有灵活性。任何译文都应忠实于原意,准确表达原文的思想和形式从整体出发，力争做到译文保留原文习语的韵味，又能通顺、畅达地表达原意。翻译与文化有着血肉的联系，习语翻译不但要跨越语言的障碍，而且要逾越文化的鸿沟。归根结底，习语的翻译就是文化的翻译。